#. 


^> 


\^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


.^'^V^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


|50     ""^^ 


2:5 

2.2 


1^  lis  IIIIIM 


1.8 


U    ill  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STftllT 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  i72-4S03 


m 


i\ 


i\ 


\ 


fv 


'^..% 


o 


^ 

^ 


'^ 


'9> 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


□ 


□ 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

BIrnk  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  withiri  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


n 

D 
Q 
D 


• 


n 


0 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
tot 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori] 
beg 
the 
sioi 
othi 
firsi 
sior 
or  i 


The 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff 
enti 
bag 
rig^ 
req 
me 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of : 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


L'exemplaire  f\m^  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -♦►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  aoin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  fi!m6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derni&re  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVi'^E ',  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


32X 


FUR-SEAL    ARBITRATION. 


THE  COUNTER  CASE 


Of 


The  United  States 


BEFORE   TH  'J 


TRIBUNAL  OF  ARBITRATION 


TO  CONVENE  AT  PARIS 


UNDER  THE 


PROVISIONS   OF   THE   TREATY    BETWEEN   THE    UNITED 

STATES  OF  AMERICA  AND  GREAT  BRITAIN, 

CONCLUDED  FEBRUARY  29,  1892. 


:! 


1   )] 


INCLUDING  APPENDIX. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1893. 


I  I 

Si 


M 


f1      l! 


i;i 


1 1 


V     1 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


^ 


COUNTER  CASE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

TiiK  CouNTKR  Case  of  the  United  Statks: 

Its  object 

Original  British  Case  aud  supplement 

PART    FIRST. 

rkl'i.y  ok  the  united  states  to  the  iikitish  case  first  prksented. 

The  Tjue  Issues  in  the  I'kehrnt  Controversy: 

DittVncnco  of  views  as  to  the  ol).j('ct  of  the  present  arbitration 

Protection  of  seals  the  main  object  of  the  arbitration 

OrijL?iu  of  tlie  controversy  as  to  Jurisdiction 

Lord  Salisbury's  reference  to  the  Russian  ukase 

Mr.  Hayard  invites  international  cooperation 

Mr.  Blaine's  statement  of  the  issues 

Justification  of  seizures  of  sealing  vessels 

Lord  Salisbury  again  introduces  the  ukase 

T!ie  United  States  sought  int(U'national  agreement 

Tin:  KuKoNEOus  Translatkjn  of  Certain  Rt;ssiAN  Documents: 

Imposition  practiced  upon  the  United  States  Governmeut 

Partial  restatemcmt  of  its  case  necessary 

The  Situation  about  Bering  Sea  and  on  the  Northwest  Coast  down  to 
THE  Treaties  of  1824-'25: 

Rub^:ii.  :    olonial  system 

Ukase  of  1799 

Chapter  I  of  British  Case 

Distinction  l)etween  Bering  Sea  region  and  Pacific  Ocean 

Ukase  of  i8.il 

m 


Tftge. 

1 
2 


7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

13 
11 


15 
1.5 
15 
16 
18 


.4    s 


TV 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


TiiK  SiTtTATiON  ABOUT  Rkiiing  Ska.  ktc— Continued.  -papn. 

ChiiriK^;  "  of  control  clainind  over  Bcriiif;  Sisa 18 

No  excliit!   'e  torritorialjurisdiiition  claimed 19 

ProtestH  against  ukuso  and  resulting  treaties 19 

Case  of  the  Pearl 20 

Pkhioi)  Following  the  Tiieaties: 

Cont   .iiation  of  the  colonial  Hysteni 21 

Case  of  the  Loriot 22 

Chapter  IV  of  the  British  Case 23 

Visits  of  whalers  to  Bering  Sea 24 

Eights  to  protect  seals  not  rclinfiuished 25 

Evi»lenco  of  surveillance  over  Bering  8ca 26 

Conclusions  from  foregoing  evidence 29 

Russia's  action  in  1892 2!) 

Final  observations  on  historical  and  jurisdictional  (juestions 30 

First,  Russian  sealskin  industry 30 

Second,  Russia  never  renounced  her  right  to  protect  such  industry 31 

Third,  United  States's  right  to  protect,  in  accord  with  rights  asserted  by 

Russia 31 

TuK  Kuiirr  of  Pkotection  axd  of  Puoi'kkty  in  the  Alaskan  Skal  IIkrd. 

Biitish  view  of  protection  and  proiicrty  claims 32 

History  of  jnotection  and  proi)ertj'  claims 32 

Mr.  Blaine  insist<>d  on  right  of  protection 32 

Mr.  Blaine  asserted  ownership  in  seals 33 

Jurisdictional  (luestious  not  the  true  issues 33 

^fal•e  elaiiHum  doctrine  inap])lical)le 31 

Mr.  Phelps  asserted  ownership  in  the  sealeries 34 

All  acts  not  Justifiable  because  committed  on  high  seas 35 

Growth  of  international  law 35 

The  United  States  adopt  Mr.  Phelps's  views 35 

Lord  Salisbury  in  error 36 

Rights  arising  out  of  ownership  of  islands  and  habits  of  seals 36 

All  facts  relating  to  property  claim  fully  disi^nssed 37 

Claim  of  protection  and  ownership  not  new 38 

Case  of  the  Harriei 38 

PART   SECOND. 


I :  i 


KEPLY   OF   THE    CNITED  STATES  TO  THAT  PORTION  OF  THE   CASE   OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 
CONTAINED  IN  THE   REPORT   OF  THE   URITISU   COMMISSIONERS. 

TiiK  British  Commissioners  and  their  Report: 

The  Bering  Sea  CommiBsion 43 

The  ISritish  Coinniissioners 45 

S'lOret.iry  Blaine's  note  to  the  British  Minister 45 

Meetings  of  the  Joint  Coiinnission 46 

Report  of  the  British  Commissioners 46 


PI 


i  i 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 


Vage. 
FiBST,  Nkw  Propositions  Allkoed  on  Matteps  Already  Considkhed: 

HabifH  of  Ihefiir-nrah. 

1.  DiHtrilmtiou  of  soals  in  Horiua;  Son  and  interniin}i;liiig  of  herd: 

InttTiiiinjfliiij^  of  the  Aliiskiin  and  Hiis.sian  licrds 18 

Charts  NoH.  Ill  and  IV  of  tlio  Hcport 49 

Chart  No.  II  of  the  Kc|)oit i!> 

Data  from  which  tlic  charts  were  conipilod 19 

InHufiicicn(!y  of  data "/) 

Principal  data  relied  upon  in  I?<>i)ort 50 

Chart  of  cruises  in  Hcring  Soa  in  1892 51 

Scaliuf?  chart  of  1892 51 

2.  Alleged  promiscuous  nursing  of  pui)H  by  fenuile  seals: 

Promiscuous  nursing  denit^l 53 

Elliott  and  Bryant  as  authorities  in  the  Report 53 

Cow's  affection  for  her  young 53 

Analogy  with  other  aniuials 51 

Authorities  relied  ujion  in  the  Report 51 

Mr.  C.  .1.  .Jackson  n  <iuesti()uable  authority .55 

Sir  F.  McCoy  as  an  authority 55 

3.  Period  at  which  the  female  seals  go  into  the  water 57 

Position  taken  hy  the  Report  and  the  authorities 57 

Capt.  Hyant's  statements 58 

The  one  "uthority  for  the  Rc^port's  position 59 

Testimony  of  C.  II.  Townsend ',\) 

Testimony  of  .7.  Stanloy-Browu 60 

4  Aquatic  coition: 

AHirmation  of  its  posslMlity  by  the  Report (iO 

The  evidence  in  favor  of  a(iuatic  coition fii 

Capt.  Bryant  as  an  authority i\'2 

W  H.  Dall  as  an  authority (52 

Ins'.ifliiiency  of  the  evidence  advaiiced  by  the  Report 63 

Inconsistencies  of  the  Rejiort 63 

Late  arrival  of  the  cows  at  the  islands 64 

Manar/ement  as  an  alleqcd  cause  of  decrease. 

The  methods  admitted  to  be  almost  perfect 65 

Excessive  killing  alleged 65 

Proof  must  be  limited  to  period,  1870-1880 65 

Admission  as  to  period  after  decided  decrease 66 

Irrelevancy  of  such  admission 67 

Failure  of  the  Report  to  show  change  of  management  alter  18:  D 68 

Reservation  as  to  charges  of  fraud 68 

Foundation  of  charge  of  excessive  killing (',9 

Caiit.  Bryant  as  a  witness  for  the  Commissioners 69 

Reasons  for  his  re])ort C9 

Divisions  of  evidence  in  the  Report 71 


I 


I » 


f  i 


.VI  TAIU.K    OF    CONTKNTS. 

KinsT,  Nkw  PnopitsiTioNs,  ktc— ("ontiiinod. 

MaiKKjcment  iv  an  iillq/cil  miinH  of  (/cc/ra^c— Continiiod.  l»nsp. 

Iiiflnvaiicy  of  tlic  first  (livi.sii)ii ~i 

ITiit'ainicss  ol'  statrint'iitH  as  to  RiiHsian  ]it'rii>(l 71 

The  miinlK'r  of  seals  killiMl  Iroiii  1«G()  to  ixii.'i 7;} 

Second  ili\  isioii  of  evidence "3 

Comparisons  of  lijirenis,  1S70  and  1S!)(),  iiiclcvant T.i 

Tl  •  cnitailnient  of  M.  W.  Klliott's  sialcnicnl 74 

Ilarcnis  in   IHitl 71 

Surjiins  of  virile  males 7| 

Si/e  of  harems  in  IHO'J 75 

Allc!;ed  summary  of  a  rc^port  of  11.  W.  Klliott  in  IS!  10 75 

Allc;icd  reeojinition  of  decrease  liy  lessees 7(i 

Averri);-e  weiHlits  of  Alaskan  catcli,  IS'ti-lSSjt 77 

Nnniber  of  seaJs  taken  from  Xortlieiist  I'oiiit 77 

Allejjed  resort  to  reserved  areas  in  1S7II 7M 

No  liaulini;  ni'o'mds  over  resei'vtid 7!i 

Overdriving;  and  redrivin;;  snlise(|nent  to  IWd,  irrelevant "!• 

Denial  of  dec^eaHe  prior  to  1880 79 

rehviia  s(,'rt/i)ir/. 

Tlie  l?ei)ort,  an  apolojjy  for  pclaj^ic  sealinjr 80 

1,  Tliat  llie  ])ercentaji;e  of  female  seals  in  ]ielai:;ie  eatcli  is  not  larijo. 

'I'lie  Indian  evideneo  snbmitted 80 

Testimony  of  in  (crested  i)arties  Hnlniiitted 81 

r(^rcentan'e  of  females  admitted  to  be  taken 81 

Statements  inconsistent  with  the,  Rejiort 81 

The  statements  in  the  K*e])ort  denied 82 

Capt.  Hooper's  investifjations,  snmnier  of  1802 8;{ 

Catchi's  of  vessels  seized  by  Knssia,  1802;  00  ])er  cent  fi'inales 8;{ 

Examination  of  pelajiic  catches.  1802 83 

I'ropoition  of  females  taken  at  sea  i)rior  to  1870 81 

2.  That  pclairic  sealinj?  in  Herinji  Sea  is  not  as  destructive  to  seal  life 

iis  i>elaf;ic  scaling  in  the  North  I'acilic. 

Grounds  for  the  Report's  statements 84 

Pre<;nant  females 85 

Nnrsinj;  females 85 

Capt.  H<)0]»or'8  in vesti 'nations.  1802 85 

Examination  of  seals  by  C.  II.  Town.send,  1892 86 

Dead  pups  on  the  rookeries 86 

Cause  of  death 87 

Mr.  Hlalne's  note  of  March  1,  1890 88 

Canses  of  death  alleged  in  the  Report 89 

1.  Drivinjj;  and  killing  of  the  mothers 89 

2.  An  epidemic 89 

3.  Pups  erushed  in  stampedes 90 


sW 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


vn 


Vnsfi- 
71 
71 
7!} 
73 
T.i 
71 
71 
71 

7r. 

7") 
7(i 
77 
77 
IX 
711 
7!t 
79 

80 


First,  Nkw  Piioporitions,  ktc— Continued. 

iWrt.'/i'' «''"'"'.'/— ContiniU'd.  Vae«. 

2.  That  iicliVKic  scaling  in  llcring  Sea  is  not  destructlvo  to  seal  life  an 
))claf,nc  HcaliiiK  in  tlu<  North  Faciflc— Continiu'd. 

4.  Pos.sildii  raids  us  a  canst) 90 

All  tlic  liodics  emaciated "I 

Grt!at  decrease)  of  dead  i)n]>8  in  1802 "I 

Cause  of  ilccrcasc  of  dead  \)\\])s *-^'^ 

Increased  mortality  on  Russian  rookeiies 93 

Couii)arative  sizes  of  Ueriuf?  Sea  and  I'acilie-  catches 93 

Sealinj;  season  in  Hering  Sea  anil  Pacifle  conii)ared 94 

Average  daily  catch  in  Herinjif  Sea  and  Pacific  coniiiarod 94 

8.  That  the  waste  of  life  resulting  from  pelagic  sealin^'  is  insigniii- 
cant. 

Waste  of  life  insignificant ^^ 

The  evidence  advauci'd  in  the  Report 95 

Percentageof  seals  lost  l»y  Indians 95 

Percentage  of  seals  lost  hy  white  hunters 95 

Tabulated  statements  of  white  hunters 96 

Inconsistencies  of  statements 9(i 

Sources  of  "White  Hunters'"  table 97 

Table  only  gives  seals  lost  by  sinkin,^ 97 

Seals  lost  by  wounding 98 

The  bases  for  the  apology  unwarranted 99 

Second,  Nkw  Matteu  Ai,i.k<ji;i>  not  Hkuktofouk  Discussisd. 
llubitu  ofthcfiir-Hcala. 

1.  That  the  Alaskan  seal  herd  has  a  deflned  winter  habitat. 

The  "winter  habitat"  theory 100 

Object  of  i)roi)()sing  this  theory 101 

The  bulls  do  not  resort  to  the  "  tvinter  habitat" 101 

The  data  insutlicient  to  establish 102 

Testimony  in  opposition 103 

Seals  followed  aloiKj  Vancouver  Island 104 

Seals  scattered  during  winter  months 104 

Seals  found  in  hit.  40"  N.  and  long.  172°  W 1C5 

New  migration  chart  presented  with  Counter  Case 105 

2.  That  the  Alaskan  seal  herd  has  changed  its  habits  as  a  result  of 
disturbance  on  the  breeding  islands  and  of  pelagic  sealing. 

Increased  pelagic  nature  alleged 106 

"Stagey  "  seals  taken  at  sea 106 

Table  of  average  catch  per  boat  and  per  man 107 

Why  averages  for  1885  and  1886  are  not  used 107 

Such  a VI  rages  of  no  value 107 

Average  (lor  boat  in  "  spring  catch,"  1886-1891 108 

Increase  i)elagic  nature,  an  assumption 109 

Chiinge  of  rookeries  based  on  hearsay 109 

New  Asiatic  rookeries 110 


r-*ii 


VIII 


TAULK    OF    CONI'I'.NTS. 


Wp 


1    ! 


'i 


I 


It 


n 


il 


Skconk,  \i:w  Maitkii  Ai.i.KiiiD  not  IlKiir.ioroiti;  HiscrssKii— rontiiincd. 

UuIiHh  of  llit'/in-m<ih  —  {'out\unvi\,  I'iiko. 
2,  Tliat  tli('  AliiHkiiii  Mfjil  licad  has  cliaiij{i'il  its  luildts,  otr.— Coiiliiiiicil. 

One  lioiiic  of  AliiNkaii  Hcal  licrd 110 

rriltiliif  iNlaiiils  in  ha  M  led  loi'  onu  liiiiidrcd  ycai'H Ill 

SlaiiKlitcr  1.11  i;nl.))(.ii  iNJaiKl,  1K".1-T.;! Ill 

EiToi  in  Htatt-nifiit  relied  on  liy  tin'  li'i^port Ill 

AUv(ivil  J'mndiiU  nl  adminhivntion  on  Ihv  rrihilof  JhIiukIs: 

liidirt'ct  cliiirjj't'H  (d'  fraud  in  tlio  K'ciiort 112 

TJH'  parties  ciiarKt'd 1 1^5 

Great  lirilain  and  tlie  frands  idiarjjed IIS 

li'iMson  the  I'niteil  Stiltes  eoimi<ler  the  rhiir^^o IIH 

Friud,  a.s  alle<;ed  in  th(!  Kejiort Ill 

No  antliorjty  for  <'liar;;oH II') 

n.  \V.  Elliott's  statements  distorted 115 

("oiintiiiK  skins  on  I'rildlof  Islands 1 1'> 

Heeonnt  at  San  Frani'iseo 1  Id 

A  few  liiindles  opened I'd 

I'aekini;  and  sliipuient IH> 

Only  two  skins  in  a  liundle 117 

Thice  skins  in  a  linndle  would  ht'  detceted 117 

Ini]ili('d  fraud  in  weight  of  bundh^s IIM 

Explanation  of  weight llf* 

Various  ccnints  of  skins  conijiared H^ 

I'i'aetieal  a<;reeni(!nt  of  counts Hi* 

Moore's  report  of  1875 Hi' 

Eni])loy<''s  of  lessees  as  Governiueat  ii'^onts iliO 

Tinitp,  lJi-.(iri.ATi()Ns  I'HorosKi)  in  tiii;  Hr.roitr. 

The  only  re^inlations  auflficient 121 

Jurisdieticui  of  'I'libunal  ol'  Arbitration 1-1 

Unfairness  of  rejiulationa  projxjsed 1-2 

(a)  Improrcmciilx  hi   lliv  milliodii  of  la  Liu  fi  ncala 

On  Pribilof  Islands V22 

At  sea VSi 

I'se  of  the  rifle  (disolete 1-3 

Licenses  applied  to  only  one-lialf  of  the  hunters 1-3 

Increased  licenses  of  steam  vessels  of  no  value 121 

(b)  Itvulrirtioti  hi  lliv  niimlicr  of  seah  to  he  Inken. 

Unfairness  of  lindtarions  ])ro])osed 125 

(c)  Specijic  nclicmc  of  iv(jnlalioiiH  recommenihd. 

Regulations  recommended 125 

Limitation  of  (piota  on  I'ribilof  Islands 125 

Proteeti ve  zone  proposed :  -  125 

Close  season  projjosed 12fi 

Basis  of  proposed  close  season 126 

Close  season  would  have  little  c^tt'ect 12G 

Not  entering  Boring  Sea  before  July  1,  uo  coucesBiou 127 


•wn 


I'llU'O. 


11(» 

ill 

''1 

111 

111 

11'.' 

■'[A 

IIL' 

li:) 

.>h| 

111 

'i'T 

11.-. 

11.-) 

nS^H 

11.-. 

''^fl 

lu; 

I'C. 

titt 

■^ 

117 

117 

IIM 

ll.S 

118 

11!) 

llil 

120 

'M 

121 

121 

122 

122 

123 

'■^i'WH 

1L':5 

^<m 

123 

12t 

125 

125 
125 
125 
120 
126 
126 
127 


TABLK    or    CONTENTS.  IX 

TiiiHi.,  RKdfi ATioxs  Puoi'usi'n  i\  nii;  K'kim.ki— Coiitiinicd. 

(c)  >';)((i//('  xchiiiic  of  mjiiliilioiiH  vvcommvndvd — (JontiiiiKMl.  Vatfe. 

"Coiupinmiitory  ndJiistnusiitM"  jin. posed 127 

Sii|i|.i.«iil  prlnKi"' liil'li.  U).(IO()  a  wct^k 12H 

'  iil'iilriifisx  ol'  ('i)iiiiiii>si()ii(MN  HJiowii 128 

Alteniiitivt!  iiietliod.s  h{  rrj;iiliiti(.iiH 128 

KEI'I.Y   OK   TIIK    CNIIKU   STATKS   TO    IIIK    IJUIlTSll   CL.MMS   1  i»l!    K.VM.UiKa. 

SciziiriH  iidmitti'd 129 

rrniiil.itii.il  1.1'  belli iiiji  in  liciiiifj;  .Sen 1211 

lien  SOI  IS  wliv  si'iziiri's  wiTi'  iiiiicli' 130 

Vessels  seized,  o\\  lied  l.y  I'liited  .StiiteH  oiti/eiis 130 

Keliiiiiiiis  of  Moseowit/.,  Warr'Mi  iiiid  Cooper 131 

Josej.li  i'oseowitz.  I'liitt'd  Stiltis  eitizeii,  owner 131 

A.  .1.  Ileelitei,  I'lliti'd  Stiites  eili/tMi,    owner 131 

A.  Friinix,  I'nited  States  eilizen,  owner 132 

No  (laniafieH  Ciiii  he  awarded  I'or  j.ro.spui^tivt;  prolits 133 

Decision  in  (ieneva  A rl.it ration 133 

Ail  diiniiii,'es  elainied  exeeHsive 134 

C^iieslions  siil.inil  led   under  Aitiele  \'III 131 

Cot'NTtit  Case  isKASsKiut*  tiik  i-ositions  takkn  in  hik  Case 135 


APPENDIX. 


Page. 
Diplomatic  Coi?nK.'*rnr)i.:vcK  : 

Kelatiiift  to  the  iiilerpretatiou  of  tho  Treaty  of  Arhitration 139 

Itelatinjj;  to  erroneous  traiislatioiis  of  certain  Ilussiaii  doennii'iits  referred 

to  in  the  Case  of  tlie  l'nite,d  .Slate.s 151 

Amended  transhit  ions 151 

Eelatinji;  to  Cases  of  ilie  Pearl,  Loriot,  and  Harriet 175 

Case  of  the  I'atrl 175 

Case  of  the  l.itriitt IHO 

Case  of  the  Ilaniet 184 

RiT.SSIAN  DOCUMKNT.S 

Kelatinjr  to  the  nninlier  of  seals  killed  on  St.  Paul  Island,  ISfiO-lSfiG 193 

Kehitiiig  to  the  visits  of  foreijrii  whalers  to  IJt^rin^-  .Sea 199 

Seizukks  of  Amkkican  and   HKITI8U  Vessels  uy  Russia  in   1892 201 


Ml 

II 


i 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pago. 

Official  Rkpc )RTfl 207 

Kciioits  of  Cajil.   IIotiiKT 207 

Orders  to  Cant    ]  looper 207 

Report,  (late<i  Aiiyii.st  17,  181)2 208 

Report,  dated  September  G,  18(12 214 

Report,  dated  November  21,  1892 228 

Report  of  Capt.  Conlson 234 

Report  of  Kpeeial  Af^ent  Henry 245 

Rei)ort  of  I'liited  .States  Consul  ilyers 255 

Tleijort  of  Treasury  Aj^eiit  LavendtT 263 

Notes  on  the  Fur-seal  Rookeries  of  the  Pribih)f  Islands,  July  18  to  31,  1892, 

by  B.  W.  Evermanu 204 

ExTifACTs  FiioM  Various  Puhucations 275 

Report  of  Caj)t.  Bryant.  1869 275 

Testimony  of  Charles  Bryant  befox-e  Congn^ssioual  Committee,  1876  280 

Report  of  Lieutenant  Mayuard,  1874 280 

Report  of. J.  S.  Moore,  187.'^ 282 

"Fislieries  and  Fishery  Industries  of  the  United  States"  (James  G.  Swan)  284 

Testinu)ny  of  James  G.  Swau  before  Senate  Committee 286 

"List  of  Reported  D.inj^ers  in  the  North  Paeitic  Ocean  " 288 

Paper  jU'epared  by  William  Palmer 289 

"I'rodronius  of  the  Zoidogy  of  Victoria" 292 

Fanning'8  "Voyages  Round  the  World,  1792  to  1832" 293 

"Marine  Manuiials  of  the  Northwest  Coast" 293 

Veniami  noil's  '•Notes  on  the  Islands  of  the  llnalaslia  Oislriet" 294 

Mattkh  lii;i,ATiNu  TO  Certain  Skauno  Vksskls    Skized  uy  the   Uniikd 
Staii:s  : 

Extiacts  from  notes  made  at  the  trial  of  Warren  vs.  Boseowitz  and  Cooper  301 
Extracts  from  evidence  in  the  case  of  Warren  vs.  Boscowitz  e<  a/ius  and 

Boscowitz  VK.  Warren  ct  alios 304 

Extracts  from  "Case  on  A])i)eal"  in  the  case  of  Warren  et  alios  ?■«.  Bosec 

wit/-  el  alios 313 

Plcai'.iiigs— (Counter  claim 315 

Answer 316 

Decree 316 

Special   iiroceediug   instituted   in   regard  to  certain  claims  against  the 

United  States 320 

LiiiKLs  Fii.Ki)  Against  Skamno  Vksskls 327 

AppRAIskmi:nt.s  of  Skamno  Vf.sskls 329 

Taiilks  Relating  to  Claims  of  British  Siiuects  Against  the  United 

States 339 

Tesiimony  : 

Relating  to  claims  of  British  subjects  against  the  United  Slates 341 

Relating  to  fur-seals  and  seal-sk;;i  industry 353 

(For  list  of  deponents  ace  Index  to  Appendix,  post.) 


TABLE  OP'  CONTENTS. 


XI 


Pago. 
207 
207 
207 
208 
214 
22H 
234 
245 
255 
263 

264 
275 
275 
280 
280 
282 
284 
286 
288 
289 
292 
293 
293 
294 


MiaCEIJ,ANKOU8 : 

Sealskiiia  from  tlm  Prihilof  Islands  entered  at  San  Francisco,  1872  to  1889  409 

Sales  of  sciiliu":;  sc'lioonurs 410 

Tables  of  oiitelicH 411 

Title  ])iif;o  of  a  London  eataloj^no  of  fur  sealskins 412 

Letters  to  the  Secretary  of  State 413 

Dr.  J.  A.  Allen 413 

Capt.  Charles  Bryant 413 

Letter  from  .ludjje  Jiiiiies  G   Swan  coiicerninj;  Bering  Sea  Couiiuissioners 

and  H.  W.  Elliott 414 

Statements  as  to  sealskins: 

C.  M.  Lanipson  &   Co 415 

Alfred  Fraser 415 

C.  W.  Martin  &  Sons 417 

Report  of  speech  made  by  one  of  the  British  Berinjj;  Sea  Coiiniiissioiiers..  418 

Decliiration  of  seizure  of  the  British  schooner  Motiiitahi  CliitJ' 419 

Certiliciites  as  to  sale  of  schooners  seized 421 

Tables  of  annual  killings,  I'ribilof  Islands,  1871-1889 425 

India  ok  Coixtku  Cash 431 

Inukx  oiT  Appenuix 447 


>oper  301 
s  and 

304 

oscc 

313 

315 

316 

316 

;  the 

320 

327 

329 

;iTKD 

339 


341 
353 


f 


COUNTER  CASE 

OF 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Pursuant  to  Ai-ticle  IV  of  the  Treaty  of  Ar-  ConnterCaae. 
bitration  of  18!)2,  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  the  Agent  of  the  United  States 
herewith  presents  to  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration 
the  Counter  Case  of  his  Government,  accom- 
panied by  certain  additional  documents,  corre- 
spondence, and  evidence,  in  reply  to  the  Printed 
Case,  documents,  correspondence,  and  evidence 
heretofore  submitted  by  Great  Britain. 

The  United  States  conceive  it  to  be  the  main  object  of  same, 
object  of  the  Counter  Cases  to  present  matter  in 
rebuttal  of  such  points  raised  by  the  Cases  as 
have  not  already  been  sufficiently  dealt  with,  and 
could  not  reasonal)ly  have  been  so  dealt  with, 
therein.  They  do  not,  therefore,  regard  them- 
selves as  now  called  upon  to  traverse  all  the  posi- 

123G4 1  1 


_ 


n 


INTRODUCTION. 


ni! 


Original  British 
CasH  and  supple- 
ment. 


Object  of  same,  tioiis  maintained  by  Great  Britain  in  its  Printed 
Case,  and,  where  any  of  such  positions  not  dis- 
cussed or  refuted  herein  are  at  variance  with  those 
assumed  by  the  United  States  in  their  Printed 
Case,  the  Tribunal  is  respectfully  referred  to  tliat 
document  for  a  sufficient  expression  of  their  views 
concerning-  the  matters  iu  controversy. 

The  United  States  will  deal  more  fully  in  1 
at  later  stages  of  this  controversy,  through  the 
printed  and  oral  arguments  of  their  Counsel,  wii  li 
all  matters  requiring  argumentative  discussion. 

On  the  5tli  day  of  September,  1892,  the  Ageur 
of  the  United  States  received  from  the  Agent  <»f 
Her  Britannic  Majesty  copies  of  the  Printed  Case 
of  Great  Britain.  The  United  States  considered 
that  the  Case  thus  presented  was  not  a  full  com- 
pliance with  the  terras  of  the  Treaty.  A  diplo- 
matic correspondence  between  the  two  Govern- 
ments followed,  in  which  the  position  of  the 
United  States  in  regard  to  tliis  matter  was  fullv 
set  forth, ^  and,  as  a  result  of  this  correspondence. 
Her  Majesty's  Government  delivered  to  the  Agent 
of  the  United  States  and  to  the  Arbitrators  the 
Report  of  its  Bering  Sea  Commission,  accompa- 
nied by  the  statement  that  the  Government  of 
the  United  States  was  at  liberty  to  treat  this 
Report  as  a  part  of  the  British  Case.     The  United 


■  ■.f 


■X 


'  Post,  p.  139. 


INTltODUCTION.  g 

States  have  accordiiio-ly  notified  Her  Majesty's  Orijrini.i  RiitiaU 
(jroveriimeut  that  they  regard  tlie  Case  first  pre-  '"^'it. 
sented  and  the  above  Report,  taken  together,  as 
the  whole  of  the  British  Case,  and  that  no  further 
opportunity  is  afforded  under  the  Treaty  for  tlie 
introduction  of  matter  not  properly  in  reply  to 
the  Case  of  the  United  States.^ 

For  the  sake  of  more  convenient  reference 
the  term  "British  Case,"  when  standing  alone, 
will  refer  to  that  portion  of  the  same  first  pre- 
sented. The  term  "Report"  will  refer  to  the 
portion  last  presented,  consisting  of  the  Report 
aforesaid. 


iFoatfp.m, 


h  . 


f' 


n^ 


^H'h 


P) 


!!■ 


PART    FIRST. 


REPLY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    TO    THE 
BRITISH    CASE    FIRST    PRESENTED. 


I 


'>{ 


if 


•! 


''■)'■ 


» 


PART  FIRST-. 

REPLY  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES   TO  THE 
BRITISH   CASE   FIRST   PRESENTED. 


// . , ,. 


THE  TRUE  ISSUES  IN  THE  PRESENT  CONTROVERSY. 

It  appears,  from  an  examination  of  the  British    Difference  of 

viewH  iis  to  object 

Case  and  the  diplomatic  correspondence  above  of  Arbitiatiou'. 

referred  to,  that  a  different  opinion  is  entertained 

by  the  two  Governments  as  to  the  object  and 

scope  of  the  present  Arbitration.     Tliat  Case  is  \. .      ,'j. 

devoted  almost  exclusively  to  showing  that  the 

Government  of  the  United  States  is  not  entitled         ''  '         ' 

to  exercise  territorial  jurisdiction  over  the  waters  ;  /  ^  r '  -'; 

of  Bering  Sea  or  to  exclude  therefrom  the  vessels 

of  other  nations.     On  the  other  hand,  the  Case  of 

the  United  States  makes  it  plain  that  the  main 

object  had  in  view  by  the  latter  Government  is 

the  protection  and  preservation  of  the  seal  herd 

which  has  its  home  on  the  Pribilof  Islands. 

The  distinction  between  the  right  of  general    Protection  of 

seals  tlip  niiiiii  ob- 

and  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  Berinsr  Sea  and.ieit  of  Arbitra- 

''  *'  tiou. 

the  right  to  protect  the  seals  from  extermination 
is  wide  and  obvious.     In  order,  therefore,  to  show 


A  /♦'  >• 


saa 


8 


THE    TIU'E    ISSUES. 


S  i 


]  '\ 


.  11 


Protection  oftliat  tlio  liittor,  aiul  not  tlie  former,  is  tlio  main 

noiiIm  tli(^  iMiiiii  nb- 

jcct  of  Ari)itni-(.m,sti()n  before  tlio  TriUiinal,  tlie  Ayont  of  the 
tiou.  ^  . 

United  States  deeiiis  it  proper  to  place  clearly 
before  it  some  im})ortant  considerations  toucliing 
the  manner  in  wliich  the  controversy  resultiiif^  in 
the  Treaty  of  Arbitration  arose,  and  to  indicate 
what  have  at  all  times  been  rej^arded  by  the 
United  States  as  the  essential  issues. 
Oriffin  of  juris-     The  diplomatic  correspondence  shows  that  as 

(lictioiial     loiilro-  ,  ,  i       i  t    •       i     -t  i    .  ^ 

veray.  early  as  the  y^ear  1(S87  the  United  States  claimed 

a  property  interest  in  the  sesils  of  the  Pribilof 
Islands;  that  the  question  of  sovereignty  over 
Bering  Sea  was  first  introduced  by  Her  Majesty's 
Government  and  was  not  touched  upon  by  the 
United  States  'a  the  correspondence  until  three 
years  after  the  first  seizures  of  British  vessels 
had  taken  place;  and  that  the  subse([uent  discus- 
sion of  that  (iuesti(m  has  been  at  all  times  inci- 
dental to  the  main  ([uestion/  viz,  the  jiroper  pro- 
tection of  the  seals. 
Lord  Saiisi.nry      On  the  lOtli  of  September,  1<S87,  Loid  Salis- 

uiilse.  hmyj  "^  '^  ^^*^^^  *^^  ^^'®  British  Minister  at  Wash- 

ington calling  attention  to  the  transcript  of  the 
judicial  jiroceedings  in  the  cases  of  the  Carolena, 
Onward,  and  Thornton,  referred  to  the  ukase  of 

'Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  .Tnliau  Pamicefote,  Juno  4,  1890,  Case  of  tho 
United  States,  Appendix,  Vol.  I,  p.  218,  and  also  closing  portion 
of  Mr.  Hlaine's  note  to  SirJnlian  Pauncefote,  December  7,  1890, 
ibid.,  pp.  286,  287. 


.1 

■'■       ;      V-.tr- 


H 


THE    TRUE    ISSUES. 


9 


% 


& 


tlOU. 


/'/••<'•'    'i  t  c  V  I  i, 


1821  and  tlio  treaties  of  1824  ami  1825,  and  in- 
sisted that  tliev  were  conclusive  in  favor  of  Great 
Britain's  ri<^ht  to  take  seals  tliroughout  Bering 
Bea.^ 

The  United  States  Government  did  not  reply    Mr.  Baynrd  in- 

,  vit(!H   intcruii- 

to  the  [)oint  tluis  raised.  On  the  contrary,  ontionai  coiiiiera- 
the  li)tli  of  August,  1887,  Mr.  Bayard,  Secretary 
of  State,  iiad  ah'eady  sent  out  to  various  foreij^n 
governments  a  note,^  in  which  he  said:  "Without 
raiding  any  question  as  to  the  exceptional  meas- 
ures wliich  the  peculiar  character  of  tlie  property 
in  questi(m  may  justify  this  Government  in  tak- 
ing!;, and  without  reference  to  any  exceptional 
marine  jurisdiction  that  might  properly  bo 
claimed  for  that  end,  it  is  deemed  advisable  .  .  . 
to  obtain  the  desired  ends  by  international  co- 
operation." 

This  was  followed  on  the  7tli  of  February, 
1888,''  by  a  note  addressed  to  Mr.  Phel})s  con- 
taining general  suggestions  for  international 
action,  wliicli,  in  principle,  appear  to  have  been 
assented  to  by  Lord  Salisbury.* 

'  Aiipeixlix  to  Case  of  the  United  St.at(>s,  Vol.  I,  p.  102. 
'^  Aiipcnilix  to  Ciiso  of  tbo  IJuitt'd  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
3  Appt'iiilix  to  I'iisc  of  tlie  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  172. 
*  Appendix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  175,212,218. 


^       4.  .-"> 


V 

'^  <  -  •  >      In*':       xju 


Vl 


10 


THE   THUK    ISSUES. 


•,(' 


Mr.  nixyiird  in-     Oil  tliG  2(1  of  Maw'li,  1888,  ^[r.  liayiml  affain 

vitPH    into  Ilia-        ^  '  '  J  to 

tioniii  coijptiii-iiisistwl  on  the  necessity  of  protecting  tlie  seals 
**by  an  arrangement  between  the  g-overnnients 
interested,  witliout  the  United  States  being  called 
upon  to  consider  what  special  measures  of  its 
own  the  exceptional  character  of  the  ])roperty  in 
question  might  require  it  to  take,  in  case  of  the 
refusal  of  foreign  powers  to  give  their  cooi)era- 
tion."^  At  pages  168  to  194  of  Volume  I  of  the 
Appendix  to  the  Case  of  the  United  States  will 
be  found  the  correspondence  relating  to  the  pro- 
posed international  measures. 
Mr.  Rinino'8     ()„  the  22d of  January,  1890,  Mr.  Blaine,  Sec- 

ntfinoiit  oi   tlio  ^  '  ' 

retary  of  State,  wrote  to  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote, 
Her  Majesty's  Minister:  "In  the  o[)inion  of 
the  President,  the  Canadian  vessels  arres'  I 
and  detained  in  the  Behriug  Sea  were  engagid 
in  a  pursuit  that  was  contra  boms  mores,  a 
pursuit  which  of  necessity  involves  a  serious 
and  permanent  injury  to  the  rights  of  the  Gov- 
ennnent  and  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
To  estal)lish  this  ground  it  is  not  necessary  to 
argue  the  question  of  the  extent  and  nature  of 
the  sovereignty  of  this  Government  over  the 
waters  of  the  Behring  Sea;  it  is  not  necessary  to 
explain,  certainly  not  to  define,  the  powers  and 
privileges  ceded  by  His  Imperial  Majesty  the 


Stat 
issues. 


^ 

i* 


.1- 

4 


w 


I  Appomlix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  175. 


THE   TiaiE    I8SUES. 


11 


Jnstifloation   of 
seizures. 


Einnoror  of  Russia  in  tlio  troaty  by  which  tlie    Mr.  Rial  no's 

'  -^       •'  Hfatiiiiont  of  the 

Alaskan  'rerritory  was  transferred  to  the  United  iM»«8- 
States.  The  weij^dity  considerations  growing 
out  of  the  acquisition  of  tliat  Territory,  with  all 
the  rights  on  land  and  sea  inseparably  connected 
therewith,  may  be  safely  left  out  of  view,  while 
the  grounds  are  set  forth  upon  which  this  Gov- 
ernment rests  its  justification  for  the  action  com- 
plained of  by  Her  )[ajesty's  Government.'" 
The  grounds  set  forth  were  these: 

(1)  The  value  of  the  sealeries  and  the  absence 
of  any  interferenctj  with  them  down  to  1886. 

(2)  That  the  taking  of  seals  in  the  open  water 
rapidly  leads  to  their  extermination,  because  of 
the  indiscriminate  slaughter  of  the  animal,  espe- 
cially of  the  female ;  with  which  slaughter  Mr. 
Blaine  contrasts  the  careful  methods  pursued  by 
the  Unitcu  States  Government  in  killing  seals 
upon  the  Islands. 

(3)  That  the  right  of  defense  by  the  United 
States  against  such  extermination  is  not  confined 
to  the  three-mile  limit,  and  Mr.  Blaine  remarks 
as  follows:  "Does  Her  Majesty's  Government 
seriously  maintain  that  the  law  of  nations  is  pow- 
erless to  prevent  such  violation  of  the  common 
rights  of  man  ?  Are  the  supporters  of  justice  in 


'  Appoudix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  200. 


12 


THE    TUUi:    ISSUES. 


seizures 


Lord  Salisbury 
afjiiiu  iutroduces 
ukuse. 


justitiration  of  all  uatioiis  to  bo  declared  incompetent  to  prevent 
wrongs  so  obvious  and  so  destructive? 

"In  the  judgment  of  this  Governm'^nt,  the  law 
of  the  sere  is  not  lawlessness.  Nor  can  the  law  of  the 
sea,  and  the  liberty  which  it  confers,  ind  which 
it  protects,  be  perverted  to  justify  acts  which  are 
inmioral  in  themselves,  which  inevitably  tend  to 
results  against  the  interests  and  against  the  wel- 
fare of  mankind."* 

These  were  the  questions  involved,  according 
to  the  view  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States.  But,  notwithstanding  the  clear  manner 
in  which  they  were  presented,  and  the  explicit 
statement  of  Mr.  Blaine  that  the  right  of  the 
Unitv^d  States  to  protect  the  seal  does  not  depend 
upon  the  nature  of  their  sovereignty  over  the 
waters  of  Bering  Sea,  Lord  Salisbury  in  his  note 
of  Miiy  22,  1 890,^  again  recurs  to  that  subject  by 
quoting  Mr.  Adams's  protest  against  the  ukase  of 
1821,  relying  thereon  to  establish  the  right  of 
British  subjects  to  fish  and  hunt  throughout  Ber- 
ing Sea  outside  the  three-mile  limit,  which  right, 
granting  it  to  exist,  Mr.  Blaine  had  already  stated, 
would  not  afford  the  requisite  justification.^ 

'  Appendix  to  Case  oftbe  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  200. 

•  Appendix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  207. 

*  Appendix  to  Caae  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  202. 


-H\ 


etent  to  prevent 
^tive? 

rnm'^nt,  the  law 
an  the  law  of  the 
fers,  ;md  which 
'  acts  which  are 
svitably  tend  to 
gainst  the  wel- 

!ved,  accordinir 
of  the  United 
3  clear  manner 
id  the  explicit 
e  right  of  the 
nos  not  depend 
gnty  over  the 
iry  in  his  note 
hat  subject  by 
it  the  ukase  of 
I  the  right  of 
roughout  13er- 
which  right, 
I'eady  stated, 
fication.' 


ol.  I,  p.  200. 
ol.  I,  p.  207. 
ol.  I,  p.  202. 


I 


THE   ERRONEOUS    TRANSLATIONS. 


13 


It  thus  appears  that  at  th'  inception  of  this    United  states 

^'-  sought       iiitcniii- 

controversy  the  United  States  asserted  no  right  tifuai  ugiociueut. 
to  sovereignty  over  Bering  Sea,  but  sought  the 
concuiT  •  ce  of  Great  Britain  in  an  international 
agreement  for  the  protection  of  the  seals,  and  that 
it  was  not  until  after  this  effort  had  failed,  on  ac- 
count of  the  opposition  of  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment,^ that  the  Government  Oi  the  United  States 
undertook  a  reply  to  Lord  Salisbury's  assertion 
that  the  treaties  of  1824  and  1825  with  Russia 
precluded  it  from  protecting  the  seals  in  Bering 
Sea  beyond  the  tlu'ee-mile  limit.  It  was  in  this 
manner  that  the  first  four  questions  stated  in  the 
Treaty  of  Arbitration  were  raised.  It  ii  noi,  in- 
tended to  say  that  they  did  not  occupy  a  promi- 
nent place  in  the  diplomatic  correspondence,  but 
only  to  point  out  that,  long  before  they  had  ', 
arisen,  the  other  and  more  important  issues  sub- 
mitted to  this  Tribunal  had  been  the  sulyect  of 
elaborate  discussion  between  the  two  Govern- 
ments. — i 


THE     ERRONEOUS     TRANSLATIONS     OF    CERTAIN 
RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS. 

Sometime   after   the    United  States  Govern-   impoHition  prac- 

j  1       1    1    T  T   •.      /-I  ,11  /.  TT       ticiul  upon  IJiiitotl 

ment  had  delivered  its  Case  to  the  Agent  of  Her  states  Goveru- 

T»  •  •-»*-•  •     1  11  nieut. 

Britannic  Majesty,  it  learned  that  an  imposition 

'  Appeudix  to  Case  of  the  United  .States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  215, 216, 218. 


!j 


1 


14 


THE    ERRONEOJS    TRANSLATIONS. 


J^  «»v^  H 


i*.(  I 


Imposition  prac- had  been  practiced  uijoii  it  by  a  faithless  official, 

ticcil  upon  United  r  i  j  j 

States    Govern- and  that  it  had  relied  on  certain  translations  of 

lueut. 

Russian  documents  made  by  him,  appearing-  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  Appendix  to  its  Case, 
which  translations  had  in  reality  been  falsified  to 
a  considerable  extent.  Notice  of  this  was  im- 
mediately given  to  the  Agent  of  Her  Britannic 
Majesty,  and  as  soon  as  possible  he  was  furnished 
with  specifications  of  the  false  translations  and 
with  revised  translations  of  those  documents 
which  the  United  States  now  retain  as  a  part  of 
their  Case.^  Copies  of  the  revised  translations 
and  of  the  notes  sent  by  the  Agent  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Agent  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  in 
connection  with  this  matter  have  already  been 
delivered  to  each  of  the  Arbitrators. 
Pnrtiai  restate-      Some  evideiicc  wliicli  the  United  States  Gov- 

nicnt    dl'  its  Case 

ucucssary.  eriiment  had  relied  on,  to  prove  that  for  many 

years  prior  to  the  time  of  the  cession  of  Alaska 
Russia  had  prohibited  the  killing  of  fur-seals  in 
the  waters  frequented  by  them  in  Bering  Sea, 
thus  turns  out  to  be  untrue ;  and  it  now  becomes 
necessary  for  the  United  States  to  restate,  in  part, ' 
their  position  in  respect  to  some  of  the  questions 
submitted  to  this  Tribunal.  In  so  doing  they  will 
at  th'3  same  time  introduce  such  criticisms  upon, 
or  rebutting  evidence  to,  the  British  Case  as  may 
seem  to  be  called  for. 

~  ^oet,  pp.  151-174. 


'1 


:l  II 


ess  official, 
slatious  of 
peariiig-  in 
'  its  Case, 
falsified  to 
5  was  im- 

Britainiic, 
furnished 
tions  and 
ocurneiits 

a  part  t)f 
luslations 
le  United 
ajesty  in 
idy  been 

tes  Gov- 
or  many 

Alaska 
seals  in 
n^  Sea, 
)econies 
in  part, ' 
lestions 
ey  will 

upon, 
as  may 


m 


PEUIOD    PRECEDma    THE    TREATIES.  15 

THE  SITUATION  ABOUT  BERING  SEA  AND  ON  THE 
NORTHWEST  COAST  DOWN  TO  THE  TREATIES  OF 
1824-5. 

Russia  appears  to  have  first  definitely  asserted    Russians  coio- 

,  .    ,        ^         ,  .  T  1^      .        nial  system. 

her  rights  to  the  terntory  smToundmg  iiernig 
Sea,  and  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America  bor- 
dering upon  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  ukase  of 
1799.  It  was  clearly  the  intention  of  the  Russian 
Government,  as  manifested  both  by  this  ukase 
and  by  its  subsequent  action  down  to  the  time  of 
the  cession  of  Alaska  to  the  United  States,  to  i 
maintain  a  strict  colonial  system  in  the  regions 
above  mentioned.  And  the  records  show  that 
down  to  a  period  as  late  as  1867,  the  year  of  the 
cession  of  Alaska,  Russia  persisted  in  this  policy, 
although  the  control  she  exercised  over  those 
distant  regions  was  not  always  vigilant  enough 
to  prevent  a  certain  amount  of  unlawful  trade 
with  the  natives  from  being  carried  on  there  in 
disregard  of  her  prohibition. 

The  ukase  of  1799  was  directed  against  for-  ukaseofnoo. 
eigners.  Upon  this  point  a  quotation  is  given 
from  a  letter  from  the  Russian  American  Com- 
pany to  the  Russian  Minister  of  Finance  under 
date  of  June  12,  1824,  as  follows:^  "The  ex- 
clusive right  granted  to  the  Company  in  the  year 
1799  imposed  the  prohibition  to  trade  in  those 

'  A  facsimile  of  this  document  was  delivered  to  the  British  Gov- 
erumeut  ou  November  12,  1892. 


16 


PERIOD   PRECEDING    THE    TREATIES. 


if! 


Ukase  of  1799.  regioiis,  iiot  oiily  upon  foreigners  but  also  upon 
Russian  subjects  not  belonging  to  the  Com})any. 
This  prohibition  was  again  affirmed  and  more 
clearly  defined  in  the  new  privileges  granted  in 
the  year  1821,  and  in  the  regulations  concerning 
the  limits  of  navigation."  This  interpretation  of 
the  ukase  of  1799  is  sustained  by  the  subsequent 
history  of  those  same  regions. 
,S}^\^^T^  I  of     In  Chai)ter  I  of  the  13ritish  Case  an  endeavor 

Hntisu  Case.  ^ 

is  made,  however,  to  show  that  under  tlie  ukase 
of  1799  Russia  reserved  to  the  Russian  American 
Company  no  exclusive  rights  as  against  foreign- 
ers, and  that  for  many  years  prior  to  1821  the 
waters  affected  by  the  ukase  had  been  freely 
used  for  all  purposes  by  vessels  of  all  nations. 
This  is  sought  to  be  made  out  by  treating  the 
waters  of  Bering  Sea  and  those  adjoining  the 
Northwest  Coast  of  America  as  a  single  area;  ^  and 
numerous  instances  are  referred  to  in  which 
portions  of  this  area,  namely,  the  shores  and 
waters  of  the  American  coast  east  and  south  of 
Kadiak,  were  visited  by  foreigners  for  trade 
with  the  natives. 
Distinction  he-     The  territories  and  waters  which  the  British 

f  wct'ii  Ilcriiifr  Soil 

i(>«;i..n  and  Paciiic  c.,ge  tlius  coufouuds   the    United   States  have 

Occuu. 

carefully  distinguished,  and  they  take  issue  with 
Her  Majesty's  Government  upon  the  point  that 

'  British  Case,  p.  13. 


ti 


PERIOD    PRECEDING    THE   TREATIES. 


17 


also  upon 
Company, 
and  more 
granted  in 
oncerninff 
•etation  of 
ibsequent 

endeavor 
tlie  ukase 
A.mencan 
t  foreign- 
1821  the 
3n  freely 

nations, 
itiiig-  the 
iiino-  the 
t3a;Suid 
wliicli 
•es   and 

outh  of 
trade 

3rifish 
■i  have 
le  with 
it  that 


"no  claim  has  been  advanced  by  Russia  which    Distinction  be- 

•^  tweeii  Muring  Sea 

between '■•'K'""  ""♦i  f^icifio 

Ocean. 


could  possibly  render  a  distinction 
Behrinj^  Sea  and  the  main  Patdfic  of  the  slightest 
importance"  (British  Case,  p.  60).  The  United 
States  have  devoted  a  portion  of  their  Case, 
under  the  title  "Claims  to  the  Northwest  Coast" 
(pp.  26  to  33),  to  showing  that  the  part  of  tho 
American  continent  which  is  washed  by  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean  was  being  constantly  visited 
by  vessels  of  all  nations,  and  that  serious  con- 
flicts arose  as  to  the  trading  rights  there.  Indeed, 
of  all  the  voyages  of  foreign  vessels,  whether 
for  discovery  or  trade,  enumerated  at  pp.  14  to 
20  and  29  to  31  of  the  British  Case,  not  more 
than  two  or  three  relate  to  the  shores  and 
waters  of  Bering  Sea.  The  fact  is,  that,  while 
Russia's  title  to  everything  south  and  east  of  the 
Alaskan  Peninsula  was,  in  the  early  part  of  this 
century,  in  serious  dispute,  her  title  to  the 
coasts  north  of  this  peninsula  and  to  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  based  upon  prior  discovery  and  occupa- 
tion, was  admitted  on  all  sides,  and  her  rights 
there  were  respected  by  all  nations.  This  has 
already  been  pointed  out.^ 

The  British  contention  (British  Case,  pp.  33, 
35,  64)  that  the  United  States  contested  Russia's 

'Appendix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  12,  13, 
espcciiilly  the  extracts  from  the  Quarterly  Review  and  the  North 
American  Review. 

12364 2 


18 


PERIOD  TRECEDING  THE  TREATIES. 


li;. 


Distinction  be-  title  to  oiiv  poi'tiou  of  the  Noi'tli  American  con- 
n^jtiou  and  Pacific  tineiit  is  Sufficiently  disposed  of  by  a  remark 
made  by  Mr.  Middleton,  in  which  he  shows  that 
he  is  merely  denying  her  claims  to  any  portion 
of  the  coast  east  and  south  of  Prince  William 
Sound,  or  thereabouts.  He  says,  speaking  of 
the  early  Russian  discoveries:  "From  these  dis- 
coveries Russia  derives  her  rights  to  that  long 
chain  of  islands  intervening  between  the  western 
and  eastern  continents,  and  even  to  a  very  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  continent  of  America — 
^-  rights  which  have  never  been  contested."^ 

Ukaso  of  1821.  The  ukase  of  1821,  which  was  a  renewed  dec- 
laration of  the  colonial  system  already  referred 
to,  prohibited  to  foreign  vessels  the  approach 
within  one  hundred  miles  to  the  shores  of  Bering 
Sea  and  to  a  large  portion  of  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  America  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  objects  thereby  sought  to  be  accomplished 
are  set  forth  at  pp.  38  to  40  of  the  Case  of  the 
United  States. 

Character  of     Mucli  misconceptiou  exists  in  the  British  Case 

control  claimed  -^ 

over  liering  Sea.  ,^^  ^o  the  character  of  the  control  which  the  United 
States  claim  was  exercised  or  intended  to  be  ex- 
ercised by  Russia  within  this  limit.  The  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  has  already  shown,  at 
p.  57  and  pp.  295  to  303  of  its  Case,  that  it  does 

'  Appendix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol,  I,  p.  13,  and  Ameri- 
ean  State  Papers,  Fortjign  Relations,  Vol.  V.,  p.  450. 


PERIOD    I'RKrEDING    THE    TREATIES. 


19 


Tican  con- 
a  remark 
ihows  that 
ly  portion 
e  William 
3akiiiir   of 
these  dis- 
tliat  lonsr 
e  western 
v^ery  cou- 
uierica — 

wed  dec- 
'  referred 
approach 
>f  Beriiiff 
orthwest 

Ocean, 
plished 

of  the 

sh  Case 
United 
be  ex- 
rovern- 
3wn,  at 
it  does 

id  Amori- 


not  impute  to  Russia  an  intention  to  treat  the  one-    riinmrtor  of 


:i 


I'oiitnil    clai 

hundred-mile  belt  as  territory  belonj^ing-  to  her,  <>vci'  Bering  s«a. 
with  the  riji'ht  to  exc^lude  therefrom  vessels  of 
other  nations  for  all  purposes.  Nor  have  the 
United  States  any  wish  to  dispute  the  construc- 
tiou  given  by  the  British  Government  at  pp.  38 
to  40  of  its  Case,  so  far  as  it  is  designed  to  show 
that  the  main  purpose  of  the  ukase  of  1821  was 
the  protection  of  Russian  interests  upon  the 
shores  of  the  colonies,  and  that  its  maritime  pro- 
visions were  only  intended  to  serve  the  jmrposo 
of  etfectually  carrying  out  such  protection.  —f 

The  distinction  between  the  right  of  exclusive    No  exclnsive 

"  tciri  tori  ill    Jiiris- 

territorial  jurisdiction  over  Bering  Sea,  on  the  ••i'^ti""  claimed, 
one  hand,  and  the  right  of  a  nation,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  preserve  for  the  use  of  its  citizens  its 
interests  on  land  by  the  adoption  of  all  necessary, 
even  though  they  be  somewhat  unusual,  meas- 
ures, wiiether  on  land  or  at  sea,  is  so  broad  as  to 
require  no  further  exposition.  It  is  the  latter 
right,  not  the  former,  that  the  United  States  con- 
tend to  have  been  exercised,  first  by  Russia,  and 
later  by  themselves. 

The  ukase  of  1821  evoked  stronsr   protests.    Protests  aRainst 

"     ^  '  ukase,  ana  result- 

and  the  character  of  these  protests  is  explained  at  ™^'  tJ^^eaties. 
pages  50  and  51  of  the  Case  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  further  pointed  out  at  pages  52  and  53 
that  in  the  treaties  resulting  from  these  protests 


20 


PERIOD    PRECEDIN       THE    TREATIES. 


Case 
Pearl. 


of 


1 


Protests  afiainst  a  clear  distinction  is  intended  to  be  drawn  be- 

nkaHv,  and  remilt- 

ing  trottties.  tweeii  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Bering  Sea,  and 
that  by  formally  withdrawing  the  operation  of 
the  ukase  as  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  but  not  as  to 
Bering  Sea,  a  recognition  of  its  continued  opera- 

I  tion  over  the  latter  body  of  water  was  necessa- 
rily implied.  The  chief  evidence,  aside  from  that 
contained  in  the  treaties  themselves,  upon  which 
the  United  States  rely  to  establish  this  conclusion, 
is  the  seventh  paragraph  of  the  conference  report 
of  the  Russian  imperial  committee,  appointed  in 
1824,  which  report  is  referred  to  at  page  54  of  theii* 
Case.^ 

*^®  At  pages  57  and  78  of  the  British  Case  an 
incident  arising  out  of  a  voyage  of  the  American 
brig  Pearl  is  cited  to  prove  that,  in  the  year  fol- 
lowing the  promulgation  of  the  ukase,  Russia 
acknowledged  the  maritime  jurisdiction  claimed 
therein  to  be  without  warrant  as  to  any  of  the 
waters' to  which  it  related.  The  facts  of  the  case 
are  not,  however,  susceptible  of  such  an  inter- 
pretation, as  will  appear  from  the  following: 

(1)  The  Pearl  was  in  the  year  1822  suddenly 
ordered  out  of  the  harbor  of  New  Archangel, 
where  she  had  been  lying  for  nearly  a  month.* 

(2)  The  day  following  she  was  boarded  by  the 

'  The  revised  translation  of  this  report  ajtpears  in  the  Appendix 
to  the  Counter  Case,  p.  157,  and  should  be  consulted. 
*Poit,  p.  175. 


^ 


\ 


I 


drawn  be- 
;•  Sea,  and 
•eration  of 
t  not  as  to 
led  opera- 
8  necessa- 
I  from  that 
)on  which 
inclusion, 
ice  rep(>rt 
•ointed  in 
)4  of  theii- 

Case  an 
American 
year  fol- 
i,  Russia 

claimed 
y  of  the 

;he  case 
n  inter- 

ug: 

ddenly 

langel, 

onth.^ 

by  tlie 

ippeudix 


PERIOD   FOLLOWING    THE   TREATIES. 


21 


Russian  cruiser  Apollo,  but  there  is  no  evidence    Caso  of  the 

^        '  ,  Pearl. 

to  sliow  that  tliis  boarding  occurred  in  extrater- 
ntorial  waters;  on  the  contrary,  the  just  inference 
from  the  words  used  in  the  protest  "Ordered  to 
leave  the  coast  immediately,"  and  from  the  single 
casual  mention  of  the  occurrence,  is  that  it  took 
place  near  the  shore.^ 

(3)  The  owners  not  only  pleaded  complete 
ignorance  of  the  ukase  (and  in  this  they  were 
sustained  by  the  fact  that  the  vessel  had  sailed 
before  the  United  States  had  received  notice  of 
the  same),  but  they  distinctly  admitted  that  they 
would  have  obeyed  its  injunctions  had  they 
known  of  it.* 

(4)  The  Russian  Government  insisted  up  to 
the  veiy  last  that  the  Pearl  had  violated  Rus- 
sian law,  and  that  the  indemnity  was  paid  only 
with  a  view  "  to  cement  those  amicable  relations 
to  which  the  convention  of  April  5-17  has  just 
added  new  value."' 

PERIOD  FOLLOWING  THE  TREATIES. 

The   strict   colonial   system,  inaugurated  by    continnation  of 
Russia  through  the  ukase  of  1799  and  recognized""^""'"'  '^"''"'• 
in  express  terms  to  exist  by  the  treaties  of  1824 
and  1825,  was  continued  throughout  the  period 

•  Post,  p.  176. 
«Po«<,  p.  177. 
'>  Post,  p.  180. 


'i! 


22 


PERIOD    FOLLOWINO    TIIK    TREATIES. 


followiii}^  the  celebration  of  those  treaties,  and 
clear  evidence  of  this  is  furnished  by  the  case  of 
^^Caao  of  the  lo- the  LoHot,  cited  at  pp.  7J)  to  83  of  the  British 
Case.  Deeming-  this  incident  only  indirectly 
relevant  to  the  question  of  right  in  and  about 
Berinj^  Sea,  the  United  States  dismissed  it  in 
their  Case  with  a  very  brief  mention  ;^  but  the 
importance  g-iven  it  by  the  British  Govermnent 
now  requires  a  more  comi>lete  statement  of  the 
facts  and  issues  involved. 

The  treaty  of  1824  granted  for  a  term  of  ten 
years  certain  trading  privileges  ui)on  the  coast 
between  Yakutat  Bay  and  latitu^le  54°  40'  north.^ 
On  May  19,  1835,  the  United  States  were  noti- 
fied by  the  Russian  Minister  that  the  jmvileges 
had  come  to  an  end  and  that  the  captains  of  two 
American  vessels  at  Sitka  had  been  requested  to 
take  notice  of  this  fact.  The  United  States  there- 
ui)on  initiated  strenuous  etforts  to  obtain  a  re- 
newal of  the  privileges  in  question,  and  while 
doing  so  news  was  received  of  the  seizure  by  the 
Russians  of  the  Lorint,  an  American  vessel,  for 
trading  upon  the  Northwest  Coast,  in  latitude  54° 
65'  north,  i.  e.,  just  above  the  southernmost  limit 
referi-ed  to  in  the  treaty  of  1 824. 

'  Case  of  tho  United  Stiitcs,  p.  59. 
"Case  of  the  Uuitcd  States,  p.  58. 


% 


-|i^ 


PERIOD    FOLLOWINO   THE   TREATIES. 


S8 


o 


f  tllG     Case  of  the  Lo- 


riot. 


Vig-oroiis  protests  followed  on  the  p 
United  States  and  compensation  was  demanded, 
the  protests  being  used  to  strengthen  the  claim 
already  put  forward  for  a  renewal  of  the  ten  years* 
j)riviloges.  A  sunnnary  of  the  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence will  be  found  in  the  Appendix  hereto.* 
It  is  sufficient  to  say  here  that  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment was  80  obdurate  in  its  refusal  to  recede 
from  its  position,  that  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment was  eventually  compelled  to  recog-ni/e  the 
correctness  of  the  same  and  to  completely  aban-  i 
don  its  claim.  In  so  far,  then,  as  the  Loriot  case 
has  any  bearing  upon  the  questions  here  in- 
volved, it  shows  that  the  United  States  GoveiTi- 
ment  recognized  and  acquiesced  in  the  colonial 
system  which  Russia  maintained,  even  to  the 
south  of  Sitka. 

ChaiiterlVof  the  British  Case  treats  of  the  waters,,  cii'jpter  iv  of 
of  Bering  Sea  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  adjacent  to 
the  Northwest  Coast  durhig  the  period  following 
the  treaties.  Some  of  the  vessels  referred  to  as 
having  made  voyages  to  those  regions  visited  the 
Northwest  Coast  only  where,  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered, for  ten  years  after  the  treaties  trade  was  car- 
ried on  by  American  and  British  citizens  with  the 
express  consentof  the  Russian  Government.  After 
1835,  however,  most  of  the  voyages  that  extended 

'Po««,  p.  180-184. 


11 

'A 


Ili> 


I 


24 


PERIOD    FOF.LOWINO    TIIK    TKKATIFS. 


chaptor  IV  of'to  the  coiist  iKU'tli  of  ljititii(l(i  .54"  40'  wore  in 

the  Urilisk  Cuhu. 

violation  of  Ivnssian  law.  All  violations  may  not 
have  l)oon  jjunislicd,  but  that  tho  law  was  none 
tho  loss  in  force  is  shown  by  the  seizure  of  the 
Loriof,  by  tlu^  j)ro('laniati»>n  of  the  United  States 
Gov(!rinuent  in  1845,'  and  by  the  ])roclaniation 
of  the  Uussian  Government  in  1<S()4.^ 


Visits  of  wiiaU      Later,  however,  especially  in  tho  years  follow- 
ers to  Ikriiitf  Si!i4  ^  '       I  ./  J 

in<^  1840,  Herino-  Sea  was  actually  visited,  as 
pointed  out  at  pp.  83  to  *.M)  of  the  IJritish  Case, 
by  num(^rous  vessels,  mostly  whalers,  jhit  it 
is  shown  by  Bancroft,  the  author  so  frequently 
quoted  by  the  liritish  Government,  that  the 
whalin<'-  industry  was  not,  for  the  Russians,  a 
profitable  one,"*  and  there  appears  to  have  been 
no  motive  for  protecting-  that  industry  by  the 
imperial  ukase  or  the  regrJaticms  of  the  colo- 
nial government.  Bancroft  is  also  referred  to 
in  the  British  Case  (pp.  83  and  84)  to  show 
that  in  1842  the  Russian  Government  refused 
Etholin's  request  that  Bering  Sea  be  protected 
against  invasions  of  foreign  whalers,  on  the 
ground  that  the  treaty  of  1824  between  Russia 
and  the  United  States  gave  to  American  citi- 
zens the  right  to  engag'^  in    fishing   over   the 


'  Case  of  tlie  iJiiittd  .Si.ates,  p.  59. 

»  Foil,  p.  164. 

'  Banoroft's  Alaska,  p.  584. 


u 


PERIOD    FOLLOWINO    THE    TUKATIES. 


fB 


wholo  extoiit  of  tlio  Pucilic  Ocean.'     From  wliut    VisitH  of  whui- 

ura  tu  IScriiig  Meu. 

is  Hiiid,  however,  by  this  same  author  immedi- 
ately foHowiuj^  the  above  citation,  it  appears 
that,  tin-ouf^li  tlie  encUiavor.s  of  Istliolin,  "tho 
Government  at  h-n^tli  referred  the  matter  to  a 
connnittee  composed  of  oilicials  of  the  navy 
de})artment,  wlio  reported  tliat  the  cost  of  fitting 
out  a  cruiser  for  tlie  protec^tion  of  Herin<4'  Sea 
iijjraiust  foreign  whalers  would  be  20(),()()()  roubles 
in  silver  and  tlu^  cost  of  maintaininj^  such  a  craft 
85,000  rou))les  a  year.  To  this  a  recommendation 
was  added  that,  if  the  comj)any  were  willing-  to 
assume  the  expenditure,  a  cruiser  should  at  onco 
be  placed  at  their  d'S]  osal."^  II once,  accord- 
ing to  Bancroft,  tlie  failure  to  protect  Bering 
Sea  can  not  be  traced  to  the  fact  that  the  Russian 
Government  considered  it  had  lost  the  right  to 
do  80  by  the  treaties  of  1824  and  1825. 

The  position  of  the  United  States  does  not,    Kiffht  to  protect 

^  soiiN     uot    rcliu- 

however,  depend  on  the  foi'egoing  explanation  i"'"^*^*^- 
being  the  true  one.  Why  Russia  claimed  to 
guard  her  coasts  for  a  distance  of  100  miles  has 
already  been  pointed  out;  and  from  the  fact  that, 
for  whatever  reason,  she  may  have  suffered  the 
carrying  on  of  whaling  or  of  any  sort  of  fishing 
in  Bering  Sea,  it  does  not  follow  that  she  relin- 


I 


) 


1  Baucroi't's  Alaska,  p.  583. 


i.rr-^fl 


1}      ; 


III 


h'l 


'^''^^^    *^«^^'^«™    THE    TUKATIE8. 

quislied  her  clear  rWU  +« 

J^vid.nee   of     p  '        ^^  ^'"'^  ^^''^"^  *'^^"' breedino- grounds 
«"rveij]an,.o  over     J^^enas  fo  the  wh-dpr«   fi  '  ,  *=  g^'o^nas. 

«'-abou,s,  closely  ™i;::/"^  ^''"' "■• 

C."n,.a„y  a  knor  to    ,       "f '"'™  ^™--' 
J'llv   13    ISM    n,      I?  '"-'nager,  dated 

<*■■"'>"    time   the    boavd    „f     ',  ^*  *" 

n-"'il«f  Islands,  wWc    rr  'r^""'-"-*"*?  "'« 

tl,6 Corananv  fin!  '""''  ""I'"'*'"™  to 

^w'u|Miij,  troni  a  relief  f  foil  nf^u  ^^ 

on  tJie  nart  nf  f      •  ""'''""  ''^^ternpts 

"^  pait  ot  roreio-ner><      Tn   ^  i.  ' 

"■^  «>-•".  of  ti,o:e";  J:  Snr  "■;'" 

boanl  has  ah-eady  Zi^^  i!  ""   ""'""'    "- 
dh-ectod  to  order',,:;:    :  ',7'"'.""-  ^°''  "^ 

P«.  attention  to  th:'SiL;ri::''^ 
OnthelSthof  April  18  r,o„     u 

!-ationa,ai„...ote  ,;':t^''"^^^'-- 
ins•  the  visits  of  fo,.ei„„  I  """r"'  •'™''<'™- 
«6»jvhalei^  and  stated  that 

'  Post,  p.  199. 


m 


'a^ 


PERIOD    FOLLOWING   THE    TREATIES. 


27 


seal  herds 
ffgi'ounds. 
is  certain: 
'  1850,  or 
'"Pport  of 
n    that  a 

the  colo- 
red. 

''s  visited 
I'om   the 
i^merican 
»'>  dated 
■'At  the 
on    ex- 
1",  have 
■ing-  the 
allege  to 
tern])ts 
1  until 
?rs  hy     . 

?    the 

HI  are 

opay 
n 

imin- 

cern- 

that 


it  had  requested  the  ffovernor-general  of  East-    Evidence   of 

'■  a  o  HnvvcilliMice  over 

em  Siberia,  "in  order  to  save  tlie  Company  from  i^niiua  Sea 
injury  caused  by  such  occurrences,  to  issue  in- 
structions, making'  it  the  duty  of  such  armed 
cruisers  as  his  excellency  may  have  at  his  dispo- 
sition to  patrol  the  colonial  seas,  especially 
around  the  Commander  Islands,"  where  the  for- 
eign wlialer«  were  repoi'ted  to  assemble  in  great 
numbers  in  the  summer  season.  Continuing,  the 
board  directed  the  chief  manager  "  to  lit  out  a 
Company's  cruiser,  independently  of  the  naval 
cruiser,  and  to  instruct  it  to  cruise  in  those  places 
where,  on  close  investigation,  it  may  appear  uec- 


essavv 


,  "1 


Oil  the  20th  of  March,  18r)3,  the  board  of 
administration  of  the  Russian  American  Com- 
pany wrote  to  the  chief  manager,  giving  full 
directions  as  to  the  disposition  to  be  made  of 
the  colonial  fleet  in  that  year.  One  vessel  was 
t,)  "be  sent  at  the  end  of  A})ril  to  cruise  and 
kee[)  a  watch  over  the  foreign  whaling  vessels 
in  the  southern  part  of  Bering  Sea  and  along  the 
Aleutian  group,"  and  this  vessel  was  to  cruise 
throughout  the  above  district  contimiallv,  enter- 
ing port  only  in  cases  of  necessity.  Another 
vessel  was  to  proceed  to  the  northern  jjart  of 
Bering  Sea  and  there  do  duty  as  a  cruiser  "to 
keep  watch  over  the   foreign  whaler.^  and  tho 

» Post,  p.  200. 


28 


!  ». 


I'KRroD  POL,.owi..a  the  treaties. 


"""'«  -■         by  «.e,„  with  ou..  JvllL  .        "'*  """■"'"  » 

toiJ:e2:::r"*''^7""^'--f*'»'ottor 

«  oniet  manager  13  as  follows:  "Tint  ,1, 
'"■"al  aeas,  so  for  as  possible,  be  visited'         """ 
P«  by  the   Company's   en  i         7         '™''^ 

Po-ofkeepingwi/  ;"/".■■'''«'-- 
f">-  fln-s  »nr,M«p  ;„    •  ■  foreigners,  and 

8er,  ,1  T  ^""^  i"stmctions  to  om-  crui 

"•••"Ting  on  their  fishery  in  Heri,  !  s  ?'  "''" 

™fe  that  the  Con,p,„,;/J^«/«^' ''''<• 

«'■■  as  possible,  „„der   ,!,„  '"''  '" 

officers."'  "   '■"'"'"'""'  of  "aval 

Onthe20fhnf,ji,„     i«fi,    „      ,.  „ 

uiAinan,  of  the  nnjierial  navy     "i, 
'a»   come   to   my   knowledge   tint  f  J    '    , 
>ng  vessels  lin,-„  I  ''™    "ba  - 

o    esscis  ha>e  been  sent  this  year  from  s 

Franc,.,eo  to  trade  on  the  Pribil,  f   L  7 

therefore  re,n..st  yon,,  e.ee lie  f        '     ^ 

time  app,H-„ted  for  yonr  vlv         /    ,        "''  *" 

cntiser  „„   the  exa^r        "    °  '    "  ''°  "^"'y  "»  * 

'-with  inc^r  Xh  i;:!  '"^  '•"*-"•- 

tte_Emperor.-  '"""  W™ved  by 

'  ^'oat,  p.  161. 
•■Po»<,  p.  162. 


H^«.MMMMMMe«4 


carried  on 


this  letter 

•:•? 

at  the  CO- 

• 

m  every 
the  ])ur- 

4 

lers,  and 

our  crui- 

iiitended 

vessels, 

;liey  are 

lid  pro- 

ofed for 

he,  so 

naval 

annf^er 

*iSM 

•     "It 

whal- 

n  San 

Is.     I 

g  the 

,«^B 

'  as  a 

tions 
dby 


PERIOD    FOLLOWING    THE    TREATIES. 

While  it  does  not  aniiear  from  any  of  the  fore-    Conclusions 

"■  ^  "^  from   foregoing 

ffoinff  documents  to  what  distance  from  the  sliores  evidouce. 
of  Bering  Sea  Russia  actually  sought  to  protect' 
her  colonies  against  inroads  from  foreigners,  yet 
there  is  nothing  to  show  that  she  had  in  the 
meanwhile  receded  from  the  position  taken  in  the 
ukase  of  1821  and  sanctioned,  as  the  United 
States  claim,  by  the  resulting  treaties.  On  the 
contrary,  the  broad  language  in  which  a  patrol 
of  the  colonial  seas  is  directed  to  be  instituted, 
especially  about  the  Pribilof  and  Commander 
Islands,  strongly  suggests  that  even  at  this  late 
period  Russia  was  still  safeguarding  her  colonial 
interests  by  all  necessary  means. 

It  is  true,  no  ijistance  a'lpcnirs  to  have  been     v 
recorded  where  a  ves.sel  w^as  warnou  or  seized     | 
for  actually  killing  lur-seals   in    the    waters  of    ] 
Bering   Sea.     But  in  view  of  what  we  know  of    | 
Russia's  solicitude    and  care  for   her   sealeries, 
especially  in  the  years  following  1836,  it  can  not 
be  doubted  that  such  killing,  had  it  occuiTcd, 
woTld  have  been  regarded  as  unlawful.     In  mak- 

Rnssiii's    action 

n--  flu    assertion  the  United  States  believe  tliey"ii«y^- 
u\  f;>*i     sustahied  by  Russia's  action  during  the 
sir.u'-  ^r  of  1892.     In  that  year  sealing  vessels 
assembled   in  great   number"  about   the    Com- 
mander Islands  and  killed  f  a--seals  in  the  extra-    \ 
territorial  waters  surrounding  this  grouj).    Russia, 


I 


30 


P-HIOD    POU.OWIXO    THE    TREATIES. 


.il 


•■'^■"    '"*^    TREATIES. 

g-'-eater  than  three  mHe    f  "^  '^''''''''^ 

..  Final    oWva.      J,,  ,^.     .      '^  '"^^"'^  ^^'^'^  ^iiy  Ian(P 

<";>isni,on),i.stori-        ^^^  COllclusiOll,  and  bv  wn^r  ^+'  /;       , 

t'oiiai  .luestious.  "P«ii  tl>i3  branch  of  the  ermf,.^  '^^enation 

"evv  the  wholo  subfoct  of  I     ,  ^  '"  "' 

right  in       ■  "  ".""'""™'  »""  --rtionof 

once  the  eto    ,■;""''''? '"'^™  l''«- ■" -*■- 

0"<Ie„oe  ™l.„„-ttecl  in  ,«  'et  to  t   t  "';""  "" 
blowing- only:  '  "'■^'  '"'y™t  iis 

First   Thiit  soon  after  the  ,1,- .  , 

of  the  Ah.l<an  region       '  Z'';™™'-^- VR««.ia 

'  -Pos/,  p.  201. 


'"Ji^'-A„-.,#,.fc«rfaa 


*^i"t!ir«i^, 


PERIOD    FOLLOWING    THE    TREATIES.  81 

sea,  tliroiigliout  the  whole  period  of  her  occu-    Final   nbsorva- 

tiiuis  ii])()ii  liist.oi'i- 

pancy  and  down  to  the  cession  to  the  United  <ii  ■'"•i  .inrisiii.^ 

'■         *'  tioual  quostiuuti. 

States  in  18G7;  and  that  the  acquisition  of  it  was  \ 
one  of  the  principal  motives  which  animated  the  ■ 
United  States  in  making  the  purchase  of  Alaska.  | 

Second.  That  by  no  act,  consent,  or  acquies- 
cence of  Russia  was  the  rig-lit  renounced  to  cany 
on  this  industry  without  interference  from  other 
nations,  much  less  was  a  right  in  other  nations 
to  destroy  it  in  any  manner  admitted  or  recoo-- 
nized;  and  that  no  open  or  known  persistent 
attenq)t  had  ever  been  made  to  interfere  with  it 
down  to  the  time  of  the  cession  of  Alaska  to  the 
United  States. 

Third.  Tliat  the  claim  now  made  by  the  United 
States  Government  of  a  right  to  protect  and  de- 
fend the  property  and  interest  thus  acquired,  and 
wlrch  it  has  ever  since  sedulously  maintained, 
while  in  no  sense  dependent  upon  any  right  pre- 
viouly  asserted  by  Russia  in  the  premises,  is, 
nevertheless,  in  strict  accordance  with,  and  in  / 
continuation  of,  the  industry  thus  establislied  and 
the  rights  asserted  and  maintained  by  Russia  in  * '  t, 
connection  therewitL 


<■- 


u^ 


Cl<'.V, 


I 


ill    « 

i 


32 


,  "if 

a 


I   I 


I, ' ' 


il: 


PROTF.CTION    AND    riJOPKIfTY    RIGHTS. 

THE   RIGHT    OF    PROTECTION    AND   OF    PROPERTY 
IN  THE  ALASKAN  SEAL  HERD. 


Rritish  view  of     At  pagGS  11  and  135  of  the  Britisli  Case  tlio 

pro  tiic  t  ii>ii  Mild 

piopcity  ciiiiuis.  proposition  snbniitted  in  the  iifth  question  of 
Article  VI,  viz,  whetlier  tlie  United  States  have 
any  rig-lit  of  protection  or  of  property  in  the  I'ur- 
seals  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  when  found  in  extra- 
teiTitorial  wsiters,  is  described  as  new  in  the 
present  discussion  and  as  being-  of  an  ini]Hvce- 

dented  character;  all  of  which  the  United  States 
deny. 
lUstory  of  pro-      In  vicw  of  the  corresjiondence  which  has  re- 

ti'ii  iciii  Mild  prop- 

eit.v  ihiiuis.  suited  in  the  submission  of  the  fifth  question  to 
arbitration,  this  declaration  is  most  surprising-. 
As  early  as  August  ID,  1887,  Mr.  Bayard,  in  his 
note,  sent  out  with  the  ho])e  of  obtaining-  the  co- 
operation of  all  g'overnments  in  the  })rotection  of 
the  seals,  speaks  of  the  "  exceptional  measures 
which  the  peculiar  character  of  the  property  in 
question"  might  justify  the  United  States  in 
taking  toward  its  })reservation.^  A  similar  state- 
ment was  again  made  by  hinv  Alarch  2,  1888.'' 
Mr.  niMint'  in-     Mr.  Blaine,  in  his  note  to  Sir  Jidian  Paunce- 

sists    (III   right   of 

protoctiou.  tote  of  January  22,  1890,  in.sisted  on  the  riglit  of 

the  United  States  to  protect  tiie  seals,  cpiite  irre- 
spective  of  any  peculiar  rights  in  Bering  Sea.^ 

'  Appondix  to  Cim^  of  UnittMl  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
"Appendix  to  fuse  ot United  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  175. 
»Appemlix  to  Caso  of  United  StatfH,  Vol.  1,  p.  200. 


WH 


PROTKCTION    AND    PKOPKRTY    RIGHTS. 


33 


PROPERTY 
). 

I  Case  tJio 
uestioii  of 
tate.s  I  lave 
in  tlio  fur- 
l  in  extra- 
w  in   the 
ini])ivce- 
eU  States 


of 


This  note  has  already  been  referred  to  at  some    Mr.  niaine  in 

•^  sists  on   right  o 

length  (ante,  \}.  10),  and  some  of  the  (grounds  have  protoctiou. 
been  pointed  out  u})ou  which  the  United  States 
Government  deemed  itself  justified  in  its  action. 
Mr.  lUaine  assimilated  this  right  of  protection  to 
tliat  confen-ed  upon  Great  Britain  by  her  "owner- 
ship" of  the  Ceylon  pearl  fisheries.  Although 
it  is  not  specifically  claimed  therein  that  the 
United  States  own  the  seals,  }'et  the  point  is 
strongly  suggested,  while  the  right  of  protection, 
irrespective  of  strict  ownership,  is  asserted  in 
clear  terms. 

On  June  4,    1890,  Mr.  Blaine   wrote   to  Sir    Mr.   niainc  as- 
serts owucrsliip  in 
Julian    launcetote:     "May  1  ask    upon    whatseaid. 

grounds  do  the  Canadian  vessels  assert  a  claim, 

unless  they  assume  that  they  have  a  title  to  tho 

increase  of  the  seal  herd  I     If  the  claim  of  the 

United  States  to  the  seals  of  the  Pribilof  Islands 

be  well  founded,  we  are  certainly  entitled  to  tho 

increase  as  much  as  a  sheep-grower  is  entitled  to 

the  increase  of  his  flock." ^ 

On  the  17th  of  December,  1890,   Mr.  Blaine    Juri.s(iirtionni 

11  1  i.     i.1        1}  -i.'   1      AT-    •  i.  1  •       q"o«ti<>iiH  not  the 

addressed  to  tiie  Jiritisli  Mnnster  an  exhaustive  tine  issues, 
note  in  relation  to  the  construction  of  the  ukase 
of  1821  and  the  treaties  of    1824  and  1825.  ^ 
Notwithstanding  the  earnestness  and  vigor  with 

'  Api)i"U(lix  to  (^aso  of  United  Stiites,  Vol.  I,  p.  219. 
« Appt'nilix  to  CiiRO  of  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  263. 
12304 3 


34 


PROTECTION  AND  PROPERTY  RIGHTS. 


Jurisdictional  which  he  had  (lefeiulecl  liis  position  based  111)011 

qiutHtioiis  not  the 

true  issue.  those  docuiiieiits,  he  insisted  at  the  close  of  his 

note  that  he  had  not  been  dealing  with  the  true 
issues  in  the  case;  and  he  forthwith  proceeded  to 
state  those  issues  by  quoting  the  following  from 
a  dispatch  written  by  Mr.  Phelps  when  United 
States  Minister  at  London  to  Mr.  Bayard,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  on  the  28th  of  September,  1888:^ 
Mare  ciauaum  u  ]y£jj(.h  leaiTiinjj!'  has  been  ex])ended  ui)on  the  dis- 

doctnnc    luappli-  "  ^  ^ 

^"''^^"*  cussion  of  the  abstract  question  of  the  right  of 

mare  clausum.     I  do  not  conceive  it  to  be  appli- 
cable to  the  present  case. 
Mr.  Phoips  as-     "Hereis  a  valuable  fishery,  and  a  large  and,  if 

serts  ownorsliip  in  ./  o 

seuieiics.  properly  managed,  permanent  industry,  the  prop- 

erty of  the  nation  on  whose  shores  it  is  carried 
on.  It  is  proposed  by  the  colony  of  a  foreign 
nation,  in  defiance  of  the  joint  remonstrance  of 
all  the  countries  interested,  to  destroy  this  busi- 
ness by  the  indiscriminate  slaughter  and  exter- 
mination of  the  animals  in  question  in  the  open 
neighboring  sea,  during  the  period  of  gestation, 
when  the  common  dictates  of  humanity  ought 
to  protect  them,  were  there  no  interests  at  all 
involved.  And  it  is  suggested  that  we  are  pre- 
vented from  protecting  ourselves  against  such 
depredations  because  the  sea,  at  a  certain  dis- 
tance from  the  coast,  is  free. 

'Appendix  to  Case  of  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  287. 


rROTKCriOX    AND    PItOPKHTY    HFOIITS. 


35 


based  upon 
close  of  his 
ith  the  true 
roceeded  to 
owing-  from 
hen  United 
^ard,  Seere- 
iber,  1888:* 
[)on  tlie  dis- 
lie  rig-ht  of 
;o  be  appli- 

^rge  and,  if 
^  the  prop- 
t  is  carried 
P  a  foreign 
istrance  of 

this  busi- 
md  exter- 

the  open 
gestation, 
ity  ought 
3st8  at  all 
B  are  pre- 
inst  such 
rtain  dis- 

.287. 


"  The  siinie  line  of  argument  would  take  under    Ml  mi  ts  notjnH- 

tilinlili)    licciiiiHo 

its  Drotection  inracy  and  the  shn'o  trade,  when  f«>"'i"'tteaouiiigh 

'  *  •'  sciia. 

iSi  })r()se('uted  in  the  open  sea,  or  would  justify  one 
Uiitioii  in  destroying  the  conunerce  of  another  by 
l)lacing  dangerous  obstructions  and  derelicts  in 
the  ojjen  sea  near  its  coasts.  There  are  many 
tliintrs  that  can  not  be  allowed  to  be  done  on  tho 
oi)en  sea  with  impunity,  and  against  whieh  every 
sea  is  marc  daumm.  And  the  right  of  self-defense 
as  to  person  and  i)ropert}'  i)re vails  there  as  fully 
as  elsewhere.  If  the  fish  upon  Canadian  coasts 
could  be  destro}'ed  by  scattering  poison  m  tho 
open  sea  adjacent,  with  some  small  })rofit  to  those 
engaged  in  it,  would  Canada,  upon  the  just  prin- 
cii)les  of  international  law,  be  held  defenseless 
in  such  a  case!  Yet  that  process  would  be  no 
more  destructive,  inhuman,  and  wanton  than  this. 

"If  precedents  are  wanting  for  a  defense  so    Orowtimfintor- 

*  ^  natioual  law, 

necessary  and  so  proper,  it  is  because  precedents 
for  such  a  course  of  conduct  are  likewise  un- 
known. The  best  international  law  has  arisen 
from  precedents  tliat  have  been  established  when 
the  just  occasion  for  them  arose,  undeteiTed  by 
the  discussion  of  abstract  and  inadequate  rules." 

The  views  thus  expressed  by  Mr.  Phelps  were    The  united 
declared  by  Mr.  Blaine,  in  his  note,  to  be  the  i*iieips'B  Views.  ^' 
views  adopted  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States. 


1 


I 


I 


36 


Lord    Salisbury 
in  oiror. 


PROTECTION    AND    PROI'EKTY    UIGHT8. 

On  the  14th  of  April,  181)1,  Mr.  Blame  wrote 
to  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote:  "In  the  opinion  of 
the  President,  Lord  Salisbury  is  wliolly  and 
Btranjrely  in  eiTor  in  making  the  following  state- 
ment: 'Nor  do  tliey  (the  advisers  of  the  Presi- 
dent) rely,  as  a  justification  for  the  sei/AU-e  of 
British  ships  in  the  open  sea,  upon  the  contention 
that  the  interests  of  the  seal  fisheries  give  to  the 
United  States  Government  any  right  for  that 
purpose  which,  according  to  international  law,  it 
would  not  otherwise  possess.' 
RiRhts   arising     uTi.^  Government  of  the  United  States  has 

out  ot   ownership 

babuJ of  seals! '"'  'Steadily  lield  just  the  reverse  of  the  position  which 
Lord  Salisbury  has  imputed  to  it.  It  holds  tliat 
the  ownership  of  the  islands  upon  wliich  seals 
breed;  that  the  habit  of  the  seals  in  regularly 
resorting  thitlier  and  rearing  their  young  thereon; 
that  their  going  out  in  search  of  food  and  regu- 
larly returnuig  thereto,  and  all  the  facts  and  in- 
cidents of  their  relation  to  the  islands,  give  to  the 
United  States  a  property  interest  tlierein;  that 
this  property  interest  was  claimed  and  exercised 
by  Russia  during  the  whole  peiiod  of  its  sover- 
eignty over  the  land  and  waters  of  Alaska;  that 
England  recognized  this  pro})erty  interest  so  far 
as  recognition  is  implied  by  abstaining  from  all 
interference  with  it  during  the  wliole  period  of 
Russia's   ownership  of  Alaska  and   during  the 


PROTECTION    AND    PROPERTY    RIGHTS. 


m 


Jlaiue  wrote 
opinion  of 
kvliolly  and 
►wing-  stato- 
'  the  Presi- 
3  seijiure  of 
contention 
give  to  tlie 
It  for  tliat 
)nal  law,  it 

States  has 
tion  which 
holds  that 
hich  seals 
reg-ularly 
? thereon; 
md  regu- 
;8  and  in- 
ive  to  the 
•em;  that 
exercised 
its  sover- 
ika;  that 
>st  so  far 
from  all 
)eriod  of 
'ing-  the 


first  nineteen   years  of  the  sovereignty  of  the    RiRhts   nriRing 

*^  °     •'  out  of  owuorHliip 

United  States.    It  is  yet  to  be  determined  whether  ;>f ,  ihIihi'Ih    and 

■^  habits  ot  HuaiH. 

tlie  lawless  intrusion  of  Canadian  vessels  in  1886 
and  subsequent  years  has  changed  the  law  and 
equity  of  the  case  theretofore  prevailing." 

The  correspondence  also  shows  that  the  habits ,  ^".  ^^^ts  roiat- 
of  the  seals,  all  the  details  as  to  their  life  on  the  ^Ijy^^'^/'^^y  'i"" 
Pribilof  Islands,  the  character  of  their  annual 
migration,  and  all  the  facts  necessary  to  support 
the  claims  of  protection  and  of  property  set  up 
by  the  United  States,  have  been  the  subject  of 
careful  investigation  and  discussion  between  the 
two  Governments.^ 

I  Apittndix  to  Rritish  Case,  Vol.  Ill,  Part  1,  pp.  424-453,  and 
HoiiNf  Ex.  Doc,  No.  450,  51«t  Cong.,  Ist  ses.s.,  pp.  1.5-51.  At  pp.  45 
of  Vol.  Ill  and  48  of  the  Ex.  Doc.  afon'said.  Dr.  DawHon,  one  of 
tho  Uritish  Urriny;  Sea  Coinmi.ssionors,  nndor  date  of  March  5, 
1890,  discusses  fully  the  facts  upon  which  the  property  claim  is 
based . 

See  also  Debates  House  of  Commons,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1888, 
Vol.  XXVI,  J).  976.  In  a  speech  made  April  25,  1888,  Mr.  Baker, 
M.  I'  ,  ([iioted  the  followinj?  from  the  tenth  census  (1880)  of  the 
United  Statrs:  "The  fur  seals  of  Alaska  collectircly  and  Indi- 
vulually  are  the  ))ro))erty  of  the  general  Government.  *  »  • 
Every  fur  seal  playing  m  tho  waters  of  Bering  Sea  around  abont 
the  Priliih)f  Lslaiids,  no  matter  if  foun<l  so  doing  100  miles  away 
from  the  rookeru's,  belongs  there,  has  been  begotten  and  born 
therein,  and  is  th(!  animal  that  the  explicit  shield  of  the  law  pro- 
tects; no  legal  see|)tici8in  or  quibble  can  cloud  the  whole  truth  of 
any  statement  (sic)."  Commenting  on  the  foregoing,  Mr.  Baker 
savs  .  "  It  would  api)carthat  tlie  United  States  revenue  cutters  are 
going  on  some  absurd  contention  of  this  kind  in  their  seizure  of 
British  vessels  m  the  Behring  Sea," 


fvii 

!1 


'I 


38 


PROTKCTION    AND    I'Wol'KRTY    KKUITS. 


ciuiin  of  i»riiti)c-     Tho  toro^oiiiii"  ('omuk'h'lv  <Hsi)rovos  tlio  stato- 

tioii  anil  (iwiior-  o         o  i  ^  i 

sLii)  not  uuw.  inent.  at  pa^o  135  of  tlio  British  Case  tiiat  the 
chiim  of  protection  and  of  ownership  by  the 
United  States  in  the  fur-.scals  is  new;  and  also 
the  statement  at  paj^-e  140  rehitinf^  to  tlie  "ab- 
sence of  auy  indication  as  to  tlie  <rronnds  n})on 
which  tlie  United  States  base  so  unprecedentiHl 


a  cli 


V 


anil. 
Chso  of  tho      Tiie  Hritisli  Case  refers  at  pa^-e  130  to  tlio  case 

llttrritt.  _  _  . 

of  the  Ani'^rican  sdiooner  I/arrict  for  tlie  purj)ose 
of  showing"  that  the  United  States  have  denies!  to 
other  nations  a  rij^ht  of  protection  and  pro[)erty 
in  seals  when  on  the  high  seas.  A  careful  exami- 
nation, however,  of  the  facts  will  readily  show 
that  they  fail  to  bear  in  any  way  upon  the  point 
to  prove  which  they  were  cited. 

In  1831  one  Vernet,  who  had  been  appointed 
by  the  Republic  of  Buenos  x\.yros  governor  of  the 
Malvinas  (Falkland)  Islands,  seized  the  Harrirt, 
charged  with  the  taking  of  seals  on  those  islands. 
The  American  Charge  at  Buenos  Ayres  protested 
against  the  sei/Aire,  and  a  lengthy  correspondence 
ensued,  all  the  material  parts  of  which  are  given 
in  the  Appendix  hereto.*  From  this  correspond- 
ence it  is  apparent : 

First.  That  it  was  not  the  intention  of  either 
Government  to  raise  any  question  as  to  the  juri;?- 


>  Po8t  p.  184-191. 


PROTECTION    AND    PROPP^RTY    RIGHTS. 


3D 


■OS  tho  Htjite- 
^aso  that  the 
■^liip  by  tho 
>w;  and  also 
to  th(i  <'ab- 
•ounds  upon 
I>re{'e(leiif(Ml 

J  to  tho  caso 
th(!  piirj)()so 
^G  den  i  I'd  to 
<1  property 
t'ful  exiiiiii- 

I'lily  show 
^»  tlie  point 

{ippointod 
rnorof'tho 
le  Ilarnct, 
se  islands, 
i  protested 
4><>ndence 
are  given 
rrespond- 


diction  over  tlio  hijjh  seas,  or  as  to  the  rights  of  Ca«e  of  the 
I)rote('tion  or  property  in  seals  when  found  on 
tho  hi<rh  seas.  Seals  were  never  taken  at  tho 
Falkland  Islands  otherwise  than  on  land,  and  tho 
Harriet  was  not  chai'ged  with  the  offense  of  tak- 
ing them  on  the  high  seas. 

Second.  The  real  question  in  the  dispute  was 
whether  the  Republic  of  Buenos  Ayros  owned 
tho  coasts  upon  which  sealing  had  been  in- 
dulged in  by  tho  captured  schooner,  and  upon 
this  point  issue  was  actually  joined  by  tho  two 
Governments.  Tho  position  assumed  by  the 
American  Chnrgt'  was  that  the  Falkland  Islands  I 
were  unoccupied  and  under  the  sovereignty  of 
no  nation,  and  that,  therefore,  sealing  on  them 
was  o])en  to  all. 

Third.  It  is  true,  the  American  Chargd  asserts 
that  "tho  ocean  fishery  is  a  natiu'al  right,"  and 
that  "every  interference  with"  it  by  a  foreign 
power  is  a  natural  wrong ;"  and  these  assertions 
appear  to  be  relied  on  at  page  137  of  the  British 
Case  to  defeat  the  claims  of  protection  and  prop- 
erty now  put  forward  by  the  United  States.  The 
context^  shows,  however,  that,  so  far  as  sealing  is 
concerned,  the  Chargd  was  merely  laying  a  foun- 
dation for  tho  proposition  that,  granting  the  title 
of  Buenos  Ay  res  to  the  coast  in  question  to  be 

'  Post,  p.  190. 


I 


11 


40 


PROTKCTION    AND    PROPERTY    RIGHTS. 


■I 


Case  of  the  perfect,  vet  it  was  biire  and  uuiiiliabitod,  and, 

Ilarriet.  .       "^    .        . 

therefore,  justice  required  that  "the  shores,  as 
well  as  the  body  of  the  ocean,  onglit  to  be  left 
common  to  all ;"  whicli  proposition,  if  established, 
would  have  justified  the  act  of  the  Harriet  The 
accuracy  of  this  proposition  the  United  States  are 
not  now  called  u})on  tf)  discuss,  since  it  has  uo 
bearinu  upon  the  present  issues. 

In  dismissin*^  the  case  of  the  Harriet  the  United 
States  ag'ain  insist  that  it  is  wholly  irrelevant  to 
the  present  controversy,  for  the  reason  that  no 
occasion  had  arisen  for  the  assertion  of  any  right 
to  protect  seal«  when  away  from  land,  and  no 
Buch  right  was,  hi  fact,  either  asserted  or  denied 
by  either  party. 


ibited,  and, 
)  shores,  as 
t  to  be  left 
3stabHslied, 
rrict  The 
I  States  are 
it  ha.s  no 

tlie  United 
•elevant  to 
n  tliat  no 
'  any  rig-ht 
d,  and  no 
or  denied 


PART    SECOND. 


REPLY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  THAT 
PORTION  OF  THE  CASE  OF  GREAT  BRIT- 
AIN CONTAINED  IN  THE  REPORT  OF 
THE    BRITISH    COMMISSIONERS. 


41 


^ 


III 


i'l" ';  ) 


PART  SECOND. 


REPLY  OF  THE  UNH^ED  STATES  TO  THAT 
PORTION  OF  THE  CASE  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN  CONTAINED  IN  THE  REPORT 
OF  THE  BRITISH  COMMISSIONERS. 


THE  BRITISH  COMMISSIONERS  AND  THEIR  REPORT. 

The  Report,  bearin<,''  date  June  21,  1892,  of  the 
Coininisislouers  of  Great  Britain,  whicli  is  herein 
treated  as  the  second  part  of  tlio  British  Case,  was 
delivered  to  the  Aj^eiit  of  tlie  United  States  and 
to  the  Arbitrators  in  [)nrsiiance  of  an  agreement 
reached  by  a  dijdoniatic  correspondence  between 
the  two  Governinciits,  already  cited  {ante^  p.  2), 
but  not  until  the  25th  of  October,  18'J2,  and  after 
the  lapse  of  seven  w<jekb  from  the  delivery  of  Mie 
orijrinal  British  (Jase. 


The  character  of  the  Report  will  be  discussed  ^hfl  B.r-ng  Sea 
somewhat  in  detail  in  the  following-  pages,  and 
it  is  considered  to  be  proper  that  some  observa- 
tions should  be  made  at  the  outset  as  to  the 
composition  of  the  Connnission.  In  18 J)  1,  when 
the  subject  of  a  Modus  Vivendi,  as  preliminary  to 
the  contemplated  Treaty,  was  under  discussion, 


»  1(1 


44 


THE    BRITISH    COMMISSIONERS 


i     t 


P 


¥         i 


The  Bnriiig  Sea  it  w.is  pi'oiiosod  ill  the  coiirse  of  tliG  correspond- 

Comuiissiou. 

eiice  that  a  "Joint  Coinmissioii "  be  appointed  to 
investigate  the  facts  in  relation  to  seal  life,  with 
a  view  of  obtaining  beforehand  information 
which  might  be  useful  to  the  contemplated  Tri- 
bunal of  Arbitration  ;n  the  discussion  of  meas- 
ures for  its  protection  and  preservation,  should 
that  subject  be  submitted  to  the  Tribunal;^  and, 
while  the  formal  constitution  of  the  Commission 
was  reserved  as  a  subject  to  be  disposed  of  in 
the  contemplated  Treaty,  it  was  deemed  expedi- 
ent that,  in  the  meantime,  two  agents  should  be 
designated  on  the  part  of  each  Government,  im- 
mediately after  the  signature  of  the  Modus 
Vivendi,  to  begin  such  an  investigation. 

The  Modus  Vivendi  was  signed  on  the  15th  of 
June,  1891,  and  as  early  as  the  3d  of  July  of 
the  same  year  the  Acting  Secretary  of  State 
proposed  to  Her  Majesty's  Minister  in  Washing- 
ton "that  arrangements  be  made  to  have  these 
agents  of  the  respective  Governments  go  together, 
BO  that  they  may  make  their  observations  con- 
jointly." On  July  6,  1891,  the  Minister 
answered  that,  having  communicated  this  pro- 
posal to  Lord  Salisbury,  his  lordship  replied 
"that  a  ship  had  already  been  chartered  to  take 
the  IJritish  Commissioners  to  the  seal  islands," 

'  Appcudix  to  Caau  of  the  Uuited  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  305, 311,  312. 


AND   THEIR    REPORT. 


45 


'orrespond- 
jpointed  to 
1  life,  witli 
formation 
)Iated  Tri- 
i  of  nieas- 
^n,  sliould 
»h];1  and, 

'nimission 
«ed  of  ill 

fl  expcdi- 
'lould  be 
aent,  irn- 
e  Modus 


niiig-- 


but  that  tlioy  would  be  instructed  "  to  cooperate    The  Bering  sea 

•'  Cuuimittsiou. 

as  much  as  possible"  with  the  United  States 
Coiiirnissioiiers.^  It  appears  troni  the  Report  of 
the  Briti.sh  Coinmissionors  that  the  only  inter- 
course had  by  theni  with  the  Commissioners  of 
the  United  States  was  during  "sev^eral  days"  on 
the  Pribilof  Islands  (Sec.  12),  while  "the  cruize 
in  the  North  Pacific  occupied  nearly  tlireo 
months"  (Sec.  20). 

The  manner  in  which  the  British  Commission-    The  Rritish 

Coiuuiissiuucis. 

ers  conducted  their  investigations  and  the  spirit 
wiiich  actuated  them  may  in  part  be  inferred  from 
the  account  which  one  of  them,  then  a  member 
of  the  British  Parliament,  gave  publicly  to  his 
constituents  after  his  return  to  EnghuuP.  The 
agreement  for  the  constitution  of  tlie  Joint  Com- 
mission was  actually  made  and  signed  on  Decem- 
ber 18,  1891,  before  the  Treaty  was  executed, 
and  Secretary  Blaine,  on  being  advised,  Febrn-  Secretary 
ary  6,  1892,  by  Her  Majesty's  Minister  of  theSiiJ.  rauuctiote. 
names  of  the  British  Connnissioners,  and  that  they 
had  arrived  in  Washington  and  were  ready  to 
enter  into  confereuoe  with  the  Connnissioners  of 
tlie  United  States,  felt  it  necessary  to  address  the 
Minister  a  note,  expressing  regret  that  the  British 
Government  had  selected  persons  who  seemed 


'  Appoiulix  to  Case  of  the  United  Stutes,  Vol.  I,  p.  322. 
»/'oe«p.  418. 


I' 


"■J 


H!      Ml 


40 


THE    imiTIBII    COMMISSIONERS 


Soc  retnry  •'(lis(|Uiilifiod  foi'  au  impartial  iiivesti<i:ation  and 

Illainc's    note    to  '  '  " 

Sir  ,j.  rauiuxiotc.  Jeti'riuiiiatioii  of  the  ([uestioiKs  to  be  subiuittod 
Mei'tiiiKHof  the  to  tliem."^     The  Coiuiuissioiiers  of  the  two  Gov- 

Juiut  Cumuiisyiou . 

ernivients,  after  confcreiices  durin«^  the  period 
from  February  8  to  March  4,  1<S1)2,  adjouned, 
and  the  Report  now  under  con.sicU'ration  is  Am 
one  subsequently  pr('i)ared  by  the  Jiritish  Com- 
missioners and  which  has  been  delivered  to  vhe 
United  States  and  the  Arbitrators  as  a  part  of  tiie 
British  Case. 
Tirport  of  British  The  bulk  of  the  matter  contained  in  this  Report 
relates  to  points  considered  with  considerable 
fullness  in  the  Case  of  the  United  States,  and 
may  so  far  be  regarded  as  presenting  questions 
to  be  dealt  with  by  the  printed  and  oral  argu- 
ments provided  for  by  the  Treaty;  but  it  also 
end:)races  matters  of  allegation,  in  support  of  the 
positions  taken  upon  the  part  of  Great  Britnin, 
which  have  not  been  dealt  with  by  anticii)ation 
in  the  Case  of  the  United  States;  and  also  mat- 
ters of  evidence,  bearing  upon  points  dealt  with 
in  that  Case,  the  truth  or  sufficiency  of  which 
are  denied  by  the  United  States. 

'Appendix  to  Caso  of  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  3)8;  and  Dr. 
DawNon'H  paper,  Appendix  to  Biitisli  Caso,  Vol.  3,  United  States 
So.  2  (18U0),  p.  450. 


g-ation  and 
subinittcii 
'  two  Gov- 
flie  period 
^fljounod, 
'Oil  i,s  Hm 

i-ed  to  liie 
>art  of  tiio 

is  Report 
siderable 
^tes,  and 

[iiestions 
ill  arofii- 
t  it  also 
I't  of  tlio 
lii-itttin, 
-ij)ati()n 
io  nint- 
ilt  with 
wliicli 


AND    THEIR    REPORT.  #7 

These  subjects  and  also  the  schemes  of  regn-  RoiiortofHiitish 

Cuiuiiiisaioiiei'H. 

lations  })roi)i>sed  in  tlie  Re})ort'  constitute  matter 
which  should  be  dealt  with  in  this  Counter 
Case.  It  will  bo  treated  of  under  appropriato 
heads.  . 

'  Note. — The  toriii  "  Ki^port "  as  used  heroin  refors  to  the  Report 
of  tli<!  BeriiiK  St'ii  roimiiissidticrs,  unloss  otherwise  spocilitMl ;  and 
tliii  ten.i  "Case"  rol'ers  in  the  same  maimer  to  the  Case  of  tho 
IJnitcul  States.  All  referfuces  in  the  text  of  this  portion  of  the 
Counter  Case  to  stM'tions  or  pages  refer  to  sections  or  j)a>j(^s  of  tho 
Rei)ort  of  the  British  Uoriuy  Seu  Commissiouers,  imless  otliorwiso 
spucillcttlly  Btaitid. 


and   Dr. 
(1  Status 


i 


r;n: 


.•|; 


FIRST. 

MATTERS  IN  RELATION  TO  WHICH  THE  REPORT 
AND  THE  CASE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  MATE- 
RIALITY CONFLICT,  AND  CONCERNING  WHICH 
PROPOSITIONS  OR  FACTS  ARE  ALLEGED  IN  THE 
REPORT  WHICH  HAVE  NOT  BEEN  CONSIDERED  IN 
THE  CASE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

HABITS  OF  THE  FUK-SEALS. 

1.  Dlstr'ihution  of  seals  in  Ber'uu)  Sea  and  the  sup- 
gested  inter muKjliny  of  the  Fribilof  and  Comman- 
der seal  herds. 

iiitorminjriinffof     The  BHtisli  Commissioners,  in  considerino:  the 

tlic    Aliisknn    and  " 

Kiissiaii  honu.  interiiiing'hnf^  of  the  two  lierds,  after  «tatiii<^'  tlie 
fact  that  the  Pribilof  herd  enters  and  leaves  Ber- 
ing- Sea  by  the  eastern  passes  of  the  Alentian 
Islands  and  referring  to  certain  statements  made 
ill  the  Report  as  to  migration,  conthiue:  "These 
circumstances,  with  others  which  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  detail  here,  are  suflicient  to  demonstrate 
that  the  main  migration  routes  of  the  seals  fre- 
quenting the  Connnander  Tslands  do  not  toucli 
the  Aleutian  chain,  and  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that,  althougii  the  seals  become  more  or 
less  commingled  in  Bering  Sea  during  the  sum- 
mer, the  migration  routes  of  the  two  sides  of  the 
North  Pacific  are  essentially  distinct."  (Sec. 
198.) 

i8 


'Wr> 


:t 


DISTRirUTION    IN    RERING    SRA. 


49 


HE  REPORT 
TES  MATE- 
NG  WHICH 
'ED  IN  THE 
ilDERED  IN 


*i(l  the  siiq. 
?  Commun- 

lei'iiig-  the 
tatiii^-  tlie 
sivcs  Jier- 
Aleutiaii 
iits  made 
"^riiose 

'>t  llOCOS- 

loiisti-ate 
eaLs  fro- 
»t  foucli 
Siisoii  to 
noro  or 
le  siijii- 
s  of  tlie 
(Sec. 


Ap^ain,  in  consi<loriu<>'  this  question,  after  inak-    intmninjiiiiinof 

tli<!    Ala.skitii   iiiul 

\\\\X  practic^ally  the  sairie  statement,  that  the  mi-  Russiiiu  herds, 
gration  routes  are  distinct,  the  Commissioners 
add  "  *  *  *  it  is  believed  tliat,  while  to  a 
(certain  extent  transfers  of  individual  seals  or  of 
small  groups  occur  probably  every  year  between 
the  PribiloflF  and  Commander  tribes,  that  is 
exceptional  rather  than  normal"  (Sec.  45ii).  In 
spite,  however,  of  these  admissions  that  all  inter- 
miii<^lin<^  of  the  two  herds  is  abnormal  and  infre- 
quent, they  still  assert  that  such  interchange  takes 
place  (Sec.  170).  In  support  of  such  an  assertion 
two  charts  are  iiresented  in  the  R(^iiort  CNos.  Ill    charts  Nos.  iii 

*  ^  and  IV  01  the  lic- 

and    IV,  facing  p.  150)  purporting  to  give  theP"'''^' 
distribution  of  seals  ui  Bering  Sea  during  two 
periods,  namely,  July  15  to  August  15  and  Au- 
gust 15  to  September  15  (Sec.  213).     The  chart    chart  No.  ii  of 
also,  which  jjurports    to  show  the  resorts  and    **    "^'"^  ' 
migration  routes  of  fur-seals  in  the  North  Pacific 
(No.  II,  facing  p.  150),  assumes  a  similar  distri- 
bution. 
The  data,  from  which  these  charts  as  to  the    natafromwhirh 

T  i  M     i.'  r  1       •        i»     .  n  *'"'    '•'""■*»    wore 

distnlmtion  ot  seals  ui   liermg  Sea  were  con- *'*""i"'«^'i' 
structed,  are  stated  in  the  Report  to  be  the  seal- 
ing  logs   kept    by   the    American  and    British 
cruisers  in  Bering  Sea  during  the  season  of  1891 
and  "information  on  the  same  subject     *     *    * 

sought  i)i  various  other  ways,  such  as  by  inquiry 
12364 4 


|tl 


ii'  I 


50 


HAIJITS    OP   THE    FtrR-SFALH. 


!  f    ■ 


fx.' 


Datafroin  which  from  the  cjintaiiis  and  liaiuls  of  sealin"'  vessels 

the     <ihart8    were 

conipiiod.  mot  ill  Victoria  and  Vancouver  and  from  the  in- 

habitants of  various  phices  touclied  at  during-  tlio 

dau*"™""""^  «<"8unimeF"  (Sec.  210).  The  United  States  deny 
tliat  the  data  collected  by  the  American  and 
British  cruisers  warranted  such  construction  of 
the  charts  Nos.  Ill  and  IV  or  of  that  part  of 
chart  No.  II  which  purports  to  give  the  summer 
resort  of  the  two  great  seal  herds.  And  the 
United  States  claim  that  the  "information"  <»b- 
xvN  v-t/a.    'N    -  tained  "in  various  other  ways"  should  have  no 

,    >  .,  ^.  ,.  influence  upon  the  Tribunal,    'iicsmuch  as  the 

evidence  or  statements  thus  relied  ui)on  are  not 
presented   and    the    Commissioners   have    even 

"^  fsiiled  to  give  the  names  of  their  informants. 

Prinripai   data     It  is  evident,  from   the  particular  manner  in 

relied  upuu.  ' 

which  the  Report  describes  the  way  in  which 
the  data  collected  by  the  war  shi[)s  of  the  two 
na.tioii8  were  taken  (Sees.  210,  212,  213),  that 
such  data  were  their  principal  source  of  informa- 
tion; but  it  is  contended  that  the  observations 
of  seals,  reported  by  the  vessels,  do  not  sustain 
the  assumed  density  and  distribution  of  seal  life 
in  Bering  Sea  which  is  made  to  appear  by  the 
charts  above  referred  to.  In  support  of  these 
denials  the  United  States  produce  the  copies  of 
the  data  relied  ui)on,  compiled  from  the  seal  logs 
of  the  British  cruisers  by  the  British  Cominis- 


ng-  vessels 

0111  the  iu- 

(lurino-  the 

tates  deny 

irican  and 

ruction   of 

at  [)art  of 

16  snninier 

And   the 

ation"  ob- 

I  have  no 

ich  as  tlie 

Qii  are  not 

lave    even 

Qants. 

nanner  in 

in  which 

f  the  two 

13),  that 

inform  a- 

servations 

3t  sustain 

seal  life 

iv  I)}'  the 

of  these 

copies  of 

seal  logs 

Cominis- 


DISTRintTTION    IN    HKRINO    SKA 

ourtosv 


61 


gioners,  nnd  by  their  courtosv  furnished  to  this    Prin.ipai    data 

"  '  •'  "  lulled  upon. 

Government,  and  the  data  compih-d  from  tlie  seal 
l()«>s  of  the  American  vessels.'  The  attention  of 
tlie  Arbitrators  is  particularly  directed  to  the 
area  of  sea  between  the  Pribilof  iiiid  Commander 
Isliinds,  the  extent  covered  by  the  cruises  in  that 
section,  and  the  number  of  seals  there  observed. 

The  United  States  also  present  in  supi)ort  of    cimrf  of  cmisns 

'  *  in  llcring   Sua  lu 

their  contention  on  this  (piestion  a  chart  showing' i»y^. 
the  cruises  of  American  vessels  in  Bering  Sea 
durinu'  the  summer  of  1S!)2,  which  vessels  made 
particular  observations  as  to  the  density  and 
localitv  of  seals  in  l*KU'iiig  Sea.^  This  chart  is 
compiled  by  the  Navy  Dei)artment  of  the  United 
States  from  the  logs  of  the  American  Bering  Sea 
squadron  on  file  in  that  l)e})artment,  and  it  dem- 
onstrates how  completely  the  sea  areas  about 
the  Pribilof  Islands  were  covered  by  the  obser- 
vations of  181)2. 

The  United  States  also  present  in  support  of    scaling    chart, 
their  position  on  this  question  a  chart,  compiled 
from  the  seal  logs  of  said  vessels,  kej)t  in  the 
same  maimer  as  those  of  1891  by  each  vessel 
of  the  squadron,   which  chart  shows  the  nura- 

I  Chiirtfl  of  (Tiiises  and  seals  senn,  1891,  Nos.  1  and  2.  Portfolio 
of  maiiH  and  cliarts  ajjpcndtid  toCouuter  Case  of  the  IJnitodStates. 

'  Chart,  of  (irtiises,  W)'2.  Portfolio  of  maps  and  charts  appended 
to  Counter  Case  of  the  United  States. 


■vm 


'im 


52 


HABITS   OF   THE   FUR-SEAT.S. 


1892, 


I      (( 


I 


•11 


Si'iiiing  chart,  hor  of  seals  soon,  tlie  locality  wlioro  observed, 
and  the  date  of  the  observations.'  A  comparison 
of  this  chart  with  the  sealinj^  chart  submitted 
with  the  Case  of  the  United  States,^  the  charts 
givinfr  the  data  from  which  the  British  Commis- 
sioners drew  their  inferences,'  and  the  chart  sliow- 
ing"  the  cruises  of  the  American  squadron  in 
181)2,*  demonstrates  conclusively  the  lack  of 
evidence  to  sustain  the  Commissioners'  asserticm, 
and  shows  that  the  assumed  distribution  of  seals 
in  Berinj^  Sea,  exhibited  by  charts  Nos.  II,  III, 
and  IV  of  the  Report,  is  unwarranted  and  mis- 
leading.^ It  may  also  be  noted  that  the  Com- 
missioners in  chart  II  make  it  appear  that  the 
Commanderand  llobben  Island  seals  intermingle; 
this  is,  however,  specifically  denied  by  Mr.  Greb- 
nitzki,  the  Russian  official  so  often  quoted  in  the 
Report." 

'  Seal  Chart,  1892.  Portfolio  of  maps  ami  charts  appended  to 
Couutor  Case  of  United  States. 

» Sealing  chart.  Portfolio  of  maps  and  charts  appended  to  Case 
of  the  United  States.     No.  4. 

■••Charts  of  cruises  and  seals  seen  1891,  Nos.  1  and  2.  Portfolio 
of  maps  and  charts  appended  to  Counter  Case  of  the  United  States 

*  Chart  of  cruises,  1892.  Portfolio  of  maps  and  charts  appended 
to  Counter  Case  of  United  States. 

'See  also  Capt.  Hooper's  investigations  in  1892  as  to  range  of 
Pribilof  seal  herd  in  Bering  Sea.  Report  September  6, 1892,  post 
p.  216. 

•  Post  p.  363.  Mr.  Grebnitzki,  the  Russian  military  chief  on  the 
Commander  Islands,  is  so  often  cited  by  the  British  Commissioners 
thai)  tlie  attention  of  the  Arbitrators  is  particularly  directed  to  his 
statements,  hereto  api>ended,  post  pp.  362-367. 


ohserved, 
oniparison 
siibinittod 
the  clmrts 

I  Cominis- 
liirt  show- 
uidrou  ill 
)  lack  of 
asHortion, 

II  of  seals 

.8.  II,   III, 

and  inis- 
tlie  Com- 

tliat  the 
ermiiij^le; 
Ir.  Greb- 
:od  iu  the 

apiieuded  to 

dud  to  Case 

.  Portfolio 
ited  States 

ts  apponded 

to  range  of 
6, 1892,  post 

•Met  on  the 
iiniNHioiiors 
ected  to  his 


ALLEGRD   PROMISClTOUft   NURSING   OP   PUPS.  63 

2.  The  alleged  promiscuous  nursing  of  pups   by 

female  seals.  * 

The  United  States  deny  that  the  statements    Promiscnons 

^  nursing  ueiuud. 

made  in  the  Report,  iu  8Ui)i)()rt  of  the  assertion 
that  a  cow  will  nurse  pups  other  than  her  own, 
are  based  on  evidence  sufficient  to  establish  the 
facts  alle<^ed. 

The  two  most  prominent  authorities  relied  on  ..!"''?1''**  ?I!'!.]!T?I 
in  tlie  Report  are  Mr.  Henry  W.  Elliott  and '"  ^''•^  "*'i'"'*- 
C;'i)t.  Charles  Bryant,  the  former  being  quoted 
over  fifty  times  in  the  first  one  hundred  and  forty- 
five  paj^es,  and  the  latter  forty  times  in  the  same 
space.  Yet  the  o[)ini()ns  of  those  two  observers 
are  to  the  contrary  on  this  point;  and,  while 
their  opinions  are  taken  without  reservation  on  all 
points  favorable  to  the  conclusions  of  the  Com- 
iu!.ssl;mers,  they  are,  in  respect  to  this  question, 
characterized  as  a  "theory"  (Sees.  320,  322,  323) 
and  "not  proven"  (Sec.  321).^ 

The  Report  attemiits  to  disparaj^e  Mr.  Elliott's    Cow's  afrertion 

for  he.v  young. 

opinion  by  quoting  him  to  the  efibct  that  the 
female  seems  to  possess  no  natural  affbction  for 
her  offsi)rlng  (Sec.  322),  but  fails  to  state  that 
Sir  F.  McCoy,  F.  R.  S.,  also  quoted  in  this  con- 
nection (Sec.  324),  publishes,  in  his  article 
referred  to  in  the  Report,  a  letter  from  an  in- 

I  See  also  N.  A.  Grehnitzki,  po«<  p.  366;  Dampier's  statement, 
Report,  Sec.  848. 


>I'J 


Is 


■I    I 


Ml 


11^ 


!!;■  1 


W' 


54 


IIAmrS    OF   THE    PUR-SEALS. 


Cow'.s  afToc-tion  forinaut,  Oil  wlioiii  ln    relies  for  his  knowle(l<^e  of 
for  her  yotiug. 

seal   habits,  in  which   the  followiiio'  statiMueiit  is 

made:  "They  [the  cows]  keej)  j^-ood  watch  and 
care  affectionately  for  thrir  oti'sprin^^  *  *  * 
I  have  seen  three  pups  wusIumI  otf  the  rocks  and 
the  cows  liave  immediately  followed  and.  brought 
them  on  the  rocks  aj^i-ain  in  tui  astonishingly 
rapid  niaii'-'cr."'  The  attention  of  the  Arbitra- 
tors is  also  called  to  the  te.-.tiin()ny  presented  on 
this  point  in  the  Ai)pendix  herewith  submitted." 
Anniojry  witii      The   Ht'ijori:  admits  that  *'anah»<i'v  with  most 

otlier  aniiiiula. 

other  animals  appears  to  favor  this  view"  (Sec. 
317),  and  that  it  "may  hold  in  the  case  of  the  fur- 
seal"  (Sec.  318),  but  insists  that  the  observers 
have  been  misled  by  this  iinal(»^y  (Hec.  31 7)  and 
by  the  circumstance  that  they  have  seen  n  cow 
refuse  to  take  the  first  pu[)  she  meets  and  sele(;t 
another  to  be  nursed  (8e<-.  323),  adding-  that 
such  selection  mav  be  the  mere  act  of  tiniliu"-  a 
pup  which  does  not  have  tliM3  smell  of  fresh  milk 
about  it  (Sec.  323).  And  it  is  further  suo-o-ested 
that  this  sidection  mav  be  made  "j)erhaps  bv 
AnthoritioH   r<>-sound"  (Sec.  323).     Two  authorities  are  particu- 

lied    upon    ill    tlm 

Rui'ort-  larly  (juoted  in  support   if  the  |)osition  taken  iu 


the   Rejuirt:    "Sir  Samuel   Wilson,    M.    P.,    tl 


10 


'  rroilrdinns  of  (lie  ZoilloKy  of  v'ictnriti,  by  Sir  K.  MuUoy,  V.  11.  S., 
deciiil.'  Vlll.  p.  !). 

2  J.StiUiitiy-Mrowii,  p.  388;  VV.  H.  Williaius,  p.  398;  C.  11.  Towu- 
send,  p.  393. 


.1 


•X, 


ALLEGED    PROMISCUOUS   NURSING    OF    PUPS. 


55 


cs  aiK 


1 


eminent  Australian   .sheep-breeder,"   who   says,    Anthoritios  ro- 

*  "^       liod   iipim  111   tho 

"it  la  common  and  easy  to  make  ewes  suckle  i<«P"rt' 
other  ewes'  lambs,"  ai)d  then  demonstrates  how 
difficult  it  is  to  do  so  (Sec  325);  and  Mr.  C.  H. 
Jackson,  Government  Agent  in  charge  of  the 
Seal  and  Gu!>no  Islands  of  Caj)0  Colony,  who 
asserts  that  "a  cow  will  suckle  any  of  the  young 
seal,  whether  her  own  or  not"  (Sec.  324). 

As  to  tlie  statements  of  Sir  Samuel  Wilson, 
they  are  sufficiently  in  accord  with  the  jxtsition 
ttiken  in  the  Case  of  the  United  States  on  this 
question  to  demand  no  criticism  here.     Mr.  Jack-    Mr.  o.  n.  .inrk- 

8(>ii  iir|iic.stiuuulilu 

son,  on  the  other  hand,  makes  a  direct  assertion  a"ti»""ty. 
on  the  subject  wiiicli  is  oi)j)osed  to  the  evidence 
contained  in  the  Case  of  the  United  States  and 
to  the  priiKiipal  authorities  of  the  British  Com- 
missioners. An  examination  of  the  report  of  this 
gentlciuan  (pp.  154, 155)  fails  to  reveal  upon  what 
knowledge  he  bases  such  a  statenuMit;  and  there 
is  no  proof  that  he  I'as  ever  seen  the  seal  islands 
of  Cape  Colony  or  even  been  informed  by  experi- 
enced individuals  respecting  the  habits  of  the 
fur-seals  found  there.  Under  such  circumstances 
the  United  States  insist  that  his  statement  is 
unworthy  f  consideration  as  evidence. 
The  Iveport  also  alleges  that  *' the  same  state-    SirF.Mrroy 


aa 


mcnt  [as  Mr.  Jackson's]  is  made  with  respect  to 
the  fur-seal  of  the  Australian  coast"  (Sec.  324), 


an  autLui'ity. 


I'll 

m 


m 


I 


m 


56 


HABITS    OF    THE    FUR-SEAL!?. 


k  V 


'l!      i 


Sir  F.  McCoy  aB  retGiTinf^  lu  a  footnote  to  tlie  work  of   Sir  F. 

an  authority. 

McCoy,  already  mentioned  herein.'  The  fol- 
lowing is  tlie  statement  as  it  appears  in  the  arti- 
cle referred  to  and  is  an  extract  from  tlie  letter 
of  Mounted  Constable  Ardill,  incori)ornted  in  full 
in  said  article  and  republished  in  the  Ap})endix 
to  this  Counter  Case: ^  "Should  a  cow  die  or  be 
killed,  her  pup  is  suckled  by  the  other  cows. 
This  I  am  told  is  the  case,  but  I  can't  vouch  for 
it."  Tiiis  last  noted  authority,  wliich  appears 
in  the  Report  as  Sir  F.  McCoy,  proves  to  be  a 
mounted  constable,  who  makes  tlie  statement  on 
a  report  so  untrustworthy  thiit  he  will  not  even 
vouch  for  its  truth. 

The  United  States,  therefore,  claim  that  the 
C«)mmissioners  have  failed  to  advance  a  siniile 
authority  whose  opinion  is  of  value  to  sup})ort 
their  contention  that  a  cow  will  suckle  any  ])U[) 
except  her  own,  and  thiit  the  contrary  ])ositi<m 
taken  by  the  United  States  and  sustained  by 
am])le  evidence^  stands  uncontro verted. 

« Ante,  p.  53. 

*roHl  ]^.  292. 

'N.  A.  (Jrclmitski,  post  p.  366,  ami  tosMiiioiiy  .siihiuittod  with  tho 
Case  of  tlio  United  States,  Appendix,  \'ol.  II,  pp.  62,  104,  117, 
875,  eto. 


■¥ 


Sir  F. 
|je   fol- 
e  arti- 
letter 
ill  full 
Jeiidix 
or  be 
cows, 
ell  for 
Jioars 
•  Ix'  a 
Mif  on 
even 


WHEN    cows    ENTER    THE    WATER. 

3.  Period  at  which  the  female  seals  go  into  the  water. 


67 


The  Report,  without  definitely  statins  that  tlie ,  roaition  taken 

1         '  ./  o  i,y  the  IJcport  and 

female  seals  do  not  seek  the  water  for  from  four  t"^" '"^tiioiitiea. 
to  six  weeks  after  the  birth  of  their  young-,  practi- 
cally adopts  the  opinion  of  "Snegilotf"  [Sniej^e- 
rort],  th(;  native  foreman  on  the  Russian  Islands, 
as  well  as  the  statement  once  made  by  Capt. 
Rryant  <m  this  subject,  and  supports  these  opin- 
ion by  reference  to  the  Commissioners'  own 
observations  as  to  the  relative  number  of  cows 
and  ])Uj)s  <m  the  rookeries  at  different  times  in 
the  season  of  18!)1  (Sec.  306).  The  "very  g-eneral 
belief  amonf*-  natives  on  the  Pribilof  and  Com- 
mander Islands  to  the  effect  that  the  females  do 
not  h^ave  the  land  to  feed  while  eiiffaered  in 
sii('kliii;i-  their  youn<^'"  (Sec.  307)  can  not  be 
accepted  as  <'videnc(^  in  the  absence  of  names  of 
persons  holdiun-  such  belief;  and  the  fact  that  two 
femahis  killed  in  Sejjtember  in  the  presence  of 
the  Commissioners  had  no  food  in  their  stomachs 
(S(!(!.  307)  may  be  <lisinissed  without  considera- 
tion, as  at  the  time  when  these  cows  were  killed 
tlu^Commi.ssioners  admit  that  the  majority  of  the 
cows  were  feeding-  (Sec.  30(1);  and  the  niim})er 
killed  is  too  small  to  establish  the  assertion 
advanced  in  the  Report. 

The  information  also  given  by  Her  Majesty's 
Minister  at  Tokio — that  "It  is  sometimes  stated 


i 


! 


ij 


V  ■» 


w 


i    !i 


'    li 


58 


HABITS    OF    THE    FUR-SEALS. 


rosition  taken  thiit  tliG  brc'e(lin<^  COWS  are  in  the  habit  of  leav- 

liy  tlio  Rt'poit  anil 

ti:e  autiioiities.  juo-  fJie  rookerios  to  fish  for  the  support  of  their 
yoiin^jC,  but  the  experienced  authority  on  whose 
remarks  those  notes  are  founded  is  not  of  this 
opinion.  He  has  never  found  food  inside  the 
female  fur-seal  taken  on  the  breedin<^  grounds." 
I  (S(3C.  307) — must  be  rejected  for  the  reason  that 
the  statement  is  based  on  no  actual  knowledge. 
Capt.  nryaufs  'y\xq  reference,  ffiven  in  connection  with  Caiit. 
Bryant's  opinion,  is  to  his  report,  made  when  he 
was  special  Treasury  agent  in  November,  1869, 
and  which  is  published  in  the  Appendix  herewith 
submitted,  so  fa'"  as  the  same  relates  to  the  Pribilof 
Islands,'  The  stateuiont  referred  to  in  the  Report 
is  as  folhnvs:  "The  females  go  into  the  water  to 
feed  when  the  pujjs  are  some  six  weeks  old,  leaving 
them  on  the  u[)lands."^  In  another  portion  of  his 
report  Capt.  Bryant  says:  "About  the  middle 
of  June  the  males  have  all  arrived  and  the  ground 
is  fully  occupied  by  them.  Soon  after  this  the 
females  begin  to  come,  in  small  numbers  at  first, 
in(;reasing  as  the  season  grows  late,  until  the 
middle  of  July."^  At  another  place  he  states; 
"About  the  middle  of  July  the  females  go  from 
the  rookin'ios  into  the  water."'*     It  is,  therefore, 


'  PoHt  \>.  275. 
To*/ p.  278. 
•Post  p.  276. 


1§ 


'         ( 


WHEN    COWS    ENTER    THE    WATER. 


59 


f  leav- 

'^i 

i'  their 

wliose 

•> 

of  this 

,- 

de  the 

Hinds." 

J 

>n  that 

dedg-e. 

'iofl 

Ca])t. 

'•^ 

len  he 

-._- 

186[i, 
•ev/itli 

■1 

evident  that  tlie  iK'riod  conld  not  liave  been  six    Capt.  nryaut's 

'-  ^  statciuuuts. 

weeks  accordin^j;-  to  his  own  statements  in  18GiJ. 
Ten  years  hiter,  after  eij^lit  years  of  experience 
on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  he  states:  "The  females 
after  g'iving  birth  to  their  youn"-,  temporaril}-  re- 
pair to  the  water  and  are  thus  never  ou  shore  all 
at  once."^ 

He  carefully  omits  to  give  any  definite  period 
between  the  birth  of  tne  puj)  and  the  excursions 
of  the  cow  for  food.  This  omission  is  of  impor- 
tance in  this  connection,  as  he  prefaces  his  state- 
ment at  this  time  with  the  following-  note  to  Dr. 
Allen:  "  You  will  understand  that  where  any  of 
my  former  statements  ai'e  omitted  or  changed,  it 
is  due  to  correction  made  necessary  by  my  longer 
exj)>'rii'nce."^  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  Capt. 
Bryant  had  pul)li('ly  discarded  the  opinion  used 
by  the  Commissioners  to  maintain  their  position. 
One  native  of  the  Conunander  Islands  is,  there- it7'',-M"'n,r'Ko': 
fore,  the  sole  authoi-ity  for  the  statement  of  the  ^''"'^'' '"'""""• 
Hritish  Commissioners. 

"^riie  United  States  deny  the  suffi(MencY  of  this    TosHmom  ofc. 

H.  Towiihuud. 

evidence  and  offer  the  testimony  of  Mr.  C.  II. 
Townsend,  of  the  United  States  Fish  Connnission, 
to  sustain  such  denial  and  to  prove  to  what  extent 

'MonoH;riiph  (tf  Xorlh  American  Pinnipeds,  p.  3S6. 
«aiouogiaph  of  Nortli  Anioricun  I'iniiiitotls,  p. 382. 


m 


11 


T-^ 


GO 


IIAIUTS    OK    Tin:    KI'R-SKALS. 


.i 


;V! 


!'      ' 


J   i 


T.stinioiiyofc.  tlie  luirsiiifi;' fonmk's  had  already  extended  their 

II.  Towustud.         _  ^  '  ^ 

food  oxcursioiis  even  m  the  hist  days  of  July.^ 
The  same  witness  states  that  on  the  27th  of 
July,  1892,  lar<re  niinibers  of  the  females  were 
away  from  the  rookeries  on  St.  Paul  Island,  and 
that  four-fifths  of  the  seals  on  the  breeding 
grounds  were  pups.^  It  may  be  noticed  in  this 
connection  that  this  was  the  same  date  at  which 
the  British  Commissioners  an'ived  on  the  Islands 
in  1891  (Sec.  759),  when  they  state  that  "the 
rookeries  were  still  at  their  fullest"  (Sec.  3).  Mr. 
Tfstiiiiony  of  j.Stanley-lirown,  whose  special  study  of  seal  life 

Staiiky-liiuwu.  J  '  1  ^ 

on  the  Islands  in  1891  and  1892  has  made  his 
opinions  of  the  utmost  value,  states  that  the 
feniales  leave  the  rookeries  within  fourteen  or 
seventeen  days  after  the  birth  of  their  pups,  and 
lie  shows  by  what  observations  he  became  con- 
vinced of  the  fact." 

4.  Aquatic  coition. 
Am.mntion    of     Tho  Report  statcs  that  " most  Writers,"  tor  ccr- 

i!(*  iMissiliility   by  ' 

tiio  lioi.ort.  fjiin  reasons,  have  advanced  "an  erroneous  state- 

ment" that  the  place  where  fecundation  of  the 
female  seals  occurs  is  on  the  land  (Sec.  295). 
The  Commissioners  affirm,  on  the  contrary,  that  it 
is  not  only  possible  for  seals  to  copulate  in  tho 

'  Ponf  p.  393. 
•  roat  p.  386. 


¥ 


■  A*' 


d  tlieir 
[7th  of 


AQUATIC    COITION. 


61 


wjiter.'  but  that  such  act  is  of  ffi'eat  frequency    Ainnnatiou    of 

'  o  1  ./   jjg  posHiltility  by 

wlion  the  males  are  insufficient  in  number  on  the  ti»"  Uepoit. 
rookeries  (Sec.  297).     This  alleg-ation  as  to  the 
possibility  of   pelaj^ic  coition  is  stated  in    the 
Rei)ort   to   be   established    by    "ample   proof" 
(Sec.  240). 

Ap  (jxainination  of  this  "ample  proof"  shows  ^  The  ovideneo  in 

1         i  favor   <it    ti;|uatio 

that  it  consists  of  the  following:  The  opinion  of  •^"'tio'^' 
Cajjt.  Bryant,  contained  in  his  report  to  the 
Treasury  Department  in  1869  (which,  as  has 
been  shown,  is  entirely  superseded  by  his  paper 
in  the  "Monograph  of  North  American  Pinni- 
peds"), and  two  statements  made  by  him  in 
the  latter  work  (Se(^  295),  the  references  being 
to  pages  385  and  405  (footnote,  p.  52),  both 
of  which  clearly  allege  the  possibility  of  coition 
ill  the  water.  Besides  these  statements  of  Capt. 
Bryant,  the  Report  quotes  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,  who 
made  a  statement  to  Prof  Allen  that  the  female 
seal  receives  the  male  in  the  water  (Sec.  296,  p. 
53).  The  remainder  of  the  "ample  proof"  con- 
sists of  "special  incpiiries"  made  by  the  Com- 
missioners, which  "have  fully  confirmed  Bryant's 
original  statements,  the  evidence  obtained  includ- 
ing that  of  four  or  five  gentlemen  who  have  had 
long  experience  with   the   Pribilof  and   Com- 

1  Mr.  (}rcl)iiit/ki,  an  authority  rocosnized  by  the  Report,  do- 
clari's  that  h«  believes  eopiilation  in  the  water  to  be  impossible, 
Post  p.  364. 


m 


im 


62 


HABITS    OF    THE    FUR-SEALS. 


Tbif  ovititncd  iu  iniiiuloi'    Islauds,    aii(l    several    intellifjent   and 

favor  oi'   ttijuiklic 

observaut  hunters  who  have  been  eujiaiied  in 


ouitiuu. 


"©■^"o' 


sealing"  at  sea"  (Sec.  29G).  The  latter  general- 
ization of  information,  in  which  noitlier  the 
names  of  the  "four  or  five  gentlemen"  nor  those 
of  "the  intelligent  and  observant  hunters"  are 
given,  can  not  be  considered  in  the  Hght  of  j)r()ot 
to  substantiate  the  position  of  the  Report  on  this 
question. 

It  is  a  significant  fiict  in  connection  with  the 
proofs  advanced  by  the  C-ommissioners  that,  not- 
withstanding the  observations  made  by  these 
officials  on  and  about  the  Pribilof  and  Commander 
Islands,  they  fail  to  have  seen,  or  at  least  to  re- 
cord, a  single  instance  in  which  the  act  of  coition 
took  place  in  the  water,  although  it  would  seem 
that  instances  must  have  been  frequent  in  the 
waters  about  their  vessel,  if  tlieir  statements  as 
to  the  scarcity  of  the  adult  males  on  the  Islands 
are  to  be  accepted. 
Ciipt.  r-vrant  as     As  to  the  opiuiou  of  Cant.  Bryant,  relied  uimn 

III)  iiiUhuiity.  '  I  ^  '  1 

by  the  Commissioners,  the  attention  of  the  Arbi- 
trators is  directed  to  his  deposition  submitted 
with  the  Case  of  the  United  States.^  The  other 
w.  II.  Dull  as  an  authority  cited  in  the  Report,  namely,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Dall,  gives  the  following  testimony  iu  relation  to 
pelagic  coition,  after  saying  that  his  statements 

'  Appendix  to  Casts  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  p.  6. 


authority. 


IN  X 


AQUATIC    COITION. 


63 


"as  to  conulution  in  the  water  rest  largely  upon    \v.ii.  Ouiiasau 

as.-uinption,"  and  after  reciting  his  observations 

as  to  seals  seen  playing  in  the  water:  **  I  have 

never  had  an  ojjportunity  to  assure  inyself  that 

the  pairs  of  seals  seen  playing  in  the  water  wero 

of  opposite  sexes,  or,  if  they  were,  that  their  play 

was  of  a  sexual  nature,  or,  if  it  was,  that  the  act 

was  complete  or  effective."^ 

In  view  of  the  facts  stated  and  of  the  quantity    J"""  *"  ••  '.<^n  ♦'y 
of  testimony  on  this  point  published  with  their '^'^'l^^'^'^l^^'ii  '"   ^^^^ 
Case,-  the  United  States  submit  that  there  is  no 
pr(M)f,  "ample"  or  otherwise,  to  support  the  as- 
sertion that  coition  takes  place  in  the  water.  (Sec. 
24(j,  p.  43.) 

The  United  States  further  claim  that  the  iiosi-    iiironsistondes 

^  oi  till)  Ui'port. 

tion  taken  in  the  Report  on  the  question  of  when 
the  female  seals  leave  the  rookeries  after  the  birth 
of  their  young  (ante,  p.  57)  is  entirely  inconsistent 
with  the  proi)osition  maintained  by  the  Commis- 
sioners "that  the  tijue  of  impregnation  of  the  female 
is  not  necessarily  comprised  within  the  period  dur- 
ing which  she  seeks  the  shore  for  the  pur})Ose  of 
giving  birth  to  her  young"  (Sec.  297),  and  the 
statement  made  in  the  Report  that  the  breeding 
females  remain  for  several  weeks  on  shore  after 
bearing  their  young  (Sec.  .30).     As  the  period  of 

"  I'oul  p.  359. 

•  Appt'iidix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  14,  42,  165, 
etc. 


Hi 

m 


>k     :' 


U 


r  il 


TT., 

1 1' 


''•]. 


N 


\    In 


u 


nAUITS    OF    THE    KUK-SEALS. 


inminHisfi'iirioHnrostjitioii  \H  stiitt'd  bv  tlu?  Coiiiiuissioiicrs  to  1)0 

of  tliu  n-jiort. 

jibout  twelve  luoiiths  (Sec.  4.'}4),  coition  in  the 
water  would  necessarily  he  four  or  excu  six 
weeks  (Sec.  30(1)  later  tlian  the  nirival  of  cows  at 
the  Islands,  which  would  necessitate  tiie  sirrival 
of  the  cows  by  as  many  weeks  ]at<>r  the  lollow- 
iufjf  year,  since  they  j>ive  birth  to  their  }  ouu"^' 
iininediately  upon  huidin^''  (Sec.  30). 
L:\to  .Tirivai  of      If  the  fre<iii(!ncy  of  pelagic  coition  be  as  p;Toat 

tlu'    cdws    ill    the  ,,  1  •      ,1       1)  ,     .1         1    .         <•  .1  •       1     i' 

isiamis.  as  alleg-ed  ui  the  ueport,  tlie  (hite  ot  the  arrival  ot 

the  cows  would  be  j^rowing-  continually  later  and 
would  be  now  much  later  than  in  former  years. 
No  proof  is  offered  in  the  Ke})ort  on  this  important 
point.  In  opposition  thereto  the  United  States 
Connnissioners  have  appended  to  their  r(i])ort  a 
table  sliowin<^  the  arrival  of  the  various  classes 
of  seals  on  the  Islands,'  and  the  United  States 
herewith  submit  on  the  same  (piestion  the  further 
evidence  of  Maj.  W.  11.  Williams,  Special  Treas- 
ury Aj>ent  in  char<^e  of  the  Pribilof  lslan(ls,who 
states  tluitj)5  per  cent  of  the  cows  had  j^iven  birth 
to  their  young-  by  July  12,  1M91,  showing-  the 
arrivals  nuist  have  been  at  the  usual  time,"  and  of 
Mr.  Stanley-Brown,  who  arrived  on  the  Islands 
on  the  Dth  of  June,  1.SD2,  and  who  states  that 
some  cows  had  arrived  previous  to  that  date.^ 

I  Case  of-  the  United  States,  p.  388. 
»  roxl  p.  3!I7. 
•/'o«<p.  386. 


**■ 


I 


.-•* 


A 


MANAOKMKNT. 


65 


MANAP.KMKNT  (W  TIIK  riMlilLOl'  ISI<AM»S  AS  TIIM  AT.- 
LK(iKI>  CAISH  or  TIIK  DKCKKASl.  OF  TIIK  ALA.sKAN 
SKAL    IIKIU). 

'riio  Uritish  CouuiMSHioiiors  at  several  places  in,„;[;;:;,"7,V";f;"j]: 
tlu'ir  Report  admit  that  the  rej^ulatioiis  in  force '"""ti"^^""^^*- 
and  the  inethods  <Mnployed  in  t;ikin<4'  seals  on  the 
I'rihilof  Isiiuulsare  the  best  thatconld  have  been 
adopted,  havinji^  been  t'ouiuled  on  the  lonjr  expe- 
rience of  the  Unssian  Government  after  nearly 
a  centnry  of  occniKition  (see  Sees.  659,  670). 
The  Report  fnrther  states  that  "from  a  tran- 
scendental p(»int  of  view  tlu^  methods  |)roposed 
were  ap))roi)riate,  and  even  perfect,  but  in  prac- 
tical execution,  ;nid  as  judf^ed  by  the  results  of 
a  series  of  years,  they  proved  to  be  faulty  and 
injurious"  (Sec.  (UJ'J).  It  is,  therefore,  not  the 
methods,  but  the  manner  of  their  execution,  which 
is  the  subject  of  criticism  by  the  Connnissioners. 
Other  than  this  general  char<f'e  of  faulty  execu-  Etoosrm..  kili- 
tion,  the  one  variation  irom  the  Russian  methods 
made  by  the  United  States  which  is  disa|)proved 
of  in  the  Report  is  the  number  of  seals  allowed 
to  be  taken  (Sec.  650). 

In  establishiu":  their  assertioi   ihat  the  number,.  ^J'""*'  ,*"""*  .^? 

"  limited  (()  |)ono(l 

of  seals  annually  killed  on  the  Islands  was  excess- 1****^^*^*^' 

iv^e,  it  is  insisted  by  the  United  States  that  the 

Commissioners  should  be  confined  to  the  first 

decade  of  the  lease  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  to  the 

Alaska  Commercial  Com2)any  (1871-1880),  be- 
12304 5 


i 


i.'C 


■I.; 


i! 


il 


6» 


MANAOEMENT. 


f 


1 

i 

'■  '1 

i 

'  I 

( 

l( 

i 

i 

1 

1 

1 

i  ' 


Proof  miiHt  bocniiso  polni^ic  Healiii;^  was  tlien  too  iiiHij^nificant 

liiiiitcil   to  puriod 

i87o-i8bo.  to  perceptibly  atluct  soul  lit'o,  niid  that  any  con- 

sideration of  the  management  subsequent  to  the 
introduction  of  pehigic  seaUng,  wliich  is  admit- 
ted to  be  a  factor  "tending  towards  decrease" 
(Sec.  60),  is  irrelevant  to  the  question  at  issue, 
unless  it  can  be  shown  that  there  was  a  sufficient 
increase  in  the  number  of  seals  killed  on  the 
Islands,  or  sufficient  changes  in  the  methods 
employed  in  taking  the  quota,  to  nuiterially  affect 
and  deplete  the  seal  herd,  even  without  the  intro- 
duction of  pelagic  sealing. 
A.imUsion  1.8  to     xiie  United  States  admit  that,  after  a  decided 

prnoil   ii  1 1  or  do- 

cided  decrease.  Jecrcase  in  the  birth  rate  of  the  seal  herd  hjii 
been  caused  by  pelagic  sealing,  the  number  al- 
lowed by  the  lease  to  be  killed  was  more  than 
;  the  reduced  herd  could  properly  endure;  but 
they  assert  that  any  evil  effects  resulting  from 
the  management  on  the  Islands  is  directly  charge- 
able to  the  conditions  established  by  pelagic 
sealing. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  188!)  that  the  decrease 

I   in  the  birth  rate  of  the  seal  herd  (which  decrease 

'    had   been  augmented  annually  by  an  ever  in- 

I    creasing   fleet  of  pelagic  sealers)  became  suffi- 

I     ciently  evident  among  the  young  male  portion 

I     of  the  herd  to  seriously  attract  the  notice  of  and 

to  alarm  the  Government  agents  on  the  Islands.' 

>  Case  of  thfl  United  States,  p.  184. 


AN  ALLKOKD  CAU8E  OK  DErUKASE. 


67 


Til  tlifit  vciir  for  the  {'ivM  time  tlui  woMit  of  skins    A.imitsi.m  a8  to 

•^  ptiiiod  u  I'l  I'  r  tie- 

fell  below  tlio  av('ri>;j;-o  of  foniior  yenrs.'     Tlu'«i'ieti«it«croii«e.      . 

report  of  the  otHcial  in  cliiirni)  of  tlio  Islunda 
resulted  in  iin  iiiiinediate  reduction  of  the  (juota 
idlo\v(jd  by  tile  Treasury  Dejuirtm*  ut  at  Wasli- 
intiton,  and  in  a  curtailment  oi'  the  time  allowed 
within  which  to  take  such  ([uota.'^  Notwithstand- 
iu"-  the  endeavors  of  the  United  States  to  meet 
the  new  conditions  created  by  |)ela<j;ic  sealing 
with  restrictions  upon  slaujj'hter,  which  were  made 
still  more  ri^id  in  1891,  the  herd  continued  to 
become  more  and  more  d(?pleted,  and  in  1892  a 
decrease  appears  over  1891,  thougli  the  con- 
sensus of  opinion  of  those  on  the  Islands  is  that 
in  the  last  year  the  male  seals  have  increased  to 
a  limited  (extent.' 

Thii  United  States,  however,  insist  that  the    irreiovnnojr    of 

such  adiiiiatiion. 

failure,  if  any,  to  take  into  account  the  "new 
factor"  (viz,  pelag-ic  sealinj;)  is  wholly  irrelevant 
to  tha  true  issue,  and  they  have  })resented  testi- 
mony in  relation  to  the  mana<j;ement  on  the 
Islands  for  the  purpose  of  showing-,  and  which 
shows,  that  such  management  could  not,  u  xder 
normal  conditions,  have  caused  a  decrease  in  the 
Pribilof  seal  herd. 

'Max  Mfilbronnpr,po»<  p.  3(59  anil  table  facing. 
Cast)  of  the  United  StateH,  p.  153. 
'  J.  8tauley-Brown,  i)o«<  p.  385. 


iin 


!;■ 


MANAftEM 


If,        , 

IP'  ' 

!        f 

If 


Faiiiirn  of  Ro-     The  Re])ort  fails  to 

port       to       hIiow 

chango  o«   mm!- where  the  iimiuiiji'emei 

uguiiient.  iiltiT 

rnetliods  eraph)yed  t 


188(t. 


Rospvv.iVion  as 
to  I  iiargut)  oC 
fraud. 


a  smjrle  m  stance 
tlie  IisiuuiIh  ur  the 
have  l»«*eu  chang-ed 
since  1880  t'roni  tlie  "appropriate  and  even  per- 
fect" system  adopted  in  1870,  or  where  the 
nunil)er  of  weals  killed  aimually  Iuih  been  in- 
creased beyond  the  aauual  ({iiota  of  the  first  ten 
years  of  the  lease. 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  reserves 
to  another  portion  of  this  Counter  Case  the  re- 
peated and,  as  it  conceives,  very  unjustiliable 
iuHinuations  of  the  CoiaimisHioners  of  the  malfea- 
sance by  United  States  officers,  (»f  fniiidulent 
pnictices  of  tlie  Alaska  Commercial  (Joinpany 
wimn  lessees,  and  of  collusion,  necessarily  im- 
jA*d,  by  the  London  ftrm  <»f  C.  M.  Lampson  & 
©MMfiauy;  only  statm;^  h-it-.  that  all  such  evi- 
nipts  to  mislead  the  Tribunal  of  AiHii- 
and  to  obstaire  tine  true  issue  are  un- 
in  fact  and  uiwnpported  by  proof  or 
ol"  any  sort. 

M"  iiil'iHiiiMi  I ,  therefon-,  to  the  management  of 
<fie  "^-ibihr  Islands  sul)rte«iuent  to  the  introduo- 
Ti<»n  H  j)eiJGic  seaiinj:,  when  it  became  a  factor 
in  Utoe  decfease  of  the  seal  herd,  the  United 
Staiies  repHt,  is  irrei^^vaM  to  the  true  issue — 
the  cause  sr  the  pre-eut  depleted  condition  of 
the  Pril)il('    rookeriew. 


'  h  ^' 


AN  ALLKGED  CAUSE  OF  DECREASE. 


69 


Tho  callesred  excessive  killinpr  of  male  seals  Foundatiou  of 
iniist  rest  entirely  on  the  j)r<)j)osition,  which  the  ^i^"  I'i'i'DK' 
Report  endeavors  to  establish,  that,  by  means  of 
this  license  to  slaufjfliicr  100,000  youn;j^  males  on 
tli<^  Islands,  the  breedinj^  males  have  become  so 
d(i|)leted  as  to  be  unable  to  fertilize  the  females, 
thus  creating  a  decreases  in  the  birth  rate  suffi- 
cient to  tuicount  for  the  present  condition  of  the 
Alaskan  seal  herd.  To  establish  this,  tlsc  (Nim- 
misrtiouers  refer,  amon{]f  other  thino-s,  to  the  re- 
port to  the  Treasury  Dc^partment  in  187.5  of 
Captain    Charles    Bryant.     This  oflicial   did,  as    capfiiin  Urvimt 

,  UH   a    wiliK'HN    lor 

stated  in  th(?  RcMxn-t  (Hue.  ()7<S),  .advise  the  hecn^-tho    co ii«-<i.)ii- 

018. 

taryc^f  the  Treasury,  in  view  of  his  observations, 
to  reduce  the  numljer  of  the  quota  to  8.'),()00 
skins;  but  the  true  reason  of  this  reconnnendation 
is  obscured  in  the  Rejjort  by  a  collection  of  quota- 
tions from  various  writin<>s,  of  which  he  is  the 
author,  and  by  placinp;'  an  erroiu^ous  interpreta- 
tion on  his  lan<ru!i<?e. 

The  reasons  for  his  report  of  187.')  are  clearly  n«>aHon8  for  hia 
sliown  by  an  examinalMsn  ot  his  testimony  before 
a  committee  of  ihe  House  of  Rejiresentatives  in 
187(5.  Captain  Ihyaiit  there  makes  the  fidlow- 
iufj- statcMueiit :  "In  tlu*  season  of  18()8,  b»>foro 
the  prohibitory  liiw  was  passe<l  and  enforced, 
numerous  parti(^s  scaled  on  th(^  Islands  at  will  and 
took  about  two  hundred  and  lifty  thousand  seals. 


I 


H'l 


m 


I 
.1  K 


i 


■i) 


11 


TO 


MANAfiKMKNT. 


I* 


ReoHonp    <r  hisTliGV  killod  inostlv  all  tlio  profluct  of  lSn()-'G7. 
report.  '^      ,  .  . 

Ill  niakinr^  our  calculations  tor  hrecdinj^' seals  we 

did  not  take  that  loss  into  consideration,  so  that 
in  1872-'73,  when  the  crop  of  ISf.fJ-'GT  w«)nld 
have  matured,  we  were  a  little  short.  These 
seals  had  been  killed.  For  that  reas<ni,  to  ren- 
der the  matter  (huihly  sure,  1  recommended  to  the 
Secretary  a  diminution  of  15,000  seals  for  the 
ten  years  ensuin<>-.  I  do  not,  however,  wish  to 
be  understood  as  sayinj^-  that  tlui  seals  are  all 
decreasing- — that  the  })ro|)ortionate  number  of 
male  seals  of  the  |)ro))er  ajj^e  to  take  is  decreasing. 

*'Q.  The  females  are  increasin<»' f 

"A.  Yes,  sir;  and  conseciuently  the  number 
of  pups  produced  annually,"^ 

111  1872  the  seals  taken  were  prin<'i]>ally  four 
and  six  years  old  and  some  of  sc^ven  }'ears  old 
were  killed  (Sec.  812).  This  was  driiwino-  from 
the  same  class  of  seals  killed  in  18()H,*^  which 
would,  had  they  been  spared,  have  appeared  on 
the  rookeries  as  breeders  in  1873  and  the  years 
thereafter. 

The  following  year  (1873)  the  class  of  skins 
preferred  were  "thnu'-year-olds"  (Sec.  813),  or 
those  born  in  1870;  the  so-called  "crops"  of 
1861*  and  1870  would  not  have  been  lit  to  go  on 

'  ITo.  Rep.,  4)tli  ('oi)K..  iHt  S(>sH.,  Ri^pt.  No.  G'Jl^,  p.  it;). 
^  AppuiuUx  tu  Case  of  the  United  Stiitcs,  Vol.  II,  p.  7. 


i       1 

f 


"  of 


AN  ALLEGED  CAUSE  OP  DECREASE,  ^ 

the  breeding  grounds  till  1875  or  187G,  which  ^^k*;'^'';""  f*"-*"" 
would  correspond  with  Captain  Bryant's  state- 
ment tliat  the  decrease  in  male  life  ceased  in 
1876  and  breeding  male  seals  began  to  increase 
to  such  an  extent  in  1877  that  lie  affirmed  that 
in  two  years  (1879)  the  loss  would  be  made 
good  (Sec.  679).  This  is  further  and  fully  ex- 
plained by  the  same  witness  in  his  deposition 
appended  to  the  Case  of  the  United  States.* 

The  evidence  presented  in  the  Report,  which  Divisions  of  cvi- 
treats  of  t!io  period  from  1870  to  1880,  consists 
(1)  of  statements  to  tlie  effect  that  100,000  or 
more  skins  could  not  be  taken  on  the  Islands 
without  depleting  the  herd,  and  (2)  of  other 
stJitenuMits  or  conclusions  to  the  effect  that  the 
male  seals,  botli  l)reeding  and  nonbreeding,  had 
decreased  during  the  first  decade  oi  the  lease  of 
1870. 

As  to  the  first  statements  mentioned,  it  is  in-    imifivancy  of 

tho  iirst  division. 

sisted  by  the  United  States  that  it  is  entirely  ir- 
relevant liow  many  seals  were  taken  on  the 
Islands  aniuially,  unless  it  can  be  shown  that  the 
number  killed  resulted  in  a  diminution  of  the 
normal  ?mml)er  of  the  seal  herd,  or  at  least  the 
male  portion  of  it.  The  so-called  p?'oof,  how- 
ever, on  this  point  which  the  Report  prcsi^its  as^i,II"„'i;^,'|"J'^'^'' "^ 
to  the  Russian  period  of  occupation  is  so  maui.  «""«''*'^ i'"''"*^- 

'  Appendix  to  the  Case  of  the  United  8tiit<'8,  Vol.  II,  p.  7, 


m 


■h 


luim 


i  ' 


72 


MANAGEMENT. 


!  ? 


\l  r 


I !  ^  I 


iTiifairiKHsaatofestlv  uiiralr  tliiit  attention  sliould  bo  diroctod  to 

Rtiifriiit'iil.H   as   to 

Kussiau iiuiiod.  its  misloiuUnfi^  charjictor.  The  CJonnnissitHicrs 
state  tluit  from  1787  to  1X0(1  tlio  number  of  skins 
taken  was  50,000  annually;  ihnn  1807  to  1816, 
47,500;  and  from  1817  to  18()(i,  25,000.  The 
desire  is  to  su<^<^est  the  inference  that  the  killin<j: 
of  50,000  was  excessive,  the  Report  ^ivinj;  as  a 
secondary  reason  for  tlie  evident  decrease  tlie 
"  nearly  jtromiscuous  slau^iliter  (for  tlie  first  ])art 
of  this  period)  of  seals  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages." 
(Sec.  40.) 

The  United  States  contend  tliat  the  "nearly 
promiscuous  slau<.;'hter,"  mentioned  as  a  second- 
ary cause,  was  the  jmncipal  caus<-,  and  that  the; 
expressi(»n  "for  the  first  ])art  of  this  period"  is 
intentionally  indefinite,  though  it  appears  from 
the  Keport  that  tln^  killinji-  of  femah^s  was  not 
prohil)in'd  until  1817  (Sen-.  ^7,  p.  8).  The  Keport 
states  that  in  183(5  an  excei)tional1y  severe  winter 
caused  a,  ^'•reat  mortality  amon^-  the  seals,  so  that 
ordv4,100of  all  classes  were  ol>served  on  therook- 
eries  (Sec  800),  which  recluced  the  birth  rate  for 
a  nnnd)er  of  years  and  necessarily,  also,  the 
annual  number  of  skins  secured.  '^Plie  inclusion 
of  this  time  of  scarcity  in  all  classes  of  seals  in 
the  period  of  1834  tt)  l8o6  is  most  misleading-  iis 
to  the  (piestion  of  how  many  male  seals  can  bo 
taken  when  the  rookeries    are  iu  their  normal 


m 


AN  ALLKGED  CAUSE  OF  DECREASE. 


73 


condition.     An  examination  of  the  Russian  docu-  ^T^e  njnn  h^crs 

nieiits  herewith  submitted  shows  that  from  ISGO^**^" 

to  IHiii),  inclusive  (when  it  may  be  assumed  the 

rookeries  liad  recov(!red  from  the  mortidit}^  of 

183(1  and  the  slaug-liter  of  female  seals  prior  to 

1847),  the  amuial  quota  ranged  from  4.'j,000  to 

70,()()(>  on  St.   Paul   Island  alone,  and  that  the 

only  reason  whv  more  were  not  taken  was  the 

plethoric  condition  of  the  Chiuf  ^e,  Russian,  and 

American  markets. ' 

The  other  class  of  statements  or  conclusions    spmii.T  .liviaion 

ut  uvidt'uuo. 

advanced,  to  show  tliat  the  breeding  and  non- 
brecfliui,^  seals  docrea.sed  during-  the  ten  years 
folh»\ving-  the  leasing  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  in 
1870,  may  be  divided  into  three  heads,  namely, 
(1)  an  allcgeil  increased  proj)ortion  of  females  to 
breeding  males,  (2)  an  alleg^ed  recognition  by 
the  lessees  (»f  the  decrease  of  male  seals,  and 
(3)  alleged  ovtirdriving  and  resort  to  now  areas 
to   obtain    the    (piota.     The    fii'st    alleg'ation     is    CnmpnrisonH  n! 

.  .  lifiriMiis    |,S7()    :iii<l 

based  entu'elv  on  comparisons  between  the  early  isitoinclcvuut. 
years  of  the  lease  of  1870  and  the  last  two  or 
thr(H«  years  of  the  same  (188!)-18!)1).  The 
United  States  insist  that  such  comparisons  are 
irrelevant,  for,  even  if  the  breeding  males  w(;ro 
disproportionately  few  during  the  lattcM-  years,  it 

'  I'otI  i»)i.  l!«1-19it.  nnnenift's  AliiHka.  p.  .5SL':  "In  1R51,  30,000 
roiild  ■>«  killi'ii  aiiiiimlly  at  St.  I'aiil  Isliiml  ali>iii>,  mid  in  I8t)l  lU 
many  im  70,0(K»,  without  Umr  of  oxlmustini,'  tlw  supply." 


.)|| 


u 


>1  i 


' 


74 


MANAGKMKNT. 


I        I 


P  I'  '  t 


I     ! 


(M 


' 


U: 


ft  i 


:i 


.;«     \i 


CoinpiiriRons  of  is  tlio  vosiilt  (»l'a  (locrcased  birth  rate  caused  by 

isyoinoiovttut.     j»(^la<,nc  soaliug*.     The   iJnitod  States,    however, 

deny  that  harems  liave  increased  "from  lour  to 

ei^ht    times"   over    then-    size    in    1870-1874. 

(Sec.  r)4.) 

Tiiornrt.iiiinotit      Mr.  Henry  W.  EUiott,  who  In  relied  on  as  an 

of  n.  W.  Kliiolfs  -^  ' 

Htatcuieut.  authorit}-  in  this  matter  by  the  0<Mnmissionei*s  to 

show  that  tlio  harems  avera<;ed  from  A  to  20 
cows  in  1874  (Sec.  21)3),  states,  in  tlie  sanjc  pas- 
sage from  which  tlie  (j[uotation  used  in  the  lle|)<»rt 
has  been  extracted,  that  there  are  "  man}  in- 
stances where  45  or  50  femak^s  are  uiuk^r  the 
cliar<j;i3  of  one  male,"  and  he  closes  his  sentence 
by  statin<»"  that  the  aveni^e  jj^iven  is  not  entirely 
satisfactory  t<->  himself  This  curtailment  of  Mr. 
Elliott's  starcment  is  in  flaij'rant  violation  of  the 
Connuissioucrs'  Letter  of  Instructions,  in  which 
Lord  Salisbury  says:  "1  need  scarcely  I'cmind 
you  that  your  investiii-ation  should  be  carried  on 
with  strict  im|»artiality"  (p.  2). 
iTarerns  in  1891.  'Phe  Repoit  tails  to  give  any  testimony  to  show 
how  many  females  constituted  a  harem  in  1K{)1> 
and  tnjikes  the  statement,  wholly  unsubstantiated 
by  |)roof,  that  the  harems  have  increased  in  size 
•'fnnn  four  to  einht  fold."  (Sec.  54.) 
Surplus  of  viriio  The  present  surplus  of  virile  males  has  been 
fully  treated  of  in  the  Case  of  the  United  States,^ 

'Uiiiti^il  Stnfi'M  Ccuhhs  Rr>ii<trt.  1880,  p.  36. 
*Casu  of  tltu  Uuitcd  Stuteu,  p.  172. 


maloa. 


AN    ALLEUKD   CAUSE    OF    DE(^REA8E. 


nnd  a  pliotojimj)!!  takon  by  Mr.  Stauloy-lirown^^S'irpinsof  vihio 
in  1S!)2,  at  tlic  height  of  the  breeding  season, 
shows  a  munber  of  vigorous  bulls  located  on  the 
brt'i'iUno- uToui ids  unable  ti»<»btain  consorts.*  On  sizo  of  httrenis 
July  19,  1S!I2,  Protessor  H.  W.  hverniann,  ot  the 
United  Stattfs  Fish  Ooiuuiission,  a  well-known 
authoritv  on  subjects  of  natural  history,  ccunited 
the  lunnbcr  of  bulls,  cows,  and  |)U})s  on  a  section 
of  LuUamioii  Ki>ok<'ry,  St.  Paul  Island, and  the  re- 
sult was  as  follows:  13  l)ulls,  90  cows,  and  211 
pups.-  If  cacii  cow  iu  a  liarein  was  represented 
by  a  pup,  the  average  nuud)ur  to  a  bull  would 
i)e  15,  certainly  not  an  excessive  luunber  even 
accordiui''  to  the  Report. 

The  (Jonunissit>ners  also  rely  on  a  newspaper    AiioRed  Rnm- 

niiii-.v  ol'  u  ri'iiort 

extract,  which  purports  to  be  a  suuunary  of  a  re- by  n.  w.  Kiiiott 

'  '        '  •'ill  MM. 

port  Miadeby  >[r.  lloury  W.  Klliottin  181)0  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  establish  several 
alleged  facts  (Sec.  882).  One  of  these  state- 
ments in  this  alleged  sununary  (Sec.  433)  is  that 
there  were  2r)( ),()()(»  barren  females  on  the  Pribi- 
lof  Islands  in  1800  (Sec.  832,  p.  40).  1^his  is 
cit(*d  by  the  Couunissioners  to  show  the  lack  of 
virile  males  on  the  rookeri(>s  in  that  year.  An 
examination  of  the  extract  as  published  in  volume 

M.  Stiiiilnv-nrowii,  poMt  p.  38fi. 
•  B.  W.  Kveruiauu,  pout  p.  264. 


U'l 


I 
I 


1"  , 


;l 


I 


76 


MANAOKMENT. 


I  I 


ll. 


AUoKod  siiin-I[r  of  tlie  AppcMiilix  to  tlio  Caso  of  Great  Britain 

niarv   of  t\  rt'|ii>i-t 

i.y  ii  w.  Elliott  (|»,„-lij,nu-ntry  Paper  C— (;308,  No.  2,  1891,  p. 
GO)  (llscloHos  the  fact  tluit  this  statement  a})])ear8 
after  the  sij^uature  of  Henry  W.  Elliott,  and  it 
can  not,  therefore,  be  constrnod  as  a  portion  of 
such  report.  Furthorniore,  how  the  Conunis- 
sioners  can  question  Mr.  Elliott's  power  to  com- 
pute the  number  of  seals  on  the  Islands,  as  they 
have  done,  and  still  rely  at  all  on  his  computa- 
tion as  to  the  number  of  barren  females  needs 
explanation. 
AiieKMirifofjni-     The  socoud  uiode  by  which  they  endeavor  to 

tion      of     (llHTOasc      ,  ,  ,  ,  l     l  l  •  -<  norv 

by  lessoi's.  silow  a  (Iccrcase  in  the  seal  herd  prior  to  1880 

is  by  jjointing-  to  an  allvjied  recof^nition  thereof 
on  tile  part  of  the  lessees  in  the  reduction  made 
by  tliem  of  their  catch  in  1875,  and  to  an  allej^ed 
lowerin<>'  of  the  standard  of  weights  of  skins. 
The  Report  proceeds  as  follows:  "In  the  same 
year  [187')]  tlu^  numl)er  of  skins  obtained  was 
considera''  v  reduced  in  the  fiice  of  a  steady 
market  aiui  before  the  decline  in  prices  of  the 
two  succeedinj>;  years "  (Sec.  44).  This  state- 
ment is  clearly  incorrect,  as  is  shown  by  the 
references  cited.*  Another  allef^ation  as  errone- 
ous as  the  foregoing  is  contained  in  the  stato- 

'  Hritisli  CoiiirM.  Ropt.,  p.  132.  Appendix  to  Caso  of  the  United 
StiitoH,  N'ltl.  II,  pp.  558,  585.  Table  of  seals  tukea  on  Fribilof 
Isluuds  for  all   purposes,  po$t  p.  427. 


AN  ALLEGKD  CAUSE  OF  DECKEA8E. 


77 


incut  of  tlio   Ivcjpoil;  tliat  the  standiinl  of  skins 

wsis  lowered  from    time  to  time,    imj)lyinf^  an 

in(n-eusinjr  scarcity  of  males  (Sec.  6114).    In  187fi  ..ArnXrTS!.! 

the  avera^re  vvei«,^ht  of  all  the  skins  of  the  Alaska  "*^"*'^'*''^- 

cat(!h  was  8  pounds,  which  remained  about  tho 

aveni<^e  till  1880,  the  averag-e  weight   bcin*:;'  in 

that  year  lOio  pounds;   from  that  time,  coinci- 

dentally    with  the  increase  of   pelagic  sealing, 

the  weight  di'opped  to  J)^  pounds  in   188(),  85 

pounds  in  1887,  8.V  pounds  in  1888,  and  finally 

in  1881)  to  7f(io  pounds,  the  lowest  standard  ever 

rea(;hed.'      The  United  States,  therefore,  deny 

the   statements  made   in  the   Report  as  to  tho 

retUu'tion  of  the    "standard  of  weights"  (i)ago 

111),  C). 

The  Commissioners  also  rely  upon  a  statement    '''''•'  ""mixr  of 

•^       ^  Hcals    takmi    IVoiii 

alleged  to  have  been  made  to  them  by  Mr.  NoitUcasti'oiiit. 
Daniel  Webster  that,  in  1874  and  1875,  from 
35,000  to  3G,000  skins  were  taken  from  North- 
east Point  rookery  and  that,  since  187 J),  from 
211,000  to  18,000  skins  only  had  been  taken 
there,  thus  implying  a  large  decrease  in  the  seals 
resorting  to  this  great  rookery  (Sec.  677).  The 
annual  killings  on  Northeast  Point  are  combined 
in  a  table  submitted  herewith,^  which  gives  the 
numbers  annually  tnken  thereon  and  the  percent- 

'  Mux  Hoilhromior,  post.  p.  ,3fi9  and  table  facing. 

»  Table  of  seals  killed  on  Northeast  I'oint,  post  p.  427. 


■li^ 


w 


i  1 


TT^ 


78 


MANAGEMENT. 


f      Ili' 


i 


1       ■   '   ' 

1,    i       ' 

Tim  niiiiii)or  ofnpro  to    tlio  whole   number   killed  on    St.    Paul 

.Hf'illH    tiikcu     (Vkim 

NoithuuBt  roiut.  Isljuul.  Fn»!ii  tliiH  table  it  appears  that  iu  1S73 
2n,,^()!)  seals  were  taken,  beinji;'  3  1.9  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number;  in  1874,  3 4,r>2(),  or  37.5  per 
cent;  m  l.S7r),  35,113,  or  30  per  eent ;  in  1.S8.S, 
33,381,  or  31).7  percent;  and  in  18S1),  28,7!)4,  or 
33.J>  per  cent.  Tiio  av(n'a;j^e  i)er('enta<>e  for  the 
nineteen  years  ilurln<»'  which  the  lease  may  be 
said  to  have  been  in  operation  (some  3,400  only 
having  been  taken  the  first  year  under  the  same;) 
is  31.4.  The  Commissioners  give  the  nund)er 
taken  in  1889  as  15,07G,  claiming- the  same  to  bo 
from  official  records,  but  the  citation  given  is  to 
a  report  to  tlui  IIous(M)f  Ucpresciitatives  printed 
in  187(5  (Sec.  (577).  Kvidcntly  this  is  a  clerical 
error,  but  it  dei)rives  the  United  States  of  the 
opportunity  to  examine  the;  authority  intended 
to  bo  cited. 

io\vs™i'aS  The  question  of  dri\ing  in  1871)  from  areas, 
before  reserved  and  untouched,  is  used  in  the 
Report  to  show  that  the  male  seals  had  decreased 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  compel  the  resort  to  these 
haulinjf  grounds.  1^he  Connnissioners  refer  to 
this  in  the  following  words:  "  Whatever  may 
have  been  tlio  detailed  history  of  the  seal  inter- 
ests on  St.  Paul  in  the  intervening  years,  the 
fact  that  in  1879  it  became  necessary  for  the  first 
time  to  extend  the  area  of  driving,  so  as  to  iu- 


iii  1879. 


* 


AN  ALLEGED  CAUSE  OF  DECREASE. 


79 


cludi'  Ziiniuliiio  tind  Polavina  rookerios,  or  tlio    aii.ko.i    n-Koit 

liiiiiliii}^'  <,a-(>uii(ls  .adjacent  to  them,  hIiowh  con- '"  i»7!>. 

clusivcly  that  a  {^reat  chanj^o  for  tho  worse  liad 

ahvady    occurred    at    tliat   date"    (Sec.    684). 

This  statiMuent  is  not  in  accord  with  tlio  facts.    No    ii»ulin« 

Kroiiiidi*    over  lo- 

I'rior  to   187tt  Pohivina  had  been  driven  froni«"»'^'««i- 

(ivery  year  but  two,  and  Zapaihiie  liad  su])})li('d 

its  portion  to  the  qufita  of  skins  every  year  of 

tlu^    lease    prior    to  lH7f),  as  is  shown    in    tho 

table  cited.*     The  United  States,  therefore,  insist 

that  this  statement  in  the  Report  should  not  bo 

considered,  in  examining-  the  (question  as  to  tho 

cause   of  tho  decrease  of  the  seal  herd.     The    ovordrivinjtnmi 

p  1    •     •  1         1    •     •  1  1  1      rcdriviiiff  niiIisu- 

questionot  overdrivniy: and  redrivnig  lias  already  ,|m.iii  to  laso  ir- 

/•    11  1       /•    •  1/1  !•      ^  IT     •        I  ''L'l>JVUUt. 

been  iiuly  treated  or  ni  the  Case  ot  the  Uniteil 
States;'*  it  may  be  noted,  however,  that  Mr. 
Elliott  is  quoted  as  stating'  that  overdriving  waa 
first  begun  in  1871)  (Sec  714),  which  is  the  year 
mentioned  in  the  erroneous  statements,  above 
referr(!d  to,  as  to  the  counnencomeut  of  driving 
from  Polavina  and  Zapadnie. 

It  is  insisted  by  the  United  States  that  driving 
and  redriving  after  the  introduction  of  pelagic 
sealing,  if  any  occurred,  are  directly  chargeable 
to  the  condition  created  by  open-sea  hunting. 

The  United  States,  therefore,  deny  that  any    poniai  of  dc- 
valid  evidence  has  been  advanced  by  tho  Com-issa*'  t*'^**'  '<* 

'  Appomlix  to  Case  of  tlin  llnittd  States,  VoL  II,  pp.  117-127. 
•Cane  of  the  United  States,  p.  158. 


i 


m 


1 


l! 


i' 


^>. 


w 


w 


r 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


/. 


y. 


7a 


1.0 


I.I 


IL25  i  1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


iV 


1 


V 


:1>' 


^\ 


<» 


«L^ 
^^% 


^ 


31  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S77-^S03 


4 


<^ 


0 
4^0    m^     I 


O^ 


f^ 


1^.  ??' 


1 1 


n 

iff 


111" 


i  V 


I 


80 


PELAGIC    REATJNG. 


Deiiini  of  de- missioners  sufiiciout  to  establish  tliat  any  portion 

crease   priorto  ' 

i«»0'  of  the  seal  herd  decreased  i)rior  to  1880,  or  that 

there  was  a  paucity  of  male  life  durinj»-  that 
period  on  the  breedinj^  grounds,  or  that  the  nian- 
ag'enient  and  methods  in  force  on  the  I'rihilof 
Islands  have  been  a  cause  of  decrease  in  the 
Alaskan  seal  herd. 

PELAGIC  SEALING. 

The  Report  an     That  portion  of  the  Report  of  the  British  Com- 

iiliolojiy     for    pe- 
lagic Si'.iiliiig.         missioners  which  considers  the  effects  of  pela<>'ic 

sealing  upon  the  Alaskan  herd  is  in  the  nature  of 

an  apolo<^y  and  anatteiii[)ted  justification,  for  the 

Connnissioners    specilicwlly  admit    that   pelajiic 

sealing   is  indiscriminate  (Sec.  <),'53)  and  tends 

towards  decrease  (Sees.  60,  71).     The  apology 

rests  upon  three  j)ropositions  which  they  endeavor 

to   establish    by   evidence    principally   obtained 

from  interested  parties  at  Victoria  and  which  are 

herein  treated  in  the  order  of  their  importance  as 

recognized  in  the  Report. 

1.  That  the  percentage  of  female  seals  in  the  pelagic 
catch  is  not  large. 

The  inriian  evi-     The  Report  first  cites  in  this  connection  so- 

(Ivuce  submitted. 

called  "  evidence,"  alleged  to  have  been  obtained 
from  Indian  hunters  at  various  points  along  the 
Northwest  Coast  (Sees.  635-G41),  and  in  wiiich 
there  is  a  careful  avoidance  of  names  of  inform- 


PERrr.NTAOE    OF    COWS    IN    CATCH. 


81' 


ants.     It  is  insisted  by  tlie  United  States  that    Tiie  iniiinn  ovi- 

deiice  8ubmittud. 

such  testimony  is  vaUieless  for  the  })ur[)(>se  of 


t'S 


tiiblishing  any  conclusion  worthy  to  be  relied 
iqioii  in  this  controversy, 
'^riie  second  clas.s  of  testimony  presented  to    Testimony  of 

.  .  ^     1        II  .         ,       .        ,  iiiturt'sted  parties 

siistani  tlie  position  ot  the  lve[)ort  is  (>|)tained submitted. 
In  m\  sworn  statements  of  Canadian  sealers,  which 
the  Commissioners  admit  are  not  "  entirely  untiiic- 
tiired  by  motives  of  personal  interest"  (Sec.  634). 
These  alleged  statements  of  Indians,  whose 
names  are  not  made  known,  and  of  other  wit- 
nesses, admitted  to  be  subject  to  suspicion,  are 
tlic  sole  fomuhition,  so  far  as  matters  of  fact  are 
I'onccrued,  for  the  defense  by  the  British  Com- 
missioners of  jjclag-ic  sealing'. 

The  largest  percentaf^e  of  females   admitted    Percentage    of 

females   admittud 

by  these  "most  experienced  and  iuteHig-ent  pe- *» **« *ai^«ii' 
lagie  sealers"  (Sec.  642)  to  have  been  taken  by 
them  along  the  Northwest  Coast  is  fifty  out  of 
one  hundred  seals,  and  but  tliree  men  make 
this  admission  (Sees.  644,  645,  646).  The  other 
witnesses  quoted  (fifteen  in  number)  vary  con- 
siderably in  their  opinions  as  to  the  number  of 
females  taken  in  a  catch,  the  percentage  alleged 
ranging  from  two  and  a  half  to  over  forty,  the 
majority  giving  it  as  from  twenty  to  thirty  (Sees. 
644,  64;"),  646).    It  is  difficult  to  understand  how    statements 

.1  „  ,    ,  ,  ,       ,  .       ,       .  ,  consistent    wifk 

tliese  Statements  can  be  harmonized  with  the  de- *''«  Report. 


I 


>     Vj 


I 


K, 


Tir^ 


82 


PELAGIC    SEALING. 


I     i: 


I     i 


n  J!  :i' 


stutenieni?  in-  pleted  coiiditio)!  of  the  male  life  of  tlie  Pribilof  seal 

consistent    with 

the  Keport.  herd,  80  ofteii  alleged  in  tlie  Report,  and  with  the 
statement  that  "the  persistent  killing  of  young 
males  has  led  of  late  years  to  the  existence  of  a 
very  large  sur})liis  of  females,  and  that,  there- 
fore, the  proportion  of  females  to  the  whole  num- 
bers of  seals,  whether  at  sea  or  ashore,  is,  at  the 
present  time,  according  to  the  information  ob- 
tained by  us,  quite  abnormal"  (Sec.  635).  As 
this  information  last  referred  to  has  evidently  not 
been  published  by  the  Commissioners  in  connec- 
tion with  their  discussion  of  pelagic  sealing,  un- 
less it  is  embodied  in  the  statements  obtained  at 
"a  conference  held  with  a  number  of  representa- 
tive pelagic  sealers"  (Sec.  648),  at  which  con- 
ference "no  degree  of  reticence  was  shown  in 
answering  direct  questions  on  all  points  involved" 
(Sec.  648),  it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  conclu- 
sions therefrom,  except  that  this  information  is  in 
direct  contradiction  to  the  testimony  of  the  wit- 
nesses named  in  the  Report. 

In  view  of  the  admitted  untrustworthiness  of 
the  evidence  advanced,  and  in  view  of  the  con- 
clusive proof  presented  in  the  Case  of  the  United 
States  on  this  question,  the  United  States  deny 
that  the  percentage  of  females  in  the  pelagic 
catch  has  been  exaggerated  in  their  Case,  and 
present  herewith  as  corroborative  evidence   on 


The  statomonts 
in  the  Report  de- 
nied. 


rERCENTAGE  OF  COWS  IN  CATCH. 


83 


tills  siihiccf  the  i'ei)()rt  of  Cniit.  C.  L.  Ho()i)er,    Cnpi.  iioopor's 

•'  '  "^  invest  i;j;ilt  11)118, 

U.  S.  K*.  M.,  who  cruised  in  Bering  Sea  during- «""'i"er"iA8y2. 

the  summer  of  1892  and  under  the  direction  of  the 

Government  of  the  United  States  made  a  series  of 

systematic  observations  as  to  the  distribution  and 

chisses  of  seals  found  in  those  waters,  for  which 

purpose  lie  took  a  limited  number  of  seals  at  sea.* 

The  result  of  his  observations  and  experiments 

was   that,    of  41    seals    sliot   and    S' 'cured,   29    ^  ^  , 

'  Catches  of  ves- 

were  females.     Mr.  :Mal()v/anski,  I'le  ajrent   of  sv''' «?][:«•",!>' '*"»- 

'  »  8 1  a,   1892,  90    per 

the  Ivussiaii  Sealskin  Company  on  the  Com- •'^"^  ^*''"'*^'"*- 
niiindcr  Islands,  examined  about  2,700  skins 
taken  from  sealing-  schooners,  seized  in  the 
neighborhood  of  those  islands  by  the  Russian 
authorities  during  the  summer  of  1892,  and 
found  that  over  90  per  cent  were  the  skins  of 
female  seals.^ 

This  is  also  verified  by  Mr.  Grebnitzki, '  the 
Russian  official  in  charge  of  the  Commander 
Islands,  and  by  an  examination  of  over  1,000  of 
the  same  skins  specially  made  in  London.*     The    Exnmination  of 

pelagic  oatchet, 

dejiositions    of  the  expert  furrier  Mr.  Behlow,  i^^^^. 
who  has  examined  the  catches  of  a  number  of 
sealing-  schooners   entered   at   the  port  of  San 
Francisco  durin<r  the  summer  and  fall  of  1892, 

'  Report  of  Capt.  C.  L.  Hooper,  j'oat  table  facing  p.  219. 

'John  Malowtiiiski,  post  p.  374. 

'N.  A.  Grebnitzki,  post  p.  3(56. 

<8tatemi'nt  by  C.  W  Martin  &  Sons,  post  p.  417. 


m 


ii 


TWT7' 


r 

1' 

111 

n    i  ii  : 

l' 

•)    ■ 

If 

i 

ii  ■ 

1 

n 

1  1  ! 

j' , 

, 

i' 

i  m 


I . 


W' 


1      I'  ■     •',   i  I! 


84 


PELAGIC    SEALING. 


Exiiinination  of  confirm  the  fact  that  a  very  larffe  proportion  of 

polaj^ic  catches  "^  o       i       i 

1892.  the  pelagic  catches  consist  of  female  seals.^ 

Proportion    of     ^his  large  ratio  of  females  taken  at  sea  does 

females  t.akon   at  o 

sea  prior  t  J 1870.  ^^^  ^jj^^j.  f^^^  ^^^^^  observed  before  the  Pribilof 
Islands  were  leased.  In  the  ofiicial  report  on 
the  seal  question  made  by  a  special  agent  of 
the  United  States  on  November  30,  1869,  the 
following  appears:  "Nearly  all  the  5,000  seuls 
annually  caught  on  tne  British  Columbian  coast 
are  pregnant  females  *  *  *,"^  and  Capt. 
Bryant,  in  1870,  also  states  that  ''formerly  in 
March  and  April  the  natives  of  Puget  Sound 
took  large  numbers  of  pregnant  females.'" 

3.  That  pelagic  sealing  in  Bering  Sea  is  not  as  de- 
structive to  seal  life  as  pelagic  sealing  in  the 
North  Pacific. 

There  is  an  evident  attempt  on  the  part  of 

the  British  Commissioners  to  establish  that  the 

principal  harm  to  the  seal  herd  resulting  from 

pelagic   sealing   is    inflicted  during  the  herd's 

Gronn lis  for  the  migration  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     This  is  based, 

Re])ort'8  state- 

meuts.  primarily,  on  the   assumption   that    no  gravid 

females  are  taken  in  Bering  Sea  (Sec.  648),  and 
that  the  alleged  occasional  deaths  of  "a  few 

I  C.  J.  Belilow,  post  pp.  353-358. 

•Ex.  Doc.  No.  32,  list  Conj,'.,  2d  Seas.,  p.  89. 

•Bull.  2,  Mus.  Comp.  Zoology,  p.  88. 


IN   BERING   SEA    AND   NORTH   PACIFIC. 


85 


females  in  milk "  (Sec.   649)  does  not  destroy    Oronmis  for  the 

^  Report's  state- 

the  offspring  of  such  females  (Sees.  355,  356).      meuta. 

It  will  be  seen,  on  au  examination  of  the  state- 
ments of  the  pelag-ic  sealers  quoted  in  the  Report 
(Sees.  645,  646),  that  but  eight  refer  to  the  num- 
ber of  females  taken  in  Bering  Sea,  and  these 
give  pel .  entages  which  are  practically  the  same 
as  those  given  for  the  catch  in  the  North  Pacific. 
It  is,  therefore,  conceded  that  the  destruction  of 
female  life  in  Bering  Sea  is  as  great  as  along  the 
Northwest  Coast.  The  distinction  is  made,  how-  Pregnant  fe- 
ever,  that  no  gravid  females  are  taken  in  Bering 
Sea.  It  must  be  recollected,  in  tliis  comiection, 
that  the  admitted  period  of  gestation  of  the  fur- 
seal  is  "  nearly  twelve  months"  (Sec.  434),  and 
that,  therefore,  an  adult  female  which  has  been 
fertilized  is  pregnant  at  all  times  when  found 
in  the  water,  and  certaiidy  so  if  the  fact  alleged 
in  the  Report,  that  the  female  remains  on  the 
rookeries  from  four  to  six  weeks  after  giving 
birth  to  her  young,  could  be  established  (Sees. 
306,  307). 

The  designed  irai)lication  that  very  few  nursing  Nursing  females, 
female  s  ,  ^s  are  taken  by  pelagic  sealers  (Sec. 
649)  is  based  on  pure  assumption,  no  evidence    capt.  Hooper'b 
being  advanced  to  support  it.     Capt.  Hoopcn-,  Im"*'^"'''""'' 
alread}'  referred  to,  states  that  of  29  female  seals 
taken  by  him  in  1892  in  Benng  Sea,  22  were 


R^s 


i 


1!    I     '■  ■*: 
\        'I' 


) 


■WM 


8G 


PELAGIC    SKATJNO. 


Examinnlioii  o,    Mll'siuff  fbinalc.-;;'  Ulld  ^[l*.  C.  IT.  ToWllSOlul,  of  tllG 
HWlls     l.y     C.     II.  ^  ^  ' 

TowuHeud,  181)2.  J.  y.  Fisji  Conuiiissioii,  the  well-known  naturalist 
who  accompaniod  him,  includes  in  his  deposition 
a  photograi))!  of  two  half-skinned  cows  taken 
Au^rust2,  1892,  175  miles  from  the  Prihilof  Is- 
lands,^ exhibiting  tlui  distended  mammary  elands, 
"which  in  all  cases  wei-e  tilled  with  milk."^ 

That  the  pups  oi"  these  nursinjr  cows  are  de- 
pendent solely  upon  tlieir  mothers  for  nourish- 
ment has  already  been  discussed  both  in  the  Case 
of  the  United  States  and  in  this  Counter  Case.^ 
Dpnii  pnps  ou     The  Coinmissioncrs,  to  suj)port  their  position, 

the  ruukci'ie8. 

endeavor  to  exjilain  away  the  obvious  inference 
derivable  from  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of 
dead  pup-seals  were  observed  by  them  on  the 
Pribilof  rookeries  durino-  their  cnrsorv  examina- 
tion  of  seal  life  on  the  Islands.  It  is  evident, 
from  the  efforts  made  and  theories  advanced  to 
explain  this  mortality,  that  the  Commissioners 
considered  the  })resence  of  these  bodies  prima 
facie  evidence  of  the  foct  they  endeavor  to  dis- 
prove (Sees.  344-356).  These  officials  have, 
through  soine  strange  circumstance,  been  led 
-  into    the    belief   that    they   were    the   first    to 

'  Capt.  Hooper's  report,  post  table  faciug  p.  219. 
*  C.  H.  Towiisoud,  post  p.  394. 
*Ante  p.  63. 


1 


:K 


1 

■■it 


■1 


"!<!' 

:--^*i: 


IN  ukuino  sea  and  north  pacific. 


87 


ol)serve  tliis  mortality  ainonor  tlie  pups  on  tlio    tioM  pups  on 

•^  "  ^     *  the  rookeiicu. 

rookeries  (Sec  83),  from  which  behef  tliey  draw 
tlie  inference  that  "tlie  death  of  so  many  young 
seals  on  the  Islands  in  1891  was  wholly  excep- 
tional aiHJ  unprecedented"  (Sec.  355).  The  dep- 
ositions, however,  of  many  witnesses  appended 
to  the  Case  of  the  [Jnited  States  show  not  only 
that  ilead  pups  had  been  observed  on  the  rook- 
eries as  early  as  1885,  but  that  the  numbers  had 
after  that  yea;  annually  increased.*  Mr.  J. 
Stanley-lirown  testifies  that  he  had  already  seen 
and  noted  the  dead  bodies  before  the  Commis- 
sioners arrived  at  the  Islands  in  1891,  and  that 
the  cause  of  death  had  been  fully  discussed  by 
those  on  the  Islands.^ 

The  same  opinion  as  to  the  cause  of  this  mor-  Cause  of  death, 
talitv,  which  "in  no  instance  was  *  *  *  at 
first  voluntarily  advanced  "  (Sec.  83)  to  the  Com- 
missioners, namely,  "  the  killiiif^  of  the  mother  at 
sen  "  (Sec.  83),  existed  for  several  years  before 
the  Britisli  officials  examined  the  Pribilof  rook- 
eries.'' It  is  unfortunate  for  the  position  taken 
by  the  Connnissioners,  to  the  eff"ect  that  the  mor- 
tality was  unusual  and  that  the  cause  assigned 

'  Appomlix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  32,  39,  51, 
71,  etc. 

''  A])peii<1ix  to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  p.  19. 

^Api.eiidix  to   Case  of  United  States,   Vol.  II,  pp.  32,39,51, 
71,  etc. 


WT 


I  ' 


I.  * 


li'  t 


i  1 

i  >  ■  1 

I:  1 

r  i  '1 

1^ 


.'»4(^ 


\W- 


I  I 


in 


88 


PELAGIC    SEALING. 


iioti-   uX   iMui'ch  1 
18'J0. 


Causooideiith.  by  tlioso  Oil  tlio  Islands  a  day  or  two  aftor  tlio 
investigations  by  these  otHcials  was  a  novel  sii<r- 
gestioii,  that,  notwithstaiidiiig  the  "care"  asserted 
by  them  to  have  been  taken  to  complete  their  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  all  documentary  evidence 
obtainable,  "  including"  the  previous  official  cor- 
respcmdence"  (Sec.  8),  they  should  have  over- 
Mr.  Tiinino's looked  a  note  from  Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote,  dated  March  1,  1890  (Parliamentary  Paper 
[C,  6131],  1890,  p.  4-24),  in  which  were  inclosed 
extracts  from  an  ofHcial  report  made  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  in  1<S89,  which  document  is 
so  often  quoted  in  the  ]?ritish  Report.  Among- 
these  extracts  appears  the  following  statement 
made  by  Dr.  H.  H.  McIntyre(i^ifZ.,p.  430): 

"The  marauding"  [pelagic  sealing-]  was  exten- 
sively carried  on  in  1885  and  1886,  and  in  pre- 
vious years,  and  of  course  the  pups  that  would 
have  been  born  from  cows  that  were  killed  in 
188r),  or  that  perished  through  the  loss  of  their 
mothers  during  that  year,  would  have  come  uj)on 
the  islands  in  1888.  *  *  *  I  would  say,  fur- 
ther, that  if  the  cows  are  killed  late  in  the  season, 
say  in  August,  after  the  pups  are  born,  the  latter 
are  left  upon  the  island  deprived  of  the  mother's 
care  and,  of  course,  perish.  The  effect  is  the  same 
whether  the  cows  are  killed  before  or  after  the 
pups  are  dropped.     The  young  perish  in  either 


I 

I 


IN    nKRINO    8EA    AND    NORTH    PACIFIC. 


89 


case"  (ih'id,  i).  480).    At  another  place,  qiiotinji-    Mr.   niaiii<>'s 

,  ""'"'  "1    Miircli  1, 

from   the  testimony  of  Jacob  II.  Moulton,  tlu;  i^iw- 
following- appears :  *'Q.  When  a  female  is  nurs- 
iuo'  licr  yoiiii^  ami    <^oert  out  for   food  and  is 
kilk^l  or  wounded,  that  results  also  in  the  death 
of  her  youny? — A.  Yes,  sir"  (ibid,  p.  432). 

This  explanation  of  the  cause  of  the  death  of,,,[;.;:;!;'f;"^^"J,f;i7J: 
pup-seals  is  not  reconcuized  by  the  Report,  except  ^""''* 
to  contradict  it.  In  place  of  it  four  specliic  anses 
are  advanced,  "to  which  the  mortality  noted  may 
be  attriliuted  with  greatest  probability"  (Sec. 
.Sr)())  :  First,  the  killing  of  the  mothers  by  taking 
them  in  "drives"  from  the  borders  of  the  breed- 
ing grounds;  second,  an  epidemic  disease;  third, 
crushing  of  the  pups  in  stampedes;  and,  fourth, 
raids  on  tlie  rookeries  (Sec.  3.^)0,  a,  b,  c,  d). 

The  first  cause  alleg(Ml,  aamelv,  the  driving  and  ■•  T)rivinpf  and 
killing  of  the  mothers,  is  unsupported  by  any  "'otiiciHdiscu.sstd. 
proof  whatsoever,  and  will  not  account  for  the 
deaths  on  Tolstoi  Rookery,  where  the  greatest 
number  of  bodies  were  seen  by  the  Commission- 
ers (Sec.  350),  l»ecause  no  "drive"  was  had  in 
1S!)1  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  that  rookery.^ 

Tlie  second  cause  alleged,  an  epidemic  disease,    2.  An  epidemic. 
is  n\i've  hypt>thesis,  and  has  already  been  treated 
in  the  Case  of  the  United  States.^ 


I  J.  Stanloy-Hrowii,  post  p.  388;  W.  H.  Williams,  post  p.  399. 
» Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  216. 


ii 


HI 


I 


( i' 


(t  ( I 

'I 

I-  r  ;.   j 

1 
i 


l: 


■i 


l^i 


i 


I 


90 


l'F,LA(iir    SF.AMNO. 


il     1 


Hlfi^ 


1  ■' 


3.  I'lijis cniMiicl      The   third  iiUcucd  ciiiiso,  tlio  orushinff  of  tlio 

II  Htlllll|l('l  1(314, 

pups  ill  stiimpodoHi,  hiisiio  evidence  to  support  it. 
The  only  instiuice  of  even  a  Hupi)()sod  stampede 
on  any  l).'eedin<^  <>'n)inids  is  mentioned  in  tlio 
lleport  in  the  foUowing  words:  "  Durinf^  tlio 
summer  of  181)1  a  panic  was  caused  on  the  Reef 
Rookery  of  St.  Paul  Island  by  the  drifting  over 
it  of  the  smoke  from  a  steamer  which  was  en- 
tering the  anchorage  there"  (Sec.  332).  The 
Commissioners  do  not  specify  the  information 
upon  which  this  statement  is  made,  and  Mr.  J. 
Stanley- Brown  testifies  that  no  one  saw  such  an 
alleged  stampede.^  The  difficulty  and  practical 
impo.ssil}ility  to  cause  a  stiimi)ede  or  create  a 
panic  on  a  breeding  ground  are  clearly  shown  by 
Dr.  II.  II.  Mclntyre,^  Mr.  J.  Staii ley-Brown/  and 
others  conversant  with  seal  life.'  If  a  stampede 
over  did  tako  ]}la(^e  among  the  breeding  seals,  no 
evidence  has  been  advanced  to  prove  it. 

4.  ri)ssiM.>viiis     Tiie  fourth  and  last  cause,  which  is  stated  to  be 
cuaacd.  "within  the  bounds  of  probability"  (Sec.  356, 

p.  C)i),  is  that  the  female  seals  were  killed  by 
raiders,  or  by  a  stampede  resulting  from  a  raid. 
The  Re[)ort  offers  no  evidence  whatever  of  such 

'  I'oat  p.  388. 
«Po8<p.  371. 
»\V.  II.  Williams,  post  p.  398. 


IN    ItERINO    8EA    AND    NORTH    PACIFIC. 


91 


ig"  of  tlio 
npport  it. 
stainj)o(l(i 
fl  ill  tlio 
ii-iiio-  tlio 
the  Roof 
\n'r  over 
wuH  en- 
2).     Tlio 
)n  nation 
a  Mr.  J. 
«uch  an 
iraotical 
3reate  a 
lowii  by 
vn,*aii(l 
junjjodo 
oals,  no 

)d  to  be 
ic.  356, 
Hod  by 
a  raid. 
)f  sucli 


a  siipposod  rairl,  and  oven  allof>'os  that  it  ninst    4.  Possible nidN 

us     II      CUUUU      dlH- 

lm\('  boon  iHikiiown  to  tlio.se  on  the  Islands ^ossuti. 
(Sec.  35;"),  p.  <!4),  and  tlio  further  fact  that  num- 
bers of  dead  pnp-soals  wore  (»])servod  by  the 
CoiMinissienors  on  rookeries  miles  apart  ne- 
cessitates the  assumption  that  there  were  sev- 
eral distinct  raids,  of  which  no  traces  could  bo 
found.  \t  this  time,  also,  when  so  many  dead 
pujjs  wore  found,  the  waters  about  the  rookeries 
were  j)atroll('d  by  American  and  British  war 
.s]iij)s.'  On  what  this  assumed  cause  of  death  is 
based,  it  is,  therefore,  difhcult  to  comprehend. 

All  the  bodies  of  pups  examined  bv  Dr.  '^^'  ^''^  iiodics 
Ackorly  ("A(dand,"  in  the  Report,  Sec.  35"'' 
and  by  Dr.  rJinither  (Sec.  354)  were  witliout 
food  ill  the  stomachs,  and  the  testimony  pre- 
sented in  the  Case  of  the  United  States^  shows 
that  these  bodies  wore  all  very  much  emaciated. 
It  seems  an  extraordinary  circumstance  that  all 
the  \ounji'  seals  destroyed  by  stamj)edes,  epidem- 
ics, or  raids,  if  any  of  these  were  the  cause, 
should  have  been  starvelinsfs. 

The  reports  from  the  Islands  show  an  enor-    ,^'re.at  dccrc.iso 

.  ,,.  "f   'lead   pups   iu 

mous  talhiig-  oft  in  tiie  number  of  dead  pups  on^^"^* 
the  rookeries  u)    18li2  as  compared  with  1891. 
Those  who  visited  the  Islands  in  1892  make  the 


1' 


I 


■  iLi 


':■   I 


1) 

i 


.1  ;Ji 


'  Cliaits  of  cruises,  1891,  Nos.  1,  2,  aud  3. 
'  Case  of  the  United  States,  p.  213. 


II 


I  >■  •  ■  .   !l 


^     I 


V 


L!  ' 


1    ii 


'■!  ' 


I ' 


I  '.  I 


;i 


] 


I 


iiK 


ir 


1      ! 


ji  ^ 

1 

'  j 

\ 

:  '1' 

■ 

!.,!, 


M 


I 


Vl' 


92 


PELAGIC    SEALING. 


18'Ji 


cront  (icorciiscfollowinj^  Statements.     Mr.  Staiiley-Brown,  who 

of   (load    pujjs  ill 

was  ji'-.o  on  the  Lshmds  in  1891,  says:  "Dead 
pups  were  as  conspicuous  by  tlieir  infre- 
quency  in  1892  as  by  their  nunierousness  in 
1891."^  Col.  Joseph  MuiTay,  who  has  been 
Assistant  Treasury  Agent  on  tlie  Pribilof  Islands 
from  1889  to  the  present  time,  states:  "I  went 
over  the  rookeries  carefully  in  1892  looking  for 
dead  pups.  The  largest  number  on  any  rook- 
ery occurred  on  Tolstoi;  but  here,  as  on  the 
rookeries  generally,  but  few  of  them  were  to 
be  seen,  as  comi)ared  with  last  year.  This 
was  the  first  time  in  my  four  seasons'  resi- 
dence on  the  Islands  that  the  number  of  dead 
pups  was  not  greater  than  could  be  accounted 
for  by  natural  causes."^  And  Mr.  A.  W.  Laven- 
der, the  Government  agent  in  charge  of  St. 
George  Island,  made  an  actual  count  of  the 
dead  pups  on  the  rookeries  of  that  Island  August 
29,  1892.  He  found  on  the  five  rookeries  41 
dead  pups,  "all  of  which  were  near  the  water."^ 
Professor  Evermann,  the  expert  naturalist  of  the 
Fish  Commission,  estimates  the  number  of  dead 
pups  on  Polavinu,  Rookery  in  1892  at  less  than 
250,  and  states  that  there  were  more  dead  pups 
here  than  on  all  the  other  rookeries  combined.* 


'  J.  Staiiley-Riown,  post  p.  388. 
»  A.  W.  Liiveuder,  post  p.  263. 


'  Josppli  Murray,  pout  p.  378. 
<  B.  W.  Evermaun,  post  p.  271. 


IN   BERING   SEA    AND   NORTH   PACIFIC. 


93 


I      I 


In  consequence  of  the  zealous  and  efficient  ef-    ^"^^^^<>  ;.''",  *^«; 
forts  of  the  naval  vessels  charged  Avith  the  pro-  P"I*^" 
lection  of  the  seal  herd  and  the  enforcement  of 
the  Modus  Vivendi,  few  sealing  vessels  entered  the 
eastern  lialf  of  Bering  Sea  in  1892,  and  those 
waters    were    practically    free    from    open-sea 
hunters.     If  the  cause  of  the  mortality  of  1891 
among  the  pups  was  any  of  those  advanced  by 
the  Report,  it  is  a  remarkable  and,  for  the  opin- 
ion of  the  Commissioners,  an   unfortunate  cir- 
cumstance that  with  the  decrease  of  sealing  in 
Bering  Sea  dead  pup-seals  have  decreased  like- 
wise.    On  the  other  liand,  the  increase  of  sealiii^'.J;l*^''^"''!'''p,, '"?.''' 
in  Asiatic  waters  about  the  Commander  Islands'^""  """**' 
has  been  followed  by  a  large  increase  of  deaths 
among  young  seals  on  the  Russian  rookeries.^ 

The  destructivcness  of  the  Beiing  Sea  catch,    Comparative 

1        •!       ii«         1        XT        iT^.,^        .    sizes   of  IJerini' 

as  compared  witii  tliat  m  the  North  Pacific,  isSea  and  rauino 
further  shown  by  the  relative  sizes  of  such 
catches.  A  compilation  made  from  the  state- 
ments of  yearly  catches  of  the  Victoria  sealing 
fleet,  attaclied  ^o  the  Report  of  the  British  Com- 
missioners (pp.  205-212),  shows  that  the  average 
catch  per  vessel  for  three  years  (1889-1891) 
along  the  Northwest  Coast  was  587,  while  the 
Bering  Sea  catch  for  the  same  period  of  time  was 
783.^     It  is  impossible  to  compute  accurately  the 

'John  Malowaiiski,  po:'t  p.  374;  N.  A.  Grehnitski,  post  p.  366. 
'Tables  coiupilfd  from  Comuiissiouers'  tables,  post  p. 411. 


i    «l 


Ml 


1 1 


i   \a 


;:   i 


':! 


I  il. 


m  i 


M 


i 


I 


!i, 


94 


PELAGIC    SEATING. 


Compnrativoratio  between  tlie  North  Pacific  and  Benno-  Sea 

sizes    of    15  or  ill"; 

t^iii   iinii  I'aciiic e-itches  foi'  a  lonj^er  period,  as  prior  to  1889  tlie 
Bering  Sea  catch  included  a  portion  of  the  catch 
in  the  North  Pacific  (p.  211,  note). 
Soiiiins   sfinson     Tlie    Report,    in   treating  of  pelagic    sealing 

111  |{(M  iiiij;  Sea  iliiil  ^  '  o  1  O  rt 

Pacitic  couiitare(i..^|^jj^g  ^j^g  coast,  states  that  the  season  extends 
from  February  to  June,  inclusive,  and  tliat  in  Ber- 
ing Sea  it  includes  July  and  August  (Sees.  1 32, 
212,  308,  r)82).  It  can  be  assumed,  therefore, 
from  the  statements  in  the  Report,  that  tlie  coast 
catch  occupies  four  and  one-half  months  in  taking 
and  the  Bering  Sea  catch  but  two  months.  On 
the  authority  of  these  statements  above  noted  a 
table  has  been  compiled,  which  shows  the  aver- 
Avoinn:p    daily  .m'e  dailv  catcli  per  vessel  for  three  years  (1889- 

CMt.h     ill     Uciiii;;     o  ^  t  J  \ 

Si-a  iiii.i  I'aciiii  l,^9l^  along  the  coast  to  have  been  4.3  and  in 

foiupaiod.  '  ^ 

Bering  Sea  13.^  This  includes  1891,  wlien  the 
enforcement  of  the  Alodm  Vivendi  seriously  cur- 
tailed tlie  season  in  Bering  Sea.  The  United 
States,  therefore,  contend  that  pelagic  sealing  in 
Bering  Sea  is  at  least  three  times  as  destructive 
to  seal  life  as  that  along  the  Northwest  Coast. 

5.  That  the  tvaste  of  life  resuUin<i  from  pelagic  scal- 
ing is  insignificant. 

This   third   proposition    is    advanced  in  the 
Report  in  dcifense  of  the  method  employed  in 

>  Table  compiled  I'lum  Coimuiyiiiouuts'  tables,  ^unt  p.  411. 


A  4      ! 


RESULTING   WASTE    OF    LIFE. 


1)5 


takinj?  seals  in  the  open  sea;  and  the  Comniis-    wastooiiifcin- 

"  ....  signiticant. 

siouers,  in  order  to  estabUsh  th  ?ir  position,  col- 
lect and  quote  the  statements  of  a  number  of 
persons  who  disagree  with  the  proposition  which 
the  Report  endeavors  to  substantiate  (Sees.  613, 
G14).  lliese  statements  are  all  characterized  as 
being  made  by  persons  "presumably  interested 
ill,  or  engaged  in  protecting  the  breeding  islands, 
Imi  without  personal  experience  in  the  matter" 

Tho  evidence 

(See.  615).  I  he  Report  then  proceeds  to  array  advunceii  iu  the 
against  those  opinions  a  number  of  statements 
"for  the  most  part  made  by  persons  directly 
interested  in  pelagic  sealing,"  but  which,  it  is  al- 
leged, "must  be  considered  as  of  a  much  higher 
order  of  accuracy"  (Sec.  616)  than  the  former 
statements.  These  interested  parties  thus  quoted 
in  the  Report  (Sees.  616-621)  state  that  the  soais'^Tast' by  la- 
Indians  lose  of  the  seals  killed  by  them  "very 
few"  (Sec    618),   "at  most,  a  few"  (Sec.  619), 

and  "one  per  ceiit."  (Sees.  617,  621);  the  white  PorrentaKe  lost 
hunters,  on  the  other  hand,  are  credited  with  losing 
from  3  to  6  per  cent  (Sees.  616-621).  The 
Commissioners  then  present  a  number  of  state- 
ments (Sees.  623-626)  collected  from  inexpe- 
rienced individuals,  which  are  open  to  the  same 
criticisms  as  the  adverse  statements  first  quoted 
iu  tho  Report. 


of 


diuus. 


by  white  huuteis. 


!'( 


96 


PELAGIC    SEALING. 


Talmlatrdstato- 
iiifiits  of  white 
huntura. 


f 

!  I- 


i 


) 


'  '.iS 


inconsistciKU'sloss  as  8  pel*  cGut  (Sgc.   627) 

of  atuttiiueuts. 


An  endeavor  is  then  made  "  to  elucidate  tlio 
question"  under  consideration  by  tabulatiuj^  a 
number  of  statements  made  by  white  hunters 
and  Indians,  some  of  whicli  are  supported  by 
their  de})Osition8  and  others  not.  "The  results 
of  this  method  of  treatment "  show  that  the  white 
hunters  affirm  that  they  lose  but  4  per  cent  of 
the  seals  they  kill,  while  the  Indians  ^\\g  their 

The  table  en- 
titled "White  Hunters"  (p.  107)  is  averajred, 
while  the  table  entitled  "Indian  Hunters"  (p.  108) 
is  not,  for  the  obvious  reason  that  these  Indians 
(Sec.  627)  appear  to  have  lost  twice  as  many 
seals  as  the  whites,  which  is  in  direct  contradic- 
tion of  the  statements  quoted  in  the  Report, 
where  the  witnesses  speak  of  both  classes  of 
hunters  (Sees.  6J6-621).  If  the  Indian  state- 
ments are  to  be  act  opted  tliat  8  out  of  100  seals 
killed  by  them  are  lost,  and  also  the  statements 
of  Captains  Warren,  Petit,  and  others  (Sees. 
616-621)  that  the  white  hunters  lost  five  times 
as  many  as  Indian  hunters,  then  the  former  are 
admitted  to  lose  at  least  40  per  cent  of  the  seals 
they  kill.  It  is  difficult  to  harmonize  this  con- 
clusion with  the  table  entitled  "White  Hunters" 
(p.  107),  and  the  evidence  thus  presented  is  so 
contradictory  that  it  is  liard  to  see  how  any  con- 
clusions could  have  been  reached  by  the  Com- 
missioners. 


•<] 


RESULTING    WASTE    OF    LIFE. 


a? 


Tlie  table  entitletl   "White  Ilimterss "  is  made     Son r cos  of 

"Wliito  iluntci-B' 

u})  fVoin  the  statements  of  sixteen  witnesses ;  t'li^io- 
five  of  these  (Nos.  1,  7,  20,  26,  and  27,  p.  107) 
state  specifically  that  the  loss  of  seals  they  refer 
to  are  seals  lost  by  sinkin/j;  six  others,  examined 
at  the  same  time  as  the  former  witnesses,  do  not 
state  what  they  mean  by  "  seals  lost,"  but  it  is 
to  be  presumed  their  meaning  is  the  same;  the 
statements  of  three  others  whose  evidence  "  was 
personally  obtained"  can  not  be  examined  ou 
this  point,  as  such  statements  have  not  been 
published ;  Abel  Doug-lass's  ratio  of  loss  is  given 
in  the  table  without  reference  to  where  it  was 
obtiiined,  so  that  what  he  means  by  "  seals  lost" 
is  impossible  to  determine ;  the  one  remaining 
hunter  used  in  the  compilation  of  the  table 
(William  Fewiiig)  is  the  only  one  who  definitely, 
or  impliedly,  states  that  "seals  lost"  refers  to 
those  escaping-  as  well  as  to  those  that  sink,  and 
tliis  is  particularly  noted  in  the  table  under 
•  Remarks." 
It  can  be  fairly  assumed,  therefore,  that  this    Tabic  only  Rives 

seals  lost  by  siuk- 

table  only  represents  the  seals  lost  by  sinking-,  i"S« 
The  whole  question,  so  imjiortant  to  this  contro- 
versy, as  to  how  many  seals  are  lost  by  wound- 
ing is  summed  u])  in  tho  vague  admission,  that 
"a  cenain  proportion  of  the  seals  shot  of  course 

escape"  (Sec.  628),  and  is  dismissed  by  calculat- 
123G4 7 


1. 


I  I: 


i.- 


is 


'1 1 


1:] 


i.l 


I 


li 


'! 
.;  1 


^1 

i 


1  f  1 

\ 

I     i    '    'l 

i  1  . 

'<         i' 

; 

f.s 

■  U 

1   (1 

\' 

I 


n  I 

I  If] 


&8 


PELAGIC   SEALING. 


Senls    lost    by 
wouuding. 


TiiMooniy gives ino-  the   iiuiiiber  of  encysted  bullets  found  in 

sealH  lost  by  siuk- 

iug'  male  seals  killed  on  the  Islands  in  1890,  showing 

an  average  of  one  bullet  to  280  seals  killed 
(Sec.  628).  The  notion  that  the  carcass  of  every 
seal  killed  on  the  Islands  is  searched  for  enoysted 
bullets  is  sufficiently  absurd,  but  it  seems  to  be 
assumed  in  the  reasoning  of  the  Commissioners. 
The  necessarily  large  percentage  of  seals  which 
lose  their  lives  by  wounding  is  shown  by  Mr. 
Townsend  in  his  account  of  his  experience  as  a 
pelagic  hunter.^  Restates  that  "man^  times  the 
animal  is  wounded  sufficiently  to  get  out  of  reach 
of  the  hunter  before  it  dies;"^  and,  again,  "it  is 
from  the  instantly  killed  the  seals  are  secured; 
the  wounded  animal  uses  its  death  struggle  to 
get  out  of  reach."  ^  It  is  evident  how  much  this 
class  of  "seals  lost"  must  outnumber  those  which, 
killed  oatriglit,  sink  before  they  can  be  secured;^ 
and  yet  the  Commissioners  have,  presumably 
through  oversight,  ignored  this  important  factor 
of  waste  of  life  and  have  dealt  solely  with  the 
seals  which  pelagic  hunters  lose  by  the  sinking 
of  the  carcass. 


>  Fott  p.  395. 

•  8ee  also  reports  of  Capt.  G.  L.  Hooper,  post  pp.  208-219. 


■t   . 

1 

u. 


RESULTING    WASTE    OF    LIP'E.  wS* 

The  UaittMl  States,  having  reviewc'd  these  three    Tho  i)aH.!H  for 

till-  !l|M»l(»gJ'   illHUf- 

j)r(t))ositioiis  set  fortli  in  tlie  Rei)ort,  namely,  (l)iiticnt. 
that  the  percentage  of  feniale  seals  in  the  pe- 
la<iit'.  catch  is  not  large,  (2)  that  pelagic  sealing 
in  Bering  Sea  is  not  as  (h.'structive  to  seal  life  as 
ill  the  North  Pacific,  and  (3)  that  the  waste  of  life 
resulting  from  pelagic  sealing  is  insignificant, 
deii}'  that  any  one  of  these  gronnds  for  the  Com- 
missioners' apology  have  been,  or  can  be,  estab- 
lished. 


!  J 


m 

'.hi\ 


rJ- 


I  !  ■ 


li 


i'  f 


1 1 


!'('.( 


:  J  f 


).)  •  >'^ 


':f 


SECOND. 

MATTERS  UPON  WHICH  THE  REPORT  RELIES  TO 
ESTABLISH  CONCLUSIONS  ADVANCED  THEREIN 
AND  TO  FORMULATE  THE  REGULATIONS  RECOM- 
MENDED, WHICH  MATTERS  HAVE  NOT  BEEN 
DEALT  WITH  IN  THE  CASE  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 

HABITS  OF  THE  FUR-SEALS. 

1.  That  the  Alaskan  seal  herd  has  a  defined  winter 

habitat. 

The  Commissioners  have  advanced  a  most  ex- 

traordiuaiy  theory  as  to  the  life  history  of  the 

Alaskan  seal  herd.     It  is  presented  in  the  follovv- 

Tho  "w  in  tor  iiiff  words:  "The  fui'-seal  of  the  North  Pacific  may 

habitat"  tlicoiy.        ®  ^       _  _       _  "^ 

thus  be  said,  in  each  case  [referring'  also  to  the 
Commander  herd],  to  have  two  habitats  or  homes 
between  which  it  migrates,  both  equally  necessary 
to  its  existence  under  present  circumstances,  the 
one  frequented  in  summer,  the  other  during  the 
winter"  (Sec.  28).  Again,  the  Report  states  that 
the  portion  of  sea  lying  ofi"  the  West  Coast,  be- 
tween the  56th  and  46th  parallels  of  north  lati- 
tude, which  limits  include  the  whole  length  of 
the  British  Columbian  coast,  "is  the  winter  habi- 
tat of  the  fur-seal  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  North 
Pacific"  (Sec.  192,  p.  31),  and  that  Bering  Sea 
may  be  named  "their  summer  habitaV^  (Sec.  192, 
p.  31). 

100 


WINTER    HABITAT    THEORY. 


101 


This  theoretical  proposition  of  an  animal  pos-     Objert  of  pro- 

^  poHiugtliis 

sessing  two  homes  is  contrary  to  what  has  been  tbcory. 
observed  in  respect  to  the  habits  of  animals  in 
general,  and  is  advanced  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
establishing  a  property  interest  in  the  Alaskan 
seal  herd,  resulting  from  the  alleged  presence 
of  seals  for  several  months  in  the  waters  con- 
tiguous to  Vancouver  Island.  This  object  is 
sliowii  from  the  following  statement  in  the  Report: 
"This  independent  native  hiuiting  [by  the 
Indians  of  British  Columbia]  is  undoubtedly  a 
primitive  vested  interest  of  the  coast  tribes, 
and  its  character  in  this  respect  is  strengthened 
by  the  fact,  now  made  clear,  that  the  winter  home 
of  the  fur-seal  lies  along,  and  is  adjacent  to,  the 
part  of  the  coast  wliich  these  seal-hunting  tribes 
inlmbit"  (Sec.  113). 

An  examination  of  the  evidence  (if  statements    Tiiohniisdonot 

rosort  tolho  "win- 

made  by  the  Commissioners  without  giving  the '*'"'*"''*''''•" 
names  of  their  informants  can  be  so  called)  on 
whicli  this  remarkable  proposition  is  advanced 
shows  an  important  fact,  which  seems  to  have 
been  entirely  overlooked  by  the  Commissioners. 
It  is,  that  "the  full-grown  males,  known  as 
'beachmasters'  or  'seaeatchie,'  have  seldom  or 
never  been  reported  to  the  south  of  the  50th 
parallel "  (Sec.  193).  It  is  evident  that  the  Com- 
missioners never  heard  of  a  bull  seal  below  that 


il"' 


I; 


'i!  ': 


1  ! 


H 


:  I' 

iljj 


I    I 


i     I 


I  I        :' 


.'•II 


I- 


I     , 


i:^^ 


\    y 


'm  -i 


'.!  •  I 


lOfJ 


IIARITS    OF    THE    FUR-SEALS. 


TiiebniiHdo  not  parallel,  nor  do  they  anywhere  state  that  they 

rcHo  I  I.  tho"a'ui-  J         ^  ./ 

ter  hubiiat."  ever  heard  of  a  full-ijrrowu  male  heluw  the  oGth 
parallel,  the  assniued  northern  limit  of  the  winter 
habitat  (Sec.  11)2,  p.  31)  which  they  have  created, 
aud  Capt.  Hooper  particularly  states  that  bulls 
are  seldom  seen  below  Baranotl'  island,  the  lower 
cxtrenn'ty  of  which  is  above  the  said  parallel.^ 
This  southern  "home"  is,  therefore,  according-  to 
the  Report,  resorted  to  by  but  a  i)ortion  of  the 
seal  herd;  an<l  that  essential  part  of  all  animal  life, 
the  virile  male,  has,  as  is  practically  admitted, 
no  home  but  the  Pribilof  Islands.  The  new  and 
peculiar  habitat  alleged  by  the  Connnissioners 
is,  therefore,  only  the  winter  resort  of  adult  fe- 
males and  the  young  of  both  sexes,  the  remainder 
of  the  herd  bein<^  coulined  to  one  home,  the 
Pribilof  Islands. 
Tho  (lata  iiisuf-     It  is,  however,  denied  by  the  United  States 

liciciit    to    ostiib-  '' 

that  the  seals,  during-  any  portion  of  their  mig-ra- 
tion,  can  be  said  to  remain  within  any  limits, 
such  as  are  assumed  in  the  Report,  or  that  suf- 
ficient data  have  been  produced,  of  any  sort  what- 
soever, to  warrant  the  construction  of  Chart  II 
(facing-  p.  150),  es[)ecially  the  area  to  the  right 
of  such  chart  marked  in  a  blue  color,  which  is 
stated  to  represent  the  "winter  habitat"  of  tlie 
fur-seal. 

'Api)eiitlix  to  Case  of  the  Uuited  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  s504. 


ILsU. 


K' 


WINTER   HABITAT   THEORY. 


103 


Cant,  Kolloy,  ono  of  the  witnesses  whose  testi-    Testimony  in  op- 

^  •'  potiitioa. 

niony  is  submitted  witli  the  Report  (p.  219),  states 
that  he  lias  scaled  south  of  Cape  Flattery  "and 
has  followed  the  seals  all  aloii<,^  the  coasts  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  to  I3erin<,^  Sea"  (p.  219,  Question  3). 
Capt.  Petit  also  makes  the  same  statement  (p. 
220,  Question  5).  It  is  evident  from  these  state- 
ments that  sealing  below  the  area  termed  "winter 
hal)itat"  in  the  Ilei)ort  was  a  matter  of  common 
occurrence,  and  not  unusual,  as  would  be  inferred 
from  the  chart  heretofore  referred  to.  This  is 
also  supported  by  the  statement  of  every  witness 
whose  deposition  is  submitted  with  the  Report 
and  who  was  questioned  on  this  point  (pp.  231, 
237). 

A  quantity  of  testimony  may  also  be  found  in 
tlu^  Case  of  the  United  States  proving  that  sealing 
begins  off  the  Californian  coast.^  The  Commis- 
sioners state  that  "it  would  appear  no  large 
catches  have  been  recorded  south  of  the  Columbia 
Rivoi-,  and  much  of  what  has  been  classed  in  the 
returns  as  'south  coast  catch'  has  been  obtained 
off  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Fuca"  (Sec. 
190).  This  statement  is  entirely  unsupported  by- 
evidence  of  any  sort,  and  seems  to  have  been  ad- 
vanced for  the  sole  purpose  of  establishing  the 
"  winter  habitat"  theory.     It  may  also  be  noted  in 

I  Appendix  to  Case  of  tbe  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  330,  331, 
344,  34G,  etc. 


ft 


. ' 


\\\ 


,;:!<• 


;'i 


i 


I 


I  < 


.|, 


'  Mt  -I 

I 


-I 


104 


HAHITS   OF    TlIK    ITK-SKALS. 


1    \ 


I!  *' 


8<iil8  followed  tins  c(Hinocti(Hi  tliiit  botli  C;\\i\.  Kcllt^y  and  Cupt. 

Illlllljl       VllllCOllVlT 

i«ii*ud-  I'etit,   iibovo    MioutioiK'd,   siato    that    they   liavo 

followed  tlH3  seals  "aloii<,^"  the  coast  of  Hritlsh 
Columbia,  which  is  evidence  of  the  fact  that  the 
seal  herd  was  nioviii<^- northward  when  hunted  off 
Vancouver  Island. 
Ronis  HPMttcrid      The  distribution  of  the  Alaskan  seal  herd  is 

(lining      \v  inter 

""•"'''«•  much  more  scattered  during  the  winter  months 

than  is  implied  by  tlu*  Ue[)ort,  and  the  ranj^e  of 
portions  of  the  herd  is  much  farther  south  and 
west  than  appears  on  the  Commissioners'  chart 
of  mi<>ration.  Capt.  Hooper,  U.  M.,  who  ex- 
tended his  observations  of  18t)2  in  IJering-  Sea 
into  tSeptember  and  continued  his  investigation 
of  seal  life  and  the  migration  of  the  herd  until 
some  time  in  November,  states:  "Those  that 
leave  [the  Pribilof  Islands]  earliest  go  farthest 
south,  arriving  on  the  coast  of  California,  and 
those  leaving  later  reach  the  coast  further  up. 
*  *  *  They  appear  at  about  the  same  time 
off  a  long  line  of  coast,  reaching  from  California 
to  Washington.  When  they  are  so  found  they 
are  known  always  to  be  moving  northward  up 
the  coast."  ^  This  is  also  more  fully  treated  in 
his  report  of  November  21,  1892.^ 

Capt.  Walter  H.  Ferguson,  who  has  followed 

'C.  L.  Hooper,  poaf  p.  370. 

»Ee]tort  of  Capt.  Hooper,  November  21,  1892,  post  p.  228. 


WINTKIl    HAIUTAT    TIIKORY. 


105 


the  Hoa  as  a  prot'ussioii  tor  twoiity  yoai'H,  and    ^>'nu  f<>nii<i  in 

'  -^     •'  '  lilt.    10     N.    iiud 

wlio  miul(i  a  careful  iuvesti;,^ati(m  for  six  years  1"''K' i^a*^  w. 
<»f  the  uiiit(*r  njsorts  of  tlie  Alaskan  seals  for  the 
purpose  of  huiitiuf^'tlieui  durinj^-that  season,  says: 
"Ail  reports  tend  to  show  there  must  bo  an  im- 
mense feeding-  {ground  between  latitude  40'^  and 
42°  north  luid  extending;'  fro;ii  loiii^itude  172° 
west  to  \iif)°  west.  *  *  *  The  reports  of 
these  vessels  all  show  for  the  months  of  Novem- 
ber, December  and  .lanuary,  lar^e  bodies  of  fur- 
seal  in  this  locality."*  In  a  volume  entitled 
"List  of  K(![)orted  Danj^c^rs  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,"  compiled  by  the  United  States  Hydro- 
graphic  Office  and  published  in  1871,  mention 
is  made  of  an  area  about  40°  north  latitude  and 
IfA)^  to  151°  west  longitude  where  the  sea 
swarmed  with  seals.^  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that  the  limited  range  of  the  fur-seal  during  ita 
migration,  as  depicted  by  the  Connnissioners,  is 
'^•Toneous. 

From  the  further  data  collected  and  mentioned    ^<*^^  miRration 

I'liiirt   itriiHi-ii  tud 

above   a   new   migration  chart   has   been   con-^yjjj'  t^wuutor 
structed,  correcting  and  modifying  the  one  sub- 
mitted with  the  Case  of  the  United  States.     The 
attention  of  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  is  here- 
with directed  to  this  chart,  which  the  United 

'  Walter  II.  Ferguson,  j>o«t  p.  302. 
«Po«<  p.  288.» 


Cuuo. 


I' 


.'J 


'i  '  l' 


li  \ 


r: 


U^4 


jmIi 


E  i 


.1   ) 


I      H. 


H 


/!( 


I! 


106 


HABITS    OF    THE    FUR-SEALS. 


Now  iniKriitioii  Btiitos  iiisist  IS  iTiore  accurate  and  based  on  fuller 

clmrt  presented 

witii    couuterdata  than  the  chart  contahied  in  the  Report.^ 

Case.  '■ 

2.  That  tlio  Alaskan  seal  herd  has  changed  its  habits 
as  a  result  of  disturbance  on  the  breeding  islands 
and  of  pelagic  sealing. 

increasofi  po-     (a)  The  first  assertion  advanced  by  the  Report 

labile  Uiitiiic  ill-  1.1  !   •       1  1  1       ^  1 

leged.  under  tins  head  i-s  that  the  seals,  tor  the  reasons 

above  stated,  have  become  more  pelagic  in  their 
nature  (Sees.  44,  85,  86). 

Tliis  assumption  is  resorted  to,  as  it  appears, 
to  show  that  land  is  not  a  necessity  to  the  fur- 
seal  and  in  order  to  Iiarmonize  the  sworn  state- 
ments of  the  pelagic  sealers  appended  to  the 
Report,  that  at  sea  the  seals  have  not  decreased, 
with  the  acknowledged  decrease  on  the  Islands. 
To  support  this  proposition  the  evidence  of  these 
interested  sealers  is  advanced  to  show  that  there 
has  been  no  decrease  at  sea  similar  to  the  de- 
crease on  the  Islands,  but  rather  a  possible 
increase  (Sees.  87,  89,  94,  402).  At  the  same 
time  it  is  asserted  (Sec.  281)  that  no  "  stagey" 
"Stagey"  seals  seals  are  taken  at  sea,  that  the  "stagey"  period 

taken  at  sea. 

on  the  rookeries  lasts  about  six  weeks,  and  that 
this  period  of  hair  shedding  is  caused  by  pro- 
longed resort  to  land.     All  seals  must  at  some 

'  Cliavt  of  iiii<j;rati()ii,  Portfolio  of  maps  aud  charts,  appeuded 
to  the  Couuter  Case  of  tlie  Uuitud  Stutes. 


4  \M\ 


ALLEGED    CHANGES. 


107 


period  each  year  shed  their  hair,  and  it  is  a  fact    "Rtasry"  seals 

taken  at  sea. 

that  many  ^iken  in  the  water  are  "stagey,"^  the 
cause  alle;^ed  by  the  Report  being  undoubtedly 
the  true  one.  A  seal  must,  therefore,  of  necessity 
be  on  the  Islands  each  year  at  some  period,  and 
it  is  insisted  by  the  United  States  that  observa- 
tions on  the  rookeries  and  iiaulinjf  grounds  are 
the  only  criterion  ot  the  numerical  condition  of 
the  seal  herd. 

The  Commissioners  also  present  a  table  giving    Taiiio  of  average 

catcli  |)oi-  buataud 

the  average  catch  per  man  and  per  boat  to  sho w  i>«i" '"^iii' 

that  thu  number  taken  respectively  from  year  to 

year  has  not  materially  changed,  notwithstanding 

the  contiiuial  decrease  (Sec.  409,  p.  74).     Thia 

compilation  begins  with  1887  and  includes  1891. 

The  years  1885  and  188G  are  not  used,  for  a 

reason  which  becomes  obvious  when  the  statistics .,  ^^''^.  avcraRos 

tor  ISSo  and  1«86 

in  the  Itoi)ort  are  examined,  namely,  the  average""''  "'*'^^* 

per  man  in  1885  was  127  seals,  or  68  more  than 

in  any  year  given  in  the  table,  and  in  1886,  77 

seals,  or  18  more  than  the  highest  number  in  any 

following  year.     In  the  year  1886  the  average 

per  boat  was  241,  or  nearly  one-third  more  than    Such   ave.agea 

,,  iv      2      T,  ,11  ,    "f  "'^  value. 

in  any  year  thereafter.^    It  must  also  be  recol- 


'  Cliarli's  Hciilow.  poul  p.  '{57;  C.  W,  Prciss.  jnisf  p.  381;  Walter 
E.  Matin,  i)i)nl  p.  37(;;  see,  also,  title-i)a^'o  of  London  catalojjue  of 
salos,  poHt  ]).  412. 

^TheHo  aver,  ijcs  am  taken  iVoni  the  tables  of  catches  trans- 
mitted with  tiie  Report,  pp.  20i),  210. 


t 


'  ('  i* . 


;;|| 


ii  I, 


I'        i    ' 


1:1' 


I'' 


108 


HA15ITS    OF    THE    FUR-SI:ALS. 


sncii    a\ora-,'(>Hlo('te(l  ill  coiisicleriii<»'  this  question  that  the  seal- 

ol'  uo  value. 

lug  cnj)t!\ins  have  each  year  become  more  and 
more  familiar  with  the  migration  route  of  the 
seals  in  the  North  Pacific  and  their  feeding 
grounds  in  Bering  Sea,  which  naturally  tends  to 
increase  annually  the  catches  in  these  localities ; 
and  it  is,  therefore,  only  by  the  comparison  of 
the  catches  taken  in  the  older  hunting  areas,  with 
which  pelagic  sealers  have  been  familiar  for 
twelve  or  fifteen  years,  that  any  evidence  of  value 
can  be  obtained. 
AyeraRo  per     For  this  purpose  a  table  has  been  prepared 

boiil  ill   "sjir  iiiK  ,  .      .  .    . 

fiiub,"  i»8ii-i8!>i.  from  the  Commissioners'  tables,  giving  the  aver- 
age per  boat  for  the  "  spring  catch,"  which  is 
obtained  in  and  about  the  alleged  "  winter 
habitat"  of  the  fur-seal.  As  there  is  onl}-  one 
hunter  to  a  boat,  the  average  per  man  is  of  no 
value.  This  table  shows  an  average  of  118 
seals  per  boat  in  1886,  and  a  constant  decrease 
each  following  3'^ear  until  in  1891  it  was  but  15.^.^ 
The  United  States  deny,  therefore,  in  view  of 
evidence  already  presented  in  their  Case^  and  the 
facts  abovo  stated,  that  the  seals  have  not  de- 
creased at  sea  in  a  like  ratio  to  that  observed  on 
the  Islands. 

'  Table  of  average  catch  per  vessel  and  per  boat,  post  p.  411. 
«  Caao  of  the  Uaited  States,  p.  169. 


^f- 


rm 


..^S^iiii^i 


ALLEGED   CHANGES. 


109 


The  Commissioners  also  assert  that  the  seals    indopendont 

p<iliif;ic  herds 

foiiud  In  Bering  Sea  are  not  seals  which  have'^ii^s^'i' 
temporarily  left  the  rookeries  to  feed,  but  are 
practically  independent  pelagic  herds  (Sec.  219). 
The  only  evidence  referred  to  for  this  is  some 
allejjfed  observations  of  the  direction  of  the  wind 
and  the  locality  where  seals  are  found,  together 
with  the  assertion  that  the  locality  must  bo 
affected  by  the  weather;  but  these  observations 
are  not  given,  and,  even  if  true,  are  quite  too 
slender  to  furnish  a  foundation  for  any  conclu- 
sion.^ 

This  suggestion  of  increased  pelagic  nature  is    inoreasod  pe- 

liioiciiiituioauaa- 

based  on  mere  assumption,  tor  which  no  proot,  sumption, 
reliable  or  otherwise,  is  advanced  by  the  Com- 
missioners, and  the  United  States  insist  that  itia 
unworthy  of  serious  consideration  in  this  contro- 
versy. 

(h)  That  the  location  of  the  breeding  rook- 
eries is  dependent  solely  upon  the  fact  that  the 
seals  while  there  are  not  disturbed  by  man. 

This  assertion  (Sees.  523,  524),  implying  also    Change  of  rook- 
the  possibility  of  a  change  of  rookeries  when  the  hearsay, 
seals  are  harassed,  is  partly  founded  on  Indian 
legends  and  statements  by  J.  W.  Mackay  and 
J.  G.  Swan,  based  on  hearsay  (Sees.  447,  448, 449), 
that  rookeries   formerly  existed  on  the   North- 


•i!" 


it 


1 


1 


C.  L.  Hooper,  post  p.  370. 


IT 
I 

m 


110 


HABITS    OF   THE    FUR-SEALS. 


I     'i 
I 


,1 


l 


\  ^\ . 


I'.     ; 


chiiiigp  of  rook- ^gj^t^  Coast,  uiid  tliev  are  suminarizccl  hi  tlie  sec- 
hoaisay.  tious  refeiTOfl  to;  but  such  fstatoinoiits  the  Coiii- 

missioners  have  failed  to  authenticate.  By  way 
of  furtlier  })roof  of  the  same  assertion  tlie  Report 
presents  the  alU'j^'iition  tliat  new  breeding- rookeries 
had  been  at  times  noted  on  the  Kamchatka  coast 
(Sees.  .518,  519),  which,  however,  were  not  visited 

Now  Asiatic  by  the  British  ofHcials.     Mr.  Malowanski,  who  is 

rookeries.  "^ 

the  agent  of  the  Russian  Sealskin  Company,  was 
induced  by  the  "  various  <^ood  autliorities  on  the 
Commander  Islands,"  on  whom  the  Commis- 
sioners rely  for  tliis  statement  (Sec.  518),  to  visit 
a  reputed  fur-seal  rookery  on  the  Kamchatka 
coast,  and  found  the  reported  fur-seals  were  sea- 
lions.^  If  all  the  inci})ient  breeding  rookeries 
alleged  to  exist  on  the  Asiatic  coast  were  exam- 
ined, doubtless  they  would  ))e  found  to  be  similar 
to  the  one  above  noted.  Mr.  Grebnitzki,  already 
referred  to,  states  tliat  he  deems  it  to  be  wholly 
improbable  that  the  Commander  herd  visits  any 
land  other  than  the  Commander  Islands.^ 
One  iiomoof     The  United  States  deny  that  the  Alaskan  seals 

Alaaliau  seallierd. 

have  any  other  home  than  the  Pribilof  Islands, 
or  that,  even  if  constantly  disturbed  by  man  while 
on  the  rookeries,  they  would  seek  a  new  habi- 
tation.    In  this  connection,  the  attention  of  the 

'  Jehu  Malowanski,  post  p.  376. 
«N.  A.  Grebnitzki,  post  p.  363. 


«.' 


"  '  ll'r. 


J-'u<i 


ALLEGED   CHANGES. 


Ill 


Arbitrators  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  Pribilof  .^^]^;;;;!;ij;f  J.;;';"!"^];; 

Islands  have  been  inhabited  by  man  for  a  cen-  y"'''"^- 

tury,  and  the  seals  have  not  deserted  their  home 

though  slaughtered  indiscriminately  in  the  early 

years  of  the  Russian  occupation;  and  to  the  fur-    siaiighter  on 

ther  fact  that  in  1851 -'53  the  rookeries  of  Robben  is5i-'53. 

Island  were  cleared  of  fur-seals  (Sec.  510),  but 

the  few  that  escaped  returned  to  the  rookeries 

in  the  years  following  (Sees.  510,  511). 

The  Commissioners  have  endeavored  to  estab-    i'>r"r  "n  state- 

luont  relied  on  by 

lish  their  position  as  to  the  change  of  habits  of  the  i^'^i'"^'''' 
seal  herd,  through  the  undue  disturbance  of  the 
rookeries,  by  citing  the  fact  that  Capt.  Bryant 
referred  to  the  abundance  of  fur-seals  along  the 
coasts  of  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Co- 
lumbia in  1869  (Sec.  ,422);  and  they  seek  to 
create  the  impression  thereby  that  this  was  directly 
the  result  of  the  great  numbers  killed  in  1868  on 
the  Pribilof  Islands.  The  Commissioners,  through 
no  error  of  their  own,  have  been  led  into  making 
this  incorrect  statement.  The  "Monograph  of 
North  American  Pinnipeds,"  quoted  by  tliem,  so 
states ;  but  Dr.  J.  A,  Allen,  the  author  of  the  work, 
says  that  the  year  was  1870,  instead  of  1869,  as 
erroneously  printed.^  The  statement  as  to  the 
abundance  of  seals  off  the  Oregon  coast  was 
first  published  by  Dr.  Allen  in  the  "Bulletin  of 

'  Letter  of  Dr.  Allen,  po»t  p.  413. 


•r 

ill 


i 


M 


n 


■  r 


?<i 


jl 


"> 


■'i    ,' 


!M  lU 


;  ;i 


;*;  1 


I  ; 


1   ' 

r  1^  '! 


,1 

'I 


I  i  1 


112 


MANAGEMENT. 


Error  in  stnto- ^lie  Miiseum  of  Comparative  Zoology",  paffe  88, 

incut  relied  on  by  ^  o  J     '  I     o  ' 

lieport.  Avliereiii  he  quotes  from  a  letter  received  by  liim 

from  Capt  Bryant,  "  under  date  of  June  14, 
1870,"  as  follows:  "The  present  year  unusually 
large  niunbers  have  been  seen  off  the  coasts 
of  Oregon,  Washington  Territory,  and  British 
Columbia.  *  *  *  They  were  mostly  of 
very  young'  seals,  none  ap})earing-  to  be  over  a 
year  old."  An  examination  of  the  "Bulletin" 
on  this  point  by  the  Commissioners  would  have 
revealed  the  error  in  the  later  publication,  used 
by  them  in  their  R(;port,  and  the  further  fact 
that  these  pup-seals  coidd  not  have  been  of 
sutlicient  age,  while  on  the  Islands,  to  have 
been  affected  by  any  slaughter  wliatsoever. 

ALLEGED  FKAUDULENT  ADMINJSTKATION  ON  THE  PKIB- 
ILOF  ISLANDS. 

Tn.iiro('t(imr,ir.-8     As  already   noted  (ante   p.  68),   the   British 

ol  Triiiul ill lit'iiort.  ^  .     .  ■,  -.i         .  i  •  ,       i 

Commissioners  nave,  witliout  making  actual 
charges  of  fraud,  insinuated  and  apparently  en- 
deavored to  give  the  impression  that  fraud  ^vas 
perpetrated  on  the  Pribilof  Islands  by  the  former 
lessees,  the  Alaska  Commercial  Com])aiiy,  in 
taking  sealskins  therefrom  over  and  above  the 
number  allowed  annually  by  the  lease.  This 
Tho  par  ties  covert  charge  of  maladministration  is  a  reflec- 

cliaiyod.  '^ 

tion  upon   the    integrity  of  the  United   States 


'I  i 


FRAUDS   CHARGED    IN    REPORT. 


113 


officials  at  San  Francisco  ami  those  who  have  at  Tho  parties 
different  times  for  twenty  years  liad  the  ciiarj^e 
and  iiiana^einent  of  the  Alaskan  rookeries.  And, 
inasiimdi  as  no  such  increased  numbers  of  skina 
a})pear  in  the  reports  of  sales  by  Messrs.  C.  M. 
Lanipson  &  Company,  of  London,  it  involves  a 
reflection,  also,  upon  the  intej^rity  of  that  well- 
known  hoUS'3. 

The  Goveriunent  of  the  United  States  is  loath    Groat  Britain 

and   the  frauds 

to  believe  that  Her  Majesty's  Government  inten-  ci^rgod. 
tionally  and  knowin<^ly  adopted  these  charges 
ao-ainst  tlie  ofhcials  of  the  United  States  and  cit- 
izens of  both  nations,  wliich  are  entirely  unsub- 
stantiated by  evidence,  when  it  incorporated  the 
.  Report  of  its  Commissioners  in  its  Case  before 
the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration,  ccmfidently  believ- 
ing- tluit  all  such  matter,  if  it  had  been  previously 
observed  by  the  Ag-ent  of  Great  Britain,  would 
have  been  expung-ed  from  the  Report  before  its 
submission  as  a  portion  of  the  British  Case. 

Inasmuch,  however,  as  such  charsres  have  be-  „  Keaaon  United 

°  Stat(*8       consider 

come  a  part  of  the  Case  of  Her  Majesty's  Gov-  *^''  "barge, 
ermnent  before  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration,  the 
United  States  consider  it  a  duty  to  deal  there- 
with, not  because  the  same  are  sufficiently  defi- 
nite or  important  to  establish  any  facts  material 
to  this  controversy,  but  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
vindicating-  tiie  officials  of  the  United  States; 
12304 8 


'i 

1 


gy 


k  1 

! 


I  i 


■  -.s 


'  ill 


I 


'  -I 

'A 


I 


i 


..'^.M^.X-: 


mf 

■' 

mii 

'  'it 

Vi^H  '.\ 

'B'f  ■ 

W  ^  i 

1  ^ 

ml 

I 

M 

-',( 

1 

I 


114 


MANAGEMENT. 


H<^!iHon   United  nevertheless,    always    insistinn^    that 


the  charge. 


Frand,  an  alleg- 
ed in  the  Ueport. 


I'   t!i  ■  -'■« 


all  such 
charges  of  fraudulent  practices  are  iiTelevant  to 
the  present  issue,  and  are  introduced  by  the 
Commissioners  for  the  purposes  of  distracting  the 
attention  of  the  Arbitrators  from  the  true  issue 
and  of  throwing  a  general  discredit  upon  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  seal  rookeries  by  the  United 
States. 

The  charges  referred  to  are  presented  in  the 
Report  in  the  following  words:  "Statements  have 
been  made  to  the  effect  that  during  the  lease  of 
the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  frauds  were 
perpetrated  in  regard  to  the  number  of  skins 
taken  on  the  Islands  and  counted  for  taxation. 
No  direct  evidence  of  this  seems  to  have  been 
produced,  but  as  the  official  counting  of  the  skins 
both  on  the  Islands  and  in  San  Francisco  was 
done  in  bundles,  each  of  which  was  supposed  to 
consist  of  two  skins,  it  is  obvious  that,  but  for 
observed  difference  of  size  and  weight,  three  or 
even  four  skins  might  have  been  bundled  and 
corded  together  and  counted  as  two."  (Sec.  670.) 
And,  again,  the  Report  states  that  there  were 
"several  instances  of  the  same  individual,  now  in 
the  capacity  of  an  employ^  of  the  Company  and 
again  as  a  supervising  officer  of  the  Government" 
(Sec.  52),  and  the  latter  assertion  is  connected 


FRAUD!*    CHARGED    IN    REPORT. 


115 


witli  tlio  st;itt'in(3nt  that  tlm  reijorts  made  to  tlio    i'rmi<i  !•«  niic^'- 

tn\  ill  tilt!  Kuport. 

Treasury  Department  by  the  officials  in  charge 
of"  the  Tshiu'ls  are  "often  contradictory"  and 
"inauit'estly  iiiacoiirate;"  one  of  tlie  reasons  for 
"these  discrepancies" bein<^  tlie  allof^ed  fact  above 
(pioted.  Tlie  Connnissioners  give  no  auth()rity  ,^^r«y'*J'*^""*y^°'" 
for  the  last-mentioned  statement,  nor  do  they 
recite  the  sources  of  information  for  their  insinu- 
ations as  to  fraud  of  any  kind.  It  would  not  be 
too  strouf^  an  expression  in  relation  to  them  to  say 
that  they  are  an  iiiexcusable  libel. 

The   Commissioners     have,    with     the   usual    H.  w.  Elliott's 

stiiteiiiovts   dis- 

"care"  employed  in  their  examination  of  "all*"*'^"'^' 
documentary  evidence"  (Sec.  8),  culled  out  of 
the  Census  Report  of  Mr.  Plenry  W.  Elliott  a 
statement  which  gives  the  impression  that  the 
skins  taken  by  the  lessees  were  only  counted  in 
bundles  on  the  Islands,  and  that  they  were 
recounted  in  the  same  bundles  by  the  customs 
authorities  in  San  Francisco.  Mr.  Elliott,  how- 
ever, intended  no  such  con(dusion  to  be 
drawn,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  following  quo- 
tation from  the  same  n^port,  page  106 
skins  are  counted  four  times  on  the  island, 
as  follows :  by  the  company's  agent  and  the 
native  chiefs,  when  they  are  put  into  the  salt- 
houses,  the  latter  giving  their  accounts,  after 
each  day's  killing,  to  the  govermnent  agent; 
again  when  the)^  are  bundled  by  the  natives,  who 


"  Tlir>     Counting  skina 
^"*^  niiPribilollHlauda 


I 


is  I 

y  f 

i 


m 

%\ 

\ 

V: 

1 

» 

i,. 

- 

\l"' 

1    1 

h 

i'' 

k 

1 

i>" 

u 

il:  I 


V 


I 


I 


»        i 


Ii  111 

1  ^':^ 


\.lU 


I  .  i 


116 


fANAGEMENT. 


oil 
undH 


Conntiiiff  Hkiiisflo  tliG  woi'k,  'd»  ejicli  is  i)ai(l  for  Ilia  labor  by  the 

1    Pribilof    l8l-  '■  -^ 

bundle;  by  the  {^ovenimoiit  agent  when  they  are 
taken  from  the  salt-housen  for  shipment,  and  the 
fourth  time  by  the  first  officer  of  the  company's 
steamer,  as  they  are  delivered  on  board." 

The  bundles  were  then  tran8})orted  by  the 
steamer  to  the  port  of  San  Francisco  and  never 
opened  on  board  the  vessel,  excepting  to  re- 
bundle  those  which  had  become  loose,  and  then 
only  two  skins  were  placed  in  a  bundle.^  On 
Rerount  at  San  reaching  San  Francisco  the  bundles  were  counted 

trancisco.  " 

by  a  United  States  custom-house  official  and 
also  by  an  employ^  of  the  Alaska  Commercial 

A  few  bundles  Company.'"^  A  few  bundles  were  then  opened 
by  an  agent  of  the  company,  to  examine  into 
their  condition,  the  number  thus  opened  being 

Packing  ami  from  twelve  to  twcuty  in  the  whole  cargo.*  All 
the  Pribilof  sealskins,  bundled  as  when  they 
were  received,  were  immediately  packed  in 
casks  (such  packing  since  1878  being  done  at 
the  wharf  where  the  skins  were  unloaded),* 
taken  to  the  railway  station,  and  shipped  to  C.  M. 
Lampson  &  Company,  of  London.^ 

•  M.  C.  Erskine,  ;)os<  p.  360. 

•Lonis  Slo88,.jr.,po«<  p.  384. 

•Gustave  Niehauin,  post  p.  382;  Lonis  Sloss,  jr.,  post  p.  384. 

<Gii8tave  Niebaum,  post  p.  382;  Martin  Myor,  post  p.  380;  J.  B. 
Brown,  pofit  p.  358. 
•Gustave  Niebaum,  pott  p.  382. 


I     1^ 


ii:.: 


!     '  :!  i: 


FRAUDS   (CHARGED   IN   REPORT. 


117 


If  these  bundlos  had  contained  more  than  two    Only  two  skinH 

inu  buudle. 

skins,  such  ftict  would  have  been  known  to  the 
London  firm;  but  it  is  specifically  stated  by  them 
that  they  never  found  more  than  two  sealskins 
in  any  of  the  bundles  consif^ned  to  them  by 
the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  during  the 
nineteen  years  of  the  lease.*  This  evidence  is 
further  supported  by  the  testimony  of  the  vice- 
president  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company, 
who  made  the  annual  examination  of  a  few 
skins  from  each  cargo  when  the  quota  arrived  at 
San  Francisco  -^  by  the  sworn  statements  of  the 
packer  of  the  sealskins;''  by  the  foreman  of  the 
stevedores  who  unloaded  the  company's  steamer;* 
and  by  Capt.  Erskine,  who  has  commanded 
the  com])any's  steamer  for  over  twenty  years.' 
Tliose  who  are  familiar  with  the  handling  of  raw  Threp  sicins  in  a 
sealskins  state  that  three  skins  could  not  be<ietoctod. 
rolled  in  a  bundle  without  exposure  of  such  fact, 
and  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  roll  four  skins 
together  under  any  circumstances.*  This  fact 
was  further  verified  by  Maj.  W.  H.  Williams, 
who  made  a  special  investigation  on  this  point 
in  1892.^ 


'  Letter  from  C.   M.  Liimpsoii  «fc  Co.,  post  p.  415;  Alfred  Fraaor, 
post  ]).  41."). 
'^  Giistiive  Niebanm,  post  p.  382. 
^Martin  Myer,i)o«<p.  380. 
^  Jiiiiies  H.  Brown,  post  p.  358. 
'•M.  C.  Kvkine,  post  p.  360. 

''■Martin  AFyc  r,  post  i».  .380;  Giistave  Niobaum,  poit  p.  38^ 
'  W.  H.  Williuius,  post  p.  399. 


MH 


i .  ! 


U  • 


j  ! 

■ 


'!'■ 


i1    : 


118 


MANA(}EMENT. 


i     ^>     !il 


!      I 


imniiiui  fraud  in      T\w  Coiniiiissiouers  furtlicr  nAv  upon  Afr.  Elli- 

vveiglitorbuudieH.  .  .         ', 

ott'«  stutifint'iit,  tluit  skins  wcinlj  iVoin  ftS  pounds 
to  12  pouiuls  (Sec.  <)71),  and  upon  tlio  conipiiri- 
8on  of  sucli  Htiitonu'Ut  vvitli  tliat  of  Lieut.  May- 
nard,  "an  iiid('})on(k'Ut  ol)sc!rver,''  wlio  yivcs  tlio 
av('rii<;e  vv(Mg'ht  of  bundles  as  22  i^unids  and  the 
\v(;iglit  of  tlu*  largest  as  ()4  pounds  (Sec.  G72). 
This  "appears"  to  the  Couunissioners  to  recjuiro 
"some  (;xi)lanation"  (Sec.  (573).  The  implication 
is  evident,  and  the  UnittMl  States  otier  the  expla- 
nation in  vindication  of  the  ofticers  of  the  Gov- 

Expinnntion  ot'ernnieut  who  are  thus  charged.  A  bundle  con- 
tains not  only  the  two  sealskins  pro})er,  but  salt 
and  blubber,  with  which  they  are  packed  for  their 
preservation;  this  naturally  adds  greatly  to  the 
weight,  as  does  also  the  moisture  collected  by 
the  sjilt  and  fur.  A  bundle  will,  therefore,  some- 
times weigh  as  much  as  60  or  70  pounds,  if  the 
two  pelts  are  large,  and  even  when  consisting  of 
only  two  skins  of  "yearling  pups,"  weighing 
when  dry  probably  f)  pounds,  the  bundle  weighs 
sometimes  20  pounds.^  It  is  also  a  fact  that  in 
the  early  years  of  the  lease  some  excei)tionally 
large  skins  were  taken  on  the  islands.^ 

Vartons  counts      \  comiiarative  statement  of  the  connts  of  the 

iif  ski)scoini>iue<l.  ' 

sealskins  for  the  entire  terra  o[  the  lease,  made, 
respectively, by  the  Govf-iHirient  official  on  the  Is- 

» W.  H.  Williains,  poitt  p.  399;  Louis  Sloss,  jr.,  post  p.  384. 
« II.  H.  Mclntyre,  post  p.  373. 


I'    1      I 


l?l 


FRAUDS   CITAHOED    IN    UF.rORT. 


119 


landH,  tlui  custoni-lioiise  iiisj)octor  at  Sail   Fran-    Varions  counts 

nf  HkiuH  cuiiipurnd. 

CISCO,  tliu  Alaska  Coiiiniercial  Company's  packers 
boforo  shipment  to  Lcnuloii,  and  by  11  M.  Lamp- 
sou  &  Company,  shows  that  ))ut  !M)0  more  skins 
Were  sold  during'  twenty  years  in  London  than 
appear  in  the  orig-inal  count  made  when  the 
bundles  were  loaded  on  the  steamer  at  the  Pribilof 
Islands/  ^JMiis  is  an  average  of  45  skins  per  year  .u.^rofcouau  **' 
out  of  a  quota  of  100,000,  whic^h  quota  was  fully 
taken  in  seven  years  only.  To  this  extent,  and 
to  this  extent  alone,  can  fraud  be  charged. 

In  1875  Si)ecial  Ag'ent  J.  S.  Moore  made  a  re-    Moore's  report 

'■  of  1»75. 

port  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  embodying 
the  result  of  certain  investigations  made  by  hira 
as  to  the  nuinber  ol'  skins  taken  by  the  lessees  of 
the  Pribilof  Islands.  He  found  that  559  more 
skins  had  been  sold  in  London  than  those  ac- 
counted for  in  the  tax  receipts  from  the  Treasury 
Department,  and  he  submitted  a  table,  com})iled 
by  him,  giving  the  number  of  skins  on  which 
tax  was  paid,  the  number  accounted  for  as  shipped 
to  C.  M.  Lampson  &  Company,  and  the  number 
sold  by  them.  He  sunnnarizes  the  result  of  his 
investigation  as  follows :  "  I  am  perfectly  satis- 
fied that  these  figures  are  correct,  unless  not  only 
the  company,  but  the  customs  o:'^cers  on  the 
Islands,  the  officers  of  the  ships  that  bring  the 

'  Max  Hcilbrouuer,  pout  p.  368. 


< 


ti.> 


Jilii 


1  E 


Tj 


'  •  If 


I .  I 


h  li 


u\^ 


1 1  .nil:  I 


' )  :  1,' 


I'-i'j 

.1    ■  '  ■  ' 

I -'IK 


i;  \ 


120 


MANAGEMENT. 


Mooro'8  report  skins,  the  customs  officials  at  San  Francisco,  and 

of  1875. 

the  great  house  of  Messrs.  Lani})8on  &  Com- 
pany in  London  are  one  and  all  in  collusion  and 
con8i)iracy  to  defraud  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States.  Tiiere  would,  besides,  be  another  diffi- 
culty to  overcome,  as  it  would  be  necessary  to 
koe})  false  books  and  false  entries,  while  in  fact 
nothing  is  so  easily  detected  as  false  bookkeep- 


nig, 


»n 


Employees  of     As  to  the  allegations  hi  the  Report  that  Gov- 

lossci's  ;is  (io\ crti-  o-    •    1  f  1  1  /         /•     1 

meiit  iiycuts.  crmuent  omcials  were  tormerly  employes  ot  the 
lessees,  the  United  States  admit  that  in  one  in- 
stance a  Government  agent  (John  M.  ^lorton), 
who  had  charge  of  the  administration  of  the 
Pribilof  Islands,  was  formerly  in  tluj  employ  of 
the  Alaska  Commercial  Company,'^  but  deny 
that  any  similar  case  has  occurred,  and  assert 
that  the  imj)utation  of  fraud  frojn  such  a  circum- 
stance is  unwarranted. 

Further  vindication  of  the  officials  and  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  to  whom  the  C(.mim'ssion- 
iiv»  have  seen  fit  to  impute  fraudident  ])ractice8 
and  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  Government  of 
the  United  States,  is  considered  to  be  unneces- 
sary. 

•  Post  p.  283. 

'  Gustave  Niebauiu,  post  p.  283. 


^'jifm^ 


THIRD. 
REGULATIONS  PROPOSED  IN  THE  REPORT. 

The  Conunissioners  of  Great-  Britain  have  in- 
troduced in  tlieir  Report  a  number  of  schemes 
for  tlie  future  n><rulation  of  taking-  fur-seals  be- 
lonji-inff  tc    he  Ahiskan  lierd.     The  United  StJitcs    Tho  .  r.i.v  regn- 

"      "  liitiDiissutliciout. 

insist,  as  chiiined  in  their  Case,  that  they  have, 
upon  tlie  facts  estal)lislied  by  the  evidence,  such 
a  propin't}'  and  interest  in  the  seal  herd  frequent- 
ing- the  Islands  of  the  United  States  in  Herinjr 
Svvi,  and  in  the  industry  there  jnaintained  arising 
out  :>f  it,  as  entitles  them  to  protectioii  and  to 
be  protected  by  the  aw;  rd  of  this  Tribunal 
ag-ainst  all  pelagic  sealing,  which  is  the  subject 
of  controversy  in  this  Case.  And,  quite  irre- 
spective of  ally  rig'ht  of  property  or  of  self- 
defense  in  respect  of  their  territorial  interests, 
they  claim  to  have  clearly  shown  that  no  reg-u- 
latioiis  short  of  prohibition  will  be  sufficient  to 
prevent  the  early  destruction  of  the  Alaskan 
seal  herd. 

In  a  consideration  oi  these  reg-ulations   sno--    .fniisdiotioTi  of 

.  '^    Trilnuiiil  of  Albi- 

g('ste(l,  it  IS  apparent  that  the  principal  cm-tail- •^'"ti""- 
ment  of  seal-killing,  in  each  of  the  various  ])lans 
proposed,  is  to  be  applied  to  the  Pribilof  Islands. 


■.?■/?■' 


''W 


« 


•i( 


H 


7r<ij 


i 


. 


It-^ 


i     r 


'0 


■  r      (     ■- 


1      (''■.' 


122 


RE(jrr.ATI()NS    PROPOSED. 


ii'<;iil;itiiius     i)i<i 


"! '..  ' 


Jurisdiction  of  All  rocoiniueiulatious  applying"  to  tlie  territory  of 

'rriliimiil  of  Arlii- 

tiatiou.  the  United  States,  even  if  the  property  of  that 

Goveriinienr  in  the  seal  herd  is  not  considered, 
as  seems  to  be  the  case  from  the  proposals  ad- 
vanced by  the  Commissioners,  are  irrelevant  in 
this  Ai-bitration.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Tri- 
bunal of  Arbitration  does  not,  according  to  the 
understanding-  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  extend  to  territory  or  territorial  waters, 
which  are  not  in  dispute  and  the  rights  over 
which  have  not  been  submitted  to  this  Tri- 
bunal. 
TTnfnirnossof  The  manifest  unfairiiess,  however,  of  the  regu- 
lations suggested  calls  for  the  attention  of  the 
United  States,  as  the  pro[)Osals  submitted  by  the 
Coimnissiont'rs  demonstrate  most  clearly  the  s])irit 
of  partiality  which  is  a  feature  of  the  whole  Re- 
port. For  this  purpose  the  United  States  will 
give  brief  attention  to  these  suggested  regula- 
tions ;  nevertheless,  always  insisting  that  all 
■^  proposals  atfecting  the  unquestioned  territorial 
rights  of  the  United  States  are  without  the 
jurisdiction  of  this  Tribunal  and  are  irrelevant  to 
the  present  contention. 

(a)  Iiiiprovcmeuts  in  the  meihorJs  of  tailing  seals. 
(Sees.  147-150.) 

On    Prii.iiof     The  first  suggestions  advanced  bv  the  Com- 

Isliinds.  '^' 

missioners  are  in  relation  to  improvement  in  the 


.1.1  ■ 


m^ 


■  ei 


METHODS    OF    TAKING    SEALS. 


123 


niL'tliofls  of  takiii"'  seals  on  the  breediuff  islands  ;    On   Pi  ibiiof 

"  ^  o  '  Islands. 

all  of  these  proposed  improvements  are  already 
in  force  on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  thouj^h  the 
United  States  ndmit  that  in  some  minor  details 
a  chang-e  may  be  benefieial. 

The  seeond  sng-gestions  are  as  to  improvements    At  sea. 
in  the  m(»thods  emi)loved  at  sea.     The  first  pro- 

,    ^         "  .  Vho  of  the  riflo 

posal  is  to  prohibit  the  use  of  the  rifle.  The  fol-  "'woieto. 
lo\vinf>'  statements  in  the  Report  show  the  little 
inn)ortance  of  such  a  rej^'ulation :  "The  rifle  was 
introduced,  thouj^-h  soon  supei'seded  by  the  shot- 
gun, which  has  now  become  the  usual  hunting 
weapon"  (Sec.oH 4,  p.  100);  "if  killed,  as  happens 
in  the  majoritv  of  cases,  especially  now  that  the 
shotgun  has  su[)ers'j.u'd  the  rifle,"  etc.  (Sec.  604); 
"the  use  of  the  shotgun  for  the  p'lrnose  of  kill- 
ing si'als  at  sea  has  now  become  so  nearly  univer- 
sal that  it  is  dou})tfuV'  etc.  (Sec.  057).  It  does 
n(»t  seem  that  the  Connnissioners  can  seriously 
ad\an('e  a  [)roi)osition  to  prohibit  a  weapon  the 
use  of  which  in  pelagic  sealing*  has  become  ob- 
solete. 

1  iM'  second  imin'ovement  is  the  ado])tion  of  a    T.ioonspg  ap])iy 
f-.\  s.M'i  ot  licenses  tor  ll/zlfc  7<'it>/^('r.s'  there  bein"'"'"'^'^"' 
no  -  .ggtstiou  niade  for  such  licenses  for  Indian 
IiiihI'.,-.      In    IS!) I,  according    to  the    Connnis- 
sioners' table  (p.  20")),  71/^   whites  and  308  In- 
dians were  emploxed  on  the  vessels  constituting 


;    fiM 


i  r  m 


ill 


m 


i 

i; 
V 


h,. 


I!    '        ' 


li,  ( 


I 

■     )    ' 

1    ■ 


124 


REGULATIONS    PROPOSED. 


Liccnsps  apply  tlio  Victoria  sealing'  fleet 

only    to  hill  1'  of 
huiitui'S. 


Of  all  these  vessels 
but  three  had  white  seamen  (p.  205).  It  can, 
therefore,  be  assumed  that  at  least  o60  of  the  In- 
dians were  hunters  or  canoemen;  find,  as  but  two 
Indians  g-o  in  a  canoe,^  180  of  the  3G1)  boats  and 
canoes  yiven  in  the  table  contained  Indian  huTit- 
ers,  so  that  this  general  "improvement"  proposed 
would  onl}'  affect  one-half  of  the  hunting  force 
of  the  Victoria  fleet.  Besides  this,  the  system  of 
licenses  proposed,  the  United  States  contend, 
could  ml  he  made  eft'ective,  even  if  it  covered  all 
classes  ot  1  "s. 

incronsoii  li-      Tlic  tliird     improvement"  suggcstcd  is  to  in- 
cense tor  steiim  '■ 

viissuisoiuovaiue.  ^-i-ease  the  license  fee  for  "vessels  propelled  by- 
machinery."  As  but  two  out  of  tifty  of  the  Vic- 
toria fleet  appear,  by  the  table  in  the  Report 
(p  205),  to  have  used  machinery  in  1F9L  nnd  as 
their  catches  were  but  50  and  3^5  skins,  res{)cc- 
tively,  wliile  the  average  per  vessel  is  shown  by 
the  table  to  have  been  nearly  1,000,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  see  how  such  a  restriction  would  be  par- 
ticularly beneficial.  It  has  also  been  stated  by 
those  interested  in  pelagic  sealing  at  Victoria 
that  the  steam  vessels  used  in  seal-hunting  have 
never  paid  expenses.^ 

'Ai)pen(lix  to  ('use  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  498,  504; 
Vol.  ir,pp.  S17,32(5,  369,etc. 
•Report  of  Special  Ageut  Henry,  poBi  p.  246. 


J   |! 


SPECIFIC   SCHEME   SUGGESTED. 


125 


(h)  Restriction  in  the  number  of  seals  to  he  taken. 
{Sees.  151-154.) 

The  Eeport  presents  siiffffestions  whereby  it  is    Unfaimpss  of 

^  '^  .  liiiiil;iti(.iis     pro- 

proposed  to  limit  the  number  of"  seals  taken.     Itpusu^i- 

is  observable  that  the  limitations  proposed  for  the 

Islands  are  for  a  fixed  number  and  class  of  seals; 

while  the  restrictions  for  pelag-ic  sealing-  are  pro- 

liibitions  as  to  time  and  place,  no  provision  being 

made  as  to  number  or  kind  of  seals  taken.     The 

unfairness  of  such  proposals  is  manifest. 

(c)  Specific  scheme  of  regulations  recommended. 

The  Connnissioners,  after  this  generalization    Rcsuiarions  rec- 

.      .  inuiutuded. 

as  to  the  metJiocls  ot  restriction  necessary,  present 
specific  limitations  "at  shore  and  at  sea,"  which 
they  believe  woidd  {iB'ord  the  requisite  degree  of 
pivjtection,  in  view  of  the  actual  condition  of  seal 
life  as  it  presents  itself  to  them  at  the  present 
thne.     (Sec.  155.) 

The  first  restriction  proposed  is  to  limit  the  Liniitation  of 
number  ot  seals  to  be  taken  on  the  Pnbdot  isiauda. 
Islands  to  a  fixed  maximum  of  50,000  (Sec. 
155a).  This  proposed  regulation,  being  a])pli- 
cable  to  the  territory  of  the  United  States  is,  as 
already  noticed,  without  the  juiisdiction  of  this 
Tribunal. 

The  second  proposition  is  to  create  a  zone  about    Protortivc  zone 
the  Pribilof  Islands  with  a  radius  of  20  nautical  ^""^'""'^  ' 


I! 


i  <  i  H 

I      It 

ii     I   i 


I     >  ;   - 


i 


'.H. 


J 

i: 


126 


REGUF.ATIONS    riiOl'OSED. 


i 


rrotfctivo  zone  miles,  witln'n  which  pehigic  sonliii;^  shnll  be  pro- 
hihited  (Sec.  15r)b).  The  Case  of  tlie  United 
States  has  fully  dealt  with  this  plan  of  zonal  pro- 
tection/ and  the  Report  itself  i)ractically  admits 
the  ditticulty  of  enforcing-  such  a  prohibition 
(Sees.  IGO,  768). 
ci()s<  sc;i.soiiino-  '^riie  third  proposal  of  the  Coinniissioners  is  a 
close  season  for  pelagic  sealing,  extending  from 
the  loth  of  Sei)tendjer  to  the  1st  of  May  in  each 
year,  with  the  additional  provision  that  no  sealing 
vessel  shall  enter  Bering  Sea  before  the  1st  of 

Rnsia  of  pro- July  in  eacli  year  (Scc.  loSc),  This  is  based  on 
the  assumption  tiiat  males  and  barren  lemales 
constitute  substantially  the  whole  of  the  })elagic 
catch  i'l  Benng  Sea  (Sec.  ()48).  If,  however, 
this  could  be  established,  it  is  at  once  evident 
that,  if  the  alleged  faults  in  the  management  of 
the  Pribilof  Islands  were  corrected,  the  class  of 
barren  females,  alleged  as  forming  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  Bering  Sea  catch  (which  assertion 
is  advanced  as  an  apology  for  pelagic  sealing), 
would  entirely  disappear.  Thus  the  excuse  for 
open-sea  sealing  is  based  on  the  alleged  mis- 
management of  the  seal  rookeries  by  the  United 
States. 

cioso  season      The  period  in  which  sealing  is  allowed  by  the 

would  have  little  '  " 

regulations  proposed  is  substantially  the  same  as 

'Case  of  the  Uuited  States,  pp.  2.oG-263. 


ell'uct. 


'  in. 

i 


SPECIFIC    SCHEME   SUGGESTED. 


127 


the  time  occunied  by  the  sealers  m  tukiim- the    cioso    h en  son 

^  •'  "  wimld   liavo  littlo 

so-called  "Sand  Point"  and  "Bering-  Sea"  catclies,  eticct. 
which  ill  1891,  according  to  the  Commissioners' 
table  ([).  205),  constituted  93  per  cent  of  the  total 
catch  of  the  Victoria  fleet.  The  Commissioners 
thus  propose  that  the  Pribilof  Island  quota  bo 
cut  down  50  per  cent  and  the  pelagic  catch  but 
7  per  cent. 

As  to  the  further  concession  of  the  Report,  „n."*  •'"*';'■',"« 
that  sealing  vessels  may  be  prohibited  from  enter-  -^l^^^  ^>  ""  «""''««- 
ing  Bering  Sea  till  the  1st  day  of  July  in  each 
year,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  tlie  Commissioners 
state  that  the  sea  is  "now  usually  entered  by 
peliigic  sealers  between  the20tli  of  June  and  1st 
of  July"  (Sec.  649).  It  can  not  be  that  such 
a  useless  restriction  can  be  suggested  in  the 
Report,  except  for  the  purpose  of  appearing  to 
make  a  concession  wlien  none  is  really  made. 

The  Report  further  proposes  that  for  eveiy    "  Componsntory 

1  C    ^  r\   nnr.  11  i         t    i  n  '^    adJustlllCUts"  pro- 

clecrease  ot  10,000  seals  taken  on  the  Islands  iuu'oaod. 
increase  of  10  nautical  miles  be  given  to  the 
wi<lth  of  protected  waters  about  the  islands  (Sec. 
156).  As  this  is  simply  an  extension  of  the  zonal 
question  to  a  larger  area,  it  is  considered  to  be 
unnecessary  to  further  discuss  this  proposed 
"compensatory  adjustment."  A  second  proposal 
of  the  same  nature  is  to  curtail  the  open  season 
for  pelagic  sealing  by  seven  days  if  the  quota 


I 


I! 


U; 


I   i 


f- 


f); 


128 


REGULATIONS   PROPOSED. 


i    1 : 

'    1  ,   . 

i  .,1 


"Ci.inponsatoryontliG  Lslfiuds  IS  reduccd  10,000.     Tlio  CdMimis- 

adjiisimt'iils  '  pro- 

ixjsuti-  sionors  evidently  consider  that  tliis  sug<j;'('stion  is 

"a  just  scale  of  equivalency  as  between  shore 

and  sea  sealinj^-"  (Sec.    15());   that  is,  that  one 

Sii)>posoiippii.i;  \veek  of  pelajjfic  sealinjjf  eciuals  10,000  seals  killed. 

ic  cnl.li,    IU,0U0  a  I         o  n       i  i 

week.  ^^  tini  open  season  proposed  by  them  consists  of 

Tieailytwenty  Aveeks,  this  presupposes  a  jjelagic 
catch  of  200,000  seals,  or  four  times  as  many  as 
are  contemplated  by  their  regulations  to  be  al- 
lowed to  the  Pribilof  Islands.  It  would  also 
make  the  combined  number  of  skins  dei'ived 
from  the  Alaskan  herd  250,000,  which  certainly 
would  be  more  damaging-  to  seal  life  than  the 
present  condition  of  affairs,  even  if  the  United 
States  allowed  100,000  skins  to  be  taken  on  the 
Islands. 
rnf lirii.'^s  of     The  recommendation  by  the  Commissioners 

«'"'«"•  of  a  series  of  regulations    such   as  those  above 

considered  is  clearly  indicative  of  the  bias  and 

partisan   spirit   which   appear   in  nearly  every 

section  of  their  Report. 

A 1  torn  a  five     The   alternative  regulations   proposed  (Sees. 

iiK'tliiicIs  of  rt'gii-  "  1       I  \ 

latioua.  163-1 G8),  sucli  as  entire  prohibition  of  killing 

seals  on  the  breeding  islands  and  perio<ls  of  rest, 
with  the  necessary  governmental  charge  thereby 
imposed,  are  not  regarded  by  the  United  States 
as  subjects  requiring  attenticm  in  the  Counter 
Case.     They  are  manifestly  inadmissible. 


REPLY  OF  THE    UNITED    STATES  TO   THE 

BRITISH   CLAIMS  FOR   DAMAGES.  * 

111  rejrard  to  the  solioiliile  of  claims  for  dfim- 
aji^es  appoiidtMl  to  tlio  Case  of  Great  liritaiii,  upon 
Avliicli  fiiidinn^s  of  faet  are  asked  under  tlie  pro- 
visions of  Article  Vlll  of  the  Treaty  of  Arbi- 
tration: 

The  United  States  admit  that  a  portion  of  the,  ^'''''•"rps  admit- 

'  ted. 

vessels  named  in  the  schedule  were  seizetl  by  their 
cruisers  at  or  about  the  time  stated,  that  the  ves- 
sels were  at  the  times  of  such  seizures  in  the 
waters  of  Bering-  Sea  and  more  than  on^  marine 
leaf^ue  from  an}-  land  owned  by  or  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  United  States;  but  such  seizureb 
were  made  upon  tlu;  waters  included  in  the  treaty 
of  cession  of  March  30,  18G7,  between  liussia  and 
the  United  States. 

As  to  others  of  the  vessels  mentioned  in  the    Proiii'i'^'^n  .  of 

sciiiiiig  111  l>i-riug 

schedule,  the  United  States  admit  that  they  were  ^*"'  ^'^"^^"'^•i- 
ordered  by  the  cruisers  of  the  United  States  to 
leave  lierinjr  Sea,  where  they  were  unlawfully 
eng-aged  in  taking  fur-seals;  and,  as  to  others,  that 
they  were  about  to  enter  that  sea  for  the  same 
unlawful  purpose  and  were  warned  not  to  do  so 
by  the  cruisers  of  the  United  States.  But, 
whether  the  vessels  so  ordered  out  of  Bering  Sea, 
or  warned  not  to  enter  the  same,  left  it,  or 
refrained   from  entering  it,  by  reason  of  such 


12304- 


139 


il 


11 


i! 


II 


i 


:  '.'~ 


iii', 
v, 


';  i 


.1 . 1 


*«'- 


il  ^1 


130 


REPJ^Y    OF   UNITED   STATES 


Rnnsons  why 
Boizui'CH  mudo. 


Proiiibition    ofonloivs  Mild  waniin<»'H,  the  Uiiitofl  States  are  not 

BeiiliiiK  ill  l<)'riii<{ 

Sea  udiuittod.  informed  savG  by  the  statements  ac('om|)nnyin<^ 
said  claims,  and  they  do  not  admit  that  such 
orders  or  warnings  were  obeyed. 

The  United  States  cliarge  that  each  and  all  of 
the  vessels  when  so  seized  were  engaged  in  tlie 
hunting  of  fur-seals  in  the  waters  of  Bering  Sea 
in  violation  of  the  statutes  of  the  United  States, 
and  that  such  seizures  were  made  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  of  the  United  States*  enacted  for 
the  protection  of  theii  property  interest  in  the 
fur-seals  which  frequent  Bering  Sea  and  breed 
only  upon  the  Pribilof  Islands,  which  Islands 
are  part  of  the  territory  of  the  Unijted  States; 
and  that  the  acts  of  the  crews  and  owners  of 
these  vessels  in  hunting  and  catching  seals  were 
such  as,  if  permitted,  would  exterminate  the 
Alaskan  seal  herd  and  thereby  destroy  an  article 
of  commerce  valuable  to  all  civilized  nations. 
Vessels  Roized,     It  is  further  insisted,  on  the  part  of  the  United 

OWIirtl    liv    I'llitl'd     ^  11.  1  mi  ^ 

States  citizeus.     htates,  that  the  steam  schooners  1  hornton,  Grace, 

.      Anna  Beck,  and  BolpMn  and  the  schooners  Say- 

ward,  Carolena,  Pathfinder,  Alfred  Adams,  Black 

i      Diamond,   and  Lily,  for   the    seizure  of  which 

claims  for  damage  are  made,  were  at  the  time  of 

their  seizure  owned  in  whole  or  in  part  by  citi- 

'  Soc.  1956,  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States ;  see  Appendix 
to  Case  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  96. 


i( 


li. 


TO   BRITISH   CLAIMS   FOB    DAMAGES. 


131 


zens  of  the  United  States,  and  that,  therefore,    Vessou  ii»^i?!C(i. 

owiK^il  by  Unitotl 

no  claim  for  damages  can  be  nrged  in  their  be-  ^tauu  citizeus. 
half  by  Great  Britain;  that  the  steam  schooners 
TItoniton,  Grace,  Anna  Beck,  and  Dolphin  and 
one-luilf  of  the  schooner  Say  ward  were  owned 

RolivtionsofBoH- 

by  one  Joseph  Boscowitz,  a  citizen  of  the  United  cowitz,  Warreu, 
States;  that  James  Dou<rlas  Warren,  in  whose 
name  tlie  claim  is  made  as  to  the  steam  schooner 
Thornton,  had  no  real  interest  therein,  bnt  that 
the  same  was  mortffaffed  to  her  full  value  to 


uud  Cuopur. 


•g'-'o' 


Joseph  Boscowitz,    who   was   in   fact  the   realw'itz,     United 

„.,  XT    r-i  •  1  States  citizen, 

owner;  and  tliat   i  nomas  11.  Cooper,  m  whose  owuot. 
name  the  claims  j^rowing  out  of  the  seizures  of 
tlie  schooner   W.  P.  Sai/ivard  and  of  the  steam 
schooners  Grace,  Dolphin,  and   Anna  Beck   are 
made,  had  in  fact  no  interest  therein  and  has  in 
no  respect  been  damnified  or  sustained  loss  by 
the  seizures  thereof,  either  as   owner  of  these 
schooners  and  steam  schooners,  their  outfits,  or 
their  catches,  the  same  being  mortgaged  to  their 
full  value  to  Joseph   Boscowitz,  above  referred 
to,  and  having  been  conveyed  to  Thomas  H 
Cooper,  without  consideration,  for  the  sole  pur 
pose  of  giving  them  a  registry  as  British  vessels.^ 

It  is  also  insisted  by  the  United  States  that    a.  .t.  Bcfiitd, 

Unil((lSliite8citi- 

the  schooners  (Jarolena  and  Pathfinder  were  in ''eu,  owu«r. 

I  l)fi)osition  of  Thomas  H.  Coopor,  poat  p.  320.  Affidavit  of  T. 
T.  Willinnm,  Appendix  to  Cano  of  tlie  United  States,  Vol.  II,  p.  491; 
po8<  p.  351.     Testimony  in  Warreu  v».  Boacowitz,  j)08t  p.  301-320. 


M 


!^ 


M: 


1 


|i 


!:ii: 


fi 


132 


HEI'LV    OF    lINniM)    STATKS 


I! 


ii' 

f 

\il\\ 

h  t  :: 

n  I 


■1 1. 

<.fl     1 

■     1 

1           r 

I'H'f    1 

Ml  ?• 

A.  J.  n<fciit<'i,f}U't  at  tlio  time  of  tlieir  .sci/iiiro  owiu^d  bv  ono 

I'llittMl  StiitcM  iiit- 

izoii,  owuer.  A.  J.  Bticlitol,  tlieu  ii  citizou  of  tho  United  States,^ 
ami  iluit  William  Miinsio  and  Fredorick  Citriie, 
in  whose  names  the  claim  for  dama<^es  growing 
out  of  tho  seizure  of  these  schooners  are  made, 
iiad  in  fact  no  interest  in  the  schooners  or  tlicir 
outrtts  and  catches;  that  the  schooners  Alfred 
Addins,  Black  Diamond,  and  Lily,  for  th(«  seizure 
of  which  clainis  iive  made  in  the  schedule,  were 
A.Frnnic.nnifwiin  fact  at  tlio  time  they  were  seized  owned  bv 

St.iitci  citi/,(!ii,  *'  ^  _  _       ■ 

"wuor.  one  A.   Frank,  who    was  then  a  citizen  of  the 

United  States;  that  Gutnian,  in  whose  name  tho 
schooner  Alfred  Adams  was  registered,  was  not 
the  actual  owner  of  the  schooner,  her  outfit  or 
catch,  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  said  schooner, 
her  outfit  and  catch,  were  owned  by  said  Frank ; 
that  after  the  release  of  the  Alfred  Adams  from 
seizure  her  name  was  changed  to  Lili/,  in  behalf 
of  which  damaf^es  vre  also  claimed  in  the 
schedule,  she  remaining-  the  property  of  A.  Frank, 
and  he  alone  being-  interested  in  her  outfit  and 
catch,  and  not  Morris  Moss,  in  whose  name  the 
last-mentioned  claim  is  presented ;  and  that  said 
Frank  was  also  the  owner  of  the  schooner  Black 
Diamond,  her  outfit  and  catch,  and  that  he  was 
the  real  person  who  sustained  damag-e  or  loss  by 


t 


» T.  T.  WilUams,  post  p.  351. 


TO    I1UITI8H    CLAIMS    FOR    DAMAOES. 


133 


reason  of  tlio  scistures  of  the  Alfred  Adams,  Lily,    A.Frank, rniiiti 
1111(1  lilavl;  Didmond}  .  "wnep. 

It  is  furtlier  iiiHistod,  on  tlio  part  of  the  United    N" <iaiiiaKo<  <an 

bo   awaiilt'il    lor 

States,  that  all  the  items  in  the  several  claims  in  i'>'>^i'«;i:Livo  piof- 

'  Its. 

the  sehediile,  desij^-nated  as  "  loss  of  estimated 
catch,"  "  i)robal)lo  catch,"  "balance  of  pro))ablo 
catch,"  "  reasonal)lo  earning-s  for  months  of  Oc- 
tolier,  November,  and  December,"  "loss  of 
profits,"  for  seasons  subseijuent  to  seizure,  and 
all  items  in  said  chiims  based  on  future  or  con- 
tingent events,  are  in  the  nature  of  prospective 
prolits  or  speculative  damajres,  and  are  so  uncer- 
tain as  to  form  no  Icf^al  or  equitable  basis  for 
lindiiig'  facts  upon  which  dama<^es  can  be  predi- 
cated. Claims  of  the  same  nature  were  mad  on 
behalf  of  the  United  States  before  the  Tribunal 
of  Arbitration  on  the  Alabama  Claims,  which 
met  at  Geneva  in  1872,  and  in  passing-  upon 
this  class  of  claims  that  Tribunal  said:    "And    Docisinn     in 

Gt'iiova  Arbitra- 

Avlierc^as  prospective  earniuf^s  can  not  properly '^'""• 
be  made  the  subject  of  compensation,  inasmuch 
as  they  depend  in  their  nature  upon  future  and 
uncertain  contingencies,  the  Tribunal  is  luiani- 
mously  of  opinion  tl/it  there  is  no  ground  for 
awarding-  to  the  United  States  any  sum  by  way 
of  indemnity  under  this  head.^ 

'  W.  H.  Williams,  j>os/ 1).  352. 

•Papers  ri'lating  N)  the  Treaty  of  Washington  (Alabama Claims), 
Couj;n;s.siomil  piiblicatiun,  Vol.  4,  p.  53. 


■;   I 


msm 


raiBi 


I 


1  ■ 


134 


All  (1  n  m  a  K  ti  s 
cliiiiucil  oxueasive. 


REPLY    OP    UNITED    STATES. 


QiiPBtioTis  sub- 
mitted niKli'i'  Ar- 
title  Vlll. 


It  is  further  insisted,  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States,  tliat  the  vahio  of  each  and  all  the  vessels 
so  seized,  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  claims, 
and  the  detailed  accounts  in  relation  thereto,  are 
grossly  exaggerated,  and  that,  in  fact,  the  values 
of  these  vessels  and  their  respective  outfits  were 
fiir  below  the  amounts  stated  and  claimed;  and 
the  damages  claimed  are  in  all  respects  excessive,' 
aside  from  those  which,  as  stated  above,  are 
wholly  untenable. 

The  United  States  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to 
state  in  detail  wherein  the  valuations  and  dam- 
ages claimed  are  excessive  and  exaggerated,  or 
submit  proofs  in  relation  thereto,  further  than  by 
the  analysis  of  said  claims  found  in  the  Appen- 
dix to  this  their  Counter  Case,  at  page  339,  for  tlie 
reason  that  the  "questions  of  fact  involved  in  tlio 
claim"  of  either  of  the  parties  to  the  Treaty 
against  the  other,  to  be  submitted  to  the  Tribu- 
nal of  Arbitration  under  the  provisions  of  Article 
VIII,  should,  as  this  Article  is  understood  by  the 
United  States,  have  relation  only  to  such  facts  as 
tend  to  hx  the  liability  of  one  party  to  the  other, 
find  do  not  include  facts  which  only  relate  to  the 
amounts  of  such  claims. 

'Tables  sliowinn;  vuliifs  of  vi^ssem  seized,    tc,  puat  pp.  339-340. 
Report  Britibli  Coiuuiissiuuurs,  pp.  2U5,  '2'x.O,  aud  211. 


^'      1 


1:a\  i 


CONCLUSION. 


135 


The  Government  of  the  United  States,  in  clos-    RensHoits  the 

Tnmitii>iis  tukuu  Lu 

ing  its  presentation  of  the  matters  in  controvers}  <ii»«  case, 
by  this  reply  to  the  printed  Case  of  Great  Britain, 
reasserts  the  positions  taken  in  its  pnnted  Case      1 
and  all  of  the  propositions  and  conclusions  con-        j 
tained  therein,  and  is  prepared  to  maintain  the         ) 
same  b}'  argument  before  the  Tribunal  of  Arbi- 
tration. 


.^o< 


I 


%  ) 


ill 


<« 


??'*t'yA*g*tegJ.^MWABfetfcA»f**«.t*.»i>^ 


I 


p 


gjTjFiriiimi 


ii  M/ 


m 


k 


^mim^    '' 


ill 


^ 


1 


'(tl 


TO 


'^ 


Hi: 


r  ji 


APPENDIX 


!'!'■  fi', 


THE  COUNTER  CASE  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


137 


•i  ■'  I 


I 


(<: 


p 


^t 


i         ! 


^ 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  RELATING  TO  THE  INTERPRE- 
TATION OF  THE  TRi'ilATY  OF  ARBITRATION. 


Mr.  Foster  to  Mr.  Herbert. 

Department  of  State, 
Washington,  September  27, 1892. 

Sir:  On  the  6th  instant,  the  day  after  the  receipt  by  nie  of  the 
Printed  Case  of  Her  Majesty's  Government  called  for  by  the  provisions 
of  the  Arbitration  Treaty  of  1892,  in  a  conference  whicli  I  had  the  honor 
to  hold  with  jou  at  the  Department  of  State,  I  made  known  to  you  tlie 
painful  impression  wliich  had  been  created  upon  me  by  a  hasty  and 
cursory  examination  of  that  Case.  I  withheld  any  formal  representa- 
tion on  the  subject  until  I  could  have  an  opportunity  to  lay  the  matter 
before  the  President.  His  absence  from  this  capital  and  the  attend.ant 
circumstantics  have  made  it  necessary  for  me  to  delay  a  communication 
to  you  till  the  present. 

I  am  now  directed  by  the  President  to  say  that  he  has  observed  with 
surprise  and  extreme  regret  that  the  British  Case  contains  no  evidence 
whatever  touching  the  principal  facts  in  dispute  upon  which  the  Tri- 
bunal of  Arbitration  must  in  any  event  largely,  and  in  one  event  en- 
tirely, dei>end.  No  proof  is  presented  upon  the  question  submitted  by 
the  treaty  concerning  the  right  of  property  or  property  interest  asserted 
by  the  United  States  in  the  seals  inhabiting  the  Pribilof  Islands  in 
licring  Sea,  or  upon  the  question,  also  submitted  to  the  Tribunal  of 
Arbitrati(m,  c(>ncerning  the  concurrent  regulations  which  might  be 
ne«H*ssary  in  a  certain  contingency  specified  in  the  Treaty. 

If  it  were  fairly  to  be  inferred  from  tliis  omission  that  no  proofs  on 
these  import.ant  points  are  intended  to  be  offered  in  behalf  of  Her  Maj- 
esty's liovernment,  no  ground  for  criticism  or  objection  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  could  arise,  since  it  is  within  the  exclusive 
province  of  either  party  to  determine  what  evidence  it  will  submit  in 
respc<rt  to  any  i)art  of  the  (iontroversy,  or  to  refrain  from  submitting 
any  evid»'n<'c  at  all.  But  such  inference  as  to  the  course  contemplated 
by  tlie  Britisii  Government  does  not  seem  consistent  witii  certain  state- 
ments made  by  its  agent  in  the  Printed  Case  submitted  by  him. 

In  reference  to  the  asserted  property  rights  and  interests,  it  is  said, 
altera  brief  discussion  of  the  question  upon  the  assumpticm  that  seals 
are/t'/o"  naturw:  "In  the  absence  of  any  indication  as  to  the  grounds 
upon  whi(;h  tlie  United  States  base  so  nnprecedented  a  claim  as  that 
of  a  right  to  protection  of,  or  property  in,  animals/era;  naturae  upon  the 
high  seas,  the  father  consideration  of  this  claim  ninst  of  necessity  be 
l)ostponod."  (British  Case,  p.  140.)  And  in  reference  to  the  subject 
of  concurrent  regulations  it  is  said:  "The  further  consideration  of  the 
subjectt  of  any  jnoposed  regulations,  and  of  the  evidence  proper  to  be 
considered  by  tjie  Trib..nal  in  connection  therewith,  must  of  nece?iity 
be  for  the  present  jtosciwued."    (British  Case,  j).  157). 

it  would  seem  from  the  foregoing  extracts  that  it  is  the  view  of  the 
Agent  of  the  Biitish  Governnnuit  that  he  still  has  an  opportunity  of 

189 


11 


140 


DIPLOMATIC    CORRESPONDENCE. 


ii' 


It  ih 


laying  before  the  Tribunal  any  matter  wbicli  he  may  choose  to  introduce 
by  way  of  proofs  or  evidence  bearint;  upon  the  question  of  property,  or 
interest  in  the  niitnro  of  property,  in  the  Alaskan  fur-seals,  or  upon  the 
question  of  concuri  ent  regulations  for  the  protection  aiul  i)reservation 
of  the  same;  and,  inasmuch  as  the  Treaty  provides  for  the  submission  of 
evidence  only  throngh  the  Oases  and  Counter  Cases  therein  mentioned, 
such  view  of  the  British  Agent  nuxst  be  that  he  msiy  incorporate  sucli 
proof  and  evidence  in  the  Counter  Case  to  be  prepared  by  him,  leaving 
the  United  States  withiMitany  meaus  of  contradicting,  limiting  oi-quali- 
fving  them,'  however  open  they  may  be  to  contradiction,  limitation,  or 
qu  ilitication. 

It  must  be  evident  to  the  Government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty 
that  by  the  provisions  of  the  Treaty  the  question  whether  the  United 
States  have  any  i>r(»perty  interest  in  the  seals  referred  to,  and  t;ie 
quesfon  what  concurrent  regulations  in  the  specified  contingency  may 
be  necessiiry,  are  directly  submitted  to  the  Tribunal;  that  the  Treaty 
assunu'S  that  each  party  will  or  nmy  have  allegations  to  nmke  and  evi- 
denre  to  pioduce  upim  both  questions;  that  the  plain  contemplation  of 
the  Treaty  is  that  each  party  shall  state  in  his  case  what  his  proposi- 
tions of  hnv  are,  and  the  evidence  which  will  be  relied  upon  in  support 
of  them,  to  tlie  end  that  the  other  party  may  have  a  fair  opportunity  of 
8h(»wing  in  his  (Jounter  Case  that  such  evidence  is  untrue,  or  erroneous, 
or  i»artial,  or  std)ject  to  qualification  or  explanation,  for  which  i>urpose 
alore  the  provision  for  a  Counter  Case  was  framed. 

Tlie  British  Agent  and  Counsel  must  well  know  that  the  decision  of 
the  t^^o  questions  above  referred  to  must  depend  ui)on  the  evidence 
produced  concerning  the  nature  and  habits  of  the  fur-seal,  and  the 
metiiods  of  cai)ture  and  killing  which  are  consistent  with  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  species;  and  that  it  is  mainly  upon  these  points  tliat  collision 
and  contradiction  upon  matters  of  fact  and  differences  in  respect  to 
matters  of  oinnion  are  exhibited  by  the  statements  of  jiersons  likely  to 
be  made  witnesses;  that  su(;h  witnesses  are,  in  many  instances,  under 
the  infiuence  of  prejudice  and  bias,  and  in  some,  open  to  the  suspicion 
of  insincerity  and  untruthfulness;  and  that  the  only  way  by  which 
either  party  may  protect  itself  against  the  consequences  of  falsehood  or 
error  is  by  iiaving  an  opportunity  to  detect  and  expose  it. 

The  President  can  not  conceal  his  astonishment  that  it  should  be 
assiimed  tliat  the  British  Government  is  atliberty  to  introduce  a  whole 
body  of  testimony  of  this  character  for  the  first  time  in  its  Counter 
Case,  and  thus  shut  out  the  United  States  from  an  opportunity  of  detect- 
ing and  exposing  any  errors  which  may  be  contained  in  it.  The  Gov- 
ernment '!f  the  United  States  can  not  fail  to  be  aware,  from  the  cor- 
respondence that  lias  hitherto  taken  idace  on  this  subject  between  the 
two  Governments,  as  well  as  from  full  infoimation  derived  from  tiie 
representatives  and  agents  of  Her  ^fajesty's  Government  and  the  (Cana- 
dian Government  in  the  courseof  the  proceedings  and  discussions  that 
have  already  occurred,  not  only  that  it  is  claimed  on  the  part  of  those 
(Jovernments  that  material  evidence  exists  to  contradict  tlie  facts  as- 
serted by  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  but  that  a  considerable 
part  of  it  has  been  already  taken  and  prepared  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment, as  to  the  chara(?tcr,  extent,  an<l  weight  of  which,  however,  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  is  wholly  uninformed. 

The  propositions  of  law  and  of  fact  upon  which  thc!  United  States 
will  rely  in  the  Arbitration  are  jirecisely  stated  in  its  Case  now  in  the 
hands  of  Her  Majesty's  Government,  and  need  not  be  recapitulated 
here.  In  support  of  tiiese  assertions  of  fact  a  large  amount  of  eviderce, 
and  all  the  evidence  the  Government  of  the  United  States  will  oifer. 


lt\ 


^     \'V 


RELATING   TO   INTERPRETATION   OF  TREATY. 


141 


except  in  rebuttal  of  that  which  may  be  introduco"^  on  the  other  side, 
has  been  prepared  and  is  printed  in  the  American  Case  and  its  Ap- 
pendices. 

The  facts  presented  in  the  American  Case  are  not  new.  They  have 
been  the  sulvoct  of  long  discussion  and  correspondence  between  the 
two  Governments,  and  of  prolonged  consideration  by  the  Commissioners 
of  the  respective  Governments  appointed  many  months  before  tlie 
Treaty  was  celebrated,  and  whose  functions,  set  forth  in  Article  0  of 
that  instrument,  were  to  investigate  the  subject  of  seal-life  and  the 
measures  necessary  for  its  protection.  The  opposing  claims  of  the 
Governments  in  respect  to  these  facts  have  been  rec«)gnized  and  under- 
8to<vd  as  constituting  in  one  view  to  a  large  extent,  and  in  another  view 
to  the  full  extent,  the  controversy  for  the  determination  of  which  the 
Tribuiml  of  Arbitration  has  been  created.  If  the  (Jommissioners  could 
have  agreed  in  respect  to  them,  as  was  hoped  and  desired  on  both 
sides,  an  arbitration  might  not  have  been  necessary.  It  is  therefore 
impossible  for  tlie  Government  of  the  United  States  to  believe,  unless 
it  should  be  so  assured  by  Her  Mnjesty's  Government,  that  it  is  the 
intention  of  that  Government  to  bring  forward  no  evidence  on  these 
points  in  its  own  belialf. 

If  such  evidence  is  to  be  offered  hereafter  in  the  British  Counter  Case, 
V,he  result  of  witliliolding  it  in  the  Case  already  delivered  will  be  its  fol- 
lows: Wlien  presented  in  the  Counter  Case  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment will  have  under  the  provisions  of  the  Treaty  no  <)i)itortunity 
whatever  to  meet  it  by  rebutting  proof  of  any  descrii)tion,  but  must 
proceed  inimeiliately  to  trial  without  being  able  to  offer  any  contra- 
dictory, exi)lanatory,  or  impeaching  evidence.  The  Counter  Case  is 
tiie  last  ciiance  afforded  by  the  Treaty  for  the  introduction  of  any  evi- 
dence at  all.  It  is  therefore  provided  that  the  Counter  Cases  shall  not 
be  exdianged  until  thirty  days  before  tlie  tinal  submission  of  the  ques- 
ticms  for  decision.  And  thus  the  whole  body  of  the  British  evidence,  if 
reserved  for  the  Counter  Case,  would  only  come  to  the  knowledge  of 
tlie  Government  of  the  United  States  on  the  eve  of  the  hearing,  with- 
out the  privilege  of  answering  it. 

Especially  would  such  a  method  of  trial  prove  injurious  to  the  United 
States  (TOV(^rnnient  in  respect  to  that  branch  of  the  hearing  that  refers 
to  the  regnlations  which  the  Tribunal  is  anth(ui/ed  to  prescribe  in  its 
dis(!retion  for  the  preservation  of  the  seal  herd  from  extinct  on,  if  iu 
the  course  of  the  (!on;  ideration  of  the  Case  they  should  read,  ^he  con- 
clu-^ion  that  the  United  States  Government  can  not  deniand  such  pro- 
tection as  a  right.  A  strange  misconception  seems  to  exist  in  the  mind 
of  the  Agent  of  Great  Britain  that  a  hearing  other  than  that  provided 
in  the  Treaty  is  to  be  afforded  for  the  consideration  of  the  question  of 
regulations,  should  the  contingeiu'y  therefor  arise,  and  that  another 
oi)|»ortunity  than  the  Printed  Cr.se  is  to  be  granted  for  the  submission 
of  evidence  upon  this  question. 

It  nuist  be  manifest  from  an  examination  of  the  Treaty  that  only  one 
opiiortunity  is  afforded  each  party  to  submit  evidence  on  this  question, 
and  that  is  to  be  availed  of  in  the  original  Case,  except  so  far  as  evi- 
dence in  rc'mttal  may  be  legitimate  in  the  Counter  Case.  Should  the 
Arbitrators,  'n  the  course  of  their  deliberations,  lind  it  necessary  to 
consider  the  question  of  regulations,  the  nature,  extent,  and  efticieucy 
of  the  regulations  to  be  framed  mnst  be  determined  entirely  upon  the 
evidence  already  subniitted,  since  the  subject  is  one  uptm  which  the 
Arbitrators  can  have  no  other  knowledge  than  that  thus  afforded. 
How  far  iuid  how  gravely  the  (iovernments  are  at  issue  upon  this  point 
may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  correspondence  regarding  it  betweeu 


142 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


n    ij 


;■'    ) 


l-l    0 


their  respective  representatives  preceding  the  celebration  of  the  Arbi- 
tration Treaty.  Can  the  United  States  be  reasonably  expected  to  dis- 
cuss this  important  question  upon  a  mass  of  adverse  evidence  which 
it  has  had  no  chance  to  meet  by  counter  evidence  and  hardly  time  in- 
telliffently  to  peruse! 

It  is  further  worthy  of  remark  that,  by  the  in-oposcd  method  of  mak- 
iuii  up  the  Case,  the  United  States  (Jovernment  will  not  only  be  deprived 
of  the  means  of  reply  to  the  British  evidence  by  proof,  but  also  of  the 
opportunity  adecjuately  to  discuss  it  in  argument.  It  will  be  observed 
fi'om  the  provisions  of  the  Treaty  that  the  written  argument  upon  the 
whole  case  must  be  complete  and  delivered  within  thirty  days  from  the 
reception  of  the  Counter  Cases.  During  this  time  the  argument  on  the 
American  side  must  be  prepared,  printed,  and  sent  across  the  Atlantic, 
although  a  considjTable  part  of  the  time  must  necessarily  be  occui)ie(l 
by  counsel  in  reaching  Paris  from  the  United  States.  VVhile  this  may 
be  i>ossible,  thougli  not  easy,  in  respect  to  so  much  of  the  Case  as  has 
been  for  several  months  ju'eviously  in  the  hands  of  ccmnsel,  if  only  evi- 
dence strictly  in  rebuttal  remains  to  be  dealt  with  after  the  Counter 
Cases  are  exchanged,  it  would  be  nninifestly  impossible,  if  the  bulk  and 
strength  of  the  British  proofs  are  to  be  presented  for  the  iirst  tinu^  in 
the  Counter  Case,  to  prepare  any  argument  in  respect  of  them  that 
would  be  likely  to  be  useful  within  a  period  so  short  .and  so  interrupted. 

To  a  constru(!tion  of  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  which  leads  to  results 
80  grossly  unjust  and  so  gravely  prejudicial,  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  can  not  assent,  it  would  be,  in  its  judgment,  such  a 
perversion  of  the  letter  and  such  a  violation  of  the  spirit  of  the  Treaty 
as  would  threaten  to  defeat  its  objects  and  be  fatal  to  its  usefulness. 
It  may  safely  be  asserted  that  in  no  judicial  proceeding  ever  invented 
for  the  determination  of  disputed  facts  was  it  allowed  tliat  one  party 
should  be  at  liberty  to  introduce  his  whole  case  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
give  his  adversary  no  opportunity  to  present  evidence  in  re])ly  to  it, 
although  aiforded  on  his  own  side  full  means  of  replying  to  his  adver- 
sary's testimony.  Such  a  method  of  trial  could  not  be  expected  to 
result  in  a  just  decision.  Had  such  a  proposal  been  made  in  the  present 
case  by  either  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  when  the  provisions  of 
the  Treaty  were  being  framed,  it  would  have  been  at  once  rejected,  not 
only  as  inadmissible,  but  as  unworthy  of  the  Government  presenting  it. 

The  true  intent  of  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  in  respect  to  the  mode  of 
trial  is,  as  the  Government  of  the  United  States  respectfully  insists, 
obvious  and  clear.  But  one  Case  atul  one  Counter  Case  are  provided 
for  on  each  side.  No  issue  is  previously  formed,  and  no  pleadings  in- 
terposed. It  is  manifestly  contemplated  that  both  parties  shall  sinuil- 
taneously  submit  to  the  Arbitrators  and  to  each  other,  in  the  Case  which 
is  to  be  exchanged  within  tour  months  from  the  ratification  of  the 
Treaty,  their  propositions,  their  claims,  and  their  evidence,  xipon  all 
points  in  dispute.  Neither  goes  forward,  as  in  an  action  at  law,  neither 
is  entitled  to  wait  until  he  receives  his  adversary's  case  before  submit- 
ting his  own.  Both  understand  by  long  correspondence  and  negotia- 
tion what  the  controversy  is.  Then  to  each  is  afforded  the  opportunity 
to  reply  to  the  Case  on  the  other  side  in  the  Counter  Case,  wliich  is  to 
be  exchanged  within  three  months  after  the  reception  of  the  Case.  The 
language  of  Arti^Ue  iv  is  upon  this  point  decisive.  No  further  oi)por- 
tunity  of  submitting  evidence  and  no  second  hearing  are  provided  for 
respecting  regulations  or  any  other  nuitter. 

To  the  Counter  Case  no  reply  is  provi<led  for,  except  in  argument,  for 
the  plain  reason  that  it  is  supj)os(Ml  to  contain  no  evulence  except  that 
in  rebuttal.    Thin  in^lhod  is  fair  to  both  sides,  and  places  both  on  an 


:  ■} 


t    V 


RELATING   TO   INTERPRpyrATION   OF    lUKATY. 


143 


equality.  Aud  as  confirming  tlie  intention  of  the  Governments  as  to 
these  .stages  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Arbitration,  it  is  required  that 
the  decision  of  the  Tribunal  on  the  points  submitted  to  it  shall,  if  i)os- 
siblc,  be  nmde  within  three  months  from  the  dose  of  tiie  arguments. 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  entire  confidence  that  in 
this  view  of  the  requirements  of  the  Treaty  it  will  have  the  concur- 
rence of  Her  Majesty's  Government. 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  been  and  is  extremely 
desirous  that  the  Arbitration  should  proceed,  but  only  according  to  the 
Treaty,  the  object  of  which  was  to  provide  a  fair  trial.  To  this  end  it 
has  made  an  elaborate  prei»aration  and  lias  complied,  on  its  part,  with 
every  requirement  of  the  Treaty.  It  would  be  a  source  of  profcmnd 
regret  to  the  United  States  Government  and,  as  it  can  not  doubt,  to 
Her  Majesty's  Government,  if  the  Arbitration  should  at  this  stage  be 
put  in  peril.  Should  the  assurance  be  received  from  Her  Majesty's 
Government  that  the  apprehension  above  exjuessed  is  unfounded,  and 
that  it  is  not  intended  on  the  part  of  that  Government  to  otter  in  its 
Counter  Case  evidence  on  the  points  that  have  been  mentioned  herein, 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  would  accept  the  Britisii  Case  as 
already  delivered  as  a  full  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
Treaty. 

But  in  the  absence  of  such  an  a8suran<!e,  and  in  view  of  the  state- 
ments made  in  that  Case  by  the  agent  of  Great  Britain  herein  quoted, 
I  am  directed  by  the  President  to  state  tiiat  he  would  feel  constrained 
to  regard  the  British  Case  as  submitted  as  a  failure  on  the  part  of  Her 
Majesty's  Governnient  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Feb- 
ruary 2!),  1892,  and  to  protest  in  the  most  solemn  manner  against  this 
noncompliance  with  its  provisions. 

But  the  President  entertains  the  greatest  confidence  that  when  the 
views  herein  expresse«l  are  brought  to  the  attention  of  Her  Majesty's 
Government  it  will  hasten  to  correct  the  errors  which  have  beeii  made 
by  its  representatives  in  charge  of  its  Case,  and  he  is  pleased  to  give 
the  assurance  in  advance  that  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
will  assent  to  any  reasonable  means  that  may  be  proposed  to  tliat  end 
by  Her  Majesty's  Government.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  if  the 
date  fixed  in  the  Treaty  for  the  closing  of  the  Counter  Cases  is  to  be 
observed  no  time  is  to  be  lost  by  the  British  Government  in  submitting 
such  proposition  as  may  seem  to  it  to  be  called  for  under  the  circum- 
stances. 

It  would  not  be  possible  to  correct  the  injustice  which  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  conceives  has  already  been  done  by  the 
manner  in  which  the  British  Case  has  been  made  up.  [t  was  an  ad- 
vantage which,  it  is  conceived,  was  not  Intended  to  be  afforded  to  either 
party  that,  in  taking  its  evidence  in  chief,  it  should  have  the  benefit 
of  the  possession  of  all  the  evidence  on  the  other  side,  as  also  that  in 
making  up  the  report  of  its  CommiEsioners  it  should  first  be  provided 
with  tliat  of  their  colleagues  representing  the  other  Government  in  re- 
spect to  those  points  upon  which  they  have  failed  to  agree.  But  this 
disadvantage  the  United  States  Government  prefers  to  submit  to, 
though  quite  aware  of  its  importance,  rather  than  that  the  arbitiation 
should  be  put  in  peril. 

I  have  felt  it  necessary  to  enter  ai  some  length  upon  an  exposition 
of  the  views  of  my  Government  upon  this  question,  because  of  its 
great  gravity  and  of  the  serious  consequences  which  might  result  from 
a  failure  of  the  two  governments  to  agree  respecting  it,  and  because 
of  tlie  earnest  desire  of  my  Government  to  reach  a  mutuallv  satisfiU'tory 
settlement.    I  deem  it  proper,  however,  to  add  in  conclusion  that  the 


r . 


ni 


:*.'■ 


'V 


\  ; 


■ 


: 


i' 


144 


DIPLOMATIC    rOHRESPONDENCE. 


■i 


Ooveriunent  of  tbo  United  States  has  entire  tontideiu^e  ii»  its  ability  to 
maintain  its  posititm  in  tlie  controversy  aubniitted  to  the  Tribunal  of 
Arbitration;  but  to  this  end  it  nuist  be  afforded  tiie  benefit  of  those 
substantial  aafejjuards  against  tlie  introduction  of  eiror  which  the 
judicial  systems  of  all  nations  so  carefully  secure  a  ul  which  were  de- 
signtnl  to  be  secured  by  the  provisions  of  the  Tieaty.  In  tlie  abseiuie 
of  such  safeguards  no  party  to  a  Judicial  proccodinj.:  can  be  confident 
of  the  protection  of  his  rights;  indeed,  a  trial  of  a  viuesticm  of  right 
when  one  party  has  no  oi)p(U'tunity  of  meeting  and  answering  the  alle- 
gations and  evidence  of  the  other  does  not  deserve  the  name  of  a  judicial 
proceeding. 

1  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  high  consideration,  your  obedient 
servant, 

John  W.  Fosibb. 


( I 


!      -Ifi 


r     i 


I  If' 


r   H 


Lord  Roaebery  to  Mr.  Herbert. 

(Handed  to  Mr.  Adee  by  Mr.  Herbert,  October  25,  1892.) 

(No.  234.) 

CONFIBENTIAL.]  FOEEIGN  OFFICE,  October  13,  1893. 

Sir  :  I  have  received  yonr  dispatch.  No.  270,  of  the  2Sth  ultimo,  inclos- 
ing a  copy  of  the  note  addressed  to  you  by  the  United  States'  Secretary 
of  State  on  the  27th  September  last  respecting  the  Behriiig  Sea  Arbi- 
tration. 

Its  contents,  the  general  purport  of  which  you  had  previously  con- 
veyed to  me  by  telegraph,  have  received  the  attentive  consideration  of 
Her  Majesty's  GoverniiuMit,  and  it  appears  to  them  to  be  necessary  to 
examine  its  various  contentions  in  some  detail. 

Mr.  Foster  states; — 

(1)  That  the  President  "has  observed  with  surprise  and  extreme  re- 
gret that  the  British  Case  contains  no  evi<lence  whatever  touching  the 
principal  facts  in  dispute  up()n  which  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  must 
in  any  event  largely,  and  in  one  event  entirely,  depend.  No  proof  is 
pi'csented  upon  the  question  submitted  by  the  Treaty  concerning  the 
right  of  property  or  property  interest  asserted  by  the  United  States  in 
the  seals  inhabiting  the  I'ribilof  Islands  in  Hehring  Sea,  or  upon  the 
question,  also  submitted  to  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration,  concerning  the 
concurrent  regulations  which  might  be  necessary  in  a  certain  contin- 
gency specified  in  the  Treaty." 

(2)  Mr.  Foster  goes  on  to  affirm  that  the  Treaty  provides  for  the  sub- 
mission of  evidence  only  thrcmgh  the  Cases  and  Counter  Cases  therein 
mentioned,  and  he  infers  that  the  view  taken  by  the  British  Agent 
must  be  "tiiat  he  may  incorporate  such  proof  and  evidence  in  the 
Counter  Case  to  be  prepared  by  him,  leaving  the  United  States  without 
any  mefins  of  contnidiirting,  limiting,  or  qualifying  them,  however  open 
they  may  be  to  contradiction,  limitation,  or  qualification." 

The  Government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  can  not  admit  that  there 
is  any  foundation  for  these  complaints,  which  seem  to  be  based  upon  a 
construction  of  the  Treaty  which,  in  tlieir  belief  and  in  the  opinion  of 
their  advisers,  is  erroneous. 

The  scheme  of  that  Treaty  provides  that  the  five  questions  submitted 
in  Article  Vi  should  be  kept  distiiu't  from,  and  that  the  decnsion  there- 
on should  be  prior  to,  the  consideration  of  any  question  of  concurrent 
regulations,  which  consideration  would  only  become  necessary  in  the 


V' 


RKLATINQ   TO    INTKHPKF.TATION    <>p    THKATY. 


145 


tn'ont  of  llii'  Hvo  points  bcin;;  decided  nii favorably  to  the  t'laim  of  the 
United  States.  Tiie  sixth  Article  requires  that  a  distinct  (h'eision  sliall 
bo  given  on  each  of  these  points,  while  the  seventh  Article  provides 
that  "if  the<l('tcrniination  of  the  r(»rejjoin};  tpiestions  as  to  the  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  tiie  Cnited  States  shall  leave  the  subject  in  such  position 
that  tJM' concurrence  of  (rreat  Hritain  is  nec'ssaryto  the  establishment 
of  rcfjulations  for  the  ])roper  jtrotection  and  i)reservation  of  the  fur- 
seal  in,  or  hal»itually  resorting  to,  IJehriny-  Sea,"  the  Arbitrators  shall 
thru  determine  what  concurrent  rejjulations  are  necessary,  and  that 
"to  aiil  them  in  that  (lcterminati(M>,  the  report  (»f  si  Joint  «'ommission, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  respective  /j^ove  •nments  shall  be  laid  before 
them,  with  such  other  evidem-e  as  either  (ioverninent  may  submit." 

It  will  be  noted  tliat  the  seventh  Article  of  tin*  Treaty  refers  only  to 
the  report  of  a  joint  commission,  and  it  is  by  the  ninth  Article  alone 
ju'ovided  that  the  joint  and  several  I'eports  and  recommendations  of 
the  (^(unmissioners  may  be  submitted  to  the  Arbitrators,  "  should  the 
contingency  theietbr  arise." 

The  event,  therefore,  on  the  happening  of  which  the  report  or  reports 
and  further  evidence  are  to  be  submitted  is  thus  in(iicate<l  by  the 
Treaty;  that  ev«'nt  being  tlie  detiuiniinition  of  the  tiv(^  |)oints  sub- 
mitted in  tiie  sixth  Article  unfavorably  to  the  claim  o(  the  United 
States,  antl  so  that  the  subject  is  left  in  such  a  p(»sition  that  the  c(Mi- 
currence  of  (rreat  Britain  is  necessary  tor  the  purpose  of  establishing 
proper  regulations. 

It  will  i)e  noticed  further  that  the  inquiries  of  the  commissioners  are 
contined  by  articles  vii  and  ix  to  the  ((uestionof  reguhitions,  and  have 
no  reference  to  the  jxunts  raised  by  Article  vi. 

It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  by  the  Tn^ity  it  was  intended  that  the 
report  <u'  reports  of  the  (Commissioners  should  be  produced,  not  as  part 
of  the  Case  upon  the  (piestions  stated  in  Article  vi.  but  at  a  later  stage, 
and  then  only  in  the  contingency  above  referred  to. 

With  regard  to  pointoof  Ai-tide  vi,  the  (lovernmentof  Her  Britannic 
Majesty,  bi^lieving  that  the  alleged  "right  of  proi)erty  or  property 
interest"  depends  upon  questions  of  law,  and  not  upon  the  habits  of 
seals  and  tlie  incidents  of  seal  life,  have  stated  proi)ositions  of  hiw  which 
in  their  opinion  demonstrate  that  the  claim  of  such  right  is  not  only 
iinprecedentiid,  but  untenable.  These*  propositions  will  be  found  at 
pages  13")  to  140,  L5;5  to  I'u,  and  propositions  15, 10,  and  17,  on  page  160 
of  the  Case  of  this  Government. 

This  being  the  view  of  tiie  (Jo\ernment  of  Her  Britannic  iMajesty,  it 
would  have  been  altogether  inconsistent  with  it  and  indeed,  as  they 
conceive,  illogical  and  improper  to  have  introduced  into  the  British 
(Jase  matter  which,  in  the  opinion  of  Her  Majesty's  Government,  can 
only  bo  legitimately  used  when  the  (piestion  of  concurrent  regulations 
is  under  consideration. 

The  Government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  therefore  reserved,  and  in 
their  opinion  rightly  reserved,  until  the'time  contemi)lated  by  articles 
VII  and  IX  of  the  Treaty,  the  consideiation  of  the  questi(m  of  concurrent 
regulations  should  the  contingency  therefor  arise,  and  Her  Majesty's 
(ioverninent  protest  against  the  introduction  at  this  stage  of  facts 
timching  seal  life,  which  they  contend  iiiiord  no  support  to  the  exclusive 
rights  claimed  by  the  United  States,  which  were  the  original  cause  and 
formed  the  first  object  of  this  arbitration. 

With  regard  to  the  allegation  that  the  United  States  will  have  no 

means  of  contradicting,  limiting,  or  qualifying  the  proof  and  evidence 

adduced  in  the  British  Counter  Case,  the  Government  of  the  United 

States  appear  to  have  overlooked  the  provision  of  article  VU,  by  which 

12364 10 


iPrl^ 


! 


!■;  [ 


l<'l 


hi 


Lm*,i 


>    iji 


I* 


III 


,n 


fc 


•     1» 

: 

1' 

1 

; 

"I 

146 


DIPLOMATIC    COKHKSI'ONDENCE. 


with  rofcroiu'o  to  tlio  (|in'Hti()ii  of  tho  concurn'iit  lojjulatioiiH,  oxpresa 
]M'i'iiiisHion  is  jiivcii  to  t'ncli  ^ovi'riiiiiciit  to  siibiiiit  otlit'r  evich'iu'*'. 

Tlu'st"  are  tlie  viinvs  of  tlic  (lovciitiiiciit  of  Her  lU'ltaniiic.  Majesty, 
and  tli(\v  iiiiist  maintain  tluMr  con-ct'tncss.  lint  tlic  Uovcrnnicntof  the 
Unit«'<l  Statt's  iiave  «'xpresse(i  a  (lillcn-nt  view;  tliey  iiave  taken  the 
|)osition  tliat  any  facts  relevant  to  th(>  consideration  of  cuncnrrent 
regulations  should  have  been  included  in  the  Case  on  behalf  of  Her 
Britannic  Majesty  luesented  under  article  in,  and  that  the  absenc«'  of 
any  statement  of  sueii  facets  ]>laces  tln^  United  States  at  a  disadvantage. 
TIh!  (lovernment  of  Her  Hritannii;  Majesty,  while  dissentin};  from  this 
view,  are  desirous  in  every  way  to  fa«'ilitate  tlu'  profjfress  of  the  arbi- 
tration, and  are  therefore  williiif;  to  fuinish  at  once  to  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  and  to  the  arbitrators  tlie  sepaiate  report  of  the 
liritish  (^(unmissioners,  with  its  appendices.  The  (i»>verninent  of  the 
United  States  are  at  libeity,  so  far  as  they  think  tit,  to  treat  these 
documents  as  part  of  the  Case  of  the  Government  of  Her  Britannic 
IVIa.josty. 

H«'r  Uritannic  Majesty's  Go\ernnient  must,  however,  reserve  to  them- 
selves tlie  rij;ht  of  dealiii}>'  in  its  Counter  Case,  or  at  later  stajjes  (»f  the 
proceed i  11  j;s,  as  conteiii|)lated  by  the  Treaty,  with  the  <|uestion8  which 
have  been  raised  in  tiie  Case  of  the  United  States.  It  must  also  be 
understood  that  Her  Britannic  Majesty's  Government  reserve  to  them- 
selves the  rifjht  of  objectinj;  to  the  introduction  in  tlu^  c(msideratiou  of 
the  five  points  submitted  by  the  sixth  article  (»f  the  Treaty  of  matter 
which  they  contend  to  be  irrelevant  and  which  they  consider  to  have 
been  impro|>erly  introduced  in  that  connection. 

The  Goveinment  of  Her  liritannic  Majesty  have  observed  with  sur- 
prise a  sufjsestion,  ciuitaiiKul  in  the  eoncludinj;  parafjraphs  of  Mr. 
Foster's  note,  that  they  have  derived  an  advantajic  in  "  makinfr  up  the 
report  of  its  Commissioners,"  by  beiiifj  first  jirovided  "with  that  ot 
their  c<dlea}jues  reiu'cseiitiiifj  the  other  jjfovernment  in  respect  to  those 
])oints  njmn  which  they  have  failed  to  aK'rec"  This  advantajje  Mr. 
Foster  further  characterizes  as  important.  The  Government  of  Her 
Britannic  Majesty  had  taken  a  different  view  as  to  the  functions  of  the 
Commissioners  from  that  apparently  taken  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States.  Her  Majesty's  Government  had  repmled  them  as  in- 
dciH'iidcnt  and  free  from  control  in  the  jn-eparation  of  their  rejiort,  and 
the  tliity  of  strict  impartiality  will  be  found  to  have  been  specially  iir- 
prcssed  upon  them  in  their  instructions. 

The  reiKU't  and  appendices,  in  the  words  in  which  they  are  now 
presentecl  to  the  United  States,  were  printed  on  the  21st  June,  1892, 
and  laid  before  the  Queen  in  pursuance  of  Her  Majesty's  Commission. 

As  the  time  for  the  delivery  of  the  Counter  Cases  has  now  been  ex- 
tended by  sixty  days,  the  Government  of  the  United  States  will  pnd)- 
ably  concur  in  thinking  that  ample  time  will  be  afforded  to  that  Gov- 
ernment for  dealinj?  fully  with  the  report,  but  the  GovernnuMit  of  Her 
Britannic  iVlajesty  would  be  prei)ared  to  concur  with  the  United  Stat»'8 
G(»verinneut  in  agreeing  to  a  further  extension  of  time,  should  the 
United  States  Government  require  it. 

You  will  deliver  to  Mr.  Foster  a  copy  of  this  dispatch,  as  forming 
the  answer  of  Her  Majesty's  Government  to  his  note  of  the  27th  ultimo, 
and  you  will  present  to  him  at  the  same  time  the  a(!coinpanying  copies 
of  the  volum'c!  containing  the  report  of  the  British  Commissioners, 

Copies  of  the  volume  will  be  forwarded  to  each  of  the  arbitrators, 
and  Her  Majesty's  GovernnuMit  propose  also  to  forward  to  them  copies 
of  Mr.  Foster's  note  aud  of  this  dispatch. 

I  am,  etc.,  Bosebeby. 


EELATINO  TO  INTKKI'RKTA'IION  OF  TKKATT. 


147 


Mr.  Fuster  to  Mr.  Herbert. 


J>K1'AHTMKNT   OF  8TATK, 

Wanfiinffton,  NornnlHr  !>,  1S92. 

Sir:  I  liad  tlie  lionor  to  receive  tlirouuli  y<»u,  cm  the  I'atli  tiltiino,  u 
ropy  of  Lord  l{ost'b«'ry's  dispntrli  of  the  \'M\\  of  the  same  nioiitli,  but 
ail  iicknowledninent  has  been  di-Iayed  for  tlie  reason  that  tlie  iiiteri)re- 
tatioii  placed  by  his  lordsiiip  upon  those  provisions  of  the  Arbitration 
Treaty  of  l''ebruary  lilt,  I.S!>l',  which  rehite  to  the  nio«b'  of  pro(!edure, 
called,  in  the  view  of  tlie  President,  ♦or  some  response  from  the  (Jov- 
ernmentofthe  I'nited  States,  ami  thai  this  cfuild  be  more  intelligently 
framed  after  the  copy  of  the  report  of  the  JJeriiin  Sea  CommissioiierH 
nmde  to  Her  Majesty's  (Sovernment,  and  which  Lord  Uosebery  ox« 
l»ressed  a  willingness  to  furnish  to  the  <ioveriiineiit  of  the  I'nited 
States,  had  been  examined  and  the  exti'iit  to  which  that  report  woiiM 
atVect  the  Case  theretofore  prepared  on  behalf  of  Her  Majesty's  Gov- 
ernment was  more  jn-ecisely  known. 

This  report  having  been  furnished  to  the  fioveriiment  of  the  United 
States  and  <'arefiilly  examined,  I  now  ])roceed  to  state  tin'  views  enter- 
tained by  this  CJovernment  upon  the  intcipretation  of  the  Treaty  in  the 
jtarficuhvrs  above  mentioned  by  liOrd  Hosebery.  That  interpretati<m 
lias  been  considered  with  the  eare  which  its  character  demands,  and  I 
am  c<nistrained  to  say  that  I  can  not  concur  in  it.  It  appears  that,  ae- 
conling  to  the  view  of  Lord  Hosebery,  all  matters  relating  to  the  nature, 
habits,  and  life-history  of  the  fur  si'iils,  and  the  modes  by  which  they 
are  taken  and  killed,  that  is  to  say,  substantially,  all  the  matters  upon 
which  questions  of  fact  arise  between  the  ])arties,  are  relevant  only  to 
the  (piestioii  of  concurrent  regulations,  and  not  to  the  claim  of  a  i)iop- 
erty  interest  asserted  by  the  United  States. 

If  this  view  be  correct  it  follows  that  the  treaty  niakes  no  provision 
by  which  the  allegations  and  proofs  of  the  one  i»arty  upon  c(mtroverted 
questions  of  fact  may  be  met,  considered,  and  overcome  by  the  other. 
Lord  Rosebery  himself  is  able  to  point  to  no  provision  attbrding  to  the 
varties  an  opportunity  so  essential  to  the  ])ieservation  of  their  just 
rights,  excejit  that  containe('  in  article  vii,  which  declares  that,  in  the 
event  that  the  arbitrators  are  called  upon  to  consider  the  subject  of 
concurrent  regulations,  "  the  report  of  a  joint  commission  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  respei^tive  governments  shall  be  hiid  before  them,  with 
such  other  evidence  as  each  government  may  submit."  If  this  ehiuse 
were  to  be  interi)reted  as  permitting  the  i)arties  to  lay  before  the  arbi- 
trators evidence  jiertinent  to  the  subject  of  concurrent  regulations  aifter 
the  exchanges  of  the  Cases  and  the  C(mnter  Cases  (a  view  to  which 
the  United  States  does  not  assent),  it  certainly  makes  no  i)rovision  for 
the  furnishing  of  such  evidence  b\f  the  one  party  to  the  other,  which  the 
United  States  insist  upon  as  the  essential  condition  for  the  establish- 
ment of  truth  upon  the  disputed  questions  of  fact. 

When  we  observe  the  industrifuis  care  with  which  the  Treaty  pro- 
vides for  the  furnishing  of  Cases  and  Counter  Cases,  the  first  designed 
to  contain  the  allegations  and  proofs  by  which  the  resi)ective  parties 
may  wish  to  support  their  contentions,  and  the  last  to  enable  them  to 
meet  and  overcome  the  proofs  adduced  by  their  aclversaries,  is  it  pos- 
sible to  doubt  that  this  provision  was  intended  to  cover  the  case  of 
disputed  matters  of  fact? 

I  will  not  repeat  the  argument  urged  in  my  note  of  September  27, 
designed  to  show  the  unreasonableness  of  inii)uting  to  the  fiamers  of 
the  Treaty  an  intention  so  incompatible  with  the  essential  conditions  of 
a  judicial  proceeding  as  that  which  appears  to  be  attributed  to  them 


i 


1       .11 

Ml. 


Rl 


148 


DIPLOMATIC    CORRESPONDENCE. 


Ill        '      A 


:r 


■' 


by  Lord  Itosebery;  but  ajjain  cullinjr  the  iitr<Mition  of  Her  Majesty's 
CloverniiH'iit  to  tlie  views  exi»r»'sstMl  in  tbat  note,  I  venture  to  sujrjj:est 
for  the  ronsidcnifcioii  of  Lord  Roscbtrry  that  wluui  it  aintears  by  tlio 
treaty  tbat  iu(histnous  care  was  tai\<'ii  to  secure  to  eacli  party  to  tlie 
controversy  a  knowb'dfje  bcMbiehand  of  the  ajllej^atious  and  proofs  of 
the  other,  to  the  end  that  a  conti^st  niijjiit  Iw  the  nior<i  iiiteibfjently 
made  and  Mic  real  truth  iiKue  iully  and  certiiiidy  estabbshed,  it  is  not 
a  sound  method  of  interpretation  to  nullify  tiiif  ett'eet  of  that  intent  by 
attaching  liir<j;e  importance  to  the  mode  in  whik'h  particular  clauses  of 
the  document  are  expressed.  It  would  seem  to  be  mon^  <'ous(niant  with 
reason  an<l  with  the  familiar  princ^ides  of  the  interpretation  of  written 
documents  in  such  cases,  to  dispose  of  any  aml>iyuous  laufrnayre  in  par- 
ticular clauses  by  a  re(ronciiin}?eoi<'<^rnetion  which  will  oeiiiiit  the  known 
intentions  of  tlie  framers  of  tlie  docuinei.t  to  have  their  (^ttecr. 

Applyinji"  this  ride  of  iiitci-pretation  to  vhe  case  in  qnesti;;ii,  1  am  of 
the  opiinon  tiiat  the  particMilar  expressions  upon  whic'..  ijord  Rosebery 
relies  have  nothin}?  in  them  inconsistent  with  ihe  pliin  intention  of  the 
framers  of  the  Treaty,  as  manifested  by  tlie  main  provisions  above  re- 
ferred to.  So  far  as  the  paiticulai  !au<;uaf;e  of  Article  vii  is  concerned 
two  observations  are  to  l)e  made: 

First.  Interpretinjf  this  lanj^uafje  as  it  stands  in  the  Treaty,  and  with- 
out referring  to  any  fact  aliiDule,  it  appears  to  i)e  eciually  consistent  with 
either  view.  The  point  at  which  the  ( "onimissiouers  |  Arbitrators]  are  to 
consider  the  matter  of  comMirrent  letiulations  is  fixed:  but  neither  the 
time  nor  the  i)oint  at  which  the  rejiortor  other  evidence  is  to  i»e  laid  lie 
fore  them  is  tixed.  The  intention  may. just  as  well  have  been  that  this 
should  be  done  in  the  Cases,  and  furnislied  bytihe  parties  toeacli  otiier. 
It  is  a  freipient  occurrence  in  judicial  controversies  that  cases  i>resent 
alternative  asjyects.  8uch  instances  do  not  <^all  for  separate  hearinj? 
and  decision;  but  the  evidence  bearinj''  upon  each  view  is  submitted 
at  the  outset,  althou<;li  it  is  well  understood  that  in  certaui  contin- 
gencies i)arts  of  the  allegations  and  [iroofs  will  not  be  considered. 

Second.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  wliat  now  stands  as  Artittle  vii  of  the 
Treaty  was,  in  the  same  language,  part  of  an  agreement  entered  into  by 
the  di]>lomatic  representatives  of  the  two  nations  before  the  treaty  was 
concluded,  and  before  the  jn'ovisions  in  relation  to  tlu'  exchange  of 
Cases  were  framed.  It  is  easy,  therefore,  to  see  that  all  M»at  was  nec- 
essary at  the  time  the  Article  was  tirst  framed  and  agreed  n\ntu  was  to 
provide  for  the  laying  before  the  Arbitrators  of  their  report  a,iid  other 
evidence,  leaving  the  details  of  when  and  how  sucl:  evidence  should  be 
seasonably  furnished  by  the  respective  i)arfies  to  each  other  to  be  there- 
after settled  in  framing  other  i)rovisions  of  the  Treaty. 

Touching  the  hinguage  of  z\rticle  ix.  relating  to  a  contingency  m 
which  it  is  contemplated  that  the  reports  migiit  not  be  laid  l>efore  the 
Arbitrators,  and  which  contingency  Lord  iotsenery  sup]>oses  to  be  that 
of  a  detennination  by  the  Arbitrators  npnii  tue  Hve  sj»ecial  «iuestions 
subnutted  to  them  adverse  to  the  Llnited  Start's,  i  beg  to  submit  that 
Lord  Rosebery  is  clearly  in  error.  The  «ubsr,an(re  of  Article  ix  was 
also  embraced  in  the  agreement  above  rev 'rred  to,  which  precede<l  the 
treaty  and  created  the  Joint  Commission.  Although  at  tliis  time  it 
was  contemplated  that  an  arbitration  slnmld  be  provided  for,  it  was  yet 
hoped  by  the  n»!gotiators  on  each  side  tliat  a  satistiwitory  scheme  of 
protection  would  be  agreed  to  by  the  .loiiit  Commission. 

The  contingency  referred  to  was  that  of  an  inability  of  the  nu'inbers 
of  the  Joint  Commission  to  come  to  an  agreement  satisfactory  to  their 
re8i>ective  Governments,  and  uot  as  Lord  itiwebery  supposes  that  of  a 


k 


RELATINO  TO  INTERPRETATION  OF  TREATY. 


149 


determination  upon  tlie  Ave  special  questions  julverae  to  the  contention 
oftli*  iTiiited  States.  A.  coininunication  from  Mr.  Blaine,  one  of  the 
negotiators,  is  appended  hereto  showing  the  circumstances  under  wuicU 
the  antecedent  agreement  was  made.  It  is  believed  that  Sir  Julian 
Pauncefote,  the  negotiator  on  ilie  part  of  Her  Majesty's  Government, 
will  not  dissent  freai  tiiis  statement. 

For  the  ahcve  reasons  I  can  n(»tconcurin  the  reasoning  of  Lord  Hose- 
bery  based  upon  a  special  consideration  of  tlie  language  of  particular 
clauses  of  the  Treaty.  If  his  interpretation  of  the  Treaty  is  correct,  the 
whole  matter  of  the  submission  of  evidence  and  of  argument  as  to  mat- 
ters artecting  the  questioi;  of  reguhitions  is,  as  I  have  already  sug- 
gested; left  without  any  presi,iii)tu)n  of  methods  or  limitiitions  as  to 
tini'!.  In  view  of  the  care  taiven  in  these  pai  ticuhirs  in  tlie  Treaty  as  to 
the  Case  and  Counter  Case  and  argument,  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  tlnit 
such  an  omi>sion  would  have  occurred.  The  provisions  made  were 
plainly  intended  to  cover  all  matters  submitted.  1  am  clearly  of  the 
opinion  that  the  clauses  (tited  by  Lord  Hosebcry,  when  pi-operly  ex- 
amined in  connection  with  the  circumstam-es  under  which  tiu'y  were 
framed,  contain  notliing  inconsistent  with  tiie  plain  general  intenti<m  of 
the  Treaty  to  secure  ti>  eadi  i»arty  an  opi»ortunity  to  meet  andoveicome 
the  allegations  and  proofs  of  his  adversary  upon  <lisputed  questions  of 
fact;  and  even  if  these  clauses  should  seem  to  contain  matter  furnishing 
some  support  to  the  views  expressed  by  Lord  Rosebery,  a  familial'  rule 
of  law  W(mld  require  us  to  subordinate  the  inference  they  may  suggest 
to  the  main  purpose  of  the  jtarties. 

It  is  a  matter  of  freijuent  occurrence  where  agreements  come  before 
judicial  tribunals  for  interpretati(Ui  that  incongruities  are  found  between 
those  parts  of  a  writing  which  express  the  nniin  ])urpose  of  its  framers 
and  those  which  relate  to  subiu'dinate  details.  Such  incongruities  are 
always  disposed  of  by  a  reconciling  coustructi(m  which  secures  the 
main  object  which  the  iiarties  had  in  view. 

I  entirely  agree  to  the  observation  of  Lord  Eosebei-y  to  the  effect 
that  tlie  right  of  property  in  fur-seals  deix-nds  upon  ([uestions  of  law; 
but  1  conceive  that  the  precise  ([uestions  of  law  can  not  b(>  known,  and 
can  '.ot  therefore  be  determined,  until  the  facts  out  of  which  they  arise 
are  known;  and  i  can  not  concur  with  Ltnd  Itosebery  in  the  view 
which  appears  to  be  entertained  by  him  that  the  facts  concerning  the 
nature  and  hal)its  of 'ur  seals  and  the  nxxles  by  which  their  iiu-rease 
may  lie  made  subservient  to  the  uses  of  man  without  endangering  the 
existence  of  the  stock,  are  not  i»ertinent  to  tlie  claim  of  the  United 
States  to  a  property  interest.  On  the  contrary  1  regard  these  facts  as 
in  the  highest  degree  ini|)ortaiit. 

Having  thus  expressed  tiie  views  enrertained  by  the  iJovernment  of 
the  TTnited  States  upon  the  argument  of  L;ir<l  Itosebery  in  supjiort  of 
his  interpretation  of  the  Treaty,  it  remains  for  nu's  to  add  riiat  1  am  in- 
strncied  by  the  President  to  say  that  he  appreciates  the  spirit <»fe(|uity 
and  liberamy  in  which  Lord  liosebery,  while  insistin;;  upon  his  own 
interjH-etation,  ]»ractically,  to  some  extent  at  least,  and  1  hoi>e  "fully, 
yields  to  the  lioveriimeiit  of  the  I'nited  States  the  benefit  of  its  inter- 
pretation, by  fnriiishiiig  to  the  latter  the  separate  Report  of  Her 
Majesty's  (Jomniissioners,  with  the  |)eiinission  that  the  same  Ite treated 
as  |»art  of  the  oitginal  Case  on  the  part  (»f  (ireat  ISritain.  If,  as  I  be- 
lieve and  assiune,  this  Report  contains  substantially  all  the  matter 
which  Her  Majesty's  (ioxcrnment  will  rely  ui)on  to  siipjiort  its  conten 
tious  in  respect  to  the  nature  and  liabits  of  lui-seals  and  the  modes  of 


ii-! 


^ir 


hi 


I'i  r 


i 


i 


150 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


!''^ 


capturing  them,  T  entertain  a  confident  liope  tliat  ail  farther  difficulty 
npou  the  questions  discussed  in  this  note  may  be  avoided. 

I  deem  it  ne(!essary,  however,  to  say  tliat  tlie  Government  of  tlie 
United  States  will,  sliould  occasion  arise,  ttrmly  insist  upon  its  inter- 
pretation of  the  treaty  and  tliat  it  reserves  the  right  to  protest  against 
and  oppose  the  submission  to,  and  reception  by,  the  Arbitrators  of  any 
matter  which  may  be  inserted  in  the  British  Counter  Case,  which  may 
not  be  justified  as  relevant  by  way  of  reply  to  the  Case  of  the  United 
States." 

The  President  is  further  gratified  by  the  readiness  manifested  by 
Lord  Uosi'bery  to  concur  with  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
in  respect  to  such  extension  of  time  as  may  be  needed  in  dealing  with 
the  Report,  of  whicii  he  has  furnished  a  copy.  This  friendly  offer  will 
be  communicated  to  the  Counsel  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  and 
their  wishes  will  be  made  known  to  your  Legation  or  the  British 
Agent. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  the  highest  consideration,  sir,  your 
obedient  servant, 

John  W.  Foster. 

[Inclosare.] 

Mr,  Blaine  to  Mr.  Foster. 


1:  h 


H>\ 


I     ii?  I! 


8'; 


17  Madison  Place, 

Washington,  Isovember  8,  1S93. 

Sir  :  After  an  arbitration  had  been  resolved  upon  between  the  Am- 
eiican  and  British  Governments,  a  special  correspondence  bet\veen  the 
Department  of  State  and  Lord  Salisbury  ensued,  extending  from  early 
in  July  to  the  middle  of  November,  1891.  The  various  subjects  which 
were  to  be  discussed  and  the  points  which  were  to  be  decided  by  tlie 
Arbitrators  In  the  affair  of  the  Bering  Sea  were  agreed  uimju  in  this 
correspondence. 

A  month  later  Sir  .Julian  Pauncefote,  the  British  Minister,  and  my- 
self arranged  the  correspondence  and  reduce<i  the  pro])ositions  and 
(!()unter-i)ropositions  to  a  memorandum  which  was  signed  by  us  on  the 
18th  of  December.  SubsiMpicntly  the  questions  which  had  ar'sen  be- 
tween the  I  wo  Governments  concerning  the  jnris<lictional  right  of  the 
United  States  in  the  watcrsof  the  BehringSea  were  expressedin  the  form 
of  a  treaty  concluded  at  Washington  on  the  20th  February,  1892.  This 
treaty  was  advised  by  the  Senate  on  March  21>,  1892,  ratified  by  the 
President  on  April  22,  ratifications  exchanged  on  May  7,  and  proclaimed 
on  May  9,  1892. 

In  all  these  steps,  including  the  correspondence  with  Lord  Salisbury, 
the  memorandum  concluded  between  Sir  .Tulian  and  myself,  and  the 
treaty  that  was  ultimately  proclaimed  on  the  9th  May,  1892,  and  which 
was  ncg(>tiated  by  Sir  .Julian  and  myself,  not  one  word  was  said  or  inti- 
mated resjiecting  the  qiu'stion  iu>w  raised  by  the  British  Government 
as  to  a  sec(mdary  submission  of  evidence  after  the  first  five  jMunts  set 
forth  in  Article  Vl  iiad  be«'n  decids'd  by  the  Arbitrators.  It  was  never 
Intimated  that  any  other  mode  ()f  proceeding  should  be  had  than  that 
which  is  expressed  in  Articles  ill,  IV,  and  v  of  the  treaty. 

I  shall  be  surprised  if  Sii'  .Julian  Pauncefote  shall  «liffer  in  the  slight- 
est degree  from  this  recital  of  facts. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

James  G.  Blaine. 


COMMUNICATIONS  FROM  THE  AGENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
TO  THE  AGEiNT  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1    t\ 

1 
1 

:i 

fe: 

:»! 

IN  RELATION  TO  ERRONEOUS  TRANSLATIONS  OF  CERTAIN 
RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS  REFERRED  TO  IN  TUE  CASE  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


by  tlie 
in  tliis 


by  the 


Mr.  Foster  to  Mr.  Tiipper, 

Washington,  November  2,  1S93. 

Sir:  I  doom  it  my  duty  to  briiij?  to  your  attention,  witiiout  delay, 
tlie  fact  that  it  lias  been  diseovere«l  by  iiie  that  a  number  of  the  docu- 
ments beh)nf(ing  to  the  archives  of  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  now  in  tho 
possession  of  the  Department  of  State,  and  referred  to  in  the  Case  of 
tiie  United  States  before  the  Trilmnal  of  Arbitration  delivered  to  you 
cm  September  1  last,  were  incorrectly  translated  from  the  Russian 
laiif?uaf?e  in  which  tiie  originals  ap])ear.  riith(><frai)hic  reproductions 
of  the  original  documents  are  t(>  be  tound  in  \'olume  i  of  the  Ajjpendix 
to  the  Case  of  tln^  United  States,  following  page  .^iH,  and  English 
translations  of  the  same  are  given  in  Volume  i,  jiages  41)  to  JH).  It  has 
within  the  last  few  days  been  ascertained  that  some  of  these  transla- 
tions are  incorrect,  but  to  what  ext«'nt  I  have  not  yet  been  able  accu- 
rately to  determine.  A  thorough  exanunation  is  nctw  being  made,  and 
at  the  earliest  ])ra<'ticable  date  I  shall  furnish  you  with  revised  and 
corrected  translations  and  indicate  the  i>ages  in  the  Printed  Case  of 
the  United  States  where  the  erroneous  translations  have  be<'n  quoted 
or  referred  to,  1  have,  however,  not  been  content  to  await  the  result 
of  that  examiiiatiun,  and  1  hasten  to  inform  you  of  the  above  fact,  and 
to  assure  you  tiiat  this  announct  nu'ut  shall  be  followed  by  a  more  de- 
tailed statement  with  as  little  delay  as  possible. 

The  nature  of  the  eirors  referred  to  s<'em  to  make  it  certain  that  the 
(lovernmeiit  of  tlie  United  States  has  been  grossly  imposed  ui)on  by  a 
jK'rs(!ii  employed  on  tla^  work  (tf  translation.  What  the  motive  for  such 
imposition  may  iiave  been  I  have  no  knowledge,  and  1  forbear  from 
any  mention  of  my  snsjiicions. 

I  have  the  houor  to  bo,  with  the  highest  respect,  your  obedient 


servaut. 


John  W.  Foster, 
Agent  of  the  United  ISlatea. 
161 


■ 


> 


I 

i! 

LMl 

llll 

iS'tt 

ir 

152 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE 


m  ^ 


IM  i' 


Mr.  Foster  to  Mr.  Tupper. 

Washington,  November  19, 1892. 

Sir:  TJncler  date  of  the  2d  instaut  I  advised  you  tliat  I  had  discov- 
ered that  a  miinbcr  of  documents  belonjiing  to  the  archives  of  Alaska 
and  referred  to  in  tlie  Caseof  tlie  United  States  before  tite  Triimnal  ot 
Arbitration  were  in<!orrectly  translated  from  the  Russian  lanj^uage; 
and  I  promised  to  give  you  at  the  earliest  practicable  date  a  detailed 
statement  of  the  erroneous  translations  and  to  indicate  the  pages  in  the 
Case  of  the  United  States  where  they  are  quoted  or  referred  to. 

Bcibre  comjjlying  with  that  promise  I  deem  it  due  to  my  Govern- 
ment and  to  myself  to  state  i\w  circumstances  under  which  these 
translations  were  introduced  into  the  ('ase  of  the  United  States.  When 
I  entered  i.'pon  the  work  of  prei>aring  the  same  1  learned  that  there 
existed  in  t)ie  archives  of  tlie  State  J)epartment  a  large  collection  of 
documents  entirely  in  tlio  Knssian  liinguage,  which  had  been  turned 
ovei-  by  the  Russian  authorities  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska  at  the  time 
of  the  transfer  of  \\\^^t  Tervitoiy  to  the  United  States,  in  accordance 
with  the  treaty  of  cession  of  18(»7.  These  documents  1  found  to  be  un- 
classitied  and  without  indices.  Desiring  to  ascertain  whether  they 
contained  any  information  relevant  to  the  work  I  had  in  hand,  I  made 
inquiry  for  i  competent  pevson  to  undertake  the  needed  researcli. 
After  considerable  investigation  my  choice  fell  ujjou  Ivan  Petrott".  [ 
learned  that  hewas  a  native  I'ussian,  educated  in  St.  Petersburg, 
that  he  had  several  times  visited  Alaska  as  an  agent  of  ti'.e  United 
States  (lovernment  and  had  been  in  tiio  employ  of  thi«  Government  for 
sevtiral  years  in  resi)onsible  iM)sitions.  lie  w;i«  represented  to  me  as 
an  a<'complished  linguist  and  the  best-inf(n"med  i)erson  obtainable  in 
the  Russian  language  and  history,  and  I  was  also  told  that  he  hadper- 
foiined  a  large  part  of  the  li'bor  in  the  compilation  of  II.  II.  Bancroft's 
Llist4U'y  of  Alaska.  Having  entire  confidence  in  his  (rapacity  and  in- 
tegrity, I  intrusted  to  him  the  examination  of  the  Alaskan  archives, 
with  the  result  shown  in  the  use  made  of  them  in  the  Case  of  the  United 
States  and  Volunu;  i  of  its  Appendix. 

Only  a  few  weeks  ago  my  suspicion  was  for  the  first  time  aroused  as 
to  the  correctness  of  some  of  tin;  i)assages  translated  by  Petroff,  and  a 
careful  examination  lias  revealed  an  ast(mnding  series  of  false  trans- 
lations. As  soon  as  I  wasprejjared  to  do  so,  1  brought  i'etroff  intomy 
presence  and  confronted  him  witli  the  i)roofs  of  his  infidelity  and  false 
translations.  The  evidence  of  his  dishonest  conduct  being  overpowering, 
he  acknowledged  his  guilt  in  t\w  presence  of  witnesses  and  signed  a 
full  confession,  of  which  I  inclose  you  lierevvith  a  copy  certified  to  by  the 
witnesses.  The  only  motive  which  he  has  alleged  Un-  his  conduct  is  that 
he  supposed  by  making  the  false  translaticms  and  interpolations  he 
wouhl  so  ingratiate  liimself  into  favor  and  imiiress  upon  this  (iovern- 
ment  the  importance  and  vciue  of  tlie  Alaskan  archives  as  to  secure 
his  employment  to  classify,  translate,  and  iiulex  that  voluminous  col- 
lection of  documents. 

In  making  tiiis  explanation  1  desire  again  to  direct  attention  to  the 
fact  mentioned  in  my  note  of  the  2d  instant  that  i)hotolitliograpliic 
reproductions  of  all  the  original  documents,  of  which  translations  were 
cited  or  made  use  of,  were  introduced  in  Volume  l  of  the  Ap})en(lix  to 
the  Case  of  the  United  States,  following  page  593,  and  that  the  British 
(Jovernment  aii<1  its  representatives  were  thus  furnished  with  the  means 
of  testing  the  conectn«iss  of  the  translations. 


;*>    .1 


RELATINO  TO   ERRONEOUS   TRANSLATIONS. 


153 


I  now  desire  to  give  notice  as  agent  of  the  United  States  that  I  do 
hereby  formally  withdraw  from  the  Case  of  the  United  States  in  their 
entirety  the  original  Russian  documents  hereinafter  designated.  These 
documents  are  included  in  those  referred  to  in  the  footnote  to  page  41 
of  the  Case  of  the  United  States,  of  which  translations  are  given  in 
Volume  1  of  the  Appendix  to  said  Case,  at  pages  4!)  to  DO,  and  facsimiles 
in  the  same  Volume  following  page  593. 


Number  of  (lociimeiit  withdrnwu. 

Where  til. .1  in 

case  ol' till) 
Uiiiteil  Stutfs, 

1 

Paget. 

4;i  44 

2 

45,  4«.  47 
47  48 

3 

4 

48,49 
Not  cited 

5 

0 

44,45 

Not  cited 

7 

H 

41 

0 .     . 

42 

63, 54,  (iU 
HU 

12 

15 

62 

10:1, 1U4 

I  inclose  herewith  revised  translations  of  those  of  the  Russijin  docu- 
ments hereinbefore  referred  to  which  are  retained  in  the  Case  of  the 
United  States,  and  beg  to  direct  .attention  to  the  following  pages  of 
this  Case,  on  which  tliere  appear  talsilied  translations  of  portions  of 
these  documents : 

On  page  (il,  of  document  No.  14. 

On  pages  54,  55,  of  document  No.  14,  inclosuro. 

On  pages  GU,  60,  of  doi-ument  No.  10. 

On  page  07,  of  document  No.  17. 

On  page  67,  of  document  No.  20. 

I  have  to  advise  you  that  I  will  send  without  delay  to  each  member 
of  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  duplicate  copies  of  my  note  to  you  of 
the  LM  instant  and  of  the  ])iesent  note,  and  further  that  a  proper 
correction  of  the  (mtois  inserted  in  the  Case  of  the  United  States  will 
be  made  in  the  Counter  Case  and  the  correspondence  relating  thereto 
included  in  its  Appendix. 

I  liave  the  honor,  with  this  opportunity,  to  renew  to  you  tlie  assur- 
ances of  my  highest  consideration. 

John  W.  Foster, 
Agent  of  the  United  tStates, 


i 


!:  "II 


.;--! 


[IndoHuro  No.  i.l 

Wasuington,  November  11, 1803. 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  ' 

Depart iitent  of  State: 
Sir:  You  employed  me  during  the  i)ast  summer  to  examine  the 
Alaskan  recoids  or  aichives  on  tile  in  the  State  Department,  with  a 
view  to  ascertaining^vhether  tiiey  contained  information  whicii  wcmld 
be  of  use  in  the  Bering  Sea  Arbitration.  U])on  my  recommendation 
you  ordered  that  certain  ot  these  records  be  translated.    1  hereby  ac- 


■'■\ 


!* 


'm 

J  f  f 


I ' 


154 


DIPLOMATIC   COHRESPONBENCE. 


knowledge  that  I  misled  you  in  iraporta;;*^^  particulars  as  to  their 
contents,  and  that  in  making  the  translations  I  was  guilty  of  gross 
inaccuracies  and  interpolations,  amounting  to  falsification. 

Ivan  1'ktboff, 
Tramlatoi', 
Witnesses  to  signature: 
W.  Williams. 
John  II.  Has  well. 

We  hereby  certify  that  we  are  the  witnesses  above  named  and  that 
the  foregoing  is  a  full  and  true  copy  of  the  original  document  to  which 
we  signed  our  names  as  witnesses. 

Washinuxon,  D.  0.,  November  11, 1892. 

W.  Williams. 
John  U.  Harwell. 


[Incloaure  Ko.  2.] 


CORRESPONDENCE   RELATING  TO  THE  AFFAIRS  OF 
THE  RUSSIAN  AMERICAN  COMPANY. 

[AMENDED  TRANSLATIONS.] 

No.  11. 

Letter  from  the  Minister  of  Finance  {Department  of  Manvfactnrea  and  In- 
ternal Trade)  to  the  board  of  adminiiitration  of  the  Russian  American 
Company.     Written  from  St.  Petersburg  A2)rii  3,  1824. 

I  have  had  a  coinnnxnication  from  the  minister  in  charge  of  the  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs  in  regard  to  the  representation  made  bj^  the  board 
of  adnnnistration,  dated  February  II,  1824,  No.  73,  concerning  the  per- 
mission to  foreign  vessels  to  enter  the  harbor  of  New  Archangel  for  the 
purpose  of  trading  with  the  chief  manager  of  the  Kussian  American 
Company  only,  in  order  to  procure  articles  which  are  absolutely  nec- 
essary. 

Count  Karl  Vasilevitch  has  informed  me  that  he  has  made  a  report 
on  this  subjei't  to  His  Majesty  the  Empenn-,  and  "that  His  Majesty, 
finding  that  the  reasons  which  induced  the  board  of  administration  of 
the  Kussian  American  Company  to  desire  tlie  renewal  of  the  trade 
whii^h  formerly  existed  in  our  coh)nies  with  foreigners  are  deserving  of 
consideration,  has  been  pleased  to  command  that  the  carrying  on  of 
trnde  '.vith  foreign  vessels  arriving  there  be  permitted  in  .accordance 
with  establislied  regulations  at  one  designated  pcu't." 

In  notifying  you  of  tliis  i)ermission  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor,  I 
suggest  tlnit  the  board  of  administiation,  on  its  part,  make  the  neces- 
sary arrangements  to  accomplish  this  object. 

Lieut.  Gen.  Kankkin, 

Minister  of  Finance. 

SeSGEI   UVAJIOF, 

Director. 


AMENDED  TRANSLATIONS. 


155 


No.  13. 

Letter  from  the  Miniater  of  Finance  to  the  hoard  of  administration  of  the 
Rimsian  American  Company.    Written  from  6Y.  Petersburg  September 

4,  1824. 

The  communication  of  June  12,  1824,  presented  to  me  by  the  direc- 
tors of  the  company,  containing?  tlieir  remarks  on  tlie  consequences 
which  may  result  from  the  ratification  of  tlie  convention  concluded 
Apr'l  5,  1824,  between  our  Court  and  the  North  American  Republic, 
was  communicated  by  me  at  that  time  in  the  original  to  the  minister  in 
charge  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs.  Having  now  received  from 
him  the  information  that  the  recorded  protocol  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
special  committee  which  examined  this  subjecrt  by  imperial  order  has 
le^eived  the  full  and  entire  approval  of  His  lm])erial  Majesty,  I  think 
ii  necessary  to  conununicate  to  the  board  of  administrutior.  of  the  Rus- 
sian American  Company,  for  tiu'ir  information,  copies  of  the  above- 
mentioned  communication  of  Count  Nesselrode  to  me,  and  also  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  committee  of  July  21, 1H24,  inclosed  in  it,  together  with 
a  draft  of  a  conuuunication  to  me,  jn-epared  by  His  Excellency;  which 
was  also  read  in  the  above-named  committee  and  was  left  unsigned 
after  it  had  been  given  final  consideration. 

From  these  documents  the  board  will  see  that,  for  the  avoidance  of 
all  misunderstandings  in  the  execution  of  the  above-mentioned  conven- 
tion, and  in  conformity  with  the  desire  of  the  company,  the  necessary 
instructions  have  already  been  given  to  Baron  Tuyll,  our  minister  at 
Washington,  to  the  ettect  that  the  northwestern  coast  of  America, 
along  the  extent  of  which,  by  the  provisions  of  the  <M)nvention,  free 
trading  and  fishing  are  pcrnn'ttcd  subjects  of  the  North  American 
States,  extends  from  54°  40'  northwards  to  Yakutat  (Bering's)  Bay. 

Lieut.  Gen.  Kankrin, 

Minister  of  Finance, 
Y.  Dkusuinin, 

Director, 


■'Ii 

'  t  if  1 


''I'll! 


mi 


No.  14. 

Abstract  of  communication  from  Count  Nesselrode,  Minister  of  Foreign 
A  fairs,  to  the  Minister  of  Finance.  Written  from  St.  Petersburg 
August  18,  1824. 

I  deem  it  my  duty  to  inform  your  excellency  th;it  His  Mj^jesty  the 
Emperor  has  been  graciously  pleased  to  give  his  full  and  entire  ap- 
proval to  the  opinion  of  the  majority  <»f  the  members  of  the  commit- 
tee appointed  by  His  Majesty  to  examine  the  observations  presented 
by  tlie  Riissian  American  Company  on  the  convention  of  April  5-17 
of  this  year,  in  which  oitinion  your  excellency  was  also  pleased  to 
concur. 

Therefore,  in  inclosing  with  this  a  copy  of  the  i>rotocol  of  the  deliber- 
ations of  the  committee,  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  your  excellency 
that  instructions  in  entire  conformity  with  the  con^duslous  contained 
in  that  protocol  have  been  sent  to  our  minister,  Baron  Tuyll. 

I  also  inclose  with  this  a  draft  of  a  comnumication  t)  your  excellency, 
written  by  me  by  order  of  the  ICmperor,  concerning  the  complaints  of 
the  Russian  American  Company. 


156 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


,.  I, 


id !( f 


I  cheriali  tho  hope  that  this  document  will  enable  yonr  excellency, 
in  conunnniciitin^  to  the  company  the  resolution  of  His  Imperial  Ma- 
jesty, to  prove  to  it  that  the  Government  has  never  lost  sight  of  its 
interests. 

[Inolosuro  in  No.  14.] 

Proceedings  of  the  conference  held  July  31^  183i. 

Count  Nesselrode  o])ened  the  conference  with  a  statement  as  to  the 
present  condition  of  th«'  matter  intrusted  by  His  Majesty  tiie  Emperor 
to  the  investifjation  of  tlie  assembled  committee. 

He  called  attention  to  the  articles  of  the  treaty  concluded  with  the 
minister  of  the  TJnited  States  (utncernin^  the  northwest  coast  of  vVmer- 
ica  and  to  the  remcmstrances  w]ii<'h  had  been  made  against  that  act  by 
the  Russian  American  Ccmipsiny  in  two  lett<'rs  comnuinicatcd  by  the 
Minister  of  Finance  to  the  Minister  of  Foreijyii  Artairs.  Finally,  he  ju-e- 
sented  a  draft  of  a  communication  which  he  intended  to  forward  to 
Lieut.  Gen.  Kankrin,  in  wliich  were  inclosed  the  re]>lies  of  the  nunister 
of  foreifjn  aftairs  to  the  above-mentioned  remonstranees,  Tliis  draft, 
having  been  laid  before  Ilis  Majesty  tlie  Emperor,  has  received  the 
imperial  approval ;  but  His  Imperial  JMajesty  imjjoses  upon  the  mem- 
bers of  the  committee  the  duty  of  again  examining  it. 

After  the  reading  of  tliis  document  (which  is  aniu'xed  to  the  pres- 
ent protocol,  togetiicr  with  the  two  letters  from  the  litissian  American 
Company)  the  deliberations  were  opened.  The  members  turned  tiieir 
chief  attention  to  the  causes  of  the  fears  exi)ressed  by  the  comi)any, 
as  well  as  to  the  reasons  which  sixtke  in  favor  of  tlu^  convention  con- 
cluded with  the  idenipotentiary  of  the  Washington  Cabinet;  and  also 
to  the  means  which  the  imi>crial  ministry  thinks  best  calculated  to  i)re- 
vent  all  injurious  and  unjust  interpretations.  The  members  of  the 
committee  agreed  by  a  majority  of  votes  to  the  following  resolutions: 

1.  That  the  treaty  of  April  5-17  contirms  to  Russia  rights  which 
have  hitherto  been  called  in  (pu»stion;  that  by  virtue  of  that  treaty 
those  rights  are  acknowledged  by  the  Government  which  could  dis- 
pute them  with  great  advantage  and  violate  them  with  great  ease; 
that  by  it  the  undisputed  jwisst'ssions  of  Rnssia  are  henceforward  ex- 
tended even  beyond  those  boundaries  within  which  the  Russian  Amer- 
ican (^)mpany  was  re(|uired  under  its  original  charter  to  carry  on  the 
trading  privileges  granted  to  it. 

2.  That  since  by  this  treaty  the  strict  i)rohibition  of  the  sale  of  .arms, 
munitions  of  war,  and  spirituous  liqu<»rs  to  the  natives  of  the  north- 
west coast  is  put  into  effect,  the  American  Company  acquires  by  it  the 
protection  whi(rh  it  has  always  valued  so  highly,  but  which  it  has 
hitherto  never  been  able  to  obtain. 

3.  That  this  last  i)rovision  is  the  more  important,  because  such  a  pro- 
hibition, if  promulgated  on  the  part  of  Russia  alone,  would  either  draw 
upon  her  disagreeable  consequences  and  the  most  unpleasant  end)ar- 
rassments,  or  would  not  accomplish  its  object,  in  {consequence  of  the 
lack  of  means  necessary  for  the  prevention  of  its  violation  and  for  the 
repression  of  prohibited  traflrtc. 

4.  That  the  treaty  of  Ai)ril  5-17  contains  another  tiot  less  important 
guaranty,  namely,  that  the  Ameri(!ans  will  not  establish  settlements 
on  the  northwest  coast  above  54°  40'.  By  this  i)rovision  all  the  settle- 
ments hitherto  founded  by  the  Russian  American  Company  above  57° 
are  placed  on  a  Arm  basis,  and  it  is  ])ermitted  to  continue  to  found  new 
cues  under  i)arnllels  farther  to  the  south. 


I' 


AMENDED  TRANSLATIONS. 


157 


5.  Tliiit  it  is  not  less  iulvaiitiigeous  to  Uussiu  to  be  .assured  by  iv 
mutual  iiu«l  iiniifiible  couveiition  tiiiit  alter  tlie  e\|>iration  of  ten  years 
the  subjects  of  the  United  States  of  Auieriea  will  abstaiu  eutirely  from 
visitiii};  the  waters  of  the  Ncutli  Ameriean  eoast  beyond  r»4o  40'  and 
from  tlshinp  and  from  trading  there  with  t\u'  native  iuliabitants;  for,  on 
the  one  hand,  it  wouhl  be  impossible  to  suppose  that  the  States  would 
voluntarily  consent  to  siu'h  a  coueession  without  any  compensation 
whatever,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  all  the  wishes  expressed  to  the  im- 
peri  il  ministry  are  thereby  fullilled  after  the  expirati(Ui  of  a  certain 
pei'iod. 

(».  That  as  regards  the  iiitluence, however,  which  the  treaty  eoncluded 
April  5  mijjht  exert  on  the  trade  of  Hussia  with  (!hina,  it  niust  be  re- 
luarked  that  in  this  triule  on  both  sides  a  capital  of  ri(»,(KM»,(KK)  rotibles 
is  invested,  and  that  the  Hussian  American  Company  participates  in 
it  only  to  the  extent  of  S(K),(K)(>  roubles,  or  thereabouts;  that  even  if  it 
brought  to  Kiachta  a  larger  (piantity  of  furs, otter  skins,and  sealskins, 
it  would  not  be  able  to  dispos*'  ol  them,  or  wouhl  cause  material  injury 
to  other  exported  g(»ot1s  by  glutting  witii  its  merchandise  a  market 
which  is  already  very  limited,  «>wing  to  the  nature  of  its  trade,  and 
that  consequently  tlu'  treaty  of  April  5-17  can  in  no  resj)ect  injure  the 
trade  of  Russia  with  China. 

7.  That  as  the  sovereignty  of  Russia  over  the  coasts  of  Siberia  and 
the  Aleutian  Islands  has  long  been  admitted  by  all  tlie  i>owers,  it  tbllows 
that  the  said  coasts  and  islands  can  not  be  alluded  to  in  the  articles  of 
the  said  treaty,  which  refers  only  to  the  disjuited  territory  on  the  north- 
west coast  of  America  and  to  the  adjacent  islands;  that,  even  sup- 
posing the  contrary,  Russia  has  established  permanent  settlements,  not 
only  on  the  coast  of  Siberia,  but  also  on  the  Aleutian  grouj)  of  islands; 
hence  American  subjects  could  not,  by  virtue  of  the  second  article  of 
the  treaty  of  April  o-lT,  land  at  the  maritime  |>laces  there  ncn- carry 
on  sealing  and  fishing  without  the  permission  of  our  commandants  or 
governors.  jVroreover,  the  j-oasts  of  Siberia  and  the  Aleutian  Islands 
are  not  washed  by  the  Southern  Sea,  of  which  alone  mention  is  made 
in  the  first  article  of  the  treaty,  but  by  the  Northern  Ocean  and  the 
seas  of  Kamchatka  and  Okotsk,  which  Ibrm  no  part  of  the  Southern 
Sea  on  any  known  map  or  in  any  geography. 

8.  Lastly,  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  tln^  fact  that  by  the  treaty  of 
April  r»-17  all  the  disputes  to  whi<*h  the  regulations  of  Sei>tend)er4-1G, 
1821,  gave  rise  are  ternnnated,  which  regulati«»us  were  issued  at  the 
formal  and  reiterated  request  of  the  Russian  Anu>ricau  Company;  that 
those  disi)utes  had  already  assiimed  important  proportions  and  would 
certainly  be  renewed  if  Russia  di<l  not  ratify  the  treaty,  in  which  case 
it  wouhl  be  iujiiossible  to  foresee  the  end  of  them  or  their  consequences. 
These  weighty  reasons  impel  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  com- 
mittee to  state  as  their  oi)inion — 

That  the  treaty  of  Ai)ril  5-17  must  be  ratitied,  aiul  that  for  the  pre- 
vention of  any  iiuorrect  interpretation  of  that  act,  (Jen.  Baron  Tuyll 
may  be  instructed  at  the  proper  time  to  make  the  declaratu)n  men- 
tioned in  the  draft  of  the  communication  read  by  Count  Nesselrode. 
The  Minister  «>f  Fimmce  and  Acting  State  (Jouiu-ilor  Drushinin,  while 
admitting  the  necessity  of  ratifving  the  treaty  of  Ai)ril  5-17,  express 
and  place  on  record  the  special  opinion  hereto  annexed  in  the  protoccd, 
to  the  effect  that  Hanui  I'uyll  should  be  instructed  at  the  exchange  of 
the  ratifications  of  that  treaty  to  stipulate  that  the  right  of  free  hunt- 
ing and  fishing  granted  by  the  twelfth  article  of  the  said  treaty  shall 
extend  only  from  54°  40'  to  the  latitude  of  Cross  Sound. 


i  \ 


-■  Ihi 


<tl8l 


il  :i   I 


1,,^ 


'Irl 
^1 


•;II ' : 


i  \ 


158 


DIPLOMATIC    CORKESrONDENCE. 


i      •     I 


Tlie  majority  of  tlie  members  of  tlu'  committee  could  not  but  observe, 
on  tlie  one  iiand,  tliat,  as  tlie  Russian  American  Company  has  founded 
many  settlements  in  tlie  sai«l  latitude,  Article  2  of  the  treaty  of  April 
5-17  gives  it  the  desired  security  on  this  subject;  that  even  if  it  had 
simply  oi'gaiii/.ed  hunting  and  fishing  in  those  regions  it  is  extremely 
dt)ubtful  whether  American  subjects  would  undertake  the  expense 
necessary  for  voyages  to  those  northern  latitudes,  in  which  they  can 
enjoy  their  privileges  for  only  ten  years,  and  whether  in  that  case  they 
would  expose  themselves  to  dangerous  competition  and  W(mld  visit 
those  waters  for  hunting  and  fishing,  wiiere  they  liad  long  been  antici- 
pated by  the  company,  as  there  would  be  little  hopefor  them  of  indem- 
nifying themselves  for  their  expenses  and  losses. 

iiut  seeing,  «»n  the  other  hand,  that  the  restrictions  stated  in  the 
the  opinion  of  the  Minister  of  Finance  and  of  State  (Jttuneilor  Drushinin 
put  an  end  to  all  the  (Complaints  of  the  American  Company,  the  ma- 
jority of  the  members  of  the  committee  have  found  it  necessary  to  in- 
vestigate the  nature  of  those  restrictions,  in  order  to  ascertain  how 
far  it  is  possible  to  insist  iiium  them  without  prejudice  to  the  rights 
and  advantages  accruing  from  the  treaty  of  April  5-17. 

As  the  proposed  restrictions  refer  to  two  chief  points  lying  under 
different  ]>arallels  of  latitude,  namely: 

First.  To  Yakutat  (liering's)  Bay,  under  parallel  59°  .{0'. 

Second.  To  Cross  Bay  or  Scmnd  (Cnws  Sound)  under  parallel  57° — 
the  American  Company  desires  that  subjects  of  tlie  United  States  msiy 
not  be  permitted  to  hunt  or  flsli  in  those  bays;  therefore,  the  mnjiu'ity 
of  the  members  of  the  committee  resolve: 

That,  as  regards  the  first  of  thest;  points  (Bering's  Bay),  it  lies  in  a 
latitude  where  the  rights  of  Russia  have  never  formed  a  subject  of 
dispute,  and  that  this  imp(U-tant  circumstance  permits  us  to  include  it 
in  the  general  declaration  concerning  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  the 
other  northern  i)laces. 

That,  as  regards  the  second  ((^ross  Sound),  however,  as  it  lies  under 
the  fifty-seventh  degree  of  nortli  latitude,  and  consequently  within  the 
limits  of  those  islands  and  regions  to  which  Russia's  riglit  of  sover- 
eif:nty  has  been  disputed,  it  is  impracticable  to  apply  the  same  rule  or 
to  base  the  claim,  of  which  it  must  bi;  the  subject,  on  any  other  satis- 
factory jiroof. 

That  apart  from  this,  in  onler  to  exhaust  all  the  mesisures  showing 
the  care  of  the  (lovernnient  of  His  Imperial  Majesty  for  the  interests 
of  the  Jtussian  American  Conijiany,  it  is  still  possible  to  instruct  Gen. 
Tuyll  to  use  every  effort  to  jiersuade  the  Washington  Cabinet  that,  by 
accei)ting  this  restriction  relating  to  Cross  Sound,  it  will  prevent  all 
unpleasant  collisions  between  the  subjects  of  the  two  powers.  That 
Gi'ii.  Tuyll  must  not,  however,  make  this  last  proposition  until  he  is 
convinced  that  it  will  be  acce|)tcd,  an<l  that  it  will  not  deter  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Uiiite<l  States  from  ratifying  the  treaty  of  April  5-17. 

This  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted  by  all  the  members  of  the 
committee. 

St.  Petersburg,  July  21, 1824. 

Nesselbode. 
G.  L.  Kankrin. 
Speransky. 
Deushinin, 
poleiioa. 


AMENDED   TRANSLATIONS. 


No.  10. 


159 


Letter  from  the  hoard  of  admiiiintnition  of  the  Riisninn  American  Com- 
pany to  daptain  of  tin  litiperial  \ai\i/  of  the  Sfcontl  h'anii  Alexander 
Jlitcli  Rudakof,  actin<j  chief  manayer.  Writ  fen  from  »S7.  I'eternbury 
March  M,  hs.ii. 

From  t\w  (lispatclu's  of  the  lutaid  of  ii(liniiiistiiitioii,  «liit«'(l  April  12 
iiiul  November  1«J,  IS.ll,  N'os,  r»l!."»  and  H7S,  and  those  of  April  L',  May 
l;{,  and  Sei)tt'inln'r  LT),  l.S.")L',  Nos.  447,  «»SL',  and  IL'M>,  yonr  excellency 
will  see  that  it  has  heen  one  of  the  chierainis  of  the  hoard  id"  a<lniiins- 


tnition  to  make  the  best  pi>ssd>le  airanycnient  ot  the  voya;;es  ot  the 
vessels  of  tlu' coloinal  lleet  since  of  late  that  anan;>ement  has  been 
made  withont  su  icicnt  releience  to  the  true  interests  of  the  eoinpany, 
and  hence  some  \.ss(ds  have  fre(inently  been  kept  l.vinj;'  idle  in  port, 
and  others  have  received  sucli  (!oid'nsed  instructions  that  they  would 
often  be  unable  to  execute  tiiem  all,  or  would  return  to  New  Archangel 
sit  the  very  latest  and  most  daufjferous  time  of  the  year. 

lieariu<(  in  nuud  the  fact  tinit  tln^  approaching  voyajies  of  the  colo- 
nial lleet  are  well  arranged,  and  that  they  are  repeatc  ,  every  year 
witii  only  sliglit  variatituis,  tlie  board  of  administration  lias  found  it 
possible  and  expedi<'nt  to  establish  a  regular  schedule  tor  tiu'  voyages 
of  the  coloinal  tleet.  foi'  the  navigation  of  both  the  sunnuer  and  winter 
mouths,  and  to  transnut  it  to  the  colonial  govei  inneut  for  its  guidance 
and  execution,  leaving  it,  how«!ver,  to  the  diseretion  of  the  chief  man- 
ager of  the  etdoniea  to  deviate  from  this  schednle  on  those  oc^-asions 
when,  owing  to  local  ami  unforeseen  cinumstances,  it  api)ears  to  the 
interest  of  the  company  to  d(»  so. 

In  the  jK-rformance  of  the  voyages  of  ISoM  in  the  colonies  there  will 
be  employed  eight  sailing  vessels,  of  which  the  foUowing  are  of  the 
tirst  class:  The  Vesareeitrli.  tlie  Xieholas  T,  the  l\adiah\  and  the  Shele- 
liof;  and  the  following  of  the  second  class:  The  Mennhiko(f\  the  Con- 
stantine,  the  Okotsk,  and  the  Ti(ii(/iis;  and,  as  in  exchange  ibr  the  ship 
Ccsareriteh,  which  has  to  be  sent  back  from  the  colonies  in  185^,  the 
ship  ;S'<7Art,  of  TOOtons,  which  isiH)w  beingbnilt,  will  enter  in,o  the  com- 
position of  the  ctdonial  tleet  of  l.srt4  and  will  be  sent  to  New  Archangel 
in  isr».{.  In  the  establishment  of  constant  communications  around  the 
world  the  nuinlter  of  the  company's  vessels  in  tlie  colonies  will  always 
remain  the  same,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  snnnner  months,  from  April  to 
October,  there  will  be  eight,  and  from  October  to  Aju-il  seven  vessels, 
without  counting  the  whaling  vessels,  tlie  nnmber  of  whic'i,  by  rough 
estinnite,  will  be  increased  to  four. 

Hence  the  movements  of  the  colonial  tleet  <luring  the  summer  navi- 
gation, beginning  in  1854,  n my  be  arranged  in  the  following  manner: 

1.  One  vessel  of  the  .second  class — for  instance,  the  biig  Coiisfantine — 
must  be  dispat<'hed  from  Sitka  alxmt  the  ndddleof  Ai>ril  with  supplies 
for  the  island  of  Atka,  or  Atta,  and  for  the  Kurile  district,  to  bring 
goods  trom  those  islands  to  Ayan,  where  the  vessel  nnist  arrive  not 
later  than  the  nnddle  of  July,  liy  this  same  vessel  there  may  be  dis- 
patched and  landed  the  company's  agents  sent  for  inspection  to  Kam- 
chatka, where  the  vessel  can  stop  on  its  ]>assage  from  the  Atka  dis- 
trict to  the  Kurile  district,  without  losing  much  time,  at  the  most  im- 
l)ortant  period  for  the  Kamchatka  trade,  the  nnddle  of  May;  that  is  to 
say,  by  the  time  of  the  arrival  there  of  the  vessel  coming  around  the 

MOlld. 

On  arriving  at  Ayan  this  vessel  will  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
governor  of  the  port  of  Ayan  to  nuiinfain  connnunication  with  I'etrov- 
Bky,  and  in  future,  uutil  a  vessel  has  been  built  specially  for  that  port, 


li 

'!:>, 


,1'  •■ 


I 


■'!,' 

■  !               1 

(I- 

■  1  i 

1/. 

'I 


!ii 


160 


DIPLOMATIC    rOHKKSl'ONDKNCE. 


for  voyiifjes  with  iiuM-clmndis*' and  for  tnuU'  with  Gishi};  and  tho  other 
ports  of  tho  S»!a  of  Olvotsk.  At  the  end  of  Anyiist,  or  early  in  Septein- 
i>ei',  this  vessel  will  he  sent  haek  with  the  dispat»rhes  last  received  and 
witli  ;,'itods  for  the  Kainehatka  trade,  and  will  return  to  New  Areh- 
anf,'el,  stopping  on  its  way  only  in  the  Kurile  distri«'t,  if  it  has  landed 
an  inspector  there,  and  at  the  port  of  I'etropaulovsky. 

II.  OiK!  vessel  of  tlie  fiisr  elms,  preferably  the  one  which  will  eome 
artmiid  the  world  from  Kiiroi>e  that  year,  will  be  sent  with  the  annual 
earp)  of  jjoods  and  with  the  sjiriiij;  mail  direct  to  Ayan.  This  vessel 
must  be  sent  early  in  May,  and  in  no  event  lat«'r  than  May  IT),  in  order 
that  it  may  arrive  at  Ayan  by  the  time  of  the  o|>ening  of  the  harbor  at 
the  end  of  June.  On  this  vessel  there  must  be  sent  to  the  port  of  Ayau 
passenfj«'rs,  if  there  are  any,  salt,  thuir,  and  other  (Mrjjfo,  specially  for 
that  port  and  for  the  places  dependent  upon  it.  This  vessel  will  re- 
main at  Ayan  until  tlu'  end  of  .luly  or  the  early  part  of  August  and 
will  return  direct  to  N<!W  Archangel  with  the  Siberian  cargo,  the  prin- 
cipal mail,  and  with  passengers,  if  there  should  be  any.  During  the 
stay  of  this  vessel  at  the  port  of  Ayan  the  governcu'  of  that  port  must 
be  allowed,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  to  employ  it  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  men  and  goods  to  I'etrovsky,  and  therefore  instructions  in 
conformity  with  this  nuist  be  given  to  the  <-aptain  of  this  vessel. 

III.  A  second-class  vessel,  a  fast  siiiler — for  instance,  the  ship 
Menxliikop' — with  a  naval  <'rew  and  under  the  c«>mmand  of  a  naval  oHi- 
cer,  will  be  sent  at  the  end  itf  April  to  cruise  and  to  keep  a  watch  over 
the  foreign  whaling  vessels  in  the  southern  part  of  IJering  Sea  and 
along  the  Aleutian  group.  On  this  vessel  will  be  sent  supplies  for 
Copper  an«l  ISering  islands,  and  also  for  Attn,  or  Atka,  if  it  is  found 
necessary  and  «loes  not  interfere  with  the  movements  of  the  tirst  small 
vessel  (section  1  of  this  dis|)atch).  On  this  vessel,  also,  in  case  of 
necessity,  there  will  be  sent  inspectors  to  the  above  nu'ntioncd  islan<ls, 
and  goods  will  be  taken  «»n  it  from  there  to  N<'w  Archangel.  This  ves- 
sel nuist  be  ke|)t  continually  cruising  throughout  the  district  assigned 
to  it,  and  may  go  into  port,  for  a  very  short  time  only,  for  su])plies  of 
wood  and  water.  This  cruiser  must  visit  the  above-mentioned  islands 
not  less  than  twice  every  year;  the  tirst  time  for  the  delivery  of  sup- 
plies, mails,  and  inspectors,  and  the  second  time  to  take  on  board 
goods,  repcu'ts,  and  inspectors.  This  cruiser  must  l)e  strictly  forbidden 
to  await  the  termination  of  the  inspecti()n  in  port,  as  has  formerly  been 
done,  and  if  one  and  the  same  peison  is  instructed  to  inspect  two 
islands,  it  will  be  better  to  order  tlie  cruiser  to  visit  those  islands  once 
more  rather  than  lie  idle  in  port.  The  time  tixed  for  the  termination 
of  the  ccmipany's  cruising  is  that  at  which  the  foreign  whalers  leave 
BtTing  Sea,  viz,  the  last  part  of  August  or  the  beginning  of  Septem- 
ber. 

IV.  The  third  and  fourth  vessels  of  the  second  class,  namely,  the 
Okotsk  and  the  Tiniffus,  will  be  designated  to  carry  sup])licsto  the  forts 
and  islands  of  the  Kadiak  district  and  to  the  island  of  Inga,  and  to 
bring  goods  from  them.  For  the  better  care  of  the  Kadiak  district  a 
part  of  the  supplies  may  be  sent  there  by  one  of  the  large  or  small  ves- 
sels early  in  the  spring,  in  the  month  of  March. 

V.  The  second  tirst-class  vessel  is  intended  to  supply  the  islands  of 
the  Unalaska  district,  the  Tribilof  Islands,  and  Fort  Michael,  and  for 
trading  with  the  natives  on  the  coasts  of  IJering  Sea,  as  also  on  the 
coasts  of  Asia  and  America.  As  vessels  may  be  sent  to  that  region 
very  late,  this  vessel,  after  taking  in  supplies  for  Fort  Michael  ai.d  the 
goods  intended  for  trading  with  the  savages  may  be  dispatcheil  some- 
what earlier,  and  may  also  carry  lumber  and  wood  for  the  Pribilof 


It 

•i 


t 


AMKXDF.It    THANSLATIONS. 


ir,i 


The 


Islands  mid  tlu!  TTnaliiska  district  wImmi  it  may  s(':mu  ncoossary.  ,„v 
siipidics  and  paptM's  tor  tlir  al>ovf-iianii>d  pla<-(>s  may  li(>  di'livcriMl  on 
the  way  tlicn',  and  the  furs  and  I  lie  r«'plit's  may  1h'  roct-ivcd  on  th«>  ro- 
tnni  voyage.  As  at  tlif  time  of  the  v<»ya;;t'  to  the  iiortiicrn  pait  of 
llcrin;;  Sea  this  vcssrl  will  also  do  duty  as  a  cruiser  to  keep  wat«'li  over 
tlic  lorei;;n  whalers  and  tlie  l'in;;lisliuieii,  witii  rej,'anl  to  the  trade  «'ar- 
ried  on  i»y  tlieiii  with  our  siva^ics,  it  must  in  no  event  waste  any  time, 
and  must  i>e  under  the  command  of  a  naval  ol1l(-(>r,  and,  if  possible,  Inivo 
a  naval  crew. 

VI.  The  third  first-class  vessel  will  nniiutain  communication  with 
(-alifornia  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  carrying  thei'e  luiidierand  salted 
fish  and  l>rin;;in;i'  to  thecohuiies  sail  ;uid  other  merchandise  if  t  lie  pur- 
chase of  such  apptars  necessiry  and  lo  the  advantage  of  the  company. 
This  vessel  must  in  no  (rase  waste  any  tinu'  in  forei;;n  i»orts.  hut  must, 
immediately  after  deliverinji'  the  car;;o  furnish«>d,  if  there  is  no  return 
carp*  in  readin«'ss  tor  it.  icliirn  to  New  Archan;;el  in  ballast.  Iiut  the 
ecdoniul  jjovernnu'ut  nnist  make  every  exertion  always  to  have  a  carj^o 
ready  for  immediat(r  dispatch  to  California  or  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
fiuidiuy:  itself  by  intormation  received  from  the  company's  ajjent  at 
Hau  Fram-isco.  Sluu't  reports  (on  the  most  important  subjects)  must 
be  sent  by  this  vessel  on  every  trip,  to  be  forwarded  to  the  board  of 
admiiMstratitm. 

VII.  The  fourth  lirst  class  vessel  will  remain  in  n'serve  ri.d  can  bo 
emi)loyed  for  carryinjj  salt  to  Kauu'hatka  in  sulllcieut  (puintitirn  io 
last  several  years;  for  transpurtinfi'  carjjoes  of  lumbei'  to  Califonua; 
for  the  insi)ectiou  of  the  colonics  by  the  chief  manav:er.  etc.  In  those 
yeais  when  it  beconu's  necessary  to  send  to  the  islands  of  the  Atka 
district  nH)re  linnber  than  can  be  carried  by  a  small  vessel,  the  voyaj^t^ 
(udered  in  section  -i  of  tliis  dis|»atch  may  be  assji^ued  to  the  larjje  ves- 
sel, ami  the  small  vessel  desi<;nated  in  that  section  may  remain  in  re- 
serve w  receive  special  instructicms. 

In  eonnnunicatiu},'  to  your  excellency  the  above  regular  schedule  of 
the  voya;ies  of  the  colonial  Meet,  the  board  of  adunnist ration  respect- 
fully requests  you,  if  the  interests  of  the  e<Mn])any  require  any  devia- 
tion from  this  schedule,  to  take  special  care  that  tlu!  Iarj;e  vessels,  so 
far  as  possible,  may  never  renuiiu  idle  in  port,  but  may  be  peipetually 
engaged  in  voyag«'s  of  advantage  to  the  company;  that  the  colonial 
.seas,  .so  far  as  possible,  be  visited  in  every  part  by  the  etunpany's 
cruist'rs,  for  the  purpose  of  ke«'piiig  watch  over  tln^  foreigners,  and  ibr 
this  puri)ose,  in  giving  instructions  to  (uir  cruisers,  to  conform  y(mrself 
to  the  intended  movements  of  the  company's  whaling  vessels,  which 
(!an  also  (h)  duty  as  cruisers  if  they  are  carrying  on  tlieir  lishery  iu 
liering  Scii,  and  to  jnovide  that  the  comi)any's  vessels  (h'signated  for 
visiting  the  nniny  islands  of  the  c»donies  be,  so  far  as  |M>ssible,  nnder 
the  <!ommand  of  naval  olUeers,  in  order  that  they  may  biMrome  accjuainted 
with  tlui  c(Midition  of  eolonial  aHairs  and  may  gradually  lit  themselves 
for  iM^rforming  the  most  imi)ortaut  duties  in  the  administratiou  of  the 
eolouiea. 

V.   rOLITKOVSKY, 

PnHidiny  Officer, 

V.  KHI'FEL, 

A.  Etiiolin, 
N.  KusoF, 
Bauon  Wk angel, 
Members  of  the  Board. 
12364 11  "^ 


i^i 


I 


.  I  'i,  :l 


1 


162 


DIPLOMATIC    COKEESPONDENCE. 


11 


M 


lit 


^ 


i)t 


I-.'    I 


TSo.  n. 

Letter  from  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  nnri  Knight  Fran  Va-itHilirritch 
Furuhi'iin,  chief  manager  of  the  h'lismay;  Aim^ivan  coiowirx.  to  Manter 
Benzeman,of  the  imperial  nary.     Wrirtem  from  thecnhniitx'l iiue  iiO,  Itidl. 

To  A/anter  Benzeman,  of  the  Imperial  K<avy,  Oommam  nia  the  /Steamer 

Alexander  the  Second: 

An  s<»(Hi  as  tlie  steamer  is  (luite  readv  ro  sail,  I  iwjiiest  your  excel- 
lency ro  i»'ave  this  port  and  to  <tarry  out  clie  foUowiuy:  instructions: 

I.  To  proceed  to  tlie  Kcnai  coal  mines,  and  on  your  arrival  there  to 
hand  the  incl<>sed  packaj^c  to  the  ^()veruor.  Master  of  the  Mines  Furu- 
lielin,  ami  to  take  on  the  steamer  as  inaeh  coal  as  the  spa<!e  occuiued 
by  your  carp;o  i>erinits. 

II.  From  Knjjlisli  Bay  proceed  to  tbeiHJand  ofSt.  Paul,  whence,  after 
landing;  your  ])asseii;^ers,  delivermu  thf  annual  supplies.  an<l  takinj;^  on 
board  the  su]>plics  for  Fort  Miriisud.  vou  will  proceed  t«)  that  fort  to 
deliver  the  supplies  sent  and  to  take  m  there  such  cargo  as  will  be  in- 
dicated to  you  (ly  (lovernor  Vaciiraines.,;i. 

III.  Leavinj;  I'ort  Michael,  you  will  direct  your  course  t^>  the  island 
of  St.  Paul,  wln*re  you  must  iminediatciy  take  on  board  a  wiiole  carj;o 
of  sealskins,  supplies,  oil,  and  s«'al  meat,  and,  stopping  on  your  way  at 
the  island  of  St.  (rcorge  to  take  on  Ijoard  goods  and  supplies  wiiich  may 
be  ready  on  the  arrival  of  the  steamer  you  will  jtroceed  to  I'milaska, 
and,  after  fiiniisiiing  (loveriKtr  Vlasotf.  on  his  reipiisition,  with  siip- 
l)lies,  oil,  and  seal  meat,  which  you  will  l)ring  expressly  for  that  purpose 
from  St.  Paul,  yon  will  take  in  a  cargo  of  such  goods  as  may  be  readj 
at  Unalaska  anil  rlieii  proceed  to  New  xVrchangel. 

IV.  Duriiiir  tli*-  tiim'  of  your  said  visits  to  those  places  you  will  listen 
to  all  complarni  which  may  be  preseiit*«d  r(»  you,  and,  without  coming 
to  iny  decisHMi  iuoont  them,  you  will  report  them  to  ine  on  your  arrival 
at    'ew  ArchaiigCL 

At  "(U't  MMt:ja,<d  two  employes.  Kosli^vnikott'  and  Makuriit.  will 
be  tiiint««*iu<?d  to  v»«i  by  (lovernor  Vachrann^voi  for  punisliincnt  tor 
'VMliatiiMi  <«f  (rov^n-itiMe^nt  regulations  and  for  disobedieiice,  and  1  tiiere- 
Imm^-  annvwe  yon  u»  auiiish  each  of  them  with  twenty-tlve  lashes  in  the 
piHRBHM^  of  tlH'  w<ii»»e  iMimmand  of  the  fort. 

fl.  IBm'  i)isti.»i  n  New  Ar(;haiig»'l.  Pen**r,  will  go  by  the  steamer  to 
iiiHiject"!-    II  —  li  the  north.     1  reipiewT  vou  to  show  his  reverence 

all  due  i>«i<^i]iUMi:  tkua  >•»  fomply  with  all  Iim  wishes. 

Vll.  iNMiqpwia-  stuy  ;ir  Fort  Michael  '.-Ain'  on  board  the  steamer  as 
mnch  w»t«ii  SDH  \. II    ...^rt^ii.  •  can  and  carry  it  t(»  the  island  of  St.  Paul. 

\'11I.  it  tir  ^>'--i-iior-  >f  the  island  pre?«»'nt  to  you  employes  who 
ha\<  serwmi  tlmn 'mme  tm  transporration  from  the  colonies,  you  will 
receive  th*«i  on  htmrxl  tlie«reamer.  Tne  carpenTMr,  Parfentef,  must  go 
from  St.  PsMil  to  Sirkii. 

IX.  It  tiuis  come  w>  my  Knowledge  that  two  whaling  vessels  had  been 
sent  tiii.-*  year  from  San  rjiirisco  to  rraile  on  the  Pribilof  Islands.  I 
therefore  reipiesr  your  erwHIency.  diumg  thi'  time  a|>poiiited  for  your 
voyage,  to  do  duty  as  a  t  "•inwer  on  the  t-xact  basis  of  the  instructions* 
herewith  inclosed,  which  .  uve  been  apjiroved  by  the  Kinperor. 
'  1  trust  that  y<Mi  will  ex^-ute  the  ii, struct  ions  given  you  to  my  satis- 
,faction  and  rJiat  yon  will  r-runi  without  much  loss  of  time. 
'     A  li.st  fd'  the  crew  ;;::■'.  ;iasseiigers  of  the  steamei  is  herewith  inclosed. 

The  issue  of  rum  to  your  command  will  be  continued  in  accordance 
with  existing  regulations. 

*  Tboy  an  n«4iti  the  Bw^uMtiou  uf  tk«  United  StatM. 


IK 


AMENDED   TRANSLATIONS. 


163 


No.  18. 

Letter  from  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Mnnufactttrcs  to  the  hoard 
of  (Klmiiiixfnititni  of  the  h'lissitoi  American  Compaiii/.  Written  from 
St.  I'etnshiirji  Jiiiie  l!l,  /.SY/.I. 

The  ImiH'i-ial  ("oniicil,  hiivinfjcniisitlcrcd  the  repiosoiitatioii  made  by 
nu'  witli  rt'^ar  I  t^>  tlu' revision  of  tli«^  cliaitcr  of  llie  Russian  Aiiu'ricau 
CoiniKiiiy  and  tlu'  organization  of  tlie  Riissiiin  Anwrican  ('(donics,  by 
its  lustdiitioii  atproved  by  tin*  Kniiicrorduiie  14  of  this  year,  hasrt'coui- 
int'ndcd — 

Tiuit  tlu'  Ibliowi..-!:  principal  basis  be  adoi)ted  in  the  preparation  of 
tlie  new  eliarter  of  the  Itnssian  Ameriean  Company  and  of  the  eoioniai 
iuana<;'t>nient. 

I.  The  term  of  the  privilejjes,  riglits,  and  oblij^ations  of  the  company 

extends  to  danuary  1,  LSSU. 

•  •    '  *  •  •        ,        #  # 

VIII.  The  importation  of  ail  lvin<ls  of  articles  of  industry  and  com- 
mei'ce  by  Uussiai!  ami  foreijjn  vessels  is  i  lade  free  at  tlie  ])orts  of  New 
Archanjit'l,  on  tlie  island  of  Sitiia;  at  St.  l':'ul,  on  the  island  of  Kadiak; 
and  luMeafter  at  others  wiiere  it  will  be  iuund  desirable  (with  theex- 
eei»tion  (»f  spirituous  li(|U(n's,  powder,  and  arms), 

IX.  Witli  re;^ar<l  to  the  importation  of  spirituous  li<|Uors  and  their 
sale  in  the  colonies,  and  also  the  siipplyiuj;;  the  colonies  with  arms  and 
oowder.  it  is  recommended  that  sitecial  reiiulations  be  .idootcd,  which. 


'l» 


without  oppressinji'  the  iidiabitants,  will  prevent  the  abuse  of  them, 
with  all  their  injurious  consefiuences. 

XN'.  The  prosecution  of  eveiy  kind  of  industry  (exce])t  the  fur  in- 
dustry) is  permitted  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  colonies  and  to  all 
Kussian  subjects,  without  distim-tion  or  restriction. 

In  relation,  however,  to  the  fur  in<lustiy — 

First.  To  secure  to  the  Kussian  American  Company  until  .lanuary 
1.  ISS'J.  the  exclusive  rijflit  to  carry  (Ui  the  fur  industry  and  the  t'ur 
trade  within  the  followiiifi'  limits  only:  On  the  peninsula  of  AliasUa, 
rc<'Uouinji  as  its  nortliern  limit  a  line  drawn  from  Cape  Doujilass,  in 
K«'nia  l>ay,  to  the  ln'ad  of  Lake  Imiamna;  on  all  the  islands  lying alonjj; 
the  CO  ist  of  tiiat  peninsula;  on  the  Aleutian,  Commander,  and  Kurile 
islands  and  tiiose  lying  in  Bering's  Sea,  and  also  along  the  whole 
western  coast  of  I'.ering's  S«'a;  but  t<»  I'evoke  in  the  district  to  the  north- 
east of  the  peninsula  of  Aliaska  along  the  whole  coast  to  the  boundary 
of  the  Ilritish  possoN-ions.  also  on  the  islands  lying  along  this  coast, 
including  in  that  number  Sitka  and  the  wlnde  Koloshian  ArchiiMJago, 
ami  alsu.ou  .ami,  to  the  noil  hern  extremity  of  the  American  <(»ntiiient, 
the  privilege  granted  to  the  company  of  tlu;  exclusive  prosecution  of 
the  said  industry  and  trallic. 

Second.  The  colonial  iidmbitants  and  the  settlers  who  are  Hnssiau 
subjects  I'csidiug  pcrnninently  in  the  colonics,  are  permitted  to  carry 
on  the  fur  industry,  in  conformity  with  the  special  regidation  which 
nuist  be  adopted  for  that  purpose,  in  those  |»arts  (»f  the  Ifussian  i»o8- 
sessi«)ns  where  the  exclusive  right  to  the  saiil  industry  is  mil  reserved 
to  the  Hnssiau  .^nu'rican  Company;  all  other  Hussian  subjeets  are  [»er- 
mittedoidy  t<»  trade  with  the  natives  in  fur  goods,  ami  are  not  admitted 
to  a  share  in  the  fur  industry  itself. 


A  true 


copy 


k 


\] 


A.  TlMKOVSKt, 

Chief  Clerk. 


'I 


m 


!r 


11 


I  I   ■  i 


1 1  > 


! 


h  4^ 


164 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


No.  19. 


Concerning  the  granting  of  a  fourth  charter  to  the  Rmsian  American 

Company. 

The  TiP'  M'inl  Connril  in  the  l)«'i»!irtmo)it  of  Imperial  Economy  a»u1 
in  ^(Mieri  '  .csstMnbly,  liavin';  oxamined  Mie  t'oniniuniration  of  the  Minis- 
ter of  Finance  cm  tiie  subject  of  the  revision  (»f  tlie  charter  of  fiie  Rus- 
sian American  Comuany  and  the  organisation  of  the  Russian  American 
colonu's,  inis  adopted  tlie  foHowinp:  resolution  in  moditieation  and  ex- 
phination  of  tlie  ]U'inci]>aI  bases  of  the  new  charter  oi  the  liussian 
Ameri<an  ('(tnipany  and  The  organization  of  the  colonies,  recited  in 
the  resolution  of  the  Imperial  Council,  approved  by  the  Emperor  June  14, 
I«(J5: 

1.  (In  clause  1.)  That  the  period  of  twenty  years  for  the  duration  of 
the  new  ])rivilc}>(>s.  rights,  and  oblif^ations  of  the  liussiaii  Anu»rican 
('(tni|>any  be  r^'ckoncd.  not  from  .January  1,  18(»2,  but  from  the  date  of 
the  contirmation  of  those  i>rivileges. 

-.  (In  clause  la.)  That  the  exclusive  right  of  carrying  on  the  fur  in- 
dustry an<!  the  fnr  trade  be  secured  to  the  company  throughout  the 
extent  of  the  colonial  territory;  at  the  same  time,  with  regard  to  the 
carrying  on  of  the  fnr  in<lustry,  tixed  regulations  must  be  adopted,  by 
agreement  with  the  IMinister  of  tlie  Imperial  Domain. 

4.  (In  clauses  S  and  9.)  That,  while  including  in  the  new  charter  of  the 
company  the  regulations  concerning  the  opening  of  the  ports  of  New 
Archangel,  on  Sitka  Island,  and  St.  Paul,  in  Kadiak,  for  free  trade, 
those  n'garding  tiic  permission  to  carry  on  certain  industries  in  the 
colonies  generally,  and  th«)se  on  tlie  subje<'t  of  the  importation  and  sale 
ol  spirituous  li(pn>is  in  the  colonics  and  tlie  supplying  them  with  arms 
and  powder,  the  recommendations  now  presented  by  the  coni]>anyon  this 
snltject  be  adoi»ted.  without  permitting,  however,  the  commercial  mo- 
no|»oly  which  the  company  has  hitherto  enjoyed  to  be  coutiimed  iu 
force  under  any  pretext  whatsoever. 

Yermakoff, 

Vict- Director. 

K.    RADKTSKr, 

".     Chief  of  Division, 
True  copy. 

A.  TlMKOVSKT. 


M 
•i(- 


■4 


No.  20. 


Proclamation. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  to  all  to  whom  it  may  concern  that  if,  after 
reading  this,  they  do  not  inunediately  leave  Russian  teiritory.  and  do 
not  desist  from  prohibited  trattie,  they  will,  on  the  arrival  of  a  K'ussian 
vessel,  be  seized  ami  sent  for  trial  to  New  Arehang«'l,  Sitka,  ami  their 
merchandise  and  ships,  if  such  are  found,  will  be  contiscated. 

(liven  at  the  port  of  New  Archangel,  on  the  uorthv/est  coast  of  Amer- 
ica, this  8-20  September,  18G4. 


4 


^Mki. 


AMENDED   TRANSLATIONS. 


No.  21. 


165 


Letter  from  the  hoard  of  aflmiuistratton  of  the  Rvssian  American  Com- 
panft  to  Alexander  Andreievitch  liaranof  chief  manager  of  the  Russian 
American  colonies.     Written  from  ISt.  J'ttersuurt/  April  (i,  Jt(17. 

In  ro])ly  to  j'our  communication  tli«  board  of  iulmiiiistration  incloses 
liercwitli  an  extract  from  tlio  rci)ort  of  the  Kiadi^a  factory  concerning 
tlic  profitable  trade  in  sealskins  witii  tlie  Cliiiiese  at  Kiaciita,  and  de- 
sires that  you  will  make  special  etVorts  to  send  to  ()k<ttsk.  for  Kiaciita, 
those  kinds  which  are  most  acceptable  to  the  Chinese.  Do  not  send 
any  sea-liou  skins. 

[IncloRnre  in  No.  21.] 

Report  of  the  Kiaehta  office  to  the  hoard  of  administration  of  the  lixissian 

Amcritan  Company. 

Febritary  8,  1817. 

This  factory  bad  th<?i  honor,  on  February  1,  t^»  receive  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  i'Oiud  of  adMiinistration  of  the  conipiiny  (X«).  71."»,  <»f  De- 
c<'ml)er  14,  IrtKi).  in  which  the  board  was  jylcased  to  instruct  us,  in 
disposiuj;  of  the  sealskins  received  by  tlie  ship  Snn>ro(f\  to  notice  what 
kh'ds  are  prize«l  more  iii;;hly  than  others.  In  reply  this  factory  has 
the  iMinor  to  rep<»rt  that  the  sealskins  received  by  the  ship  Siforoff 
and  by  tin-  Vonstantine  were  disposed  of  in  a  lot.  but  trom  the  a<*eept- 
aiice  and  demands  of  the  Chinese  it  was  observed  that  the  450  baclu^ 
lors  and  youu}.::  bulls  brou}>'ht  by  the  Snn>roJf\  which  were  not  even 
called  Californias,  niv.  valued  by  the  IMiinese  at  half  as  much  ajiaiii  as 
Lhe  S'iW"^'  'I'li^  bachelors  brou}>ht  by  the  Constant ine  wi'vv  far  better, 
as  they  value  ilieni  at  twict^  the  i)rice  of  the  jrrays;  and  the  bulls  and 
youM};  l)ulls  receive<l  by  the  Constantir.e  siiU  higher  than  the  bachelors, 
althouf'ii  the  hair<)n  them  is  coarse  a!id  not  tit  for  tiv.e.  They  are  largo 
and  o:i  the  llesh  side  v.rv  very  good.  They  are  of  a  yellowish-white  <'ol(»i'. 
The  Chinese  pull  out  the  liair  and  only  leave  the  down,  which  they  dye, 
and  they  use  them  in  that  condition.  The  griiys  brought  by  the 
Snrorojf'  are  \ery  clean  on  the  tlesli  side,  but  the  fur  is  not  long. 
'I'hey  are  thin  and  of  less  value  than  those  received  by  the  Con- 
staiitinc,  which,  although  they  are  not  clean  on  the  tlesii  side,  and 
althongls  tln'y  Inive  a  i)aler  color  and  reddish  s])ots.  are  hirgcr  and 
have  longei'  and  thicker  fur.  Our  fri«'n<is  have  very  sharp  e.vcs  tor 
quiility.and  not  less  for  size.  They  assort  luid  measure  them  to  an  in<'h, 
i.nd  hence  they  value  those  brought  by  the  C«H.s7rt«//»c  more  highly 
than  tiiose  brought  by  the  Siirorojf',  both  bachelors  and  grays.  The 
sea  lion  skins  received  )»y  tiiis  factory  were  shown  them,  but.  while 
they  were  very  good  on  the  flesh  side,  there  wns  no  down  on  them,  and 
the  hair  wiis  coarse,  so  that  our  friends  -ill  not  take  them  at  any 
]»rice:  and  they  only  iisked  for  two  sea  lioii  skins,  which  they  intei'd  t<) 
cany  to  Kalgan  for  the  iiuri»ose  of  exiieri.ntiuing  with  them  and  seeing 
Mhetber  they  caii  not  put  them  to  some  use. 

1  )EMKTKI   KUZNKTZOP, 

Manager. 
Vassili  Joukof, 

Bookkeeper, 


'     f: 


I 


^ 


rl8 


166 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


No.  22. 


Letter  from  the  hoard  of  aihuinintration  of  the  Rusnian  American  Com- 
panii  to  (Uti>tnin  of  the  First  Hank  and  l\ni(jht  Adolf  Carloriteh  ?]tho- 
lin,  chief  manager  of  th"  Russian  American  colonies.  Written  from 
St.  Vetersbury  March  8,  1843. 

Tlie  board  of  iuliniiiistration  fully  approves  tlie  arrangements  for  kill- 
in}?  seals  described  by  you  in  dispat«'li  No.  287,  of  May  !>,  1842,  and  per- 
mits you  t(»  institute  on  the  Commander  Islands  and  St.  (leorf^e  the 
elose  season  which  you  propose.  Tn  general,  for  the  greatest  possible 
l)rescrvation  of  this  prei'ious  animal,  the  board  of  administration  re- 
uui'sts  you  til  adopt  as  an  invariable  rule  the  following:  To  i)rosecute 
the  annual  killing  of  the  seals  in  such  manner  that  they  may  not  oidy 
not  be  <'xtcrininated  on  the  rookeiies,  but,  on  the  contrary,  may  con- 
tinually increase  in  numbers,  that  is  to  say,  that  tlu^  amount  of  tlie  an- 
nual increase  may  be  always  greater  than  the  nuud)cr  of  animals  killed. 

At  the  present  time  the  shipment  of  l(>,tM)0  sealskins  to  Kussia  every 
year  will  bo  sutlicieut  to  prevent  a  full  in  xiriees. 

VVHANOEL, 

A.  Sevkimn, 

N.  rUOKOFVEP, 

Director8. 


Ifi  i 


'•(       ! 


)  ^  ill  II I 


jr 


ih! 


\     il 


ii 


No.  23. 


Letter  from  the  hoard  of  adtninistrafion  of  the  Russian  A7neriean  Com- 
poni/  to  Ciiplaiii  of  the  Imprrial  Sary  of  the  Second  Rank  Alexander 
Hitch  lindakof.     Written  from  St.  Petersburg  April  2'J^  1853. 

Seeing,  from  dispatches  received  from  yfuir  ex«'ellency\s  predeces- 
sors that  the  seals  in  the  colonies  an'  rapidly  incieasing  in  numbers, 
and  foreseeing  a  regular  <leniaud  for  them,  the  b(tard  of  administration 
instructs  yon  to  make  corresponding  arrangements,  in  order  that  here- 
after until  farther  instructions  the  killing  of  seals  may  be  prosecuted 
on  all  the  islands  which  they  frecpient  to  such  an  extent  as  may  seem 
jxtssible  without  impoverishing  the  rookeries.  The  rules  for  tlie  pro- 
tection of  the  cows,  etc.,  must  be  observed  as  heretofoie. 

Of  the  seals  killed,  (l,(U)()  nutst  be  sent  every  year  by  way  of  Ayan  to 
Kiai'hta,  lO.OOP  to  8hangiiai,  and  all  that  remain  to  St.  Petersburg  by 
the  vessels  going  aronnd  the  world. 

At  the  sanu'  time  the  board  of  administration  suggests  that  y.">u 
stop  salting  the  sealskins,  as  has  been  doin^  heretofore,  siuee  it  has  a 
bud  ellect  upon  their  sale. 

V.   POLITKOVSKY, 

Presidinff  Officer. 
V.  Klui'fel,  " 
A.  Ktiiolin, 
N.  KiTsoF, 

liAUON  W  RANG  EL, 

Mimhera, 


m\ 


i\' 


\s\ 


AMENDED  TRANSLATIONS. 
No.  24. 


161 


Letter  from  the  hoard  of  admhuHtration  of  the  Russian  Ameriean  Com- 
panif  to  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  ami  Knight  Sirpan   Vassilitritch 
Voyerodky,  vhirf  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies.     Writ- 
ten from  iSt.  retershurjf  April  31, 18'hl. 

Captain  of  the  Second  Class  Rudakoff,  in  his  «liMi)at('h  .'US,  of  May 
30,  IS.");!,  reporting?  to  the  board  of  administration  the  iiuToase  of  seals 
on  the  island  of  8t.  Paul  and  the  arranjioiMents  made  by  him,  in  con- 
sequenee,  with  refjard  to  killing  them,  imiuiresof  ihe  board  «)f  admin- 
istration what  number  of  them  must  be  killed  in  ftitmv  and  what  kinds 
are  preferred. 

In  reply  the  board  of  administration  resp;'ctfully  reipu'sts  your  ex- 
cellency to  order  that  bacludors  be  killed  in  preference,  the  oider  the 
better,  as  the  purchasers  prefer  large  skins.  Hence  small  seals  must 
be  killed  oidy  in  such  numhers  as  arc  necessaiy  for  obtaining  oil  to 
sui)ply  the  demand ;  and,  as  iit  the  present  tin)e  the  dennuid  for  seal- 
skins has  consi(h'rably  decieasei,  they  must  be  killed,  as  a  rule,  only 
in  sncli  numbers  as  will  not  att'cit  their  increase  until  a  greater  dennind 
sets  in,  for  which  the  board  of  uduiiuistration  is  tnaking  constant  ex- 
ertions. 

V.  Klupfel, 

Presiding  ojficer. 

A.  ETHOLliS, 

K.  KusoF, 
Baron  Wiiangel, 

Members. 


No.  25. 


Letter  from  thehoard  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company 
to  Captain  of  the  Second  Rank  I'rincc  }faksntof  chief  manager  of  the 
Russian  American  colonies.  Written  from  St.  I'etersh  rg  Xorcmher 
8,  1851. 


,0(K) 

to 

■go 


At  present  the  sale  of  sealskins  has  risen  to  43,000,  riiimclv,  20,00 
to  21,(M»0  at  New  York.  l.-),0(H»  to  l(;,Ol)0  at  St.  Petersburg,  aiul  r>,000  t 
(5,000  at  Irkutsk.  They  must  be  of  the  best  (juality ;  that  is  to  say,  larg 
and  medium  bulls,  young  bulls,  and  biuliclors. 

The  whole  (piantity  sent  to  New  York  may  be  salted,  but  tlie  pur- 
chasers recpiest  that  in  siiUing  them  the  oil  be  removed  from  tlie.'u  a» 
carefully  as  possible,  for  the  iK'tter  jyrcscrvation  and  for  the  fnither 
dressing  of  tlic  skins.  They  must  be  sent  there  by  way  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, )»referably,  to  complete  the  cargoes  of  \es,sels  going  to  New  Ycu'k, 
because  by  tliis  arrangement  the  deliveiy  of  them  will  cost  much  less. 

Only  dri«'(l  sealskins  are  in  demand  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  they  must 
be  sent  there  by  our  own  xcssels  going  round  the  world,  or.  in  the 
absence  of  these,  by  way  of  San  l''rancisfo  or  Victoria;  but  pielerably, 
to  comph^te  cargo  on  vessels  going  to  London,  to  Mr.  Pelly,  or  to 
Hamburg,  to  Mr.  Sturm,  for  further  dispatch  to  tlieir  destination,  as  at 
San  KratHMsco  it  is  im|)ossible  to  tind  a  vessel  with  <argo  going  to  St. 
Peterslairg  or  Kronstadt.  and  it  would  bo  very  expensive  to  charter 
one  lor  that  special  purpose. 


If 


I    ( 


|i, 


fil 


v, 


168 


DIPLOMATIC   CORHESPONDENCE. 


Onl.v  dried  sciilskiiis  sire  in  demand  at  Irkutsk,  and  they  must  bo 
sent  by  wiiy  (>*"  Ayan, 

TIk'  hoard  of  administration  therefore  re(|uests  you  to  make  arranjje- 
nients  so  tliat  in  iiituie,  until  there  Ih  a  jiossibility  of  increasiiiit'  the 
demand  Ibr  s<'idskins.  about  as  many  as  r)(),(K)0  may  be  killed  in  the 
eohmies  every  year,  of  n'ood  (|uality  as  above  direeted,  4.'{,(MM)  of  wliieh 
will  be  st'ut  at  the  proiM'r  tinu;  to  their  destination  an<l  the  remniuder 
kept  in  reserve  at  New  Ari-iianjjel  for  the  eontinj^eney  of  a  special 
demand;  and,  in  (»rder  that  thosr  stored  may  not  i>e  injured  by  lyinj; 
so  lonj;  in  the  warehouses,  you  will  make  it  a  rule  to  sliij)  them  the  fol- 
h)win;;'  year  to  Russia  in  exchange  for  the  skins  of  the  new  catch  which 
will  renniin  in  the  warehouses.  Furthermore,  you  will  endeavor,  so 
far  as  |iossible.  to  kill  none  of  the  small  kinds  of  seal;  but  if  it  is  im- 
possibh'  to  avoid  (his,  you  are  permitted  to  use  them  foi-  clothing  in  the 
colonies,  takiiij^'  special  care  that  they  are  not  sold  to  forcijjn  vessels 
undressed.  In  tlie  opini(tn  of  the  board  of  admiitistration  there  will  be 
no  dilliculty  in  dn'ssinj;'  them  in  tin-  colonies,  as  tlieie  arc  many  people 
there  in  need  of  work,  especially  in  the  districts,  to  whom  this  would 
furnisii  (he  means  of  earniii};  sonu'thiu};. 

At  the  same  time,  in  older  to  find  a  market  tor  small  sealskins,  the 
board  of  a<lministrati<»n  requests  you  to  endeavor  to  introduc*'  the 
use  of  tln'in  aniinifi;  tlu'  savajnes  in  the  north,  with  whom  tiiey  mi};ht 
be  ex<*hiiu;.;»'d  for  furs,  the  ac(piisitit>n  of  which  would  be  of  great  ad- 
vantaf't'  to  the  company.  In  doin;.;  this  we  have  chictly  in  view  the  fact 
that  by  this  means  the  savages  would  accustom  (licmselves  to  (he  use 
of  sealskins  lor  (heir  clothinji-.  and  thereby,  so  far  as  possible,  the  sale 
of  them  to  foreiyu  vessels  would  be  prevented. 

V.  Kl.UPFKL, 

l'resi<li)i(f  ()piver. 
N.  Tkhknkdi', 
V.  Zavuiko, 

Mimbcrs. 


!'   .    ■ 


No.  26. 

Letter  from  the  hoarit  nf  fnhinnixtrtilion  of  the  Rufistnn  American  Com- 
piiiiji  to  Captahi  of  thf  First  Umil;  mid   Kiiiijlit  Steptdi   \'ii,sNili'  ritch 
Voye\uuinl;)i.  chirf  itKiiKimr  of  the  liitHHinn  American  eolomeis.     ^\'r^t■ 
ten  from  St.  l*eterst>ar<i  .lime  ■'>.  1S'>7. 

In  reply  to  youi'  excelh>nev'8  dispatch  No.  11,  of  March  9,  vilh  re- 
yard  to  shipitin;;  furs  to  New  York  and  >Slianyhai.  tin  boanl  of  a<lmin- 
istratiou  has  tiie  honor  to  inform  you  that  the  annual  denian*!  for  seal- 
skins in  Russia  has  now  risen  to  ir»,(M)0.  ."»,()(»(> of  whicii  arc  to  be  shipped 
to  Kiarhta.  Only  L.',(HK»  river-beaver  skins  are  required  for  Kiachta :  the 
remaininj;  number  of  sealskins,  say  up  to  1L',(M)(»  and  more,  jireterably 
salted  ones,  whi(!h  are  valued  more  hijihiy  tlierc,  you  are  instructed  (o 
send  (o  New  York  to  Messrs.  Lobach  »!v:  Slie|)!er  in  the  autumn,  imme- 
diately after  the  airival  of  the  vessels  fr(»in  the  districts,  without  sub- 
jecting them  to  any  ju'cparations  at  New  i\rciian<;el,  and  leavinj;'  them 
in  the  same  condition  and  pa<'ked  in  the  same  way  in  whieh  they  «re 
HM-i'lved  from  the  distiicts. 

\N  ith  ie<;ard  to  the  river-beaver  skins  the  board  of  adnnnistration, 
although  it  has  received  information  that  the  beaver  skins  have  now 


AMENDED   TRANSLATIONS. 


169 


fiillcn  in  the  market  at  New  York  to  2  r.  72  k.  i)c>r  skin,  it  still  recjuests 
you,  iis  the  prices  are  not  hifjh  in  otiier  places,  to  ship  th«^  said  heaver 
skins  (exei'pt  2,0(M»,  which  are  needed  lor  Kiacrhta)  to  New  York  with- 
out fail.  The  hoard  will  eoniinunicate  to  you  hereafter  concerning 
further  arranj-enients  with  re^iJird  to  tlie  hcaA'er  skins. 

Knrtlurniore,  the  board  of  administration  reipiests  you  to  send  no 
other  lurs  to  New  V(»rk,  e.\<'ept,  perhaps,  white  foxes,  which  have  gone 
down  to  almost  notiiing  at  Kiaclita.  You  must  send  no  furs  to  Shang- 
hai without  special  instructions. 

At  the  siinie  time  tlic  l»oard  of  administration  also  r«Mpu>sts  yim  to 
give  strict  instructions  to  tiie  cauoemeu  {hiiliirkiiiicii)  to  stop,  as  tar  as 
l>ossil»le,  killing  the  small  gray  seals,  and  on  no  account  to  shij)  tliem 
from  the  colonies,  because  they  gr«'atly  interfere  with  tiie  protitable 
sah'  of  sealskins  in  Kussiii  and  in  the  foreign  nmrket,  as  the  large  skins 
alone  are  iu  s|tecial  demand  and  can  be  sold  at  good  prices. 

V.    I'OMTKOVSKY, 

I'lTsiiliiig  Officer, 

V.    KLI  I'l'EL, 

A.  llriioLiN, 

M.  Ti;UENK^)F, 

Members. 


i 


No.  27. 


Litter  from  flic  rJncf  mnnaf/n'  <>/ tlir  f,'iiss!a)i  Amrricnti  coJnmvH  to  the 
bo((rii  I)/  ((<li>iiinstr((tioH  of  the  liitssiau  American  Company.  Written 
from  the  colonics  (h'tol>er7',  1837, 


CONCERNING   FURSEALS   AND  BEAVERS. 


In  reply  to  the  dis|»atches  of  the  hoard  of  administration  (Xos.  035 
and  <mO,  of  .luiie  .">  and  !<»  of  this  year),  received  Sci)tember  7,  I  have 
tlu'  honor  to  report  that  in  future  the  instiuctions  witii  regard  to  seals 
and  liver  beavers  given  in  tiiose  dispatches  will  be  carried  into  due 
execution.  Ilutof  tlie  sealskins  now  on  hand  1(»,(MM»  are  i)acked  up, 
which  will  be  sent  by  the  ship  Cesarerifch  to  Kroiistadt,  ;),«»(»(»  will  be 
set  ajiail  for  shipment  to  Kiaclita  by  way  of  Ayan,  and  the  renniinder, 
of  which  there  will  be  about  !>.0()(»  (lea\  ingout  tlie  sniull  gray  sealskins), 
>\ill  be  sent  to  New  York,  togetiier  with  as  many  beav»'r  skins  as  can  be 
cttllectcd  aftei'  putting  aside  2,000  of  them  foi'  Kiachta. 

The  sealskins  need  no  jueparation  at  New  Arciiaiigel,  but  it  would 
hardly  l>e  sale  to  sliii*  them  to  New  York  in  tiie  same  jiackiiig  (as  di- 
rected in  the  dispatch  of  the  board  of  adi^iinistration)  in  wiiicii  tiiey 
are  received  iVom  tiie  districts — that  is  to  sa; ,  tied  up  only  with  straps 
in  bundles  of  several  tens  each — owing  to  the  facl  that  they  must  bear 
transiiortation  twice  across  the  tropits  and  the  ecpiator. 

From  information  received  by  me  from  .Messrs.  Lobach  »!t  Sliepler,  of 
New  York,  they  are  very  well  satislied  with  the  packing  in  wliieh  our 
tt'oods  were  shipped  tiiere,  as  they  arrive(i  in  good  condition:  and  it 
rtoiild  probably  be  betti'r.  in  sending  goods  in  the  previous  i>acking,  to 
send  <mly  one  or  two  bundles  as  an  experiment  in  the  packing  in  which 
they  are  received  from  the  districts  of  the  colonies. 

Messrs.  Lobach  iJt  8hepler  advise  nie,  in  packing  the  skins  taken,  not 


lit  >  I- 


« 


I 


!r^ 


170 


DIPLOMATIC   CORRESPONDENCE. 


I 


to  double  tliein,  bocaiiso  they  break  at  the  folds,  by  which  advice  I  will 
be  K'uided  in  tntuie  in  shipping  goods  around  the  world. 

Tlie  siilting  of  tlie  scalskiiia,  wliich  was  stopped  by  order  of  the  board 
of  iidrniiiistratioii,  will  be  recoinnienred  next  year;  but  as  the  instruc- 
tions on  tiiis  subject  will  reach  the  islands  of  St.  I'aul  and  St.  (Jcorge 
only  in  tiicsuinnierof  next  year,  it  is  impossible  to  guarantee  that  we 
sliall  be  able  to  procure  a  suflicient  quantity  of  salted  sealskins  next 
year. 

Tlic  cxi)crimcnt  of  s.alting  the  skins  at  New  Archangel  will  also  be 
made. 

Witli  regard  to  the  sniiill  gray  seiilskins,  I  have  the  honor  to  express 
the  opinion  that  only  such  a  number  of  them  luive  been  killed  hitherto 
as  was  nt'cessary  to  procure  the  oil,  the  demand  for  whu'h,  without 
spciiking  of  the  uuiivoidable  necessity  of  supplying  the  Aleuts  on  the 
ishinds  and  of  shipping  a  (juantity  to  Fort  Michael  for  exchange  for  furs 
with  tlie  savages  tliere,  is  increasing  in  New  Archangel  itself,  owing  to 
the  increased  number  of  steamers  and  steam  engines. 

Tin-  oil  purchased  costs  very  dear;  hence,  having  in  view  the  great- 
est i)ossihle  e(ron(»my  in  the  expenditure  of  money,  I  nnule  arrange- 
ments on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  George  to  jn'ocure  oil  from 
the  seals,  and  iibout  250  bucki^ts  of  it  have  been  received.  The  pur- 
chase of  this  quantity  of  oil  at  San  Francisco  would  have  cost  about 
8,0(»(>  paper  roubles. 

For  the  above-mentioned  reasons,  although  I  am  making  arrange- 
ments for  stopping  the  killing  of  small  gray  seals,  so  far  as  possible, 
they  being  only  lit  to  furnish  oil  and  supplies  of  meat  necessary  for 
the  winter,  still,  I  find  it  necessary  to  respc<'tfully  request  the  board 
of  administration  to  give  me  delinite  instructions  with  regard  to  en- 
tirely stojtping  the  killing  of  this  kind  of  seal;  but  if  the  board  of  ad- 
ministration siiould  see  tit,  in  consideration  of  the  circumstances  men- 
tioiH'd,  to  permit  me  to  kill  so  many  of  the  small  gray  seals  as  may  be 
necessary  to  procure  oil  and  supj)lies  of  meat  for  the  winter  for  the  in- 
habitants of  the  islands  of  St.  I'aul  and  St.  George,  in  that  case  the 
question  would  arise  as  to  the  dis[)Osition  to  be  made  of  the  skins  of 
thes(>  small  aninnils. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  about  5,000  of  them  in  the  warehouses, 
and  by  taking  3,000  every  year  a  considerable  nund)cr  may  accumu- 
late in  a  few  years,  re(iui>iiig  a  corresponding  si)ace  for  storage. 

I  suggest  that,  if  it  is  ■  't  yet  exjjedient  to  s»Mid  gray  sealskins  to 
Russia  and  to  toreign  mai  ..>ts  for  sale,  then  we  might  try  the  experi- 
ment of  using  them  in  tlie  coh>nies  for  robes  and  over(!oats,  which, 
after  being  well  dressed,  might  take  the  place  of  the  (common  sheep- 
skin coats. 

liy  way  of  experiment  a  few  robes  might  be  made  of  these  skins, 
which  so  far  rtMuain  unused  in  the  warehouses. 

In  conclusion,  1  have  the  Ihhuu-  to  report  ti)  the  board  of  adnunistra- 
tion  that,  fiom  information  which  has  now  been  received,  the  seal 
rookeries  (iverywhert^,  and  especially  (Ui  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  have 
increased  to  such  an  extent  that  all  the  i)laces  which  they  frequent  are 
entirely  tilled,  and  there  is  such  a  need  of  room  for  tlnMU  that  it  is  nec- 
essary to  increase  considerably  the  number  of  seals  killedj  and  this 
shall  be  done  next  year. 


AMENDED   TRANSLATIONS. 


171 


No.  28. 

tetter  from  the  chief  mnnnger  of  the  RnsHian  American  colonics  to  the 
board  of  If  dm  I II  intra  til  in  of  tite  liiiNHiau  American  Comj)any.  Written 
from  the  colonies  January  13,  tS.j'J. 

CON(!KUNINO  FUR-SEALS. 

In  acconlaiU'O  with  the  iiistnu'tioiis  of  the  board  of  udmim'strntion 
given  ill  (lispiitch  No.  ()!>7,  of  .Fune- ">,  I.S."»S,  received  Noveinher  li,  lie- 
siih's  the  10,000  sealskins  ordt're<l  by  i>revi<»ns  instrnctions,  I0,0({4  were 
sent  by  the  ship  Kamvhatica  of  those  wliirh  had  been  preiiarcd  and 
l>aeked  jnior  to  tiie  receipt  of  disjjatch  Xo.  «»!>7  for  siiipinent  to  New 
York,  and  there  still  remain  .'{,<;00  diied  and  1.17(5  salted  skins,  which 
will  now  be  sent  by  the  bark  Kailiak-  to  San  Friincisci»,  to  be  forwarded 
to  Messrs.  Lobaeli  &  Shepler. 

With  H'gard  to  theipiestion  of  the  board  of  administration  as  to  what 
nund)er  of  seals  nniy  be  killed  every  year  in  the  colonies  witlutnt  det- 
riment to  the  prescuvarion  of  tlie  species  and  withont  impoveiisliinf? 
the  rookeries,  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that,  as  is  evident  from  the  re- 
pents of  the  govrnors  of  the  I'ribihif  Islands,  where  the  principal  seal 
rookeries  are  fonnd,  ainli'vcn  tliose  of  the  (Commander  Islands,  the  seals 
have  increased  in  numbers  on  all  the  accessible  places  to  snch  an  ex- 
tent that  the  areas  oeeupied  by  them  appear  crowded,  and  it  is  evident 
from  these  report.^  that  it  would  l»e  jmssible  to  kill  in  all  these  places, 
including  the  small  gray  seals,  as  many  as  70,000,  and  even  more;  but 
for  this  it  would  bo  necessary  to  increase  tlii^  number  of  hunters  and  to 
furnish  a  sullicieut  supply  of  wood  to  the  L'ribilof  Islands  for  drying 
the  skins. 

It  may  be  said  with  certainty  that  no  impoverishment  of  the  rook- 
cries  will  appear  for  u  long  time  from  the  killing  of  us  many  as  70,000 
fur-seals. 


No.  29. 


Letter  from  Captain  of  the  Firs-t  Rank  and  Kniffht  Iran  Vaisilirrifch  Fur- 
iihclm,  ehirf  ntiinai/  r  of  the  Russian  American  coliinics,  to  the  Itoard 
of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Conqxtni/.  Written  from  the 
colonics  Maif  I'l,  l^iiO. 

I  have  the  hon«n'  to  present  herewith  a  table  of  the  skins  procured 
hist  y<'ar  from  the  districts  of  the  colonies,  from  which  tlie  board  of  ad- 
ministration will  see  that  S!»2  more  sea  otters  wcie  killed  than  in  l.sr>S. 
There  has  not  been  snch  a  rich  catch  since  ISU.  and  this  increase  was 
owing  entirely  to  the  nund)er  killed  in  the  Kadiak  district,  at  I'nalaska, 
and  at  llru]*. 

As  regards  the  otter  catch,  the  Kadiak  factory  has  reported  to  mo 
that  the  Chugatc^hes,  living  at  Fort  ('onstaiitinc,  were  jiermittcd  with 
the  consent  of  my  iiredccessor  to  carry  on  this  hunting,  apart  from  tin* 
l»arty  sent  <Mit  by  the  factory,  in  places  known  to  tluMu  alone;  after 
their  arrivalat  Kadiak,  however,  with  avery  huge  number  of  sea  otters, 
it  appeared  that  in  the  summer  of  LS.")!)  they  had  hunted  in  places  whero 
there  was  a  close  time,  and  wiier(\  it  will  be  necessary  to  send  a  i>arty 
from  Kadiak  this  year.  After  such  an  occurrence,  uufortuinitcly,  I  do 
not  hope  to  have  as  successful  results  trom  the  hunting  as  Ilea r  Admiral 
Voyevodsky  iu  the  last  year  of  his  admiuistratiou  of  the  colouies. 


)    n 


f 


) ,  I 


-f  i 


■I     ! 


172 


DIPLOMATIC    CORRESPONDENCE. 


n 


v..  t- 


1 


ki 


Seven  IiuiidnMl  and  sixty  more  river  beavers  were  killed  tlian  in  1858. 
The  yearly  variation  in  the  lljjures  of  this  indnstry  depends  entirely  on 
local  eliniiitic,  causes,  which  favor  the  northern  savajfcs  nntre  or  less  in 
their  hinitiii}f.  Tiiis  increase,  as  compared  with  the  number  taken  la.st 
year,  was  j;aincd  at  K<n'ts  Michael  and  ivolmakovsky. 

Four  hundred  and  seventy  more  pairs  of  castorenms  were  taken  than 
in  IS,")S.  Klcveii  thousand  one  Inuubed  ami  sixty  fewer  fur  seals  were 
kiik'd  than  in  1S,")S.  The  y:overnor  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul  assif-ns  as 
the  cause  of  their  decrease  the  lateness  <d'  the  spriu};,  owinjj;  to  whi(^b 
the  i'ows,  in  forcinjf  their  way  to  the  rookeries  over  the  ice,  lost  their 
younj;. 

1  have  sent  Lieut.  Vernmn  to  the  island  of  St.  Paul  to  attend  to. 
various  connnissions  aiul  to  i»ut  an  end  to  some  disturbances  there 
arising'  from  relaxation  of  discipline. 

Foxes  killfd  in  cxcoss  of  IS.'iS 1,143 

WUiU'  foxes  in  fXPcHs  of  1S:)S 1,  174 

Lynxes,  fewer  than  in  1S5« 17X 

Nai)leH  in  exciesH  of  IHiyH 219 

On  Coi>per  Island,  ac'cordiujir  to  the  jjoveruor's  report,  the  sea  otters 
are  iner«'asin}i;  in  numbers,  and  very  stiiet  orders  are  now  ^iven  not  to 
<listurb  them  until  the  decrease  of  that  animal  in  the  government  ot 
the  island  of  Atka  renders  a  close  time  necessary  there. 

Only  1  po(»d  of  walrus  tusks  was  received.  The  {governor  of  the 
island  of  Unoa  has  report<'d  bt  me  that  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
l)eninsula  of  Aliaska,  in  Mollerovsky  Hay,  tusks  to  the  amount  of  500 
])oods  were  taken  in  the  course  of  lsr»(J-'.*)7,  and  were  st<«'ed  there.  On 
my  arrival  at  .Mollerovsky  IJay,  in  LS.IS,  the  tnsks  which  had  been  col- 
lected were  missing,  the  walrus  rookeries  had  been  ruined,  and  every- 
thing had  been  burned.  It  is  not  known  who  stole  the  tusks,  but  there 
were  fouml  white  bisciuts,  ])rovisions,  a  whaleboat  oai",  and  the  prints 
of  boots,  whicli  proved  that  it  was  the  whalers. 

1  Lave  the  honor  to  report  this  to  the  board  of  administratiou 


f^    t 


No.  30. 

Letter  from  Captain  of  the  First  Class  and  Kniflht  Iran  Vassilievitf^h 
Fundielm,  vhitf  manaficr  of  the  liussian  American  colonies,  to  the  Itourd 
of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company.  Writttni  from 
the  colonies  July  in,  Jf>(j3. 

Noting,  for  inunediate  execution,  the  contents  of  dispatch  No.  Ill, 
of  .January  31,  1803,  from  the  board  of  administration,  I  have  the  honor 
to  submit,  for  the  board's  consideration,  the  following  estimates'us  to 
the  cost  of  preparing  the  dried  and  saltedsealskins: 

KEQUIUED  FOB  TUE   DRYING  OF  SEALSKINS. 

Ilunblcs. 

Wood  for  eaeli  1,000  skins,  2\  fatlioms.  making  the  cost  of  eacli  skin 2.85 

For  tyinji  the  Itnndlo  of  KM)  skins,  12  arsiiin  sea-lion  hide  strajis  (a  medinni- 
sized  skiu,  wortli  10  kopeeks,  yields  16  aishin  straps),  niakinjr  for  one  skin..     .  10 

Total 2.95 

Or 03 

To  this  we  must  add  the  pay  of  the  Aleuts  for  each  bachelor  sealskin 75 

Total 78 


ji       I 


AMRNDKI)    THANSLATIi  )N8. 


173 


The  frames  are  always  pn-pared  in  Sitka,  and  are  sent  to  tlio  islands. 
Their  cust  is  not  ealculated,  on  aceount  of  its  insij^nilleance. 


llKtiUIRED  FOR   TIIH   SALTING   OP   SKALSKINS. 

Rnnltlea. 

TltPi'iisks  contain  ail  iivorii(jo  (if  7;t  Hkiiis  iiiiil  I'lmt  5  roiililc!*;  tlif  irmi  linops 
aii<l  t'iiHtciiiii^M  \v<'i<r|i  17  |)(Miii(ls,  cimtiii^  ti.HO  roiiltlcH,  a  total  ol'  It. SO 
roiil)leH,  iiiakinjj  for  1  Nkiii I).  10 

For  till"  lucliiiiiiiar.v  naltiii;;  im  tlit«  inlands,  ;i;  iioiiihIm  oI'  nalt  mi-  iisnl  IVir 
ciirii  Hkin;  diiiiiij;  tlir  liiial  saltiiii;  at  New  Aii'liaii;;rl,  H  ihkkIs  ol' salt  arr 
inlili'il  to  I'acli  raHk  of  7I<  NkiiiH,  iiiaUin;;  l.t  iioiinds  for  racli  .skin,  ii  total  of 
7.!t  jioiinds  of  salt 7!> 

For  tyiiijt  carli  skin,  li  zol.  twine (y-\ 

For  till-  wear  and  tfar  of  toopt-r's  tools  ad  niatfrial,  apiiroxiinuli-ly,  for  oacli 
skill 01 

Total 08,1 

To  tliiH  must  bo  uddrd  tbo  |iuy  of  the  Aleuts  for  eaih  Imclielor  HcalHkin 75 

Total \.T.i}i 

Coiicerniii};  the  ])roc('sses  employed  in  the  ]M'eparatioii  ol"  tlie  sUins,  iie- 
coidiii};  to  both  methods,  1  have  the  liuiKir  to  n'|ioit  to  tlie  board  of 
administration: 

The  dried  sealskins  ar(^  preiKired  as  follows:  After  separating:  the 
skin  from  the  meat  iind  earefully  removin;;  the  blulibcr,  tiie  skin  is 
stretehe<l  n]>on  a  frame,  remiiinin;>'  thus  until  it  is  finally  drinl.  After 
removiii};'  the  skin  from  the  frame  it  is  foh!('<l  twice  Iciif^thwise  and 
]>iveked  in  bales  containing  from  ."iO  to  IdO  skins,  accordin;i^  to  size,  and 
liiially  the  bales  tire  bomnl  with  sea-lion  stiiips. 

'Hie  salted  sealskins,  in  accordance  with  ^lollison's  jirocess,  inclosed 
iu  the  dispatch  of  the  board  of  administration  (No.  SI,  of  .lannary  ^.l, 
18(!(>),  are  prepared  in  the  followiiif;  wiiy: 

After  the  skins  are  removed  ami  stripp«'d  of  meat,  they  are  strewn 
with  salt  and  staeketl  in  kencht^s  with  the  others;  hiler,  when  the 
laborers  have  more  time,  the  skins  are  taken  from  the  kenches  and  the 
inner  side  of  each  skin  is  i-overed  with  a  thick  layer  of  salt.  Another 
skin  is  laid  on  top  of  this  with  its  inner  side  down.  The  ed,iies  of  the 
skins  are  turned  up  on  the  outer  side,  so  as  not  to  let  tlie  salt  fall  out; 
they  are  rolled  up  into  round  bf.ndlcs  with  the  fur  side  mit,  and  arc 
stroiif'iy  tied  with  seine  twine.  Afterwards  these  bundles  are  tied 
toftetlier  in  pacrka^i'es  of  from  five  to  ten  inindles  each. 

Though  the  labor  of  carryin}?  the  skins  on  the  shoulders  of  men  and 
women,  the  carrying'  of  salt  from  the  beach  to  the  suit  houses,  and 
later  the  i-arryiu};' of  the  heavy  salted  skins  from  the  warehouse  to  the 
beach,  to  be  loaded  into  baidaras  for  traiisniisson  to  the  ship,  is  very 
great,  still  the  jirocess  of  drying  ]>resents  still  greater  dillicnlties  on 
account  of  the  constiint  fog  and  rain  ]>revailing  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands. 
It  may  be  jiositively  stated  that  of  the  L'."»,tHlO  dried  skins  prejiarcd  an- 
nually on  these  islands,  only  one-fifth  can  be  dried  in  the  open  air.  The 
remainder  are  dried  in  sod  luaises,  by  iiu'ans  of  fires,  or  in  the  huts  of 
the  Aleuts,  which  are  already  cramped  and  sulfocating.  Imu-  this  tea- 
son,  and  also  on  account  (►f  the  diiliculty  of  obtaining  wood  in  quantities 
suflicient  for  the  drying  of  seidskins,  the  salting  by  the  Mollisoii  method 
otters  the  greater  advantage. 


b-w  ^-.Ttsafc"-**!' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


% 


!^ 


// 


^/    v^;^ 


y^:%' 


:/ 


4 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


f.^  KM 
£  ■:£  12.0 


2,2 


U    11.6 


^^ 


* 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


:t3  7/CST  MAIN  STRilT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4V)3 


\ 


iV 


■^ 


\ 


\ 


^^.  ^\  Wf^ 


o"  .*,  '^'U 


6^ 


174 


DIPLOMATIC    CORRESPONDENCE. 


I 


li.  ^ 


i  -i 


tv. 


\  >f   1 


\  i 


No.  31. 

Letter  from  the  chief  manager  rf  the  Bmsian  American  colonies  to  the 
manager  of  the  inland  of  ist.  Fanl.     Written  from  Sitka  May  1, 1864. 

Your  rciports,  forwarded  lust  year  by  the  steanisliii)  Constantino  and 
the  bark  Prince  Menshikof,  have  been  received,  and  in  reply  I  give  you 
tlie  following  instnu;ti(»iis: 

.l.s  to  No.  2D. — Last  year  you  were  instructed  to  till  requisitions  of  the 
nianaficr  of  IJiialaska  Island  in  a  certain  contingency,  and  instructions 
have  now  been  given  to  the  manager  of  tlie  island  of  St.  Georg<'  here- 
after to  furnish  IJnalaska  with  necessary  supplies,  aiul  your  duties  in- 
clude, as  heretofore,  the  furnishing  Sitka  and  Fort  Michael  with  supplies. 

.l.s'  to  Xos.  oO,  31. — For  want  of  space  on  the  brig  Shelikof  1  was 
unable  to  grant  i)erinission  to  Ira!  la  Herman  to  visit  the  island  of  St. 
I'aul  this  vear,  and  for  the  sanu;  reason  I  could  not  send  you  a  cow  and 
a  bull. 

A.S  to  Xo.  32. — In  my  instructions  Xo.  240  of  last  year  I  determined 
the  number  of  fur-seal  skins  to  be  taken  by  you  in  each  year.  By  order 
of  the  board  of  administration  I  revoke  said  instructions  No.  2J9,  as 
well  as  all  ])revious  instructions  concerning  the  catch  of  fur-seals,  and 
I  now  direct  you  to  take  hereafter  annually  as  many  as  70,000  fur-seal 
skins,  L'r),000  of  which  must  be  dried  and  the  remaining  45,000  salted 
according  to  the  new  directions  in  your  possession. 

You  nuist  tak«'  the  70,(H)0  skins  now  ordered  to  be  prepared  only  in 
case  no  decrease  in  tlie  numbers  of  the  animals  is  observed;  otherwise 
y(m  nuist  innnediately  advise  me  for  the  juirpose  of  having  the  number 
reduced  with  a  view  to  the  preservation  of  the  seals  for  the  years  to 
come. 

As  these  instructions  will  reach  you  late  in  the  season,  and  as  you 
will  coiisetpu'utly  be  unable  to  prepare  the  whole  quantity  of  fur-seal 
skins  now  re([uired,  I  have  t<»  request  that  you  will  endeavor  to  take  and 
salt  notli'ss  than  10,000  skins  during  the  time  occupied  by  the  trip  of 
the  vessel  from  St.  Paul  to  Fort  Michael  aiul  back,  and  to  put  them  on 
board  of  tlie  vessel  on  her  second  visit  to  St.  Paul.  Last  year  you  sent 
only  14,000  dried  skins,  while  tiie  order  was  to  send  about  20,000.  In 
future  yen  nuist  c>  deav«u-  to  strictly  till  the  orders. 

^4.s'  to  Xo.  31. — You  will  make  a  rei)ort  to  my  successor  as  to  the  re- 
wards to  zealous  emph)yes.  He  will  probably  visit  your  island  in  the 
course  of  this  year. 

/l.v  to  Xo.  3(). — 1  thank  you  for  y<mr  efforts  in  regard  to  the  vaccina- 
tion of  the  inhabitants,  and  1  request  that  you  will  not  neglect  the  mat- 
ter in  future. 

In  regard  to  your  request  tor  the  admission  of  your  son  to  the  Colonial 
Public  School  as  a  comi>any's  boarder,  1  have  to  inform  you  that  that 
school  is  not  yet  fully  prepared  for  the  reception  of  boarders,  and  I 
therefore  advise  y(m  to  place  your  son  in  the  house  of  any  of  y6ur  sis- 
ters who  are  now  receiving  pensions;  your  son,  while  living  at  Sitka, 
can  attend  the  school  on  the  same  terms  as  all  the  newcomers  who  are 
not  the  company's  pupils. 

The  annual  sn]»itlies  are  sent  you  by  the  brig  Shelikof;  unload  the 
cargo,  and  deliver  to  the  brig  all  your  skins  and  your  reports.  Besides 
this  vessel,  you  will  be  visited  by  the  steamer  Constantine  on  her  re- 
turn voyage  from  Nushagak;  this  vessel  will  bring  you  about  2,500 
poods  of  salt,  and  jjrobably  some  lumber. 

1  have  ordered  the  Russian  skipper  Archimandritoff  to  proceed  by 
this  brig  to  inspect  the  island  under  your  charge;  you  are  therefore  di- 
rected to  comjdy  with  all  his  requests. 


ii    I 


WJVS 


A 


CASES  OF  THE  PEARL,  lORIOT,  AND  HARRIET. 


CASE  OF  THE  PEARL.' 

Messrs.  Bryant  and  Stiirgis  to  Mr.  Adams. 

Boston,  Ajnil  31, 1823. 
Hon.  John  Quincy  Adams, 

Secretary  of  Stale: 

Sir:  The  brig  Pearl,  Sanmel  Cliaiidlcr,  master,  bdonj-riiig  to  our- 
selves and  other  citizens  of  the  United  States,  sailed  tioni  this  place  on 
a  trading  voyage  to  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  -lanuary  1SLJ2, 
and  arrived  at  the  Sandwieli  Islands  the  following  xXugust.  Illness 
compelled  Capt.  Chandler  to  remain  at  the  islands,  and  Charles  Ste- 
vens was  appointed  commander  of  the  vessel.  The  inclosed  protest 
shows  the  subsequent  proceedings.  Our  letters  from  Capt.  Chandler 
state  that  the  order  to  leave  that  part  of  the  northwest  coast  lying 
north  of  latitude  51°,  was  a  written  one,  both  from  the  governor  of 
the  Russian  settlement  at  Norfolk  Sound  and  the  comnuinder  of  the 
Kussian  frigate. 

By  this  outrage  the  voyage  ot  the  brig  Pearl  has  been  entirely  ruined 
and  her  owners  subjected  to  a  very  heavy  loss,  as  the  ])eculiar  charac- 
ter of  the  voyages  to  the  northwest  coast  retpiire  a  cargo  and  outht 
not  adapted  to  any  other  trade,  and  which  must  be  totally  lost  if  we 
are  <lebarred  iVom  pursuing  our  original  plan. 

Understanding  that  negotiations  ai'c  jjcndiiig  with  the  llussian  Gov- 
ernment, ill  relation  to  their  claims  of  exclusive  Jurisdiction  on  the 
northwest  coast,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  nmke  this  comnuinicaticu)  to 
our  Government,  and  do  it  with  a  confident  expectation  that  a  demand 
will  be  made  on  the  Kussian  Government  for  iinlemnity  for  the  heavy 
losses  to  which  we  have  been  unjustly  subjected. 

We  learn  that  the  Bussian  authorities  on  the  northwest  coast  had 
taken  measures  to  drive  the  other  American  vessels  fioin  that  coast 
and  are  in  daily  expectation  of  hearing  from  them  at  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  to  which  tliey  nuist  resort.  Having  njjwards  of  8l'(M»,()()0 
end)arked  in  the  northwest  trade,  we  are  dee])ly  interestcMl  in  the 
result,  and  can  not  but  hope  that  (Jovernment  will  adopt  such  meas- 
ures as  will  secure  us  an  indemnity  for  the  iiniiiense  losses  with  which 
we  are  threatened. 

With  the  greatest  respect,  we  aie,  sir,  your  most  obedient  servants, 

BkVANT   t&    STlR(ilS. 


'The  dociinipnts  hereinafter  refened  to  are  ou  iile  in  the  archives  of  the  State  Der 
partmeut  at  Washington. 

178 


m 


'  i 


w^ 


176 


CASES  OF  THE  PEARL,  T.OUIOT,  AND  HARRIET. 


f 


f; 


<  I  / 


■..  , 


t% 


lliirloaiire.] 

By  this  public  declaration  jind  protest,  be  it  known,  that  on  this 
twenty-fourth  day  of  Jfovenibcr,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  liS22,  before  nui, 
Jolin  C.  Jones,  jr.,  agent  tor  che  [Jnited  States  at  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
personally  came  and  appeared  Chailes  Stephens,  master,  Lemuel 
Foster,  jr.,  chief  ofticer,  and  Joseidi  Hall,  jr.,  second  olHcer,  of  the 
brig  or  vessel  called  the  Pearl,  of  the  burthen  of  one  hundred  and 
seventy-six  tons  or  thereabouts,  belonging  to  the  port  of  Boston,  in  the 
United  States,  who  severally  declared,  that  they  sailed  in  the  said  biig 
PcdfJ  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  on  the  2.")tli  day  of  August,  ISlili,  bound 
on  a  trading  voyage  to  the  northwest  coast  of  America;  that  on  the 
lOtli  day  of  September  they  made  the  land  Cape  Ommaney,  and 
anchored  the  same  day  at  New  Archangel,  the  Kussian  settlement; 
that  they  wcmc  em])loyed  there  i)re]»aring  the  vessel  to  proceed  down 
the  coast  till  the  HOtli  day  of  October,  on  which  day  they  received  a 
peremptory  order  from  tiie  governor  of  the  port  to  immediately  leave 
the  road  and  never  again  appear  on  that  c<»ast. 

And  the  api)car[er|s  did  further  declare  that  they  were  compelled  to 
leave  behind,  spars,  wood,  etc.,  which  Mere  on  the  beach  ready  for  ship 
ping,  and  of  the  greatest  necessity  to  the  vessel,  and  for  which  no  com- 
pensation was  made. 

And  the  ajjpearers  did  further  declare  that  on  the  21st  day  of  Octo- 
ber they  were  boarded  from  His  Imi)erial  Majesty's  frigate,  the  Apollo, 
and  alter  a  minute  examination  ordered  to  leave  the  coast  immediately. 
And,  further,  the  appearers  did  declare  that  by  the  said  proceedings  ol 
the  Ivussian  (lovermnent  the  lawful  business  on  which  they  s.uled  has 
been  entirely  defeated  and  their  voyage  ruined. 

And,  therefore,  the  said  api)earers  did  declare  to  i)rotest  against  His 
Imperial  Majesty  the  Emjjeror  of  Ilussia,  agaiii.st  the  governor  of  the 
Russian  settU'ment  at  New  Archangel,  the  commander  of  the  Husaian 
frigate  Apollo,  and  all  and  every  person,  subjects  of  b'ussia,  who  have 
molested,  impeded,  or  ]uevcnted  the  lawful  trade  of  the  brig  Pearl  on 
the  northwest  coast  of  Anunica;  that  all  losses,  detriments,  and  damages 
that  have  or  may  arise  to  tiie  said  brig  or  owners  by  her  being  ordered 
from  the  northwest  coast  of  America  ought  to  be  acccmnted  for  [by]  His 
Tm])erial  ^lajesty,  or  oiticers,  to  the  own  -rs  or  those  interested  in  the 
said  brig  Pearl,  or  to  the  United  States  (lovernment. 

Thus  done  and  protested  before  me  at  the  Island  of  Woahoo,  this 
twenty-fourth  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twenty-two. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal, 

(Signed)  John  C.  Jones,  Jr., 

U.  8.  C.  A.,  Sandwich  Inlands. 

We,  the  undersigned,  being  severally  duly  sworn,  do  severally  make 
oath  and  say  that  the  instrunuMit  of  jtrotest  hereunto  annexed  hath  been 
clearly  and  distinctly  read  over  to  them,  these  deponents,  am?  that  the 
several  matters  and  things  therein  contained  are  right  and  true  in  all 
respects  as  the  same  are  therein  alleged,  declared,  and  set  forth. 
(Sign'd)  Charles  Stevens. 

Lemuel  Foster,  Jr. 
Joseph  Hall,  Jr. 

Sworn  before  me  at  the  Island  of  Woahoo  this  24th  day  of  November, 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1822.  In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set 
my  hand  and  affixed  my  seal  of  office. 

(Signed)  John  C.  Jones,  Jr., 

U.  8.  C.  A.f  Sandwich  Islands, 


i    >«■ 


1^    . 


Jr. 


CASE    OF   THE   PEARL.  177 

[Momoraniltim  prepared  by  the  RiiBsinn  Minister  at  ■Wastlngton.] 
For  tlie  Honorable  Mr.  Adams'  private  information. 

Aooonling  to  infoiniatioiis,  to  which  some  credit  seems  to  be  due,  the 
IJussiiiu  'ukase'  was  ini))licly  known  at  JSoston  as  early  as  December, 
1S21.  Tlie  owners  oftiie  iV/r/7,  wiiicii  sailed  in  Jamiaiy,  1822,  seem  to 
have  been  not  only  fully  ai)prised  of  the  existence  of  this  edict,  but  to 
have  fitted  her  out  expiessly  to  anticipate  its  operation  and  to  turn  to 
their  advantage  the  indulgence  granted  to  a  bona  tide  ignorance  of  the 
ukase. 

The  American  underwriters  refused  to  pay  the  insurance,  and  were 
justified  in  their  refusal. 

The  i)rincipal  firm  of  Boston  concerned  in  the  northwest  trade,  and 
having  now  several  vessels  abroad  actually  i)rosccuting  it,  has  lately 
ottered  to  dispose  of  the  whole  of  its  stock  so  vested,  shii>s  and  cargoes, 
for  the  consideration  of  only  7  ])er  cent  advances  on  the  original  cost. 
This  linn  consists  of  Messrs.  Bryant  &  Sturges.  The  latter  has  become 
interested  by  purchase  in  the'iVrt/7  siib.sequently  to  Tier  return  from 
her  voyage. 

The  original  captain,  who  r  >sumed  his  I'ommand  at  Woahoo  and 
brought  the  Pvarl  back,  has  b'.-en,  on  his  arrival  at  Boston,  accused  by 
the  owners  of  nefarious  ;'T!d  iraudulent  practices,  threatened  with  legal 
prosecution,  and  proved  guilty  in  a  court  of  arbitration. 

[Meraorandnm  prepared  by  Bryant  &  Sturges.    No  addrcsa.] 

The  first  objection  made  to  the  admission  of  our  claim  is,  in  sub- 
stance, "That  the  owners  of  the  Pearl  fitted  out  that  vessel  after  being 
apinised  of  the  existence  of  the  Kussia  ukase."  Not  having  been  orig- 
inal owners  of  that  vessel,  we  cannot  assert  that  such  was  not  the  fact; 
but  we  think  the  circumstances  of  the  outfit  and  voyage  most  con- 
clusively prove  that  the  owners  could  not  have  been  aware  of  the  i)ro- 
visions  or  even  the  existence  of  the  Kussian  edict  at  the  time  the  voy- 
age was  commenced.  The  uka.se leceived  the  sanction  of  Jlis  Imperial 
Majesty  in  Sei)tember,  1821,  and  it  was  made  known  at  St.  Petersburg 
in  October  following,  but  was  not  c<nnmunicated  to  our  Government 
until  February,  1822.  The  Pearl  was  purchased  and  i)reparations  for 
her  voyage  began  in  November,  1821.  She  sailed  from  Boston  in  Jan- 
uary, 1822,  and  in  October  of  the  same  year  ariivtd  at  the  port  of 
New  Archangel.  TTad  the  Pearl  been  "  fitted  out  expres.sly  to  antici- 
pate the  operation  "  of  the  ukase,  is  it  probable  that  the  first  port  she 
visited  on  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America  would  have  been  one 
known  to  be  in  the  possession  of  the  Kussian  Company,  and  wheie  offi- 
cial notice  of  the  ukase  would  of  course  be  given,  and  its  provisions 
enforced?  Would  not  the  commander  of  the  Pearl  have  avoided  all 
communication  with  the  llussians,  and,  trading  only  with  the  native 
inhabitants  on  other  parts  of  the  coast,  have  i)iosccuted  his  voyage  in 
ccmiparative  security?  In  the  original  in.struction  from  the  owners  of 
the  Pearl  to  the  commander  no  allusion  is  made  to  any  interdiction  of 
trade  on  the  Northwest  Coast;  but  he  is  exi)ressly  directed  to  visit  all 
ports  and  places  where  an  advantageous  trattic  could  be  carried  on.  It 
is  highly  improbable  that  any  merchant,  having  knowledge  of  the  Rus- 
sian edict,  would  have  given  such  instructions. 

It  is  stated  that  "  the  American  underwriters  refused  to  pay  the  in- 
surance and  were  Justified  in  their  refusal."  Payment  has  never  been 
demanded  from  the  underwriters.  An  inspection  of  our  policies  of  in- 
12304 12 


'( 


i  m 


i^  ? 


■  1 1 


178 


CASES   OF    THE    PEARL,  LORIOT,  AND    HARRIET. 


; 


!'■ 


■  fj  i 


Vt 


M.      I'f 


sunnico  will  show  that  the  loss  on  the  voyajje  of  the  Venrl  is  not  one 
lor  wiiich  insiiriTs  are  ever  liable — it  is  the  loss  of  a  market.  Had  the 
coinniander  of  the  Pearl,  tlisiegarding  the  warning  of  the  liussian 
authorities,  remained  on  the  Northwest  Coast,  and  the  vessel  been  cap- 
tured and  eontiscated,  then  th'3  underwriters  would  have  been  liable, 
and  the  h)ss  would  have  been  paid. 

To  the  assertion  that  we  "  have  reeently  offered  to  dispose  of  our 
whole  stock  in  the  northwest  trade,  at  an  advance  of  only  7  per  cent  on 
the  original  cost,"  it  might  be  a  sutlicient  reply  to  state,  in  the  most 
explicit  terms,  that  no  such  offer  was  ever  made,  or  autlunized,  by  us; 
but,  in  corroboration,  we  adduce  the  fa<!t  that,  from  the  year  ISlo  to 
the  present  time,  we  have  annually  titted  out  one  or  more  vessels  for 
the  northwest  trade,  and  that  except  in  one  case,  where  the  vessel  was 
totally  lost  by  shipwreck,  no  voyage  of  ours  has  terminated  witli  less 
than  50  per  c<'nt  profit,  and  in  several  instances  more  than  !K)  jier  cent 
has  been  realized  by  us.  The  pi'osi>ect  for  scune  of  our  vessels  now  on 
the  N[orthJ\V[est]  Coast  is  so  flattering  that  we  doubt  not  but  that  mora 
than  50  per  eenlr  could  not  be  obtained  on  the  first  cost  of  vessels  nxul 
cargoes.  There  was  a  time  when  we  should,  perhaps,  iiave  been  dis- 
posed to  have  sold  our  interest  in  this  trade  at  less  than  the  original 
cost.  It  was  when  we  apprehended  tliat  the  interference  of  the  Kus- 
sian  authorities  might  occasion  the  bame  ruinous  conseipiences  in  other 
cases,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Pearl. 

The  misconduct  of  the  master  of  the  Pearl,  for  which  he  was  held 
accountable  on  his  return,  had  no  relation  to  the  question  here  at  issue. 
He  was  prosecuted  for  some  petty  acts  of  dishonesty  and  for  a  viola- 
tion of  his  contract  witli  the  owners  in  regard  to  private  trade  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands  and  elsewhere. 

In  the  statement  which  we  made  some  time  since  to  the  Department 
of  State  relative  to  our  claim,  all  the  facts  within  our  knowledge  were 
set  forth,  and  the  estimates  then  made  were  just  and  reasonable.  We 
are  extrenjely  solicitous  to  have  the  business  brought  to  a  close — all  we 
ask  is  to  be  indemnified  by  the  Russian  Government  for  the  loss  actu- 
ally sustained  in  consequeuce  of  the  interference  of  their  officers  with 
our  lawful  pursuita. 

BbTANI  &  SXUEGIS. 


'   I 


Mr.  Middleton  to  Mr.  Adama. 


rt 


St.  Petersburg,  April  23-May  5, 1824. 
Sir:  At  the  moment  of  signing  the  Convention  of  17-5th  April,  I 
felt  it  to  be  my  duty  to  remind  Count  Nesselrode  of  the  claim  1  had 
nnule  on  account  of  the  interruption  of  the  voyage  of  the  brig  Pearl. 
1  urged  to  him  the  necessity  of  making  compensation  in  a  case  the 
princii)le  of  which  might  be  now  considi^red  as  settled  in  out  favor.  I 
argued  that  their  consenting  to  treat  with  us  respecting  limits  upon 
that  coast,  and  abandoning  in  psirt  their  pretensions,  proves  that  they 
hold  no  sovereignty  over  it.  The  act,  then,  of  their  officer  in  arresting 
a  lawful  voyage  was  arbitrary,  and  just  indemnity  is  due  for  losses 
thereupon  consequent.  After  slightly  touching  such  further  topics  as 
I  thought  likely  to  produce  the  effect  I  wished,  I  put  into  his  hand, 
as  a  memorandum  of  our  conversation,  the  note  verbale  of  which  a 
copy  (No.  1)  accompanies  this.  He  read  it,  and  requested  that  I  would 
again  furnish  him  with  the  documents  I  had  formerly  sent  him  relating 


i  !!i  h: 


CASK    OF    THE    PKARL. 


179 


to  this  caso,  as  tlios^e  Iliad  fuinisliod  woie  not  within  liis roach,  the  Em- 
])vvnv  haviiifjtaiu'ii  my  note  ol'  Novoiubcr  S,  tojiother  with  its  inclosiiies, 
to  Farsiioi'  Scls,  since  which  Count  Nesst'lrodc  lia<l  lieanl  notiiinj--  more 
of  them.  In  con  form  ity  to  this  r(M|Ut'st,  1  sent  tlie  next  day  fresh  copies 
of  tlie  documents  in  (jiu'stion,  re(|uestin}i:  the  count's  eaily  attention  to 
tiiem.  And  yesterday  I  received  a  private  h'tt(ir,  of  wliicii  a  copy  is 
herewith  sent  (Xo.  2)."statinfr  tliat  (JeiuMal  Haron  de  Tuyli  is  autlu>rized 
to  ascertain  by  conferrinji' witii  tiie  American  S(!cretary  of  State  wliat 
may  be  tiie  indemnity  due  to  the  sutVerers  in  the  case  of  tiie  brij>-  I'tvrl. 
I  have  the  honor  to  bo,  sir,  most  respectfully,  your  obedi«'nt  servant, 

llKNllY  MlDDLKTON. 

To  the  SucuirrAiiy  of  State. 

[Inclosiiro  Xo.  1  in  Sir.  Sliddleton's  iliaimtch,  No.  36,  of  2M  April-5th  May,  1824.    Verbal  note.] 

Tiie  minif-'^r  of  tlie  United  States  thinks  it  his  duty  to  remind  his 
excellency  the  Secretary  of  State,  at  the  monu^it  of  sij;nin<''  tlie  Con- 
vention, wliic':  is  Just  c«)iicluded,  of  the  attair  of  the  vessel  I'carl.  lie 
has  been  anxious  to  avoid  every  complicatittn  which  mij;Iit  iiiterru]>t 
the  progress  of  the  negotiation  which  has  just  been  terminated,  but  at 
laesent  it  is  pro])er  t(t  nu'iition  that,  in  conformity  with  the  orders 
which  he  has  received,  he  ought  not  withhold  his  pnttest  against  this 
arbitrary  act  of  the  Russian  authorities. 

It  woidd  be  extiemely  agreeable  to  the  minister  of  the  United  States 
to  be  enabled  to  announce  to  his  Government,  by  the  nies.senger  who  will 
carry  the  Convention,  that  His  Imperial  .Majesty,  of  his  own  pro])er 
motion,  ordered  his  minister  at  Washington  to  concert  with  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  of  the  United  States  what  would  be  a  tair  iudemuilica- 
tion  to  be  given  in  the  case  above  mentioued. 

St.  Peteusbuko,  5th  Ajyril,  182t. 


■i  i  M 


[Enclosure  No.  2  in  Mr.  Miildleton's  dispatch  No.  30,  of  23  April— 5  May,  1824.  Verbal  not«.] 

[Private.l 

Count  Ncsselrode  to  Mr.  Middleton. 

Sir:  I  have  submitted  to  the  Kmperortbe  papers  which  you  did  me 
the  honor  to  communicate  to  me  relative  to  the  claims  wliicii  your  (Jov- 
ernment  made  on  the  subject  of  the  sending  back  of  the  AnKiiican  brig 
the  Petirl. 

In  our  former  conferences  I  did  not  fail  to  impress  upon  you,  sir,  that 
we  could  not  consider  this  claim  as  founded  in  right,  nor  recognize  the 
]U'inci])le  up  :.  which  it  is  based.  The  Emperor's  opinion  has  not 
(hanged  in  this  regard. 

I"  (wever,  I  have  this  day  the  satisfaction  of  informing  ycm  that  His 
Imperial  Majesty,  wishing  to  give  theCovernmentof  the  United  States 
a  new  juoof  of  Irs  desire  to  maintain  their  relations  of  good  under- 
standing and  friendship,  has  just  authorized  General  <le  Tuyll  to  enter 
upon  the  subject  of  the  affair  in  question  by  conferences  with  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  and  to  come  to  an  understanding  with  him  upon  the 
amount  of  the  indemniiication  which  is  wished  to  be  given  to  the  persons 
whose  interests  may  have  been  injured  by  the  sending  back  of  the  brig 
/'«(/•/.  Our  minister  at  Washington  will  discharge  tliis  (uder,  but  he 
is  authorized  to  inform  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  i)oiut  of  view  iu 


il 


'^> 


180 


CASES  OF  THE  PEARL,  LORIOT,  AND  HARRIET. 


\vlii(!h  (lio  Kmporor  sees  tin's  afliiir  as  to  the  principle  v>t'  rij^lit,  and  to 
declare  especially  tliat  His  l)ii))erial  Majesty  accedes  to  the  wishes  of 
the  (lovernmeiit  of  the  United  States  only  with  tiie  view  of  evincing 
his  favorable  dispositions  to  (-enient  those  amicable  relations  to  which 
the  convention  of  April  .I-IT  A]nil  has  Jnst  added  new  valne. 

1  have  the  honor    )  be,  with  themost  distinguished  eonsideration,  sir, 
your  most  huinbL  ..ad  obedient  servant, 

Nesseluode. 

St.  rE'i'EBsr'TKG,  22  April,  1824. 


1,    ii' 


V      ' 


m 


^u 


l.i  M 


iHi 


I  ib 


CASE  OF  THE  LORIOT. 

On  May  19,  1835,  tlie  Department  of  State  at  Washington  was 
oflicially  notitied  by  the  Knssian  minister  that  the  ten  years  trading 
l)rivileges  upon  the  Northwest  Coast  of  Aineiica,  wliich  were  conferred 
by  the  treaty  of  1.S24  between  the  United  States  and  Kussia,  had  come 
to  an  end,  and  that  the  captains  of  two  American  vessels  at  Sitka  had 
already  been  requested  to  take  notice;  of  this  fact.' 

On  dune  24,  IS,'}."),  tha  Secretary  of  State  wrote  to  the  Russian  minis- 
ter, as  follows:  *  *  *  "I  am  instructed  to  ai>prise  you  that  tiui 
President  would  luefer  not  to  take  any  active  measures  to  interrupt 
the  commercial  intenumr.se  between  the  United  States  and  the  Kussian 
settlements  on  the  Xcnth  west  coast  of  America,  unless,  in  your  o])inion, 
there  is  reason  to  beli»;ve  that  a  proposition  on  the  jtart  of  this  (tovern- 
ment  for  a  renewal  of  the  article  referred  to  would  not  be  met  in  a 
favorable  spirit  by  the  government  of  His  Imperial  Majesty  at  St. 
I'etersburg."^ 

On  July  30,  183.5,  the  Secretary  of  Stat«».  notified  Mr  Wilkins,  the 
United  States  minister  at  St.  Petersburg,  of  the  foregoing,  and  recpiested 
him  to  endeavor  to  obtain  a  renewal  of  the  ten  year's  i>rivileges;  which 
request  was  rei»eated  April  19, 1837,  to  jNIr.  Dallas,  Mr.  Wilkins'  suc- 
cessor.' 

Soon  thereafter  there  was  received  the  news  of  the  seizure  by  the 
Eussians  in  the  preceding  year  of  the  brig  Loriot  in  a  harbor  situated 
in  latitude  54°  55'  north  upon  the  Northwest  coast,  i.  e.,  Just  above  the 
southernmost  limit  of  latitude  54°  40',  referred  to  in  the  treaty  of  1824. 
The  United  States  Government  protested  vigorously  and  (lemandeTl 
rei»aration  of  the  Russian  Government,  its  views  are  tVmnd  embodied 
in  the  letter  addressed  by  the  Secretary  of  State  to  Mr.  Dallas,  May  4, 
1837." 

The  material  issues  involved  in  the  case  are  concisely  stated  as  fol- 
lows in  a  letter  from  Mr.  Dallas  to  Count  Nesselrode,  dated  ^Farch  5, 
1838.* 

"Avoiding  a  repetition  of  details  heretofore  enumerated  as  well  as 
theiraggravating  features,  the  leadiiigfacts  of  reclamation  artrthat  of  the 
brig  Ij4>riot,  owned  and  commanded  by  American  citizens,  sailed  from  the 
Sandwich  Islands  on  the  22d  of  August,  1830,  bound  to  the  Northwest 
Coast  to  procure  provisions  and  Indians  for  hunting  sea-otter ;  that  hav. 


'Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  1,  Twenty-fifth  Congress,  third  session,  p.  24. 
this  document  will  be  laid  before  the  Tribunal. 
« Ibid.,  p.  26. 
"Ibiih,  p.  30. 

*Ihid.,  p.  33,  and  British  Case,  p.  80. 
*Ibid.,  p.  60,  and  British  Case,  p.  81. 


The  whole  of 


I 


CASK    or   TITE   LORTOT. 


181 


itifrniado  Forrester's  TsliiiHl,  slic  ancliored  in  tlieliarlmrof  Tnckessan,  in 
hil it U(l»' HP  r»r>'  north;  tiiat  no  liussian  establislinicnt  existed  in  tiiat 
liarbor;  that  4  (hiys  alterwards  an  armed  briji  olllis  Inii»erial  Majesty's 
navy  went  into  the  neijild)orin;r  iiaiitor,  ealli'd  Tateskey,  in  hititudo 
ot^-l.")' nortii;  tinvt  no  Ivussian  establishment  existed  in  this  latter 
harbor;  thatshevvas  boarded  byotliceis  from  the  aimed  bri;i,  by  whom 
hei'  captain  was  lirst  ordered  to  leave  the  <lonnnions  of  K'ussia,  and 
sul)se(iuently  coini»elled  to  yet  nnder  way  and  sail  for  the  harbor  of 
Tateskey;  that  when  otf  theliarbor  of  Tateskey  she  was.in  threatenin}-- 
weather,  refused  pei  mission  to  enter,  and  jieremptorily  ayain  eom- 
mand«'d  to  <|uit  the  waters  of  His  Imperial  Majesty;      *     *      •      *" 

Mr.  Dallas  continues  as  follows: 

"The  rijiht  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  navigate  the  Paci- 
lie  Ocean,  and  their  rijiht  to  trade  witli  tlu-  aborij-inal  natives  of  the 
Northwest  coast  of  Ameri<a,  without  tlu^  Jurisdi<'tion  (tf  other  natictns, 
ar(Mi};hts  which  constituted  a  i»art  of  their  independence  *  *  *  It 
is  unknown  to  the  nndersijined  that  they  have  voluntarily  conceded 
these  rif-hts,  or  eithei'  of  them,  at  any  time.  throu<;h  the  agency  of  their 
government,  by  trj'aty  or  other  form  of  oblij;ation,  in  favor  of  any  com- 
munity. Yet  iu' <le<luces  fnaii  the  communication  of  llis  lOxceliency, 
after  having  given  i  the  careful  consideration  to  wliich  every  act  from 
such  a  s(nir(!e  lays  claim,  as  the  only  ground  ui)on  wliich  the  reclama- 
tion on  behalf  of  Captain  IMinn  is  resisted,  the  ]»r(»positiou  that  the 
United  States,  by  the  Convention  of  1.S1.'4  yielded  to  His  Imperial 
Majesty  their  right  to  hold  commerce  on  the  expiration  <)f  ten  years  with 
the  aboriginal  native^'  on  the  Northwest  Coast  beyond  the  degree  of 
54°  40'  north  latitude.  This  projjosition,  if  established,  is  unquestictn- 
ably  fatal  to  the  i»retensioiis  of  the  master  and  owners  of  the  Loriot. 
It  bears,  however,  an  aajtect  so  detrimental  to  the  interests  of  his 
countrymen,  and  to  their  attributes  as  an  indejH'ndeiit  i)ower,  is  so  in- 
consistent with  the  past  i)olicy  and  princiides  of  the  American  cabinets, 
and  is  withal  of  such  minor  im])ortaiiee  to  the  prosperity  and  greatness 
of  Russia,  that  the  undersigned  trusts  its  want  of  solid  foundation  will, 
on  further  retlection,  be  ai)parent  and  confessed." 

After  discussing  at  length  the  terms  of  the  treaty  Mr.  Dallas  con- 
tinues: 

"The  undersigned  submits  that  in  no  sense  can  the  fourth  article  be 
understood  as  inii)lyiiig  an  acknowledgment  on  the  part  of  the  Unitiid 
States  of  the  riglit  of  liussia  to  the  jxtssession  of  the  C(»ast  above  the 
latitude  of  r)4  40'  north.  It  must  of  course  be  taken  in  connection  with 
the  other  articles,  and  they  have,  in  fact,  no  I'eference  whatever  to  the 
question  (»f  the  right  of  possession  of  the  un()ccui)ied  parts.  To  jtrevent 
iiit  lire  collisions  it  was  agreed  that  no  new  establishment  should  be  formed 
by  the  resjiective  parties  to  the  north  or  south  of  the  parallel  menlioned; 
but  the  question  of  the  right  of  possession  beyond  the  existing  estab- 
lishinents,  as  it  stood  previous  to  or  at  the  time  of  the  convention,  was 
left  untouched. 

"By  agreeing  not  to  form  new  establishments  north  of  Lititude  54  40' 
the  United  States  made  no  acknowledgment  of  the  right  of  Russia  to 
the  territ(uy  above  that  liiH'.  If  such  an  admission  had  been  made,  Rus- 
sia, by  the  same  construction  of  the  arti(;le  referred  to,  must  havee(pially 
acknowledged  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  the  territory  south  of 
the  parallel.  But  that  Bussia  did  not  so  understand  the  article  is  con- 
clusively proved  by  her  having  entered  into  a  similar  agreement  ii^  her 
subsequent  treaty  of  1825  witli  (Ireat  Britain,  and  having,  in  that  iu- 


if 
■f 


I ' 


I . 


t: 


■  (  t 


fl 


i  u 


u 


\H 


I: 
i 


II 


I.  ti 


fS  'm 


ill ' 


fi 


182 


CASES   OF   THE    PE.VKL,  LORIOT,  AXI)    IIARUIET. 


Hlr'iiiKMit.  ;iiUiio\vlc(l;f«'(l  tlio  rif^lit  of  possosMion  of  the  Siiiiu'  territory 
by  (Jrcat  llritiiiii. 

"The  I'liitt'd  States cini  only  he  considered  inferentiidly  as  having;'  ac- 
kno\vh'dj;ed  the  ri;;lit  of  liussia  toiiecjuire,  above  tlie  (h'sinnated  merid- 
ian, by  actual  oeciipation,  a  Just  claim  to  iinoeenpied  lands.  Until 
that  actnal  occiii»ation  be  taken,  the  tirst  article  of  tlie  convention  re(v 
o},Miizes  tlie  American  riji'lit  to  navigate,  lish,  and  tiade,  as  prior  to  its 
ncji'otiation.  Such  is  esteemed  the  trne  c(»nstrncti(»n  of  thcM-onvention; 
the  constrnction  which  both  nations  are  interested  in  allixiii}:',  as  the 
beuctits  arc  (Miual  and  mntnal,  and  the  ;;reat  object  is  secured  of  r(^- 
movinj"'  the  exerci  c  of  a  common  rij^ht  from  the  daufjer  of  beconun;;'  ii 
dispute  about  exclusive  i»rivile<jes. 

"At  the  hazard  of  proxin;;  tedious,  the  undcisifi'ned  has  thus  eudeav- 
oied  to  convey  to  lii.^  excellency  Ccuiut  Nesselrode  the  views  suf^gested 
by  his  I'ccent  c(Mnmiinication." 

(lount  Nesselrode  nevei'  t(»ok  any  notice  of  this  note.'  On  jNlarcdi  i), 
IS.'W,  however,  he  addressed  the  United  States  minister,  in  part,  as  fol- 
lows :- 

"The  nndersi<;ned  has  had  the  honor  to  receive  the  note  that  Mr.  Dal- 
las, envoy  extraiudinary  anil  minister  plenipotentiary  of  the  Ignited 
States  of  America,  was  pleased  to  address  him  on  the  Kith  (USth)  of 
l)ec«'miter  lelative  to  the  proposition  i»n'viously  brouj;ht  forward  by 
Mr.  Wilkins  to  renew  the  fourth  article  of  the  convention  of  April  o 
(17),  ISL't,  of  which  tlu^  ertecrt  had  been  limited  to  a  term  of  ten  years, 
and  which  had  consecpuuitly  expired  in  is;54. 

"Tin'  desire  not  to  decide  a  <piestion  of  this  iinportancH'  without  a 
thorough  kiiowledjic  of  the  subject  did  not  permit  the  Imiieiial  (iov- 
ernment  to  ;.>ive  an  opinion  in  relation  to  it  until  detailed  infornnitiou 
had  been  collected,  as  well  in  regard  to  the  wants  of  the  Russian  estab- 
lishments in  America  as  to  the  intluence  that  the  state  of  things  secured 
by  the  fourth  article  had  exercised  there.     *     *     # 

"The  infornmtion  then  expected  has  since  reached  the  undersigned, 
and  it  appears  that  the  execution  of  the  teuiporary  i)rovisi()ns  contained 
in  the  fourth  artich;  had  not  been  unattended  with  serious  inconven- 
iences, and  that  it  has  been  reallv  injuri<ms  to  the  ])rosperity  of  the 
Russian  establishments  on  the  northwest  (!oast.  The  greater  part  of 
the  foreign  vessels  which  resort  to  thiseoast  in  virtue  of  the  said  sti|)U- 
lations  have  only  made  use  of  the  right  of  trading  with  the  natives  in 
order  to  sell  them  si)iritiu)us  liquors,  tirearms,  and  gunpowder.  Accord- 
ing to  the  tenor  of  the  tifth  article,  these  articles  were  expressly 
excluded  from  the  trade,  but  experience  has  proven  that  this  exclusion, 
and  a'so  the  legislative  nu>asur(\s  by  which  the  Governnu'ut  of  the 
ITniteti  States  scmght  to  carry  it  into  effect,  were  illusory,  since  by  the 
sanu'  article  the  contracting  parties  had  deprived  themselves  of  all 
means  of  controlling  the  vessels  which  should  visit  these  latitudes,  so 
that  entire  cargoes  of  rum,  of"  firearms,  and  amnnmition,  have  been 
carried,  w  .thout  hindrance,  into  the  Ivussian  jxtssessions,  ami  sold  to 
the  natives,  thus  necessarily  endangering  the  germs  of  order  and  civili- 
zation which  the  agents  of  the  Russian  American  Company,  have 
already  succeeded  in  introducing  among  these  tribes.     *     *     * 

"  This  state  of  things  could  not  fail  to  occasion  complaints  and  remon- 
strances, which,  the  Fmiierial  (irovernment  being  ever  anxious  tor  the 
preservation  of  its  relations  with  the  United  States,  would  alone,  from 
that  time,  be  an  adequate  motive  to  induce  it  to  desire  that  the  stipula- 

'  Sou.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  1,  Twenty-fifth  Cong.,  3d  soss.,  [ip.  71,  72.         « Ibid.,  p.  69. 


% 


1 


n 


iU! 


CASE   OP   THE   LORIOT. 


183 


tioiis  of  tlio  fniirtli  iiiticlc  sli«ml<l  not  lie  reiioweil.  But  anotluM-  coiisid- 
ciiitioii,  not  less  decisive,  licrc  piostMits  itself;  tliis  is  tlu^  ol»li;;iitioii 
\ni(UT  which  the  Iniix-riiil  (lovt'iunient  is  jiliiced  to  protect  tiic  com- 
merce and  navigation  of  the  Ilnssian  <-oloiiies,  anil  to  secure  to  them 
lien<-cfoitli  the  peacealilc  enjoyment  of  the  advantages  which,  by  virtue 
of  their  privile;,'es,  they  are  (hVstined  to  HatiuT  from  the  improvement 
(exi>loitation)  of  the  lisheries  as  well  asfrinn  the  trade  with  tiie  natives. 
'•Thesi>('onsiderations,tak»'n  to;iether,rend(U'  itimoossihle  for  the  Im- 


I)erial(iovernmenttoa(M'ede  tothe  proposition  which  hasheeii  made  to 
to  renew  the  stipulations  of  the  fourth  article.     The  rej,net  experience 


letoit 

by  it  on  tiie  occasion  is,  however,  diminished  by  the  conviction  that  tht^ 
Unite<l  States  would  not  themselves  derive  any  especial  advanlajic  from 
tlui  lon<,M'r  continu.ince  of  these  stipulations;  since,  aecordiiif-- to  the 
statement  of  the  navi;;iition  in  these  places,  even  whilst  the  fouitli 
article  was  yet  in  force,  there  were  never  more  than  four  American  vessels 
airived  in  the  c(Mirse  »»f  a  whole  year,  and  Ihateven  this  number  hardly 
tobe  taivcn  into  account  in  the  Ihiurishin;^' state  of  the  nu'rcantile  marine 
of  the  Union,  was  dinnnishinjiin  |>rop(Ution  as  enterpiiseson  liu'  north- 
west coast  otVered  fewer  chances  of  siurcess  I*  apjiears  evident  from 
this,  that  the  renewal  of  the  fourth  article  couni  hardly  contribute  to 
extend  in  a  reciprocally  useful  manner  thecommeirial  relations  betwecii 
Itussia  and  the  United  States  of  Anu'rica;  or  by  eonse(|in'nce  answer 
the  constant  solicitude  of  the  Imperial  (lov«'rnment  to  cement  more  and 
more  and  in  a  nnitual  interest  the  frii'ndly  intelli,i:enc«'  which  it  is  al- 
ways hajipy  to  cultivate  with  the  Government  of  the  Unicui." 

A  final  request  was  niad»^  for  ])erndssion  lo  tiade,  if  not  with  the 
natives,  tlien  at  least  with  the  Russians.  But  this  too  was  refuse«l,  as 
a])pears  from  the  following  dispatch  of  Mr.  Dallas'  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  May  13,  18.18': 

"On  the  0th  inst.  the  eomnnmieation  of  which  I  annex  a  copy,  was 
received  from  Count  Nesselrode,  in  reply  to  my  re(piesr,  under  date  of 
the  iMJth  of  March  last,  to  be  furnished  with  information  as  to  the 
measures  adopted,  or  proposed  to  be  adopted,  by  this  (lovernment  re- 
specting the  admission  of  American  vessels  into  the  Russian  establish- 
ments on  the  ninthwest  coast. 

"It  will  be  perceived  that  the  substance  of  Count  Xesselrode's  note 
is  distinct  ami  detiiutive;  and  that  the  single  ami  simple  measure 
adopti'd  in  relation  to  our  vessels,  is  their  absolute  exclusion  from  what 
are  deentcd  the  Russian  jiossessions.  Tin;  ])ublished  order  of  (lovernor 
VVrangel,  to  which  Baron  Krudener,  in  183"),  called  your  attention,  is 
confirmed  unqiuilitiedly  in  principle  and  ])ra(!tice;  and  the  cabinet  at 
Washington  is  invited  to  repeat  the  warning  heretofore  given  by  it  to 
the  <'itizens  of  the  United  States  not  to  contravene  that  prohiliitory 
notice,  so  that  they  may  avoid  exi)osing  themselves  to  the  consequeuites 
of  misunderstanding  or  collision. 

"Altlumgh  my  recpiest  for  information  was  expressly  limited  to 
Russian  establishments,  and  Count  Nesselrode's  reply  to  it  may  not 
strictly  be  extended  beyond  that  linnt,  I  can  not  help  thinking  that 
the  prefatory  and  peculiar  rWeren(^e  he  has  made  to  the  exi»iration  of 
the  fcmrth  artic-le  of  the  convention  is  meant  as  a  reiteiatiim  of  the 
position  assumed  in  the  case  of  the  Loriot,  Capt.  Blinn,  to  wit,  that  since 
Aju'il,  1834,  our  right  to  frecjuent  the  intericu-  seas,  gulfs,  harbors,  and 
creeks  north  of  oio  40'  north  latitude,  whether  actually  occupied  or 
not,  has  ceased.    The  consistent  brevity,  indeed,  with  which  the  effect 

'^Ibid.,  p.  71. 


(I 


■I 


m; 


:  • 


.1 


■',a^« 


:/     S 


184 


CA8K8   OV   TKF-    PKAUL,  LoRIoT,  ANl»    HAKKIET. 


J 


1  ' 

t 

i  1     ' 

1 

it' 

,(    , 

'iV  • 

1 

1  ll, 
) 


of'tlio  t<Mi  y«'!irs'  limitiitioii  is  iiiiiloiiiil.v  iiivukcd  siitislics  me  that  it  is 
esttM'iiu'd  n  point  trappiii  in  roliitioii  to  our  riylits  and  iirt'tciisioiia  on 
tlic  Nortliwcst  ('(»;isf,  too  <!Oii<'liisiv('  to  Im'  oiiiitlcd  or  arjiiicd.  My  h-t- 
t«'i'  in  answer  t(»  tlic  tirst  nssiiniplioii  ol'tliat  position,  dated  tiic  ITtii  of 
Man-ii,  is;{8,  sind  tbiwaidcd  to  you  witli  dispatch  No.  l."»,  iuis  not  born 
iioticfd.     *     •     •" 

Tliouffh  .Mr.  Didhis  tcrnunatcH  tliis  dispatcdi  with  a  i('(|uest  for  fur- 
tiicr  iiistinrtions  as  to  "  tlic  sett  let!  views  and  jturposcsof  tiio  .Aincrican 
('al>in«'t  as  ici^iards  the  Noitli  i'acidc  traflc,"'  none  jippt'iir  to  have  hi'cn 
i'oitii  ondM}>'.  notwithstanding;'  tin- wlndc  coircspondcnce  was  suhniittcd 
to  Con;;i('ss  in  ls;5S. 

No  inrtlier  rcfcnMico  to  th(i  Noitliwoat  doast  was  made  by  tlic  United 
States  (lOVcrnnuMit  nntil  dnnc  L'.  IStO,  wlicn  its  ndnistcr  nt  St.  I'etcrs- 
bnr;;' Wiis  rnpu'sted  to  make  in(|niiu's  conccinin;^' tiic  h-asc'  wliirji.  in 
lcS;}!t,  the  linssian  .Vnicrican  Conipiiny  liiid  cxcrntcd  to  the  llndson  I5ay 
Company  of  the  tmitory  Ix'twccn  latitndc  ."iP  K)'  and  .Mount  8t. 
Klias,  to  wiiicii  lease  no  objection  ever  appears  to  have  bceu  made. 


CASE  OF  THE  HARRIET.' 

TJie  American  consul  to  the  Buenos  Ayres  miuistet 

Buenos  Ayhks, 

Sdth  Noreml>e,',  1831. 

(After  ref(M'rin;f  to  certain  delays  on  the  part  of  the  (TitvcrnnuMit  of 
Ilnenos  Ayres  in  regard  to  the  seizure  of  the  Harriet,  the  United  States 
consul  continues:) 

Tiiis  unexi)ected  leply  from  his  excellency  the  minister  can  not  bo 
viewed  by  tiie  undersifiiied  in  any  other  lifiht  tlian  as  a  viitual  avowal 
on  the  part  of  this  (JovernnuMit  of  the  rij-ht  of  Mr.  Lewis  Vernet  to 
cajtture  and  detain  American  vessels  enj^aji'ed  in  tln^  lisiu'ries  at  the 
Falkland  Islainls,  ami  the  islands  and  consts  about  Cape  Horn.  It, 
tiu'refore,  only  remains  to  him  to  <leiiy  in  toto  any  such  right  as  hav- 
ing been,  or  being  now,  vested  in  the  (Tovernuu'nt  of  lirienos  Ayres,  or 
in  any  ikmsou  or  jyer.sons  acting  under  its  authority;  and  to  add  his  most 
earnest  remonstrance  against  all  nu^asures  which  may  havebeen  adoi)ted 
by  said  Government,  including  the  decree  issued  on  the  lOtii  of  Jums 
1S2!>,  asseitinga  claim  to  tlut  Itefore  nu'utioned  islamls  and  coasts,  and 
the  tisheries  appurtenant  thereto,  or  any  other  actor  decit'e  having  the 
same  tendency,  ami  also  the.  circular  letter  of  the  said  V^ernet,  issued 
in  conseipu'nee  of  the  same,  as  well  as  against  all  such  measures  as 
uniy  hereafter  be  a<loi)ted  by  said  <i(»vernment  or  persons  acting  under 
its  autlKuity  wliich  art^  calculated  in  tlu^  renu)test  degree  to  impose  re- 
straints upon  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  engaged  in  the  tisheries 
in  (juestiou  or  to  impair  their  undoubted  right  to  the  freest  use  of 
them.  ' 

DECREE  OF  THE  REPUBLIC  OP  BUENOS  AYRES. 

Buenos  Ayres,  lOth  June,  lf^39. 
When,  by  the  glorious  revolution  of  the  2.'>th  of  lAFay,  1810,  these 
provinces  separated  themselves  from  the  dominion  of  the  mother  couu- 


'Api)('ii(lix  to  ('iis(^  of  tlic  UnittMi  States,  Vol.  I,  ]>.  U). 

'See  British  aud  Foieigu  State  rapcis,  1832-33,  Vol.  20,  pp.311  to  441. 


CASE   OF   TIIF,    IIARKIET. 


isn 


try,  Spain  hold  tlio  iinportant  possession  of  tin'  islands  of  the  Malvinas 
(I'Silidand  Islands),  and  of  all  tin-  others  wliicli  approximate  to  Cajie 
Horn,  inelndinf?  tlnit  known  nndt'r  the  denomination  (»f  Tierra  del 
Imio^o;  this  possessi«»n  was. instilled  by  tlie  ri^ilit  of  Itein;-'  tlie  (Irst  o«' 
eiipant,  by  the  eonseiit  of  tlie  principal  maritime  powers  oi  l-'jirope,  and 
by  tlu^  proximity  of  these  islands  to  the  continent  which  fornn-d  the 
viceroyalty  of  llnenos  Ayres,  nnto  whicli  (ioveiinnent  they  depended. 
For  this  reason  tlie  }fov«'rnin»'iit  of  the  Kepnblie,  ha\  in;;  sneceeded  to 
every  rijjht  wiiicli  the  niotlK'i'  country  jtrevionsly  exercised  ov(  r  these 
]>rovinces,  and  wiiich  its  viceroys  possessed,  continned  to  ex<'rcise  acts 
of  dominion  in  the  said  islands,  its  poits.  ami  coasts,  iiotwitlistandiuf; 
circumstances  have  hitluMto  prevented  tiiis  Ifepublic  from  paying'  the 
attention  to  that  i)art  of  the  territory  whldi,  from  its  importance,  it 
denmndM.  Nevertlieless,  tiie  necessity  of  no  lon;;eideiayiii}r  sncii  pre- 
cautionary measures  as  shall  l)e  necessary  to  secure  tiie  ri;;hts  (>f  the 
lJe|iublic,"  and  at  tiie  same  tinu^  to  possess  tlie  advanta^^-is  which  the 
productions  of  the  said  islands  may  yield,  and  to  alVord  to  the  inhabit- 
ants that  protection  of  winch  they  stand  in  need,  and  to  wliicii  they  are 
entitled,  the  Oovernment  lii'.s  ordered  and  decreed  as  follows: 

Art.  F.  The  islands  of  the  Malvinas  and  thosc^  adjacent  to  ('ai)e 
Horn,  In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  shall  be  under  the  command  of  a  political 
and  militaiy  jjovernor,  to  be  named  immediately  by  the  CJoveriunent  of 
th(!  I{ei)ublic. 

II.  Tiie  iiolitlcal  and  military  governor  shall  reside  in  tin  Island  de 
la  Soledad,  on  which  a  battery  shall  be  erected  under  the  V.iig  of  the 
|{e]mblic. 

III.  The  political  and  military  governor  sliall  cans*  lie  laws  of  the 
Hei»ul)lic  to  be  observed  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  id  Islands  and 
provide  fortheil'ie  perforiimiiee  of  the  regulations  respecting  seal  tish- 
ery  <»n  the  C:  ;    t 


IV.  Let  this  be  made  public. 
Salvador  Mauia  ukl  Cauril. 


EoDRIGUEZ. 


ni  fl 


'  '\4 


The  American  charge  (V a ffaircH  to  the  Bncnoa  Ayrcs  minister.^ 

Buenos  Avres,  ^Oth  June,  is.w. 

The  undersigned,  charge  d'affaires  from  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica near  the  (Jovernment  of  Huenos  Ayres,  has  the  honor  to  Inform  his 
excellency  the  minister  of  yrace  and  Justice,  charjne<l  provisionally 
with  the  department  of  foreign  affairs,  that  lie  has  been  Instructed  by 
his  (loverinnent  to  call  the  attention  of  this  (iovernment  to  certain 
transactions  of  Mr.  Lewis  Vernet,  who  claims,  nnder  a  dci-ree  el  this 
(Iovernment,  dat<d  the  lOth  of  ,hine,  18l!!>,  to  be  "the  military  and 
civil  governor  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  and  idl  those  adjacent  to  Cape 
Horn  (including  Tierra  del  Fue^o),  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean." 

Under  cohn-  of  this  decree,  on  the  -"{Oth  day  of  ,Iuly  last,  (lilbert  R. 
Davidson,  a  citizen  of  tlie  United  States,  and  master  of  a  vessel  called 
the  Harriet,  sailing  from  Stoniiif-ton,  in  the  State  of  CoiiiK'ctlcut,  one 
of  the  said  United  States,  and  owned  by  citizens  of  the  said  States, — 
ilia  time  of  profound  peace,  wlille  pursuing  law  till  commerce  and  busi- 
ness, was  forcibly  arrested  by  a  body  of  armed  men,  acting  under  the 


'See  British  aud  Foreign  State  Payers,  ie32-'33,  Vol.  20,  p.  330. 


h 


i 


':f^<>^. 


■^ggggjgggggggg^ 


186 


CASES  OF  THE  PEARL,  LORIOT,  AND  HARRIET. 


orders  of  the  governor,  Veriiet,  who  at  the  same  time  arrested  his 
boat's  (new,  phiced  him  in  close  confinement, — subsequently  seized  the 
Han'iet, — forced  the  crew  on  shore  and  imprisoned  them  all,  excepting 
the  mate,  cook,  and  steward.  Tiie  papers  of  the  Harriet  and  many 
articles  v.i  board  were  forcibly  taken,  and  a  part  of  the  articles  were 
sold  by  order  of  tiie  governor,  without  formal  condemnation  or  any 
legal  process  whatever. 


Having  arrested  and  imprisoned  them, 
civil  governor,  for  violating  tlie  laws  and 
lie — regardless  of  the  high  otticial  charat 
dignity  of  the  Government  under  whose 
act — instead  of  bringing  them  to  trial  for 
to  compel  them  to  enter  his  service,  for 
and  to  substitute  himself  forcibly  in  the 


in  his  capacity  of  military  and 
the  sovereignty  of  this  Repub- 
ter  in  which  he  acted,  and  the 
ap])ointment  he  professed  to 
•tliese  offenses,  he  endeavored 
purposes  altogether  personal, 
place  of  their  owners. 


The  schooner  Harriet  arrived  here  on  the  20th  of  November  last,  under 
his  charge,  and  is  now  detained  (as  the  undersigned  has  been  informed) 
by  virtue  of  some  process  emanating  from  this  Government,  and  her 
crew  (witli  tlie  exception  of  5  who  had  been  liberated  by  the  governor 
on  their  agieement  to  enter  his  service),  were  put  on  board  the  afore- 
mentioned British  vessel  and  sent  with  Captain  Carew,  and  some  of  his 
men  to  llio  Janeiro. 


, 


The  undersigned  would  also  call  the  attention  of  his  excellency  the 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  to  certain  declarations  of  Don  Luis  Vernet, 
important,  as  coming  from  a  high  functionary  of  this  Government,  the 
military  and  civic  Governor  of  an  extensive  region;  and  if  those  dec- 
larations are  to  be  considered  as  indicative  of  the  sentiments  and 
views  of  this  Government  tliere  would  be  Just  cause  for  appreheiuling 
that  a  project  was  in  contemplation  involving  the  destruction  of  one 
of  the  most  important  and  valuable  national  interests  of  the  United 
States — the  whaie  Jishery — for  he  declared  to  Captain  Davison,  that 
it  was  his  determination  to  capture  all  American  vessels,  including 
ichaiiug  ships,  as  well  as  those  engaged  in  catching  seals,  upon  the 
arrival  of  an  arme<l  schooner,  for  which  he  had  contracted,  which  was 
to  carrj^  0  guns  and  a  complement  of  50  men. 

The  undersigned  would  also  call  the  attenti(m  of  his  excellency  the 
minister  to  another  declaration  of  the  governor,  from  which  an  infer- 
ence is  fairly  to  be  deduced,  that  th<^  citizens  of  the  United  States  were 
to  be  selected  as  the  special  victims  of  his  power,  while  the  vessels 
and  seamen  of  other  nations  were  to  be  unmolested,  inasmuch  as  when 
he  was  told  that  the  crew  of  the  Adeona,  a  British  vessel,  had  taken 
many  seals  on  the  islands,  and  some  even  on  the  Volunteer  Kocks,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  sound  on  which  his  establishment  was  placed,  his 
reply  was,  "  that  he  could  not  take  an  English  vessel  with  the  same 
propriety  that  he  could  an  American." 

It  may  sometimes  happen  tliat  nations  may  mistake  their  rights,  and 
may  attempt  to  establish  sovereign  Jurisdiction  over  unoccupied  terri- 
tories not  clearly  their  own,  and  to  which  tlieir  title  may  be  disputed, 
and  other  nations,  whose  rights  may  be  affected  in  consequence  of  such 
assumptions,  are  not  necessarily  obliged,  perhaps,  in  the  first  instance, 
to  regard  aets  enforcing  such  jurisdiction  as  intrinsically  and  abso- 
lutely hostile  if  their  operation  is  equal  and  indiscriminate  j  but,  if  the 


i  !;' 


"1' 


and 


CASE   OF   THE    HARRIET. 


187 


citizens  or  subjects  of  one  nation  only  are  subjected  to  penalties  and 
punishments  for  violations  of  sovereign  jurisdiction  so  assumed,  while 
the  subjects  or  citizens  of  other  nations,  committing  the  same  violations, 
are  unmolested,  such  partial  selection  is  evidence  of  hostile  feeling,  at 
least,  ill  the  ollicer  to  whom  the  authority  to  punish  is  delegated,  and  the 
Government  which  Justifies  an  oHicer  who  thus  tavois  and  spares  the 
one  and  punishes  the  other,  when  both  are  in  pari  ilcUctu,  must  bo 
considered  as  avowing  a  i^refereuce,  injurious  and  hostile  to  lihc  nation 
which  suffers. 

******* 

But  had  the  governor,  in  the  exercise  of  his  authority,  confined  him- 
self merely  to  the  cai)tiue  of  American  vessels,  and  to  tiie  institution  of 
processes  before  the  regular  tribunals  which  administer  the  laws  in 
this  country,  with  the  sole  view  of  ascertaining  whether  transgressions 
against  the  laws  and  the  sovereignty  of  tliis  Kepnblic  had  or  had  not 
been  committed,  and  had  he  so  done  in  strict  pursuance  of  his  delegated 
authority,  yet,  in  view  of  the  Go>ernment  of  the  United  States,  even 
an  exercise  of  authority  thus  limited,  would  have  been  an  essential  vio- 
lation of  their  maritime  rigiits;  and  the  undcrsigiuMl  is  instructed  and 
authorized  to  say  that  they  utterly  deny  the  existence  of  any  right  in 
this  l{e])ublic  to  interrupt,  molest,  detain,  or  capture  any  vessels  be- 
Ituiging  to  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America,  («•  any  persons 
being  citizens  of  those  Stjites,  engaged  in  taking  seals,  or  whales,  or 
any  sjtecies  of  fish  m  marine  aninnils,  in  any  of  the  waters,  cu-  on  any  of 
the  shores  or  lauds,  of  any  or  either  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  Terra  del 
Fuego,  Cape  Horn,  or  any  of  the  adjacent  islands  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

In  (!onsequence  of  these  repeated  outrages  on  Amei-ican  property 
aiul  Anuuican  citizens,  it  has  beconu'  tlie  solemn  and  imi)crative  but 
unpleasant  duty  of  tlie  undersigned,  as  the  re])resentative  of  the 
United  States  of  Anu'rica,  to  dennind  in  their  behalf  a  restitution  of 
all  captnred  ]troperty  belonging  to  citizens  of  the  United  States  now 
in  the  i)ossessioii  of  this  Government,  or  in  the  possession  of  Don  Luis 
Vernet,  claiming  under  its  ajjpointment  to  be  the  military  and  civic 
governor  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  Terra  del  Fuego,  and  all  the  islands 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  adJacent[to]  Cape  Horn,  and  amjde  indemnity  for 
all  other  property  of  Ajnerican  citizens  which  has  been  seized,  sold,  or 
destroyed  by  said  Vernet,  or  ])ersons  acting  under  his  orders;  and  full 
aiul  amide  imnuinity  and  repiiration  for  allconsecpiential  injuries  and 
damages  arising  therefrom,  and  full  indemnity  to  all  Anu'rican  citizens 
from  i)ersoni<l  wrongs,  whether  from  detention,  imprisonment,  or  per- 
sonal indignities. 


The  American  Charge  iT Affaires  to  the  Buenos  Ayres  Minister} 

Buenos  Ayres,  lOth  July,  18S3. 
The  undersigned,  charge  d'affaires  from  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica neai-  this  (iovernment,  has  t\w  honor  to  inform  his  excellency  the 
minister  of  grac.  and  Justice,  charged  pi'ovisi(HialIy  with  the  d«''part- 
meiitof  foreign  affairs,  that  he  has  received  no  answer  to  the  inquiry 
which  he  had  the  honor  to  submit  to  him  in  his  communicaticm  !)f  the 
2(Jth  ultimo,  and  which  was  of  the  following  purport,  that  hisGovernment 

•See  Biitish  and  Foreign  State  Papers,  1832-'33,  Vol.  20,  p.  338. 


'  ! 

\ 

1 

li 

- 1 

(!-5     .'          1 

-  i 

Ss, 

j  ''  t' 


I  i 


m 


!| 


JM* 


mm 


'I 


lip  *f 


If  in 


1 


f,  i 


!    ■! 


I  If! 


(  '/ISi 


"  ( 


f' 


p 


1 11 


!  ii 


:i 


'f 


i       f 


'(  i 


'    I 


H'hi 


i-i' 


188 


CASES   OF    THE   PEARL,  LORIOT,  AND    HARRIET. 


wished  to  know  distinctly  from  this  Government  whether  it  claimed  on 
its  ]»iirt  any  right  or  authority  to  detain  or  capture  or  in  any  way  to 
molest,  interrui)t,  or  impede  the  vessels  or  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  of  America  while  cnsaj^'cd  in  tishing  in  the  waters  or  on  the 
shores  of  the  Falkland  Islanils  and  the  other  places  included  in  the 
decree  of  June  10,  ISliO. 

As  his  excellency  has  not,  as  yet,  condescended  to  reply  to  the 
in(iuiry,  the  undersigned  thinks  hiiiisell'  JnstiHed  in  the  presumption 
that  the  power  and  autlunity  <lescrih('d  in  his  ai)plica)ion  are  assumed 
hy  tliis  (Jovernment.  And,  acting  on  this  presumption,  be  will  proceed 
to  lay  before  liis  excellency  the  views  which  his  Government  have  taken 
of  this  <iuestion,  and  to  i)resent  some  facts,  having  rchition  to  the  ques- 
tion in  issue,  for  the  consideraticm  (»f  his  excellency,  which  he  sincerely 
hopes  may  produce  a  happy  termination  of  tiiis  unpleasant  contro- 
versy. 

To  simi»lify  the  investigati<m  upon  which  the  undersigned  proposes 
to  enter,  he  will,  in  the  commencement,  take  the  liberty  to  state  the 
question  in  this  manner. 

The  Argentine  Republic!  claims  sovereignty  and  .jurisdiction  over  the 
Falkland  islands.  Terra  del  Fuego,  Gape  lloru,  and  the  islands  adjacent 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by  virtue  of  having  succeeded  to  the  sovereign 
rights  of  Spain  over  those  regions. 

As  these  sovereign  rights  thus  claimed  are  altogether  derivative 
from  Spain,  the  Urst  inquiry  naturally  divides  itself  into  two 
branches: 

1st.  Had  Spain  any  sovereign  rights  over  the  above-mentioned 
places  ? 

2im1.  Did  the  Argentine  Republic  succeed  to  those  rights? 

(The  letter  procei'ds  to  show  that  Spain  never  became  or  even 
claimed  to  be  the  owner  of  the  Falkland  Islands  either  by  tirst  discov- 
ery or  occupation  (pi».  MU-'Ml),  and  continues:) 

Gau  this  Republic,  then,  claiming  no  original  title  or  rights,  but 
such  only  as  are  derivative,  and  which  are  derived  altogether  from 
Si)ain,  assume  any  higher  titles  than  those  which  Spain  herself  as- 
sumed? And  Spain  certainly  never  assumed  any  right  to  capture  or 
detain  American  vessels  or  American  citizens  engaged  in  the  lisheries 
at  the  places  above  mentioned. 

But,  if  it  be  hypothetically  admitted  that  the  full  and  entire  right 
of  sovereignty  was  i)ossess(Ml  by  Spain,  has  Si)ain  renounced  it?  Has 
Spain  ever,  by  any  acknowledgment  whatever,  yielded  the  rights  which 
she  once  i)(»ssessed?  Has  Spain,  as  yet,  rclinciuished,  by  any  formal 
act  or  acknowledgment,  any  part  of  her  dainj  to  supieme  dominion 
over  these  islands?  If  the  rights  of  Sjiain  are  dornnmt,  they  are  not 
extinct;  and  tlu^  undersigned  has  little  doubt  of  Ikm' ability  to  maintain 
her  actual  rights  (if  any)  over  the  Falkland  Islands,  for,  although  some 
of  the  brightest  Jewels  have  been  ttn-n  from  her  Grown,  she  is  now  a 
great  and  i>owcrfnl  nation;  and  could  her  capacities  be  developed  by 
free  and  libeinl  institutions,  she  would  socm  resume  much  of  her  ancient 
grandeur. 

But,  again,  if  the  rights  of  Si)ain  to  these  islands  were  undoubted, 
and  if,  again,  it  be  admitted  hypotheticially  that  the  ancient  vice- 
royalty  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  by  virtue  of  the  revolution  of  the  25th 
of  May,  1810,  has  succeeded  in  full  sovereignty  to  those  rights,  would 


CASE    OF    THE    HARRIET. 


189 


tliat  adinlssion  sustain  the  claim  which  the  province  of  Bnenos  Ayres, 
or,  in  other  words,  the  Argentine  Itepublic,  sets  np  to  sovereignty  and 
jurisdiction  ? 

If,  then,  the  sovereignty  rights  of  Spain  to  those  southern  ishmds 
descended  to  the  ancient  viceroyalty  «>f  the  IJio  de  In  I'h.ta  by  virtue 
of  the  revohition,  and  if  tliat  vocroysiUy  is  now  divi(h'(l  into  several 
sovereignties,  independent  of  eadi  otiiei',  to  which  one  of  these  several 
sovereignties  shall  tliese  riglits  be  assigned '?  Wheie  are  the  title  deeds 
of  the  Argentine  Itepublicf  ^Vhere  are  the  releases  of  the  other  na- 
tions of  the  viceroyalty  to  that  Kepublic^ 

Uut,  again,  if  it  be  admitted  hypotheticidly  that  the  Argentine  lie- 
public  did  succeed  to  the  entire  riglits  <»f  Spain  over  these  regions,  and 
that  when  she  succeeded  Spain  was  i)ossessed  of  sovereign  rights, 
the  (piestion  is  certainly  worth  examination,  whether  the  right  to  ex- 
clude American  vessels'and  American  citizens  from  tlie  (islieries  there 
is  incident  to  sucli  a  succession  to  sovereignty. 

The  ocean  tishery  is  a  natural  right,  wliidi  all  Nations  may  enjoy 
in  ccnumon.  Every' interference  with  it  by  a  foreign  power  is  a  national 
wrong.  AV'hen  it  is  carried  on  within  the  marine  league  of  tlie  coast, 
which  has  been  designated  as  the  extent  of  nati(»nal  jurisdiction,  rea- 
sor  seems  to  dictate  a  restriction,  if,  under  iiretext  of  carrying  on  tlie 
flsliery,  an  evasicm  of  the  revenue  laws  of  the  country  may  reason- 
ably be  a])prehended,  or  any  other  seiious  injury  to  the  sovereign  of  the 
coast,  he  lias  a  right  to  proliibit  it;  but  as  such  prohibition  derogates 
from  a  natural  right,  the  evil  to  be  ai)prehended  ought  to  be  a  real,  not 
an  imaginary  (Uie.  Ko  such  evil  can  be  api>reheiided  on  a  desert  and 
uninhabited  coast;  therefore,  such  coasts  Ibrm  no  exception  to  the  com- 
mon right  of  lishiiig  in  the  seas  adjoining  them.  All  the  reasoning  on 
this  subject  applies  to  the  large  bays  of  the  ocean,  the  entrance  to 
which  can  not  be  defended ;  and  this  is  the  d(»ctrine  of  Vattel,  ch.  2;{, 
sec.  21>1,  who  expressly  cites  the  Straits  of  Magellan  as  an  instance 
for  the  application  of  tin;  rule. 

As  to  the  use  of  the  shores  for  the  pur^ioses  necessary  to  the  fish- 
ery, that  depends  on  other  princi]»les.  ^Vllen  the  riglit  of  exclusive 
dominion  is  undisputed  the  sovereign  may  with  pro]>riety  forbid  tlie 
use  of  them  to  any  foreign  nation,  i)rovided  such  use  interferes  witli 
any  that  his  subjects  may  make  of  them;  but  where  the  shore  is  un- 
settled and  deserted,  an<l  the  use  of  it,  of  c(»urse,  intei  teres  with  no 
right  of  the  sul>jects  of  the  power  to  which  it  belongs,  then  it  would 
be  an  infringement  of  the  right  to  the  common  use  of  the  shores,  as 
M'ell  as  of  the  ocean  itself,  which  all  nations  enjoy  by  the  laws  ot 
nature,  and  which  is  restricted  only  by  the  paramount  right  which  tiie 
sovereign  of  the  soil  has  to  its  exclusive  use  when  the  convenience  or 
interests  of  his  subjects  require  it,  or  when  he  wishes  to  apjdy  it  to 
public  purposes.  It  is  true  that  he  is  the  judge  of  this  inteiest 
and  of  the  necessity  of  using  it  for  his  [)ul)lic  jmrposes,  but  justice 
requires  that  where  no  siu-li  ]U'etension  can  be  made  the  shores,  as 
well  as  the  body  of  the  ocean,  ought  to  be  left  common  to  all. 

These  ])riuciples  seem  to  have  dictated  the  articles  in  the  treaties 
between  the  Unit^-d  States  and  (Ircat  I'.ritain.  The  third  article  of  the 
Treaty  of  I'eace  of  1782  declares  that  the  ])eople  of  the  United  States 
shall  continue  to  enjoy  unnudested  the  rigiit  to  take  lish  on  the  Orand 
Banks,  etc.,  and  to  dry  and  cure  their  lish  in  any  of  tlie  unsettled  bays, 
barl)ors,  and  creeks  of  Nova  Scotia,  Magdalen  Islands,  and  Labrador, 
80  long  as  the  same  shall  remain  unsettled;  but  that  when  settlements 


)■ 


'D 


190 


CASES    OF   THE   PEARL,  LORIOT,  AND    HARRIET. 


:  J 


i.M 


are  made  tlierc  they  can  not  enjoy  the  riglit  witlioiit  a  iirevious  agree- 
ment witli  the  inhabitants  or  possessors  of  the  soil. 

i[is  exeelleney  will  perceive  from  tlie  terms  of  tliis  treaty  that  no 
rights  of  public  sovereignty  are  claimed  against  the  United  States,  Imt 
that  the  private  rights  of  those  who  have  settled  and  cultivated  lands 
on  the  margin  of  the  ocean  are  protected  in  such  way  as  to  secure  their 
individual  improvements  from  injury. 

In  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,*  France  is  allowed  the  use  of  the  unsettled 
shores,  for  the  purpose  of  drying  tish,  by  certain  metes  and  bounds. 

The  treaty  concluded  between  Great  IJritain  and  Spain,  in  171>0, 
already  alluded  to,  is  to  be  viewed,  in  reference  to  this  subject;  be- 
cause both  nations,  by  restricting  themselves  from  forming  settlements, 
evidently  intended  tliat  the  fishery  should  be  left  open,  both  in  the 
waters  and  on  the  shores  of  these  islands,  and  perfectly  free,  so  that 
no  individual  claim  for  damage,  for  the  use  of  the  sliores,  should  ever 
arise.  That  case,  however,  could  scarcely  occur,  for  wliales  are  in- 
variably taken  at  sea,  and  generally  without  the  marine  h'ague,  and 
seals  on  rocks  and  sandy  beaches,  incapable  of  cultivation.  The  stipu- 
hition  in  the  treaty  of  i790  is  clearly  Ibunded  on  the  right  to  use  the 
unsettled  shores  for  the  jiurpose  of  fishery,  and  to  secure  its  continu- 
ance. 

When  the  unsettled  shore,  although  under  the  nominal  sovereignty 
of  a  civilized  nation,  is  in  fact  possessed  by  independent,  uncivilized 
tribes,  the  right  to  exclude  other  nations  from  the  use  of  the  shores  is 
on  a  much  less  stable  footing. 

*  «  *  •  *  *  * 

Tlie  following  conclusions,  from  the  premises  hiid  down,  are  inev- 
itable : 

1.  That  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  the  ocean  fishery  and  in 
the  bays,  arms  of  the  sea,  gulfs,  and  other  inlets  capable  of  being  for- 
tified, is  per'ect  and  entire. 

2.  That  the  right  of  the  ocean  within  a  marine  league  of  the  shore, 
where  the  approach  can  not  be  injurious  t<»  the  sovereign  of  the  coun- 
try— as  it  can  not  be  on  uninhabited  rej;;()us,  or  such  as  are  occupied 
altogether  by  savages — is  equally  perfect. 

3.  That  the  shores  of  such  regions  can  be  used  as  freely  as  the 
waters:  a  right  arising  from  the  same  i)rinciple. 

4.  That  a  constant  and  uninterrupted  use  of  the  shores  for  the  pur- 
poses of  a  fishery,  would  give  the  right,  perfect  and  entire,  although 
settlements  on  such  shores  should  be  subse(iuently  formed  or  estab- 
lished. , 

If  regions,  never  occupied  or  brought  under  any  positive  jurisdiction, 
without  garriscms,  or  naval  forces,  or  inhabitants,  are  to  be  occupied 
and  brought  under  cavil  or  military  rule,  and  those'  who  have  enjoyed 
the  privilege  of  a  free  fishery  there  are  to  be  excluded  from  that  i)rivi- 
lege,  it  is  incumbent  on  the  nation  assuming  such  powers  to  give  of- 
ficial notice  to  the  resident  representatives  or  to  the  governments  of  all 
nations  with  whom  relationsof  amity  are  maintained,  before  any  acts  of 
violence,  in  assertion  of  such  sovereign  rights,  can  be  justified.  A 
warning  to  individuals  is  not  enough,  for  that  is  not  a  general  notice; 
and  individuals  not  warned  may  incur  forfeitures  and  penalties  with- 
out any  knowledge  of  their  liabilities;  and  their  governments,  equally 
ignorant,  could  take  no  [preventative]  measures  for  their  security. 

•  •••••• 


CASE    OF    THE    HARRIET. 


191 


These  remarks,  toiichinff  the  t.rigiiial  lijjhts  of  Spain  and  the  deriv- 
ative rif^hta  of  the  Argentine  Keimblic,  tlie  riglits  of  free  fisliery,  and 
the  propriety  of  notice  when  dormant  and  un«-hiinied  riyiits  are  asserted 
and  resumed,  are  offered  for  the  consideration  of  his  excellency. 

•  «*«**« 

If  the  Argentine  Eepnblic  can  show  eonclnsively  that  Spain  was 
possessed  of  rights  over  the  Falkland  Islands,  Tieira  del  Fiiego,  Cape 
Horn,  and  the  islands  adjacent  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  of  such  a  high 
and  sovereign  character  as  to  justify  the  exclusion  of  tlic  citizens  of 
the  United  States  of  America  from  tlie  hshciies  there;  if  this  Republic 
can  show  that  Spain  has  relincpiished,  renounced,  or  in  any  way  lost 
her  sovereign  rights  to  the  regions  above  mentioned,  and  that  such 
sovereignty  has  become  absolutely  vested  in  herself,  and  if  she  can 
further  show  that,  having  acquired  such  rights,  and  being  about  to 
exercise  them,  by  inflicting  penalties  and  forfeitures  u])(»n  the  persons 
and  property  of  the  citizens  of  a  friendly  nation,  for  I'xercising  privi- 
leges which  they  had  been  long  accustomed  to  us«',  she  is  justified  in 
withholding  all  otticial  notice  of  the  ac(iuisition  of  such  rights  and  of 
her  intention  so  to  exercise  them  from  tlie  governnuMit  or  tlie  resident 
representative  of  such  nation,  tlien,  although  the  American  (lovern- 
ment  might  have  some  reason  to  <'om]»lain  of  unceremoni(tus  and  un- 
friendly treatment,  there  might,  perhaps,  have  been  no  cause  of  coiu- 
plaiut,  ou  the  ground  of  a  violation  of  positive  rights. 


rl 


'■     il-? 


< 

5 


r;'i 


^i\ 


i  i 


>/if 


"il} 


'l 

'PI   '■ 

li,;iL 

i 

a 


RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS. 


A— RBLATINO  TO  THE  NUMBER  OF  SEALS  KILLED  ON  ST.  PAUL 

ISLAND,  1860-1866. 

Tso.  1. 

Letter  fro, ti  the  chief  vmnager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  the 
board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Comj)any.  Written 
from  the  Colonics,  March  39,  ISGO. 


In  the  meantime  being  desirous  of  increasing  the  seal  catch  I  in- 
structed the  managers  of  the  rriblh)f  IsUiiids  to  take  50,000  to  60,000 
sealskins  every  year. 

•  ••*••• 


No.  2. 


Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  the 
manager  of  the  island  of  i:it.  Vaul.     Written  from  Sitka,  May  5,  1860. 

To  increase  the  capacity  of  the  ishmd  intrusted  to  your  management, 
by  means  of  volunteer  hunters,  I  iiave  ordered  an  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  employees,  and  you  will  receive  tliis  sumn)er,  by  the  ship  Cesar- 
rifeh,  lumber  for  the  construction  of  a  shed  aud  a  drying  room.  The 
(•onstrmttion  of  the  shed  and  tlie  drying  room  must  be  in  exact  con- 
formity with  tlie  puri)ose  for  which  they  are  intended;  and  1  therefore 
direct  you  to  be  guided  by  local  circumstances,  after  consultation  on 
the  subject  with  Lieut.  AVehrmann,  as  the  annual  seal  catch  must  be 
increased  to  00,000. 

******* 

I  again  order  you  to  kill  from  50,000  to  60,000  seals  every  year. 


No.  3. 


Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  Lieut. 
Wehrmann.     Written  from  Sitka,  May  3,  1860, 

CONCEUNING  SEALS. 

By  direction  of  the  board  of  administration,  I  instructed  the  manager 
of  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  Eepin,  to  kill  from  50,000  to  60,000  seals  every 
year.  ^  v 

12364 13  193 


!*.    :  I 


i»l 


194 


RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS. 


Til  the  meantime,  seeing  from  tlie  report  of  Manager  Repin  that,  in 
1859,  the  seal  catch  was  unsiicceasful,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  cows 
arrived  late  and  without  young,  [  respectfully  request  your  excellency 
to  ascertain  on  the  spot  whether  it  is  possible  to  take  .10,000  to  60,000 
sealskins  every  year  without  injury  to  the  industry  for  the  following 
years,  and  to  permit  Mm  to  take  such  a  number  as  you  may  thiuk  ex- 
pedient. 


Fo.  4. 


Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  the 
manager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  Milovidof.    Written  from  SitkUf  March 

15,  1861. 


%\   lA 


u 


'■  w 


I  direct  you  henceforward  to  prepare  the  following  quantity  of  seal- 
skins every  year,  and  to  send  them  to  New  Archangel,  2;"),000,  dried  in 
the  same  way  as  has  been  done  hitherto,  and  25,000  salted,  the  prepara- 
tion of  which  must  be  performed  by  the  new  method,  in  accordance 
with  the  directions  inclosed  herewith. 

The  attention  of  the  board  of  administration  is  especially  turned  to 
the  seal  catch  at  the  present  time,  and  you  will  therefore  bestow  the 
greatest  care  ui»ou  it,  and  uot  fail  to  ship  tlie  50,000  skins  hereby  or- 
dc^red. 

You  must  make  rcfpiisition  on  the  New  Archangel  factory  for  the  salt 
needed  for  salting  the  skins,  as  well  as  for  other  articles  in  suflicient 
quantity  at  tlie  piojier  time. 

In  case  you  notice  a  diminution  in  the  number  of  seals,  and  find  it 
impossible  to  take  as  many  as  50,(H)0  without  too  great  impoverishment 
(of  the  rookeries),  you  will  immediately  report  to  me;  and  you  will  also 
report  every  year  whether  it  is  not  possible  to  take  more  than  50,000 
sealskins. 

In  killing  the  seals  be  careful  to  take  the  large  and  medium-sized 
ones,  as  circumstances  may  direct;  and  you  are  permitted  to  kill  4,000 
gray  seals  every  year,  in  order  to  procure  the  oil,  which,  as  you  are 
aware,  the  natives  use  for  their  necessities,  and  you  will  ship  as  much 
of  it  as  possible  to  Unalaska  and  New  Archangel. 

******* 

Make  your  reports  short,  but  clear.  Report  every  year  on  the  follow- 
ing subjects: 

The  increase  or  decrease  of  the  seal  and  sea-lion  rookeries;  the 
amount  of  seal  meat,  oil,  and  other  supplies  secured;  all  vessels  coming 
in  sight  of  the  island,  etc. ;  after  the  example  of  the  former  manager, 
Shalshnikof. 

Send  every  year  a  list  of  all  the  paid  empFoyds  and  hunters,  together 
with  your  remarks  on  each,  and  recommend  those  who  are  deserving 
of  a  reward,  and  keep  a  yearly  jourual  of  the  management  of  the  seal- 
killing  and  of  the  work  done. 

I  place  upon  you  the  personal  responsibility  of  keeping  w.atchmen  on 
the  rookeries  constantly  during  the  summer,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
whalers  and  all  other  foreigners  from  landing  on  the  coast,  and  to  pre- 
vent the  natives  and  the  employes  from  having  any  commercial  trans- 
actions whatever  with  them. 


I 

I*' 
3 


■ftS 


'J 


\A 


h  '.\ 


RELATING  TO  SEALS  KILLED  ON  ST.  PAUI.  ISLAND,  18C0-1866.     195 

No.  5. 

Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  RnMian  American  Colonies,  Furu- 
helm,  to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company. 
Written  from  the  Colonies,  October  11,  1801. 


1 

1 

i    If 

'  i 

'  1 

In  the  course  of  this  year  47,940  sealskins  have  been  taken  from  the 
ishuuis  of  St.  Paul  and  "St.Giiorge,  of  which  number  :i4,i>43  salted,  3,()0() 
bachelors,  dried,  and  2,500  jjrays  have  to  bo  sent  to  New  York;  and 
12,000  dried  skins  will  now  be  sent  by  the  ship  Czaritza  to  Cronstadt. 

•  •••••• 


No.  6. 

Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  Furuhelm, 
to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company. 
Written  from  the  Colonics,  November  17, 1802. 

In  spite  of  the  great  slaughter  of  seals  on  St.  Paul  and  St.  George, 
they  are  every  year  occupying  more  space  with  their  rookeries;  and  I 
therefore  permitted  the  manager  to  take  75,000  skins  on  the  former 
island,  instead  of  5(),000;  and  on  the  latter  5,000,  an  increase  of  2,000. 
Seeing  now,  however,  that  the  demand  for  sealskins  for  New  A^ork  does 
not  go  beyond  2(),000,  I  will  alter  this  arrangement,  and  instruct  him 
to  prepare  25,000  salted  sealskins  and  20,000  dried  on  St.  Paul  and  not 
to  take  more  than  3,000  on  St.  George,  as  heretofore.  The  sealskins 
remaining  over  can  not  spoil,  as  they  are  thoroughly  salted. 


No.  7. 


Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Com- 
pany to  Captain  of  the  First  Class  and  Knight  Ivan  Vasilievitch  Furu- 
helm, chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies.  Written  from 
St.  Petersburg,  February  14, 1803. 

The  board  of  administration,  noting  in  dispatch  No.  465,  of  Novem- 
ber 17,  1862,  your  arrangements  for  killing  a  larger  number  of  seals  on 
the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  George,  to  wit,  on  the  former,  70,000, 
instead  of  50,000,  and  on  the  latter  5,000,  respec^tfully  requests  your 
excellency  to  give  orders  that  the  said  arrangements  be  kept  in  force, 
as  the  board  will  not  fail  to  adopt  the  necessary  measures  for  the  sale 
of  these  furs. 


i1  « 


"<     I 


Sf" 


'^'t'-, 


196 


RUSSIAN   DOCUMENTS. 


No.  8. 


!M 


!;       1 


li ; 


Lei ter  from  the  ehief  manofjer  of  the  h'lissian  Amen'ean  Colonies, 
helm,  to  the  board  of  adniiii  istrotion  of  the  h'uxsian  Ameriean  Coi 
Written  from  the  Colonicn,  October  8,  1803, 


Furu- 
■ompany. 


CONOKKNINC  THR  QUANTITY  OF  FURH  TAKEN  DURlNCi  TIIK  CUURKNT 
YKAU  IN  Tin;  KADIAK  DISTRICT  AND  «»N  TIIK  ISLANDS  OK  VNGA, 
UNALASKA,  ST.  I'AUL,  AND  ST.  OKOROK,  AND  AT  l-OHT  MICHAEL. 

r»y  tlie  vessels  wliicli  ciirried  sni)i)li('H  to  tlio  Kiidiak  district  and  tlio 
isiiiiids  of  ITiif-ii,  riialitsivii,  St.  Paul,  and  St.  (Icorffc,  and  to  Tort 
Michael,  and  wliich  have  now  returned  to  New  Arclianf-'cl,  1  received  re- 
])ortH  from  tiie  Kadiak  factory  and  tlie  nianaf^ers  of  tlie  above  named 
l)hiceH  witli  refjard  to  theii'  i)ros))erous  condition  and  the  (|uantity  of  furs 
obtained  (buinj;:  tlie  current  year,  viz: 

In  the  Kadiak  district:  The  United  Kadiak  party,  wliich  was  en- 
Saj^ed  in  hunting  sea  otters  iii  Kenai  Bay,  «'(nild  not  visit  the  best 
])laces  for  sea  otters,  owing  to  the  constant  bad  weather,  and  eonse- 
(juently  its  catch  was  extremely  small  in  comparison  with  former  years 
ill  tliat  bay,  and  amounted  only  t()  2'tli  sea  otters. 

The  hunt  was,  (m  the  whole,  very  successful  on  the  islands  of  Uiiga 
and  Unalaska  and  at  Fort  Michael. 

In  the  courses  of  last  year  tratling  exi)editions  were  sent  from  Fort 
Michael  to  (Juiekpack  Kiver,  and  from  Nulatof  Station  to  Lake  Min- 
tog.  By  the  latter  expedition  l,4r)3  skins  of  different  kinds  were  ob- 
tained and  were  left  at  that  station  to  be  kept  until  the  summer  of  next 
year,  18G4. 

The  manager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul  rei)orts  that  the  seal  and  sea- 
lion  rookeries  are  iuiu-easing,  in  spite  of  the  considerable  miinbers 
killed  on  them ;  the  white  foxes,  on  the  coiitrary,  have  beeu  diiniuish- 
iug  iu  nuiubers. 


No.  86.> 


Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  the  man- 
ager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul.     M'rittcnfrom  SitM,  May  1, 1861. 


i;  i  1 


-  •  m 


n 


■  iif 


% 


As  to  No.  32.  —In  my  instrnctions  No.  249  of  last  year  I  fixed  the 
number  of  fur-sealskins  to  be  taken  by  you  iu  each  year.  By  order  of 
the  board  of  atlministration  I  revoke  said  instructions  No.  249,  as  well 
as  all  previous  instructions  concerning  the  catch  of  fur-seals,  audi  now 
direct  you  to  take  hereafter,  annually,  as  many  as  70,000  fur-sealskins, 
25,000  of  which  must  be  dried  and  the  reuKxining  45,000  salted,  accord- 
ing to  the  new  directions  in  your  possession. 

You  must  take  the  70,000  skins  now  ordered  to  be  prepared,  only  iu 
case  no  decrease  in  the  numbers  of  the  animals  is  observed ;  otherwise 
you  must  immediately  advise  me  for  the  puri)ose  of  having  the  number 
reduced,  with  a  view  to  the  preservation  of  the  seals  for  the  years  to 
come. 

As  these  instructions  will  reach  you  late  in  the  season,  and  as  you 

'  For  tho  fiicsimile  of  this  (locniiient,  see  No.  31  of  the  facsimiles  published  in  VoL 
I  of  the  Appoudix  to  tho  Gaso  of  the  Uuited  Stutca. 


RELATING  TO  SEALS  KILLED  ON  ST.  PAUf.  ISLAND,  18G0-18r>6.     197 

will  ('()iise(|iiciit]y  be  unal)le  to  [iropiiro  tho  whole  <|nantity  of  fur  seal- 
skins now  n'(|nii'e(l,  I  have  to  re(inest  that  you  will  en<leavor  to  take 
and  salt  not  less  than  10,(>**<>  skins  during  the  time  oecnpied  by  the  trip 
of  the  vessel  tVoMi  St.  I'anl  to  Koit  .Mieiiael  and  l>aek.  and  to  put  them 
on  board  of  the  vessel  on  iu'i'  second  visit  to  St.  Paul.  Last  year  you 
si'ut  only  1  t,()(M)  (hied  skins,  while  the  order  was  t(»  send  about  -0,000. 
In  future  you  must  endeavor  to  strietly  till  orders. 

•  •  •  •  •    .  •  • 


No.  9. 

Letter  from  the  hoard  of  administration  of  the  Tiiissian  Avierican  Com- 
pani/  to  the  aetiiii/  chief  mutuajer  of  the  liKxniau  American  Colonies, 
Written  from  St.  'PeterHliary,  .Uarch's,  Ism. 

Ill  dispatches  Nos.  1004,  of  November  8,  1804,  1110,  of  !)eeend)er  U, 
1801,  and  Nos,  4;i,  7t>,  and  SI,  of  January  18  and  liS,  1S(m,  the  board  of 
administration  Invd  tlie  honor  to  notify  you  of  its  decision  with  regard 
to  the  takin}»-  of  sealskins. 

In  semliu}^  you  now  for  your  information  a  copy  of  tiie  contract  con- 
cluded with  Messrs.  Oppenheim  iS:  ('(».,  of  London,  tor  the  additional 
sale  to  them,  in  tiie  course  of  18()(»-'07-'OS,  of  l(»,00i>  salted  fur-sealskins, 
it  has  the  iioiu)r  to  reiiuestyou  respectfully  to  instruct  the  i»ers(His  whom 
it  may  concern  to  carry  out  the  followinf>-  directions: 

1.  To  talce  as  many  as  r);{,000  sealskins  in  1805  and  1800,  and  of  these 
to  dry  l!.'{,000  and  to  salt  .'itKOOO;  and  in  1807  and  1808  to  increase  the 
nund)er  of  dried  skins  by  2,000  a  year. 

2.  Of  this  number  you  will  send: 

(a)  To  Lond(»n  to  Nlessrs.  John  Morris  Oppenheim  &  Co.  3(»,000,  to 
wit,  20,000  to  21,000  contracted  for  witii  Messrs.  Shcpler  &  Co.,  two- 
thirds  of  which  nuist  be  salted  and  one  tliird  dried,  and  1(>,0I»0  salted, 
contracted  for  by  them  with  Messrs  OppcniuMm  t!c()o. 

(/>)  By  way  of  Ayan  to  Irkutsk  for  the  Kiaclita  market  from  0,000  to 
0,000  dried  skins. 

(v)  To  Cronstadt  in  18G.">  and  1800, 10,000,  and  in  1807  and  1808, 18,000 
dried  skins. 

3.  In  sliipping  (the  skins")  observe  the  followlnj;  rules: 

(i()  The  ir»,000  or  I0,O(M»  intended  for  sliipment  around  the  world  to 
Cronstadt  must  all  be  of  the  proi)er  size,  to  wit:  Larj^e,  nuidium,  and 
small  younji'  bulls  ami  bachelors,  without  any  mixtiue  of  j^rays. 

(/>)  In  assortinj>'  (tin-  skins)  for  Irkutsk,  bej>iu  with  the  medium  and 
small  bachelors  and  add  a  small  quantity  of  the  largest  grays. 

(c)  (Set  apart)  about  (»,000  dried  skins  for  Loiulon,  of  the  same  size 
as  for  Russia,  but  there  must  be  no  "yearliugs,"  tliat  is,  small  grays, 
among  then). 

(d)  In  salting  the  25,000  skins  called  for  by  the  two  contracts  and 
intended  for  shipment  to  London,  you  must  begin  with  the  medium  and 
small  ba(!helors  and  the  third  si/e  of  large  grays,  which,  as  you  kiM)w, 
are  more  than  oiu'  year  old.  At  the  saints  time  you  must  bear  in  mincl 
that  the  young  bulls  and  the  large  bachelors  liiust  not  be  vSalted,  as, 
according  to  information  received,  salted  skins  are  lut  fitted  for  the 
Loudou  mode  of  dressing. 


'1    !| 


i; 


i.       * 


»  , 


! 


<i 


V  r 


S!»nt 


i.i->aimfmm 


..U'.'MBIMi|iUI<ii^-^ 


>>-^ 


rrjf"* 


f| 


I 


I 


198 


RUSSIAN    DOCl'MKNTS. 


No.  10. 


Letter  /mm  the  ehief  nianiffer  of  the  iiiissian  Amerienn  Coloniea  to  the 
mniHKjvr  of  ISt.  (Jeorye,     Written  from  Silkn,  May  fJ,  lS(i5. 

•  •••••• 

It  lias  roiue  to  my  knowh'djfo  tlnit  wliito  soals  liavc  been  seen  on  flie 
rribildf  Islands;  yon  au'  tliciclore  instinctod  to  kill  tlioni  iiwlisciiini- 
natt'ly,  in  order  to  jnT.vcnt  flicir  spoiling;  tlic  racti  of  Ww  ;;(>nnino  soals. 

Altciin;;-  tlif  instinct  ions  ;>iv«'n  last  year  in  my  No.  145  with  lofjanl 
to  tlic  Uillinj>'  of  seals,  you  are  instnu^tiMl  to  kill  in  l.SdO,  for  shipment 
to  New  Arehangcl  (Sitka),  l,',0(JO  to  be  salted  ami  1,000  to  be  dried;  in 
all,  4,000  (.vie). 


No.  11. 


Letter  from  the  ehief  mnnayer  of  the   TiiisHian  Ameriean  Colonies  to  the 
manuyir  of  ISt.  J'aul.     Written  from  iSitka,  May  6',  18G5. 

It  lias  (^ome  to  mykiiowled^jfc  tliatwliitesealshavomadetlieir  appear- 
ance on  the  Pribilof  Islands;  yon  are  therefttre  instructed  to  kill  them 
indiscriminat<'ly,  t<t  prevent  their  sixiilin;;-  the  race  of  the  {■enuine  seals. 

Alterinji'  the  instrncticMis  j;iven  you  in  my  No.  145  of  last  year  with 
re}>ard  to  the  killing''  of  seals,  I  instruct  you  to  take  in  IStUJ,  for  ship- 
ment t(»  New  Archangel  (Sitka),  20,000  sealskins  to  be  salted  and  not 
more  tliau  -'5,000  to  be  dried. 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 


1' 


hi 
1 ' 

M         ! 

'-.  J 

',  j 

) 


1 1  -i- 


M 


I 


V     _ 


'! 


M ''  i 


No.  12. 

Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Runaian  American  Colonies  to  the 
manayvr  of  the  island  of  tSt.  Vaul.   Written  from  ISitIca,  April  4,  1866. 


I  instruct  you  to  take  next  year,  1807,  the  followinjj  amount  of  seal- 
skins, and  to  prepare  them  as  follows:  20,000  salted  sealskins;  30,000 
dried  sealskins;  in  all,  50,000. 


No.  13. 


Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  Colonies  to  the 
manager  of  the  island  of  iSt.  George.  Written  from  ISitka,  July  33,  1866. 

You  are  directed  to  take  and  prepare  next  year,  18G7,  2,000  salted 
sealskins,  2,000  dried  sealskins;  in  all  4,000. 

•  •••••• 


UELATINO  TO  VISITS  Foni'tON  WIIALKKS  TO  IlHRIXa  SEA.     199 

No.  14. 

Letter  from  thv  chUf  mniKjrr  of  thr  Ix'iissiaii  Amt'rfenn  Colonlrn  fothemnna- 
(jcrofthe,  inlnnd  of  St.  I'anl.      Written  from  Sitho,  Autjunt  10,  istid. 

You  iire  iiistriu!t<'(l  to  (ioiitiiiiio  the  seal  Ciitcli  in  tlio  followinj,'  iiiiiii' 

iht: 
1.  Twenty  tlionsand  salted  sealskins  evi'iy  year,  and 
L'.  Next  year.  ;<7,(Ml(>  dried  sealsi<ins,  and  in  tlie  tbilowinjr  years,  if 

yon  liave  nil  sjuM-ial  instructions,  .'K>,(K)0  every  year.     Do  not  Itill  any 

snudl  gray  seals  in  luture. 

•  •••••• 


\\ 


No.  15. 

Letter  from  tlieohiefmann<jerofthe  Ifussittn  American  Colonies  to  the  man- 
iujir  of  the  islund  of  Ht.  I'aul.      Written  from  iSitkii,  April  />,  LS(i7. 

•  ••*••• 

The  l>oard  of  administration  Inis  notified  nu"  tl)at  Messrs,  Oppenlieim 
&  Co.,  after  rej-eivin}?  the  seaisjvins  sent  by  us,  expicssed  tin*  wish 
tlnit  only  salted  sealskins  be  sent  them:  ;.nd  yon  are  therefore  in- 
structed to  i»rcpare40,(MH)  salted  sealskins  for  tlu^  summer  of  l.S(i8,  and 
to  stop  dryinjjf  tiie  skins  for  tin*  i)resent. 

8eiMl  to  Sitka  all  the  dried  sealskins  which  you  have  on  hand,  and, 
in  addition,  send  this  year  .'{.>,()(»()  salted  sealskins,  which  are  needed, 
nccordinj;  to  the  last  (lispatch  of  the  board  of  administration,  instead 
of  dried  ones. 

If  I  did  notinstnu^t  you  last  year  iu>t  to  kill  the  fjiay  seals,  yon  are 
now  instructed  not  to  kill  any  of  them,  as  a  veiy  larj^e  quantity  of 
grey  sealskins  have  accuinuhited  at  New  Archangel. 

•  ••*••• 


:< 


li 


'^1 


B.— RELATING  TO  THE  VISITS  OF  FOREIGN  WHALERS  TO  BERING 

SEA. 

No.  16. 

Letter  from  tJie  hoard  of  administration  of  the  Russian  Aineriean  Corn- 
pan  if  to  Captain  of  the  l!iecond  Itank  Nicholas  Yakorlovitch  liosenberg, 
chief  manager  of  the  liussian  American  Colonies. 


No.  8<)7.] 


July  13,  IS-TO. 


In  reply  to  your  predecessor's  dispatch  No.  404,  of  October  lo,  1849, 
the  boanl  of  (idministratiou  has  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  tluM'ir- 
eunistances  stated  therein  in  regard  to  the  visiting  of  the  island  of  St. 
I'aul  by  foreign  whalert,  as  well  as  the  interrogatory  papers,  have  been 
conununicated  to  our  minister  in  the  United  States,  with  the  re(iuest 
that  steps  may  be  taken  to  prevent  the  Americans  from  invading  the 
integrity  of  the  Russian  limits  and  of  the  property  rights  of  the  c(Mu- 
pany.    At  the  same  time  the  board,  of  admiuistratiou  expects  that  you, 


i  ' 


I  , 


I  \ 


t 


■7 '-; 


200 


RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS. 


like  your  predecessor,  liave  taken  all  iicv^essary  measures  for  guarding 
thePribilof  Islands,  whi<;h  are  of  such  importance  to  tliccompany,  from 
a  repetition  of  similar  attcnpts  on  the  part  of  foreigners;  and  until 
the  clearing  of  those  waters  from  whalers  by  means  of  si  war  cruiser,  of 
whose  sending  the  board  bas  already  received  information,  you  are 
directed  to  order  the  company's  cruisers  to  pay  particular  attention  to 
the  rribllof  Islands. 
iSigned.  in  the  original: 

V.  POLITKOVSKY,  Presiding  Officer. 

V.  KiSHlUIN. 
N.  KUSOF. 


No.  17. 


Letter  from  the  hoarfl  of  administration  of  the  Fussinn  American  Company 
to  Captain  of  the  Second  Rank  N^iehoias  Yakocloeitch  Rosenberg,  chief 
manager  of  the  Rvssian  American  Colonies. 

No.  561.]  April  18, 18r>2. 

In  transmitting  to  the  governor-general  of  eastern  Siberia  the  con- 
tents of  your  dispatcli  No.  oOl  (May  21,  1851)  concerning  the  visits  of 
foreign  whaleships  to  the  cohmial  seas,  the  board  of  administration 
reciuested  his  excellency,  in  order  to  save  the  comi)any  from  injury  caused 
by  such  occurrences,  to  issue  instructions  nuiking  it  the  duty  of  such 
armed  cruisers  as  his  excellency,  may  liave  at  his  dis])osition  to  patrol 
the  colonial  seas,  especially  around  the  Commander  Islands,  where,  as 
you  report,  the  foreign  whaler^  assemble  in  great  numbers  in  the  sum- 
mer season. 

Informingyouof  this,  the  board  of  administration  would  instruct  you 
at  the  same  time  to  tit  out  a  ijompany's  cruiser  independently  of  the 
naval  cruiser  and  to  instruct  it  to  cruise  in  those  places  where,  on  closer 
investigation,  it  may  appear  to  you  necessary. 
Signed  in  the  original: 

V.  PoLiTKOVSKY,  Presiding  Officer. 

V.  Klupfel,  Member. 

A.  Etholin,  Member. 

N.  KusoF,  Member. 

Wbangell,  Member, 


I!  \  I  i 


i» 


,V,; 


SEIZURES  OF  .\MERICAN  AND  BRITISH  VESSELS  BY  RUSSIA 

IN  1892. 


r,.^ 


1 


[Extract  from  the  Victoria  News  of  AngnstJl,  1891.] 

RUSSIAN  PIRACY — SEALERS  TAKETJ  IN  THE  OPEN  SEA— THREE  VIC- 
TORIA CRAFT  SEIZED  AND  THEIR  CREWS  THREATENED  WITH 
SIBERIA — A  'FRISCO  VICTIM  ALSO. 

Startling  story  of  outrage,  insult,  and  pillage. — The  captured  crews 
turned  heartlessly  adrift. — To  secure  passage  home  they  sign  away 
everything. — How  they  arrived  at  Victoria. 

The  Russian  Government  is  following  much  the  same  high-handed 
poli(^V  as  that  pursued  by  the  United  States  regarding  tlie  sealing 
nnxtter.  The  officers  of  the  Czar  have  perpetrated  an  (uitiage  in  tliat 
connection  that  for  wantonness  exceeds  even  thf  acts  of  the  United 
States'  vessels. 

Tlie  Victoria  schooners,  Rosie  Ohen,  Ariel  and  Vfillie  McGoiran  and 
the  San  Francisco  schooner  C.  H.  White,  Ijave  been  seized  upon  the 
high  seas  by  the  man-of-war  Zabiaka.  The  seizures  took  place  nearly 
50  miles  south  of  Copper  Island  and  in  the  open  ocean,  July  18  and 
and  July  L*8. 

Notwithstanding  the  vigorous  protests  of  the  respective  captains  they 
and  their  crews  were  made  i>risoiiers  and  taken  to  Petropaidovsk,  where 
they  were  tuiiied  loose  upon  the  beach  without  either  food  or  shelter. 
Their  schooners  were  confiscated,  and  threats  made  that  the  cai)tains 
would  be  sent  to  the  salt  mines  of  Siberia  if  they  made  any  protests. 

Finally  the  entiie  complement  of  the  four  vessels  were  taken  off  by 
the  American  bark  MajesHc  on  August  9,  and  readied  Itoyal  Roads 
yesterday  afternoon. 

«  •  •  •  '    •  •  • 


lA 


m 


'I 


i? 


[Extract  from  Iho  Victoria  News  of  Septnmber  10,  1892.] 
MORE  RUSSIAN   SEIZURES— THE  VANCOUVER  BELLE  GONE, 


Besides  other  schooners  not  yet  identified.- 
up  by  the  Russians. 


-The  lost  boats'  crews  picked 


Four  more  sealing  vessels,  including  three  Canadian  and  one  United 
States  craft,  have  been  seized  by  the  Russians  in  the  vicinity  of  Copper 
Islaud,  and  several  missing  boats  ure  sux)X)0sed  to  have  met  with  the 


,  ! 


I 


i   i. 


't 


n 


V; 


A 


'< 


k 


i= 


It 


!  I 


202 


SElZUREi?  BY  RUSSIA  IN   1892 


same  misfortune.  Tliis  new?  ^as  brought  by  the  sealers  E.  B.  Marvin 
and  TV.  P.  Say  ward  which  arrived  in  port  yesterday,  and  renewed  the 
excitement  created  in  Victoria  by  the  first  intelligence  of  the  Russian 
outrages.  The  names  of  the  vessels  latest  seized  have  not  yet  been 
ascertained,  except  that  the  Vancouver  Belle  from  Vancouver  is  known 
to  be  one  of  them ;  tlie  other  Canadians  are  supposed  to  be  the  Maml  8., 
Geneva,  or  Dora  Sieirard — two  of  these  three — tlumgh  this  is  not  posi- 
tively known.  Tlie  owneis  of  the  jMarrin  and  ISai/ward  were  amongst 
the  hai)piest  men  in  Victoria  j'esterday  when  tliey  learned  that  their 
smart  little  craft  were  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbor. 


[Bztraot  from  the  London  Standard  of  September  10, 1892.] 

THE  CAPTURED  SEALERS. 

[From  t'ur  correspondent.] 

Ottawa,  Friday  night. 
The  minister  of  marine  is  preparing  a  case  to  submit  to  the  British 
Government  relative  to  the  seizure  of  Canadian  sealei^s  by  the  Russian 
cruisers  off  Copjjcr  Ishtnd.  He  says  the  seizures  were  made,  not  in 
Bering  Sea,  but  in  the  North  Pacific,  and  that  they  are  most  gljiring 
violations  of  the  treaty  between  Russia  and  Great  Britain  in  1888  {sic). 


{Trom  the  London  Financial  Times,  of  September  15, 1892.] 
THE  SEIZURE  OF  SEALERS  BY  RUSSIANS. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  I3th  September. 
A  comparison  of  the  statements  made  by  the  captain  of  the  Russian 
cruiser  which  seized  a  number  of  Canadian  sealers  in  the  Northern 
Pacific  and  the  regular  charts  pre])ared  by  the  agents  of  the  marine 
department  shows  tliat  tlie  schooner  Willie  McGowan  was  42^  miles 
from  the  nearest  land  when  seized.  The  l^osie  Olsen  also  appears  to 
have  been  38  miles  and  the  A  riel  30  miles  out  at  sea.  The  sealer  Agnes 
Macdonald  arrived  here  to-day  and  reports  that  when  20  or  30  miles 
from  Copper  Island  she  put  out  her  boats,  which  were,  however,  soon 
driven  in  by  the  Russians.  The  Vanconver  Belle  and  other  vessels 
have  been  seized,  all  they  ('<,ntiiined  being  confiscated.  The  Russians 
are  said  to  have  declared  that  they  would  seize  the  British  schooners 
wherever  they  found. them,  no  matter  what  distance  from  the  shore. 
The  scaler  Libbie  will  probably  make  a  trip  to  the  Southern  Pacific. — 
Reuter. 


[Extract  from  dispatch  of  TTnltcd  States  Consnl  If  vers  to  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  dated 

Victoria,  October  8,  1892.] 

The  Briti.h  vessels  reported  as  seized  by  the  Russians  off  Copper 
Island  are  the  Carmelite,  Willie  McGowan,  Itosie  Olsen,  Vancouver  Belle, 
Ariel,  and  Maria. 


OP   AMERICAN  AND   BRITISH  VESSELS. 


203 


Letter  from  Collector  Milne,  of  Victoria,  to  the  Canadian  minister  of 

marine  and  fisheries. 

[Publlslied  in  the  London  Times  of  November  11,  1892.] 

Victoria,  B.  C,  October  8, 1892. 
The  Collector  of  Customs,  T'/c/orm,  B.  C: 

Siu:  As  requested  by  you,  we  have  measured  the  distanee  on  the 
chart  of  Bering  Sea,  as  giveu  by  you,  sho\viii{.f  the  exact  jdaces  where 
the  three  liritisli  schooners  weie  seized  by  the  llussiau  cruiser  Zabiaka 
and  tlie  Russian  Fur  Company's  steamer  Kotik. 

Schooner  Willie  McGoican,  latitude  5()o  60'  N.,  longitude  lG7o  50'  E.,  a 
distance  of  42^  miles  from  Copper  Island,  the  nearest  land. 

Schooner  Kosie  Oken,  latitude  '>i°  24'  N.,  longitude  105°  iO'  E.,  a  dis- 
tance of  38  miles  from  Bering  Island,  the  nearest  land. 

Schooner  Arie/,  latitude  iiio  10'  X.,  longitude  107°  40'  E.,  a  distance 
of  30  miles  from  Copper  Island,  the  nearest  land. 
Yours,  resjiectfuUy, 

James  Gaudin. 
J.  G.  Cox. 


■  ■  f 


Sworn  statement  of  Captain  Furman,  of  the  schooner  C.  H.  White,  seized 
by  the  Kussian  Government  in  1892. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss  : 

Lawrence  Magnus  Furman,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says 
as  foUows,  to  wit: 

My  full  name  is  Lawrence  Magnus  Furman;  I  am  37  years  of  age; 
1  was  born  in  the  city  of  (lottenbuig,  Sweden;  I  am  ^^^^  ^^^^^ 
now  a  resident,  and  at  all  the  tinuis  when  the  events  """'"* 
took  place  in  regard  to  whi(;h  I  make  this  aflidavit  I  was  a  resident  of 
the  city  and  (!Ounty  of  San  Francisco,  State  of  California;  I  am  now  and 
at  all  the  times  when  the  events  took  place  in  regard  to  which  1  make 
this  attidavit  1  was  by  occupation  a  master  mariner;  1  have  an  interest 
in  the  claim  of  the  Eagle  Fishing  Company  against  the  Kussian  Gov- 
ernment, to  support  which  claim  I  make  this  attidavit;  that  interest  is 
as  follows:  I  own  one  share  of  the  capital  stO(!k  of  the  Eagle  Fishing 
Company,  and  am  a  director  thereof;  I  have  no  <!ontingent  interest  in 
said  claim  other  tlian  shoiUd  said  Eagle  Fishing  Company  recover 
(liiniages,  I  will  receive  a  dividend  of  the  amount  recovered  as  owner 
of  said  share  of  stock.  There  are  tifteen  hundred  shares  of  tiie  stock 
of  said  coi'poratiou  now  in  force.  1  am  not  the  agent  or  attorney  for 
tlic  said  claimant,  or  tor  any  person  having  an  interest  in  said  claim. 
1  am  a  duly  naturalized  citizen  of  tlie  United  States  of  America,  but 
1  can  not  now  produce  a  certified  copy  of  the  record  of  my  said  natu- 
ralization but  will  hereafter  produce  the  same  if  necesssiry. 

1  was  on  the  7th  day  of  May,  A.  1).  1802,  the  duly  acting  and  quali- 
fied master  of  the  American  schooner  C.  H.  White,  be- 
longing to  said  Kagle  Fishing  Comi»any,  wiiich  said  o.^? h^a,J'/ ''"*'"°"'* 
vessel  on  said  day  duly  cleared  from  said  i)ort  of  San 
Francisco  for  a  hunting  and  fishing  voyage  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean, 
having  at  the  time  all  I'nc  !W'cessary  and  recpiisite  legal  papers  on  board, 
as  will  more  fully  and  at  large  appear  by  the  memorial  and  papers  on  file 


I' 


,.Jl| 


il 


20  A 


SEIZURES   BY   RUSSIA   IN   1893 


:    1 


'V 


>     \. 


<■■■    :    k 


herein.  On  said  day  I  as  master,  as  aforesaid,  did  in  and  with  said 
schooner  set  sail  and  depart  from  the  said  port  of  San  Francisco,  bound 
for  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  said  vessel  being  at  that  time,  and  at  all  the 
times  herein.after  mentioned,  seaworthy  and  in  all  respe<!ts  tit  for  the 
voyage  which  it  took  as  herein  mentioned;  I  proceeded  with  said  ves- 
sel and  crew  on  my  voyage  without  disaster  of  any  kind  until  the  Iflth 
day  of  July,  A.  D.  1892,  and  prior  to  sai<l  day  and  in  the  open  Pjicific 
Ocean,  more  than  30  miles  south  of  the  Aleutian  Island's,  and  not  in 
Kussiau  waters,  had  caught  eight  barrels  of  mackerel  and  one  t(m  of 
codfish,  and  had  killed  twenty  seals,  allof  which  were  caught  and  killed 
on  the  voyage  from  San  Francisco  and  more  than  30  miles  south  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  and  not  in  Ilussian  waters ;  I,  with  said  vessel  aud  crew^, 
on  or  about  the  12th  day  of  July,  A.  D.  181>2,  being  then  fishing  about 
40  miles  south  of  Agattou  Island,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  set 
sail  for  the  Kuril  Islands  off  the  <;oastof  Japan,  intending  to  fish  there, 
and  knowing  that  my  clironometcr  was  out,  wanted  to  sight  land  to 
correct  the  chronometer,  and  accordingly  deviated  toward  the  Copper 
and  Bering  islands  for  the  ])urpose  of  sighting  them,  or  one  of  them, 
and  corre(!ting  my  chronometer,  as  aforesaid,  and  on  the  loth  day  of 
Jidy,  arrived  at  latitude  54°  18'  north,  longitude  1(57°  19'  east,  by  cor- 
rect observation,  and  had  not  fished  or  sealed  in  said  place,  nor  at 
any  place  within  50  miles  thereof,  or  in  Kussiau  waters  at  all,  and  the 
wind  being  light,  but  the  vessel  sailing  on  its  course,  as  aforesaid,  and 
no  boats  being  out  from  said  vessel,  either  for  hunting  or  fishing,  and 
no  one  from  said  vessel  being  either  hunting  or  fishing. 

Said  latitude  54°  18'  nortli,  htngitnde  107°  10'  east  is,  by  correct  ob- 
servation measured  by  me,  on  the  United  States  Coast 
Seizure  of  sciiooner.  Survcy  Cliart,  No.  900,  more  than  80  miles  from  Cop- 
l)er  or  Bering  islands  on  the  high  seas,  and  not  in 
Russian  waters;  when  at  said  time,  and  in  the  latitude  and  longitude 
above  mentioned,  on  the  15th  day  of -July,  A,  I).  1892,  as  aforesaid,  and 
not  being  at  the  time  hunting  or  fishing,  and  not  having  at  any  time 
fished  or  Imnted  seals  in  Russian  waters,  but  being  at  said  time  on  my 
course  for  the  Kuril  Islands,  as  aforesaid,  the  said  schooner  was  boarded 
by  an  oflicer  from  the  liussian  war  cruiser  Zabiaca,  which  said  war 
criiiser  Zabiaca  was  at  all  times  herein  mentioned,  a  regularly  commis- 
sioned war  cruiser  beh)nging  to  the  Eussian  Government,  armed  for 
oii'ensive  and  defensive  warfare,  aud  acting  under  theauthoi-ity  andby 
the  directions  of  the  said  liussian  Government;  and  I  was  by  saidRus- 
sianofficerorderedtoconieon  board  of  said  cruiser  with  all  the  schooner's 
papers;  I  accordingly  went  on  board,  and  the  (captain  of  said  cruiser, 
after  examining  the  schooner's  papers,  arrested  me,  and  then  had  all 
the  crew  of  said  schooner,  except  the  mate,  brought  on  board  of  said 
cruiser,  and  I  and  the  crew  of  the  schooner  were  kept 
ingTeSa**  '^""°'^'  ou  Said  cruiscr  aS  prisoners.  The  said  Russian  cruiser 
then  and  there  seized  said  schooner  C.  U.  White,  and 
towed  it  to  Nichelovsly  Bay,  liering  Island,  and  then  placed  said 
schooner  under  a  prize  crew  and  sent  it  to  Petropaulovsky,  and  the 
cruiser,  with  me  and  the  crew  of  said  schooner  as  i)risoners,  sailed  to 
Petropaulovsky  and  arrived  there  on  the  20th  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1892; 
and  while  on  board  of  said  cruiser,  I  was  by  the  captain  of  said  cruiser 
forced  to  sign  a  paper  in  Russian,  which  I  did  not  understand,  the  said 
captain  threatening  to  send  me  to  Siberia  uidess  1  signed  said  paper, 
and  I  only  signed  said  p,aper  under  protest  in  consequence  of  said  threat 
and  the  duress  exercised  by  said  captain  of  said  cruiser. 
The  Russian  Goverumout  seized  said  schooner  0.  H.  White^  as  herein* 


1 


I  'i  '■■  <i 


'  ^    i'    Ni 


•  t.  Ill  .inT'tr — 'i1'Pf"';'"''""'-"tri^^^^*JS? 


^HJik 


OF    AMERICAN   AND    BRITISH    VESSELS. 


205 


before  set  forth,  but  I  do  not  know  what  dis])ositiou  was  made  of  said 
sc'liooncr,  but  1  am  advised  and  believe  and  therefore  aUefje,  that  said 
Bcliooner  was  repainted  and  refitted  and  used  by  said  liussian  Govern- 
ment, <and  is  now  in  its  possession,  and  by  it  used. 

I,  as  master  of  said  schooner  (J.  JI.  White,  duly  protested  at  the  time 
to  the  captain  of  the  said  war  cruiser  against  the  seiz- 
ure  of  said  vessel,  and  against  all  his  other  acts  herein 
testified  in  regard  to,  and  on  the  5tli  day  of  August,  A.  D.  18!)2, 1,  as 
master,  duly  noted  a  protest  against  said  seiznre  and  said  acts  witli  the 
governor  of  Petropanlovsky,  and  I,  as  said  master,  on  the  ."Wst  day  of 
August,  A.  1).  18!>U,  duly  made  a  regular  marine  jnotest  against  said 
seizure  to  Januss  G.  Swan,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  P(U*t  Towusend, 
State  of  Washington,  Ihiited  States  of  Ameri(!a,  innnedlately  ui)on  my 
arrival  at  said  city,  and  said  city  being  the  first  place  iu  the  United 
States  at  which  1  arrived. 

Lawrence  M.  Furman. 


■\i 


Subscribed  and  sworn  to  by  the  said  Lawrence  M.  Furman,  known 
by  me  to  be  a  credible  witness,  before  me  this  3rd  day  of  November, 
A.  1).  isyii. 

Harry  J,  Lask. 

Kotary  rvblic  in  and  for  the  City  and  County  of  iSan  Francisco^  State 
of  California, 


i 


]\ 


:M 


m 


r-^iW 


OFFICIAL  REPORTS. 


SEPORTS  OF  CAPTAIN  HOOPER. 


^    . 


Orders  to  Captain  Hooper. 

TJ,  S.  S.  YoRKTOWN,  Third  Rate, 

Unalasl-a,  July  18,  1892. 
Captain  C.  L.  Hooper,  U.  S.  Revenuo  Marine, 

Commantlinii  U.  8.  Berenuo  Cutter  Corivin: 

Sir:  When  yoii  have  tilled  up  with  coal,  and  the  vessel  under  your 
command  is  in  all  resi)ects  ready  for  sea,  you  will  proceed  to  the  Prib- 
ilof  Islands,  and  havinji'  communicated  with  the  Treasury  agents,  and 
received  on  board  Professor  Townsend,  you  will  run  on  radiating; lines 
from  that  island  in  order  to  obtnin  the  informatir)n  requested  in  the 
inclosed  comnmnication,  addressed  to  Captain  Tanner,  of  the  U.S.  Fish 
Commissi(»n  steamer  Albatross. 

You  will  run  the  lirst  line  directly  west  from  St.  Paul  and  continued 
on  that  line  until  you  are  satisfied  thatycm  have  ])assed  the  outer  limit 
of  the  seal  herd;  you  will  then  steam  south  until  the  island  bears  east 
by  north,  when  you  will  head  directly  for  it  and  continue  your  course 
uiitil  you  reach  it.  Continue  this  work  until  you  run  (mt  on  a  south 
course.  You  will  then  reverse  this  operation  and  follow  the  compass 
around  until  you  reach  the  north  point. 

Continue  cruising  in  this  way  until  it  is  necessary  foi'  you  to  return 
to  Unalaska  for  coal.  When  recoaled  resume  this  work  and  continue 
it  until  you  receive  further  instructions. 

You  will  consider  this  duty  as  in  addition  to  your  work  as  a  cruising 
vessel,  and  you  wi^  use  your  utmost  endeavor  to  obtain  the  information 
re(piircd. 

If  at  iiny  time  you  have  reason  to  suspect  that  sealing  vessels  are 
about  dro])  all  other  work  and  capture  them. 

You  will  receive  from  the  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatross  such 
portion  of  her  sealing  outfit  as  you  may  re(]uire. 
Very  respectfully, 

It.  D.  KVANS, 
Commander  U.  iS.  Navy, 
Commanding  TJ.  S.  Naval  Force  in  Bering  Sea. 

207 


I 


n  lU 


1 .1 


1 


ir 


n 


'I  I 


I 

I  1    V 


I! 


m 


I ' 


lit  ' 


til 


ri?' 


t 


i 


'  ,  ,!  ■ 


i  r 


>; 


208 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


Report  of  Cupta in  Hooper,  dated  August  17, 1893. 


EeVENUE  INIARINE  STEAMER  ('ORWIN, 

Port  of  Umduska,  AakjuhI  17,  1893, 
Commander  R.  D.  Evans,  U.  S.  N., 

U.  S.  S.  York-town,  UomWij.  U.  S.  Xaral  Force  in  Tiering  Sea: 

Sir:  I  liiivo  tlie  honor  to  submit  the  Ibllowinfj  account  of  tlio  move- 
ment of  tliis  vessel  since  July  2;{(l,  upon  which  date  we  entered,  in 
obedience  to  your  orders,  dated  ^luly  IDth,  liSOL',  upon  the  uiitlnislied 
duties  assigned  to  the  IT.  S.  Revenue  steamer  AUtatross,  tiiat  vessel 
having  been  ordered  home  on  account  of  a  defective  boiler.  The  delay 
in  the  Coririn''s  de]tarture  upon  this  «luty  was  due  to  a  short  trip  nnide 
to  the  vicinity  of  False  Pass,  in  obedience  to  your  verbal  orders  to  i)ro- 
ceed  to  and  guard  False  Pass  until  the  ari'ival  of  the  Yorktoicn. 

At  4  p.  ni..  July  2.'5d,  having  made  all  preparations  for  a  cruise,  we 
hauled  away  from  the  wliarf  at  Dutch  Harbor,  and  taking  the  American 
bark  (Jcneral  Fairvhild  in  tow,  steamed  out  of  the  harbor,  (lave  the 
bark  an  oiling  of  about  10  miles;  cast  otf  and  steered  for  St.  (Jeorgo 
Island  in  a  thick  fog.  At  daylight  on  the  foUowing  morning  (24th),  fog 
thinning  out  a  little,  mailcs  sail  and  stationed  a  seal  lookout;  wind 
increasing  to  a  strong  breeze.  At  meridian  passed  AnuMi"an  whaling 
brig  Francis  A.  Barker.  Too  rough  to  boar*!  her.  At  3:15  p.  m.,  fog 
very  thick  and  sea  rough,  vessel,  by  reckoning,  22  Uiiles  from  St.  George, 
took  in  Hying  Jib  and  topsail,  and  stopped  engine;  sounded  in  50  fathoms 
water,  sounding  every  half  lumr,  water  shoaling  gradually  to  34  fathoms, 
when,  the  fog  thinning  a  little,  we  caught  sight  of  a  small  patch  of  snn 
and  a  minute  later  the  land  came  in  sight  i-lose  aboanl  and  we  were  able 
to  recognize  Sea  Lion  I'oint,  near  the  east  end  of  St.  George.  At  7:30 
p.  m.  came  to  anchor  off  the  village;  too  rough  to  eomnmnh'ate  with  the 
sliore.  The  North  American  Commercial  Company's  steamer  Bertha 
came  in  and  anchored  a  few  miuntes  later.  She  reported  seeing  a 
schooner  off  Sea  Li<m  Kocks,  St.  Pauls,  as  she  came  away  from  the 
island.  During  the  day  scattering  seals  were  seen  increasing  in  num 
bers  as  we  approached  the  island. 

July  25,  at  1  a.  m.,  we  got  under  way  from  St.  George  .and  went  over  to 
St.  Paul,  where  we  arrived  and  "  came  to"  ott  east  anchorage  at  G  a.  m., 
weather  thick,  Avind  moderate  from  the  west;  saw  scattering  seals  on 
the  passage  between  the  islands.  Sent  an  ollicer  on  shore  to  communi- 
cate with  agent.  At  7  officer  returned  ami  reported  the  U.  S.  S.  York- 
town  at  anchor  2  miles  olf  South  West  Bay.  Got  under  way  and  went 
around  to  South  West  Bay,  anchored  neai'  the  Yorktown,  and  reported 
to  you  in  person.  The  sea  being  too  rougli  to  admit  of  landing,  both 
vessels  changed  position  to  east  aiu'horage,  where  the  landing  was  very 
good.  In  company  with  you  a  part  of  the  day  was  spent  on  tlie  island. 
In  the  evening  the  U.  S.  S.  Adams  came  in  and  anchored  for  a  short 
time.  After  communicating  with  the  flagshij)  and  sending  some  mail 
for  the  island  on  board  the  Corwin  she  got  under  way  and  steamed  to 
the  southwest. 

July  26,  wind  southwest  with  fog;  sent  on  shore  the  mail  for  the 
island  left  by  the  Adams  and  landed  Mr.  Townsend,  who  wished  to  c  i- 
tinue  his  observations  upon  the  seals  on  shore  for  a  few  days. 

At  your  request  I  sent  the  seal-hunter,  Hodgson,  on  board  the  York- 
town  that  he  might  be  taken  to  Unalaska  to  identify  Uanson,  the  mas- 
ter of  the  seized  schooner  Winifred,  as  the  same  man  who  when  in 
charge  of  the  schooners  Adele  and  Bvrealis  had  raided  the  seal  islands. 
At  11  a.  m.  got  under  way  and  steamed  over  to  St.  George  j  arrived 


!<     \i 


Yorh- 
mas- 
en  iu 
lands. 
Tived 


REPORT    OF    ('APT.  HOOPKH,  DATED    AUOl'ST    17,  1892. 


200 


and  came  to  anchor  off  the  villiij-e  at  3:20;  found  tlie  North  American 
CoiMMiercial  Company's  steamer  lirrtha  at  anchor.  Wind  fresh  soutli- 
west,  sea  rouf-li;  <'ouhl  not  make  a  landin};;  seals  phiyiny:  ar»mnd  the 
vessel,  l»ut  not  nnnierou.s.  Haw  no  seals  between  the  islands  five 
miles  froMi  either. 

( )n  the  27tli  we  lay  at  anchor  off  the  settlement  all  day.  Wind  south- 
westandoverciist.  Hea  jiKiiif-down.  Landed  and  conimnnicated  with  the 
Treasury  aiiCMt  in  charj-e.  I  (tbscrved  a  decided  fall- 
injj  oft  m  the  nundter  (»t  seals  on  the  rookeries  on  the 
north  side  of  tlie  islaiid  as  eonii)ared  with  last  year.  I  also  observed 
a  fallin}--  otV  (d"  tlie  nuniln'r  of  seals  in  the  water  in  the  vicinity  of  both 
islands  as  compared  with  last  year.  This  is  particularly  noticeable 
when  gohiii  back  and  fortli  in  the  boats  between  the  vessel  and  the 
shore,  the  numbers  haviii};'  faHen  off  j-n'atly.  At  11  a.  m.,  the  U.S.  S. 
Adnnm  came  in  and  auchore<l  otf  the  villajie,  and  two  hours  later  the 
Mohican  stood  in;  stoi)ped  otf  the  anchoraj>-e  iind  sent  mail  for  the 
island  on  board  the  Athans,  alter  which  she  proceeded  in  the  direction 
of  vSt.  Paul.  One  fur-seal  was  shot  from  the  vessel  for  examination. 
It  proved  to  be  a  three  year  (dd  male  with  an  empty  stomach.  The  pelt 
was  salted  (Cataloj;ue  No.  1).  Towards  eveniiijL,' weather  improviujf. 
At  niiduifi'lit  }iot  under  way  and  steamed  to  the  northward. 

At  it  a.  m.  (L'Hth)  hauled  in  for  St.  I*aul.  At  S  made  Northeast  Point. 
Steamed  aloiif^  the  muth  side  of  the  island.  Saw  numerous  seals  in  the 
water  otf  Northeast  Point  rookeiy;  11 :30  arrived  off'  the  villajje,  east 
ancdiorage,  and  eanie  to  anchoi'.  The  Mohican  K'<>t  under  way  as  we 
arrived  and  steamed  to  the  westward.  Landed  and  communicated 
with  Treasury  a}?ent.  Naturalist  Towiisend  returned  to  the  vessel. 
We  also  took  on  board  an  Ah'ut  to  hunt  during'  the  abs«!nce  of  our  reg- 
ular hunter.  Atai.'JO  p.  m.  rhe  A<lams  arrived  and  came  to  anchor  near 
us;  made  an  othcial  visit  to  her.  At  8  p.  m.  got  under  way  and  steamed 
to  the  westward  during  the  night. 

At  9  a.  m.  the  foUowing  morning,  lat.  51-21  N.,  h)ng.  ITL'-'W  W. 
(July  2<>th),  stopjied  the  vessel  and  lowered  the  otter  boat  and  sent  out 
hunting  party.  The  boat,  being  so  badly  titted  that  she  would  do 
nothing  under  sail,  was  called  alongside  again  and  hoisted  up.  The 
day  was  spent  in  getting  the  boat  jmtperly  fitted.  The  stej)  of  the 
mast  was  changed,  the  mainsail  altered  and  a  Jib  made,  oars  pro])erly 
titted,  etc.  In  order  to  make  our  sealing  outfit  as  efficient  as  possible, 
a  good  man  was  selected  from  each  watch  to  act  as  boat  steerer  ami 
boat  puller.  They  were  relieved  from  night  watch,  and  when  not  in 
the  boat  are  recjuired  to  keep  a  seal  lookout  on  the  bridge  in  turn 
every  two  hours  from  5 :.'{()  in  the  morning  until  8  p.  m. 

At  one  p.  m.,  lat.  57-27  N.,  long.  17.3-32  W.,  sent  the  dingy  out  with 
the  Aleut  hunter  with  orders  to  cruise  till  5  p.  ni.  At  the  time  named 
she  returned  with  nothing.  They  reported  having  seen  but  two  seals, 
both  traveling  and  moving  too  quick  to  be  shot.  No  sh'eping  seals 
were  seen  during  the  day.  Between  0  and  8  p.  ni.,  12(1  to  135  miles  off 
St.  Paul,  nunuHous  seals  were  seen — yearlings,  two  yi?ar  olds,  and  full- 
grown  seals;  also  saw  a  large  number  of  "killers"  (Orca). 

.Inly  3()th,  light  southerly  wind  and  overcast.  At  3  a.  m.,  having  run 
up  a  distance  of  200  nules  from  St.  Paul,  ran  south  until  8:20  a.  m., 
when  St.  Paul  bearing  E.  by  N.,  shaped  course  for  it  and  made  fore 
and  aft  sail.  At  10  a.  m.,  moderately  southerly  breeze,  made  all  sail 
.ind  uncoupled  propeller.  Seals  were  seen  at  intervals  during  the  day, 
but  few  sleeping,  the  sea  being  probably  too  r<mgh  for  them  to  sleep 
much.  At  4  p.  m.,  wind  falling  light,  coupled  up  propeller,  sea  going 
down. 

12364 U 


I 


It 

'■    i| 


li   I 


■^  , 


i  <l 


210 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


\ 


July  31,  at  daylight,  lat.  57-07  X.,  lnii;j.  171-MM)  W.,  seals  quite  nil- 
iiierous,  but  uot  slecpiii};.  Sent  ottor  boat  out,  but  Hhe  retunied  at 
broaiil'ast  time  witli  uotliiiiK.  After  bicalvfast  sent  otter  boat  out.  Nat- 
uralist Town.seud  volunteerinjf  to  act  as  hunter  in  place  of  tlu^  Aleut 
hunter,  who  on  account  of  intlaiiiination  of  one  eye  could  not  shoot. 

Also  sent  diiifjfv  with  (luartcrniastcr  to  act  as  liunter. 
exI.m'imT''''''  "'"'    *^'^«1'  }jot  ouc  sVal,  a  thice  ycar-oid  male  (Cat.  No.  2), 

and  a  female  of  tlie  same  a{fe  with  milk  (Cat.  No.  .'i). 
The  latter  was  sleepinff  near  the  vessel  and  was  easily  approached  and 
shot.  Several  shots  were  fired  at  playiii}?  seals  and  a  lew  at  sleepers,  but 
only  the  two  were  taken.  At  1  j).  m.,  after  taking  up  the  boats,  sliajKHl 
a  course  for  St.  Paul  Island.  Wind  modeiate,  thick  fog  shut  down. 
About  4  p.  m.,  lat.  57-07  N.,  long.  171-4t»  W.,  a  three-year-old  male 
seal  which  came  up  near  the  vessel  was  shot  and  killed  (Cat.  No.  4). 
The  three  seals  taken  this  day  were  prepared  for  mounting,  and  the 
nterus  and  udder  of  the  female  i»reaerved  in  alcohol.  The  stomach  of 
No.  2  was  entirely  empty;  that  of  No. .'{  containing  tlu'  bones  of  some 
small  fish.  In  the  stomach  of  No.  4  was  found  only  two  small  shells, 
each  containing  a  tiny  hermit  crab. 

At  7:;{0  ]).  m.,  calm  and  thick,  came  to  with  a  kedge  in  40  fathoms  of 
water  in  order  to  maintain  our  ixtsition  during  the  night.  Found  a 
slight  easterly  current.  August  I  connnen<'cs  with  light  easterly  airs 
and  thick  fog.  At  7:;{0  a.  ni.  h(»ve  up  kedge  and  steamed  in  slowly 
toward  Otter  Island,  which  by  acccmnt  bore  EN K.,  distant  10  miles. 
At  iS:;{0  Otter  island,  by  account  bearing  EN K.  4  miles  distant,  lead 
indicating  that  we  were  somewhat  nearer;  fog  very  dense  with  no  in- 
dication of  clearing,  shajx'd  course  WSW.  and  steamed  ahead.  Saw 
seals  more  or  less  numerous  during  the  day,  but  fog  too  thick  to  attemi)t 
hunting.  Some  came  near  enough  to  shoot  from  the  vessel.  Day  ended 
with  thick  fog. 

August  2  on  WSW.  course.  Toward  morning  fog  thinned  out  a  little. 
At  H  a.  m.,  lat.  50-43  N.,  long.  175-40  W,,  calm  and  overcast.  Seals 
numerous.  Stopped  engine  and  sent  out  boats.  The  otter  boat  in  charge 
of  a  quartermaster,  and  dingy  in  charge  of  Naturalist  Townsend,  wljo 
volunteered  to  go,  the  Aleut  huuter  being  still  troubled  with  an  in- 
Hamed  eye. 
At  meridian  picked  up  boats,  the  dingy  having  two  seals — one  two- 

vear-old  fcnu«le  (Cat.  No.  5)  and  a  three-year-old  male 
examincT'^''*  """'  l^^^^-  No.  0).     Two  Seals  were  shot  and  killed  from  the 

dingy  and  sank  immediately.  The  uterus  of  No.  5  was 
preserved  in  alcohol;  the  stonnich  contained  codfish.  The  stomach  of 
No.  0  contained  fish  scales  and  a  sqxiidbeak.  The  skin  of  each  was 
pre])ared  lor  mounting.  3Ir.  Townsend  in  the  otter  boat  had  suc- 
ceeded in  taking  3  seals,  one  cow  with  milk  (Cat.  No.  7),  a  two-year-old 
male  ^Cat.  No.  8),  and  a  full-grown  male,  probably  five  or  six  years  old 
(Cat.  No.  9).  Four  seals  escaped  after  being  shot  and  w<mnded.  The 
uterus  of  the  cow  (No.  7)  was  preserved  in  alcohol  and  the  skin  of  each 
prepared  for  mounting.  The  stomach  of  No.  7  was  enq)ty.  -^'he 
stomach  of  No,  8  contained  squid  and  that  of  No.  9  squid  and  codfish. 
After  running  to  the  westward  about  two  hours,  Lit.  5(>-45  N.,  long. 
175-58  W.,  the  boats  were  again  sent  out  hunting  and  returned  about 
5:30,  the  dingy  with  one  seal,  a  cow  with  milk  (Cat.  No.  10)  Avith  its 
stonnich  filled  with  codfish  and  squid.  Two  seals  shot  and  killed  from 
Same  subi  t        ^^^'SJ  sauk  immediately.    The  otter  boat  brought  four 

seals,  two  virgin  females  with  empty  stomachs  (Cat. 
11  aud  12),  aud  two  females  with  milk  (Cat,  13  and  14).    The  stomach 


REPORT  OF  ('APT.  HOOPER,  DATED  AUGUST  17,  189'2.   211 


of  No.  I.'l  coiitiiiiUMl  fish  (pollock),  and  tliat  of  Xo.  14  was  empty.  Tlie 
Hkiii  of  rarli  was  ])r(>])artMl  fur  iniMintiiiy.  Aft«'r  takiiif;  up  tliu  boats 
steamed  aliead  S.  by  10.  1-1  K.  until  II. -I."*  p.  m.,  when  a  course  was* 
shaped  N 10.  by  10.  for  St.  Paul  Island,  distant -00  miles.  Numerous 
Meals  were  in  si;;lit  all  day.     Weather  calm  and  <»veicast. 

Aujjust  .'{,  steerinfi'  for  St.  I'aul  Island;  wiinl  liji'ht,  sea  smo(»th;  over- 
cast and  occasional  i'o}f  banks.  Numerous  seals  were  seen  durinji'  the 
morninji  wateli.  At  S-.l'A),  hit.  ;{(i-L".»  X.,  Uma.  I7.'i-;{S  \V.,sent  out  otter 
boat  incharfjo  of  Quartermastei'  l>usse.  Mr.  T(»wnsen(l  voluntetMcd  to 
f(o  in  the  dinyy.  At  11:.'{0  called  boats  alonj-side.  Mr.  Townsend 
broufiht  back  two  seals,  a  foui'  year-old  male  (Cat.  No.  1,"»)  and  a  cow 
with  milk  (Oat.  Xo.  Ki).  the  stomach  of  each  ccnitainin;;'  tisii.  probal)ly 
cod.  Two  shot  from  the  dinjiy  esi-aped  wcmnded.  Tlu^  (»tter  boat 
brou{,'ht  back  one  seal,  a  two-year  old  male  (Cat.  No.  17),  t'ontents  of 
stonuich  not  identified.  At  !>  ]t.  m..  stopjied  enji'ine  for  the  ni^ilit  on  ac- 
count of  fojjf.  August  4th,  thick  lojj  all  (lay.  VVorkin};  toward  thelaiul, 
souudiii};  at  intervals.  Scmndinjis  decreased  from  «iO  to  |."»  fathoms; 
unable  to  make  out  anythiu}''.  Seals  scant  duiiujjf  the  day.  but  more 
plentiful  towards  eveniiiK".  At  <s  j).  m.  "came  to"  in  40  fathoms  of 
water  with  kedjje  and  SO  fathoms  of  hawser.  Calm  and  smooth  sea, 
fog  very  thick. 

Aujj:ustr)th,at3:.'i0  a.m.,  alijrht  XE.  wind  si)ran}j  up  and  thinned  out 
the  toy  a  little.  .Made  St.  Paul  Island,  NW.  <"ape,  beariiij;-  KSIO.  distant 
about  six  miles;  j;ot  under  way  and  steamed  to  anchorage  otf  village. 
Communicated  with  Treasury  agent  in  charge.  At  10  left  for  Cnalaska 
to  coal  up.  At  10:."5(Kstoi)ped  to  communicate  with  th»^  />'»«/<  and  re- 
ceived from  her  our  own  hunter,  who  had  been  sent  back  by  you  from 
Unalaska.  Wind  fresh  NIO.  At  .■{:.'{(>  passed  St.  (leorge  Island;  did  not 
stop.  Ordered  full  sjieed  at  starting  in  order  to  get  to  Unalaska,  coal 
ui>,  and  get  t<t  sea  tlie  following  evening  if  i)ossibIe.  August  Otli,  made 
Cape  <  Mieerful  in  a  fog  about  1 1  a.  m.  and  at  2  p.  m.  ent«Med  the  harbor, 
being  to(t  late  to  coal  and  get  to  sea  the  same  evening.  Went  into  the 
inner  harb(n' and  took  on  board  ships' stores  remaining  in  the  warehouse. 
Found  in  port  the  British  warship  Daphne,  having  incharg*^  the  l>ritish 
sealing  schooner  Mouniahi  Chief,  seized  by  the  Adams  for  sealing  in 
Bering  Sea.  No  IJ.  S.  vessels  were  in  the  i)ort,  being  all  out  cruising. 
The  Adamn  was  seen  steaming  to  the  eastwaril  as  the  Corivhi  entered 
the  harbor.  There  was  also  in  ])ort  the  schooner  Helen,  of  Seattle,  with 
a  party  of  ])rospectors  on  board  bound  for  Cicdovin  Bay,  Nort<m  S(uind, 
and  the  American  shij)  (ilorj/  of  the  Seas  discharging  coal  foi'  the  North 
American  Commercial  Co.,  at  Dutch  llaibor.  August  7th  we  remained  at 
anchor  in  the  inner  harbor  all  day.  Made  ollicial  visits  to  the  Daphne 
and  later  to  the  U.  S.  S.  Mohican,  which  arrived  from  a  cruise  about 
midday. 

August  Stli  left  the  inner  harbor  at  5:.30  a.  m.  and  steamed  to  Dutch 
Harbor  and  hauled  alongside  the  wharf  and  filled  our  bunkers  from  the 
c«tal  pile  on  shore,  also  tilled  tanks  with  fresh  water.  At  4  p.  m.  all 
ready  for  sea,  but  on  account  of  strong  westerly  gale  which  was  blow- 
ing we  did  not  sail  until  the  following  morning. 

August  0th,  the  wind  having  moderated,  we  left  the  wharf  at  Dutch 
Ilarbiu-  and  steamed  to  sea.  At  (5:30  passed  Wislow,  steered  west,  and 
continued  on  that  course  till  4  ]).  m.,  when  the  course  was  changed  to 
northwest.  Seals  scant  during  the  day;  towards  evciung  they  ap- 
peared a  little  more  numerous,  some  asleep  in  the  water  and  some  rest- 
uig  upon  a  rait  of  drift  kelp. 


I 
I 


'I 


'  4 


ii'  I 


01  •> 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


t    i  ■■ 


I!"  ,: 


Aii;iust  10  coiiniKMH'os  witli  liylit   airs  and   f'ofjs;  soa  mo(l(>ratiiij?| 

<liii'iii;;'  tlu*  iiioniiii<;  watcli  t\n\{v,  a  iimnlM>r  of  seals  were  soeii,  mostly 

tiavt'liiij;'  and  playin;*,     Al  S  a.  in.  sliapi'd  coius*'  r«»r  St.  Taul.     At  S:  ir», 

lat.  oli^li  N.,  Ion;;.  170  \{)  \V.  sccin;:'  sliTpin;;  seals,  stopped  and  sent  out 

otter  Itoat  iind  din;;v.     At  1 1  j)i('ked  up  boats  with  lour 

.xuminnr"''*'''    "'"'     '*«''>'^  '•'  <'<f<''"    '""'f    ""'I    •'"«'    •^•'!''   '"   ••i'>JJ:.Vi  i>"    H'llialeS 

with  niilU  (Ca  .  Nos.  is  to  L'L',  inelusive).  Nos.  IS,  10, 
and  '21  each  had  its  stimiaeh  tilled  with  eodlish:  the  contents  of  stomach 
of  No.  lili  consisted  of  lisli  Itones  only.  The  uterus  of  each  was  saved 
in  alcohol  and  the  skin  pre|)ai'eil  for  nntuiitin;;.  At  1  p.  ni.  arrived  at 
St.  Paul  and  ciune  to  anchor  oil'  the  villa;;'e  cove  (SW.  side).  Coni- 
mnnicated  with  Special  A;>ent  tl.  Stanley-lliinvn.  I  found  the  breed- 
in;;'  rook«'ries  tliinnintj:  out  very  r.ipidly,  th«'  fenndes  beiu;;  away  in 
search  of  food.  At  l:.'>0  the  IJritish  steamer  Mrlpnmvue  arrived  fr(tm  a 
cruise  and  landed  the  iJritish  Coinmissioiu'r  Macoun.  At  ."c.'lO  ;;ot 
under  way  ami  steamed  up  alon;ifside  the  west  side  of  the  islaml.  At 
0:;50,  two  miles  of  NW.  cape,  shapo«l  course  WNW.,  took  ii.  all  sail 
ami  ordered  S  kn(»t  speed. 

An^jfust  II,  seals  scat  terin;;' during  the  forenoon.  At  meridian,  beiii;; 
about  l.">(»  miles  WNW.  of  St.  Paul  Island  and  but  two  seals  having; 
been  s<»eu  since  0:4.~»  a.  m.,  it  was  thoiiyhl  that  we  w<'ro  beyctnd  tho 
limit  of  seals  in  this  <lirection.  (yhan;:'ed  course  to  NIC.  by  X.  At  li  p. 
ui.,  seals  appealing;  more  nunuTous.  stopped  and  lowered  the  boats. 

Sent  the  hunter  out  in  the  (»tter  boat,  and  Quarter- 
ex^miBo.r"*''''*  '""'  master  P.usse  in  the  din^-y.     At  \  p.  m.  called  boats 

alon^iside;  ea«'h  had  taken  two  seals,  all  fenmles 
with  milk  (Cat.  I'.J  to  L'O,  inclusive).  The  stonmchs  of  L»;{,  I'l, 
and  -.■»  were  lilled  with  codlisli,  the  bones  ot  which  were  saved. 
The  stomach  of  -JO  was  entirely  empty.  One  M<'al  shot  from  tho 
otter  boat  escaped.  The  skin  of  each  was  prepared  for  mountin;;^. 
After  takin;;'  up  the  boats  we  steanu'd  ahead  on  a  WNW.  course,  occa- 
sional seals  l)ein;;'  seen  until  7  p.  m.,  after  which  we  saw  no  m(»re.  At 
10:."»0  p.  m.,  bein;;'  -Ot)  miles  from  St.  Paul,  and  no  seals  havin;;  been 
seen  for  several  h<»urs,  and  believin;i:  ourselves  to  bo  bej'ond  the  limit 
of  seals  in  this  direction,  shaped  course  NH.  by  N. 

Au;;ust  1-tli  occasional  fo;;-  banks,  wiml  li;;ht  and  sea  smooth.  At 
r»:.')0,  St.  Paul  beiii;;-  southeast  distant  200  miles,  shaped  coui'sc  for  it; 
seals  scarce  durin;''  the  day.  At  4  p.  m.,  lat.  .j8-.'{5  N.,  Ion;;.  172-05  W., 
having  seen  a  few  sleei)ers,  sent  the  boat  out.     At  "):;{()  called  the  boats 

alon;>side.     The  otter  boat  had  one  seal,  a  cow  with 

milk  (Cat.  Xo.  28),  tliestouiach  containin;;a  snmll  (pian- 
tity  of  iisli  nearly  di;;-ested.  Tlu^  diny;y  had  taken  nothin;'',  but  Just  as 
the  boats  were  bein;;'  hoisted  a  seal  put  his  head  out  of  the  water  near 
the  vessel  and  was  shot  and  se(!ured.  This  proved  to  be  a  three  or  four 
year  old  male  (C;it.  No.  27)  with  its  stomach  empty.  Both  skins  were 
prei>ared  f«»r  mountin;''.  After  takin;;'  uj)  the  boats  t  course  was  shaped 
for  St.  Taul  Island.  At  S  p.  ni.  ordered  0-knot  specc'  for  the  ni;;ht; 
wind  moderated  and  sea  smooth.  Au;;ust  18th,  at  r<:30  a.  m.,  lat.  r»7-.'{2 
N.  long.  170-45  W.  stopped  engine  aiul  sent  out  h,ats  for  an  hour. 
The  dingy  got  oiu'  seal,  a  female  with  nnlk,  and  rl>.*,  otter  boat  !n)ne. 
Seals  were  nuuu'rous,  but  the  weather  was  so  calm  and  the  sea  so  smooth 
that  it  was  impossible  to  get  near  them;  on  account  of  long  continued 
mild  weather  they  were  sleei)ing  very  lightly. 

A  til  a.m.  arrived  andcametoanchor  at  Northeast  Point  St.  Paul  Island. 
A  seal  which  came  up  near  the  vessel  was  shot  and  proved  to  bo  a  three- 


Saiiid  HUl).|r("t. 


nEPORT   OF   OAPT.    ''    ..|'KK     n\rr.D    AT'OrsT    17,  1>*92.        213 

yonroM  iiiali',  with  an  »'iii|tt.v  Mlomadi.  Ilallan  Inmr  liitci  tlic  luinfiir 
i-aiiH'  ill  iiiul  aiiclioird  near:"  sent  tlu'  Imiitrr  nut  in  tlic  otlri'  hoat  with 
iiistiiictiniis  to  nil)  olV  1<>  mih's  in  a  iioi  llu-ily  dinu'tioii  iiu(l  kill  u  ti'w 
seals  lor  oxaiiiinalioii.  iMiiiii;;  the  alt <'i  noon,  in  rompaiiy  with  Captain 
Nifhols.ol'lh«'/i''n///rr,aii(i  Mr.  rowiist'iui,iiatiiiaiist.aii(l.>nl  LiciiLJohii- 
8toii,oltherf)r<r»H,  I  w«'iit  on  sh  »ro  to  fxaiiiini'  tin- lookrry  at  Northeast 
I'oiiit,  Wc  IouikI  tlic  lookcrirs  iiihaltited  laiytly  hy 
pups  auil  oue  and  two  yeaicdd  seals,  (h.  nuoiu-  ^..ws  ,..^i',i;\\j,K,;:'"'''''''"''' 
Iteiuj;  away  IVoui  the  island  seaicliim;  lot  food, ami  many 
of  the  (dd  seals  haviii;;  <'haii;;-ed  iVoni  tin  ro<k\  jiroundsof  the  hreedin;; 
rookeries  to  the  sandy  hearhes  in  the  vicinity;  many  pups  were  play 
in;;  in  the  watei,  sinne  swiminin;;- a  short  distanee  away  from  llie  slnne, 
an<l  others  renndnin;;  near  the  roiks  as  il  aiVaid  to  venture  too  far 
away.  Alth(Mi;;h  paits  of  the  hreedin;;'  rookeries  were  deseited  at  this 
tiiiu',  the  spare  oreupied  l»y  tln'm  when  all  weie  present  i>  well  (U'lliied 
and, compared  with  the  spaces  lormerly  occupied  hy  them,  the  lindts  of 
whi«di  are  still  easily  delhied, shows  the  ;;reat  decroase  that  Inus  taken 
place  in  their  nnndn'rs. 

At  4  p.  ni.  the  otter  hoat  returned  with  seven  seals. 

The  nine  seals  taken  this  day  were  ninuheicd  as  follows:  Xo.  L'!)  and 
;{.">,  yonn;;-  males;  .SO,  ;5l,and  ;{;>,  vir;;in  i-ows;  .TJ,  ,11,  ami  lUi,  nursin;; 
c(»ws;  ;J7,  old  male,  'i'he  stonnndi  of  each  was  emjjty,  except  No.  .'>."•, 
whitdi  c^tntained  a  few  snnvll  stones.  'I'he  t>kins  were  prepared  for 
mounting;  for  nniseum  specinn>ihn 

The  hunter  rejjorted  seeing;'  the  earcass  ("tf  an  old  hull  with  a  hullet 
Inde  in  his  head,  lloatin;;in  the  water,  probably  shot  by  a  whaler,  as  it 
is  not  believed  that  there  are  any  sealers  in  the  sea.  About  't  p.  m.  ^^ot 
under  way  ami  steamed  around  to  the  amhora^ic  olV  the  villa;;e  S\V. 
side;  on  the  followin;«;  •nornin;'',  Au^'iist  1  Itli,  rcH-eived  on  board  Special 
Anient  .1.  Stanley- IW'own  ami  his  assistant,  Mr.  ( Chichester,  and  the  res- 
ident priest,  Father  Lesnikolf,  for  tran^portati(Ui  to  Unalaska.  (ieneial 
Anient  Tin^jie,  of  the  Ntuth  Amencm  (lonnnei'cial  (Jo.,canu'.  on  board 
t(n'  transportation  to  St.deor^'e  Island.  (Jot  under  way  IVom  St.  Paul 
at  *.»  a.  in.,  ami  arrived  at  'St.  (ieor;;-e  at  li  p.  in.,  and  remained  three 
hours,  to  enable  S|)ecial  A;;ent  J.  Stanley  l>rowii  to  attend  to  olllcial 
business  im  snore.  At  "»  o'clock  j^nt  under  way  and  steered  south; 
moderate  easterly  wind  and  line  weather. 

An^iust  loth,  steeriii^iin  a  southerly  <lirecti«m  all  day;  saw  numerona 
seals.  At  '>:'M)  p.  iii.  passed  llogaslov.  At  8  p.  in.  stopped  en;,nne  and 
hove  to  for  the  ni^'ht. 

August  H>th,  steamed  ahead  at  .'{:;{(►  a.  m.  At  ~t:',W  a.  in.  entered  and 
came  to  anchor  in  ('hernofski  Harbor;  visited  the  shore.  Special  Agent 
Stanley  l»r<)Wii  t(»ok  allidavitof  the  agent  of  the  Alaska  Comineicial 
Co.  and  tw(»  .\lents  in  reuard  to  pelagic  sealing.  At  8  a.  in.  got  under 
way  and  steamed  to  Unalaska,  arriving  at  li  p.  in. 

The  vessel  will  be  coaled  without  unnecessary  delay  and  proceed  to 
complete  the  work  assigned  to  her.  In  obedience  to  yiuir  ordei-  the 
skins  of  the  seals  t;dven  up  to  date,  with  skulls,  stomach,  contents,  <'tc., 
saved,  have  been  delivered  to  SiuM'ial  Agent  .1.  Stanley-l>rown,  who  w  ill 
forward  them  to  Dr.  C.  Mart  Merriam,  care  IJ.  S.  Kish  Commission, 
Washington,  1).  C. 

1  urn,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  L.    IIOOPKR, 

Captain,  U.  S.  B.  M. 


X 


-^ 


K' 


m 


(      : 


!,5.f]« 


:  ■  o 


214 


OFFICIAL  REPORTS. 


DisTBTfiT  OF  Colttmhia, 

Citi/  nf  Washin<]fon,  us: 

C.  Ij.  II<k»|»(M',  h'Aujx  duly  sworn,  dopoaoa  and  saya: 

I  am  tli(i  pci'soii  who  si;,ni('d  the  tbic'ijoing  docnincnt,  and  I  know  its 
contents  to  be  tint'.  The  doeiinient  is  an  exact  transcript  from  a  por- 
tion of  the  lo};-,  that  is  to  say,  the  ollieial  record  of  the  voyajie  of  the 
revenue  sti'anier  Connii,  excei)t  that  a  few  clerical  errors  appeariu};"  in 
said  ioji  liave  lieen  coriected  and  a  few  abbreviations,  such  as  NVV., 
SVV.,  (S:c.,  written  out  in  full. 

C  L.  IIOOPKB, 

Captain  United  Statcx  Revenue  Marine. 
Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  uie  this  13th  day  of  December,  1892. 


Report  of  Captain  Hooper,  dated  September  6, 18D3. 

Revenue  Marine  Steamer  Corwin, 

September  0,  1892. 
Commnnder  R.  D.  Evans, 

U.  S.  S,  Yorktoicn,  Commanding  U.  S.  Waval  Force  in  Bering  Sea: 

8ui:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  account  of  the  move- 
luents  of  this  vessel  since  the  date  of  my  last  report,  August  17. 

We  comi»leted  coaling  (Ui  the  nu)rning  of  August  10,  having  filled  the 
bunkers,  and  taken  17  tons  on  deck  in  sacks.  Leaving  the  coal  wiiarf 
at  Dutch  Ilarbiu'  we  steamed  into  LTiialaska  iiiiu'r  harbor,  v.here 
Treasury  Agent  J.  Stanley- Hrown,  his  assistant  H.  Chichestoi-,  and 
Naturalist  ('.  II.  Townsend  left  the  vessel  to  take  passage  to  Victoria 
on  the  British  tiansport  Paniihe.  AtL':0(>]).  m.  we  got  under  way  from 
the  inner  hai'bor  and  steanu'd  to  sea.  At.'{:4.">  stopped  to  speak  Ameri- 
can Slii])  America  in  answer  to  a  signal.  The  ship  was  becalmed  and 
the  master  recjuested  that  she  be  towed  further  mit  to  sea.  She  being 
in  a  fairly  good  position  for  a  wind  in  any  direction  and  in  no  danger, 
and  it  being  im])oitant  that  the  Corwin  get  back  to  the  islands  and 
carry  out  the  duty  assigned  her.  this  re(iuest  was  not  coni])lied  with. 
The  following  niaj,iietic  bearings  of  prominent  ]>oints  taken  at  the  time 
show  the  position  <  ^'  the  vessel:  Priest  Rock.  Kalakta  Head  NIC.  x  E 
h  E.  Waterfall,  Cape  Cheerful  SW.  x  W.  i  W.  I'lakta  Head  SSF.. 

Proceeded  cm  cmr  course  for  the  islands.  Half  an  hour  after  a  light 
SW.  wind  sprang  u])  and  as  soon  as  we  opened  out  past  Cape  Cheerful 
a  heavy  westerly  wiml  was  ei'.count«>red. 

On  the2(tth  wiiul  from  NNE.  to  NW.;  weather  overcast  and  at  times 
foggy;  runningforSt.  George  Island;  scattering  seals  were  seen  thnuigh- 
out  tlu'  day  At  4  p.  m.  caught  a  glimpse  of  what  was  sup))osed  to  bo 
land  and  hauled  in  NE.  for  it.  At  4:00  hearing  bieakers,  stopyed  and 
sounded  in  X)  fatlioms;  fog  lifting  a  few  minutes  later  nnule  land  near 
Dalnoi,  and  at  (»:lo  p.  m.  came  to  anchor  o*\'  St.  (Jeorge  village  in  7 
fathoms  of  water,  bio  rough  to  land;  renniined  at  anchor  during  the 
night.  On  the  21st,  at  4  a.  m.  got  under  way  for  St.  Paul  Islainl  and 
arrived  at  9:;30.  Landed  2ud  Lieutenant  D.  J.  Ainsworth  to  act  as 
special  agent,  relieving  Special  Agent  Murray  in  obedience  to  orders 


RKPORT  OF  CA?T.  HOOPER,  DATED  SEPTEMBER  6,  1892.  215 


frfun  tlic  lionorahlo  tlio  SoiTotary  of  the  Treasury,  At  11  a.  m.  pot 
iiiuler  way  and  stood  ottsli(»re  on  a  W.  by  N.  course.  At  2  p.  m.  stopped 
engine  and  made  fore  and  alt  sail.  Sent  otter  boat  and  dingy  out  to 
hunt.  At  ")  p.  m.  caUed  boats  ah)n<;side;  cmih  boat  had  taken  two 
seals,  all  full  prown  fiMuales.  three  nursinf>  cows,  and 

'.       .  ^      T-v       •         ii  •  1  „i    .  i.:      Femalt!  seals  tak<!n. 

one  Virgin  cow.    During  the  evening  seals  were  plenti- 
ful. 

August  22d  lunning  off  on  a  W.  by  K  line;  sea  smooth,  wind  moder- 
ate; but  very  few  seals  seen  during  the  morning.  At  meridian  St.  I'aul 
bore  about  E.  x  S.  190  miles  <listant.  At  1  j).  m.  el'  inged  course  to 
VVSVV.:  at  (5:30  saw  one  seal,  the  only  one  seen  during  the  day,  after  r> 
o'clock  a.  m.,  although  a  careful  lookout  was  kept  at  all  times.  At  S 
]).  m.  St.  Paul  bearing  E.  J  S.  distant  2(10  miles,  changed  course  t<» 
SSW".:  wind  variable  during  the  nig'.it  with  occasional  scjualla. 

August  22d  at  S  a.  m.,  St.  I'aul  bearing  E.  x  X.  ^  distant  30")  miles, 
changed  course  to  SSE.;  wind  westerly,  fresh,  and  weather  squally. 
At  meridian  St.  Paul  bore  ENE.  distant  '.Wit  miles. 

At  10  p.  m.  St.  Paul  bore  NE.  A  distant  285  miles,  shajjcd  course  for 
it.  During  tl  sixteen  (1(>)  hours  of  daylight  this  day  t!'<i  vessel 
steamed  14(»  miles  on  the  track  indicated  on  the  chi\rt  from  lat.  ')~"^  2S' 
N.,  long.  17!)°  13'  W.  to  lat.  55°  18'  K,  long.  1780  30'  W.  without  seeing 
a  seal. 

August  24th,  steering  NE.  J  N.  for  St.  Paul  island,  at  meridian, 
200  miles  distant;  during  the  foreiioim,  weather  fine,  sea  niodciate; 
later  in  the  day,  wind  N\V.  fresh  and  squally,  sea  making  ii]t;  took 
in  light  sails  and  reefed  mainsail;  saw  no  seals  until  3:40  ]».  in.,  then 
only  a  few  scattering  individuals.  During  the  night  wind  hauled  to 
NIC,  speed  fell  down  to  5  knots. 

At«:4r)  a.  m.,  August  2r>lh,  St.  Paul  bore  NE.  .;  distant  about  oO 
miles,  strong  head  wiad,  vessel  making  but  little  headway,  decided  to 
make  a  fair  wind  of  it  and  rur  another  line  offshore. 

Accordingly  changed  course  to  SE.  and  ran  12  miles.  At  7,  St.  Paul 
bearing  NN'E.  }  E.  kept  away  to  SSW.:  \  W.;  made  all  sciuare  sails; 
no  seals  seen  during  the  morning,  running  off  under  all  sail  i)efor«'  the 
wind.  At  4  p.  m.  having  seen  no  seals  during  the  day,  changed  course 
to  east.  At  8  p.m.  hauled  up  toNNE.  and  later  N.  x  E.  i  10.  N'essels 
close  liauled  on  ptu-t  tack  under  fore  and  aft  sail.  Wind  moderated 
during  the  night.  At  daylight  August  2(5,  wind  freshened  with  siiualls, 
and  baroi)ii4er  falling.  At  8  a.  m.  kept  away  for  St.  (ieorge  Ishuid, 
and  about  1  p.  m,  canu'  to  anchor  at  (larden  (.'ove  in  9  fathoms  water, 
starboard  anchor  and  4.1  fathoms  chain.  Later  in  tlie  day  wind  in- 
creased to  a  fresh  gale,  veered  t(>  (5'*  fathoms  on  starboard  chain.  Scat- 
tered seals  were  seen  in  the  morninir  watch  when  about  40  miles  from 
St.  (leorgeand  during  the  forenoon  as  we  approached  the  island,  but 
only  in  limited  numbers. 

We  remained  at  anchor  at  Garden  Cove  during  the  night.  Wind 
blowing  a  fresh  gale  with  occasional  heavy  s(]ualls.  At  daylight  on  the 
morning  of  the  27tii  wind  modeiating  a  little,  barometer  rising,  and 
weather  altogether  showii'g  signs  of  impidvement.  At  11  a.  m.,  the 
gale  having  abated,  we  g(»t  under  way  from  (lanlen  Cove  and  steamed 
around  to  the  village,  but  finding  the  sea  still  too  rough  to  make  a  land- 
ing at  that  place,  kept  on  for  St.  Paul;  arrived  and  came  to  anchor  (»tf 
Village  Cove  at  o  p.  m.;  found  the  Ixii.sli  at  anchor,  she  having  arrived 
tiie  day  previous  from  a  cruise  to  the  eastward. 


h 


,..jI!»I 


I  I 


r} 


216 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


'v    ■ 


Sent  an  officer  on  shore  to  comnumicate  with  Acting  Special  Agent 
Ainswortli,  who  rei)ort(Ml  everj'tiiing  in  a  satisfactory  condition. 

Snnchiy  inoriiinfr,  An};'nst28,  got  nnder  way  at  4:30  a.  ni.,  and  ran  off- 
shore on  a  iSW.  X  N.  line.  Scattering  seals  were  seen  during  the  Tny 
until  towards  evening,  when  thej*  disa]»pt'ared  entirely.  At  8  p.  m. 
changed  course  to  E.  x  N.  ^  N.  At  midnight  St.  Paul  bearing  S.  xE. 
distant  120  niiles,  shaped  course  for  it. 

August  20,  wind  SE.  increasing  to  a  fiesh  gale  with  a  heavy  cross 
sea,  vessel  under  double  reefs,  engine  stopi)ed,  saw  a  whaling  bark  to 
the  northeast,  saw  no  seals  until  S:15  a.  m.  when  70  miles  distant  from 
St.  I'aul,  and  only  scattering  individuals  during  tlie  day;  towards  mid- 
night wind  moderating  and  hauling  to  the  southward. 

August  30,  at  1  a.  m.  steamed  ahead  under  slow-bell  on  account  of 
the  old  SE.  sea,  whicli  has  not  yet  gone  down.  Course  SE.  x  E.  At 
10:30  passed  west  end  of  St.  Paul  inside  of  Otter  Island;  no  flag  up  at 
eithv''!'  anchorage  to  indicate  that  a  landing  could  be  made,  steamed 
ahead  for  St.  George.  At  4  p.  :n.  arrived  and  communicated  with  Spe- 
cial Agent  Lavender.  At  5:30  got  under  way  from  St.  (leorge  and 
shajjeil  ccmrse  for  Unalaska.  Saw  the  Eusli  steaming  in  towards  the 
ancliorage  as  vc  steamed  away  from  the  island.  At  6  p.  m.  passed 
east  end  o*"  rtt.  George,  light  SW.  wind,  sea  smooth,  weather  clear  and 
pleasant;  nmde  all  sail  aiul  ordered  full  s])eed  iu  order,  if  ]»ossible,  to 
readi  Unalaska  before  a  change  iu  the  weather,  the  vessel  having  less 
than  two  days'  steaming  coal  on  board. 

During  the  time  the  (U)nrin  lias  been  engaged  upon  the  unfinished 
,  ,      work  of  the  Albatroas,  carrying  on  investigations  in 

Area  ((pvcTcil   liv  ,    ,  ,        .  ,.  ,'      ,  "^         ,  ,  .,..,.,        ., 

cruise,  invrsii^a  regard  to  ix'lagic  scaling,  she  has  steamed 4,(»23  nules, 
ticiim.  iiow  iinii,(inii.  (.jurying  out,  as  nearly  as  wind  and  weatlier  would 
permit,  the  plan  indicated  in  Department  instructions,  that  of  running 
radial  lines  from  the  seal  islands  corresponding  to  each  i)oint  of  the 
coin|)ass.  These  lints  were  extended  to  a  distance  of  200  miles,  or 
until  no  seals  w«Me  seen.  The  track  of  the  vessel  while  pursuing  these 
investigations,  with  the  positions  in  which  seals  were  taken  or  seen, 
and  all  data  collected  pertaining  thereto,  will  be  found  on  the  accom- 
panying chart  and  tabulated  statcnu'nt.  The  line  run  in  a  west  by 
north  (lirection  was  extended  as  indicated  on  the  chart  in  a  westerly, 
south  Nvesterly,  southerly,  aid  southeasterly  direction,  crossing  the  lat- 
itude of  the  seal  islands  at  a  distance  of  about  300  miles,  and  crossing 
a  line  connecting  the  Pribilof  ami  Commander  gnnips  of  islands  at 
about  the  same  distance  from  the  former  grou]),  nearlv  midwav. 

During  the  run  of  400  miles  from  Lat.  58-^  22'  N,,  Long.  177°  42'  W., 
to  Lat.  ~ht'->  38'  N.,  Long.  174°  23'  \V.,  no  seals  were  «)bserved,  although  a 
careful  lookout  for  them  was  kei>t  at  all  times. 

Numerous  seals  having  been  found  in  these  latitudes  at  a  distance 
of  300  miles,  I  infer  that  the  western  limit  of  the  range 
of  the  Pribilof  herd  of  seals  is  between  two  and  thre(^ 
hundred  miles  from  the  islands  and  that  the  herds 
from  the  Pribilof  and  C»»mman(ler  groui»s  of  islands  do 
e,  but  that  between  the  limits  of  the  farthest  range  of  the 
two  hords  there  is  a  zone  wliich  is  unoccui>ied  by  seals,  excejjt  jjossibly 
a  few  stray  individuals.  Seals  were  taken  at  all  distances  from  the 
islands  when  sea  and  weather  i)ermittcd.  Forty  one 
(41)  in  all  were  taken.  Dividing  that  ])art  of  the  sea 
over  which  the  Corwin  cruised  into  zones  of  10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150  and  200 


Western    limit    of 
Aliiski," 


jngle. 


not  mi)' 


Sealti  taken. 


v< 


I 


REPORT   OP   CAPT.   HOOPER,    DATED   SEPTEMBER  (?,  1892,     217 

miles,  I  find  the  percentage  of  seals  belonging  to  the  difterent  cate- 
gories taken  in  tlie  ditt'ereut  zones  as  follows  : 


lO-niile  zone 

IVrii'iiluge. 
20-iiiili'  /.iiiir 

I'rrcrlitlim' . 
80-tiiil>'  zdiif 

I'crciiita};^. 
BOinile  zdiii' 

I'rrct'iitajte. 
lOOinilc  ZDiie. . . 

IVicciitago. 
150liiiln  ziilii'. .; 

I'prcentafjo  ■ 
200-iiiil«  Zdiu'... 

Peretutago . 


Old 
males. 

1 

UJ 


Yomifj   Niirgiiig  Viidin  [  ~  j^. 
males,      tows.       ia«g.  i    ••"•'■ 


2 

22J 

1 
10 

1 

1011 

1 

50 

1 

50 

60} 

:) 

21 


3 
33J 

8 
80 


1 

50 

1 
50 

1 
33i 

8 
57 


3 
33J 

1 
10 


3 
21 


9 

100 

10 

100 

1 

100 

2 

100 


100 

ioo 
ioo 


m 


'i.' 


Barren  cows  are  omitted  from  tlie  table,  none  having     no  barren  cow« 
been  fonnd  in  licriiig  Sea.  fo\iin\. 

Owing  to  th»^  shortness  of  the  ])eriod  during  which  tlie  investigations 
Lave  been  in  inogress  and  to  an  unfavorable  condition  of  the  weather 
daring  the  latter  i)art  of  it,  strong  winds  i)rcvailing  nearly  ;'l!  <^^»*'  tlio 
time,  only  a  limited  number  of  seals  were  taken  in  S(tme  of  the  zones. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  more  than  50  ])er  cent  of 
all  seals  taken  were  nursing  cows,  and  that  a  large  ])er-   j,,?,'',!','!";,*"*-'®''^'"'"" 
centage  (57  per  cent)  of  nursing  cows  were  taken  ill  the 
20()-mile  zone.    The  distribution  of  seals  in  Bering  Sea  during  the  sum- 
mer ai)i)ears  to  be  deiiendent  upon  the  food  siijiply, 
as  furnislied  by  Jic  surface  squids,  and  while  seals  are  hJu^ ''^"'""'""  °' 
tound  at  certain  lociiifies  i;'  greater  abundance  than 
at  others,  I  do  not  believe  tlieir  i)re.>>oiice  is  constant,  but  varies  from 
time  to  time,  being  controlled  by  the  supply  of  tish. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  tabuliii'-.l  statement  that  in  a  majority  of 
cases  the  food  fonnd  in  the  seal's  stomach  is  codfish. 
Some  of  the  seals  taken  by  us.  in  the  stomach  of  which  *"|^""'  '""•'"'i  i"  atom- 
codfish  was  found,  were  in  sixteen  hundred  fathoms  of 
water  when  taken,  a  de])th,  of  course,  to  which  a  seal  could  not  go.  I 
in A'r,  therefore,  that  codfish, although  a  bottom  fish,  approaches  the  sur- 
face at  times. 

Froiii  my  observations  in  Bering  Sea  at  this  time,      ^,      ... 
and  \.>  the  PaciticOcean  earlier  in  the  seasc.n,  I  am  con-      '^"'"""°°<»- 
viived  that  the  fur-seal  de]>eiids  ehietiy  u]>on  fishes  taken  near  the  sur- 
f  M-;  '/f  the  water  and  scpiid  for  food,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
liells    .id  small  roeks  are  fretpienfly  found  in  the  seal's  stomach.     These 
thiii'--  ,vrefre(iuently  found  in  the  stomach  of  thecodlish,  and  if  is  likely 
til  it  tlay  are  taken  into  the  seal's  stomach  while  eating  eodtisli.     The 
s<'   I.  seen  in  Bering  Sea  at  this  time  of  the  year,  being  chiefly  nursing 
cows,  ;i      exfreuiely  tame,  sleep  a  great  deal,  and  can 
be  readily  approached  within  V..(ioliiig  distance  and      Nursing <<.w3<a8iiy 
air  easily  killed.  '''"'"'• 

The  rapidity  with  which  seals  sink  alter  being  killed  appears  to  de- 
pend upon  their  jihysical  condition — a  fat  seal  floating 
more  than  a  lean  one;  the  supjilyof  air  in  the  lungs  at     ^'"'''°8"*^ «"•••■ 
the  time  of  death,  and  the  i»ositioii  of  the  seal  in  tlie  water  when  killed. 
As  a  rule  the  seals  we  lost  by  sinking  sank  immediately  or  within  a 


;■ 


218 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


;  i 


(■ 


:i      ^ 


No 
taki'ii 


miuute  of  the  time  they  were  hit.    Oui"  total  loss  by  sinking  and  wound- 
ing was  36  per  ceat. 

During  the  period  covered  by  my  investigations  in  Bering  Sea  no 
gravid  cows  have  b«'en  taken  nor  have  any  of  this 
gravid  cows  y^.;^,.'s,  piip.s  been  seen  in  tlie  water,  save  along  the  im- 
mediate shores  of  the  rookeries,  wliere  they  were  learn- 
ing to  swim.     In  this  connection  I  have  to  state  that  in  my  Judgment 
the  origin  of  the  erroneous  impression  tliat  a  mother  seal  ;;ometimes 
ptin'ip  birth  givcs  birth  to  its  young  in  tlie  water  is  due  to  the  fact 

that  the  young  seal  grows  bat  little,  if  any,  from  tiie 
time  it  leaves  the  island  in  the  fall  until  it  appears  off  the  coast  of  Cal- 
ifornia, Oregon,  and  Washington  in  the  spring. 

The  long  journey  from  the  seal  islands  to  the  coast  of  California  and 
northward  to  the  Straits  of  Fuca  (the  location  of  the  origin  of  the  theory 
that  seal  pups  are  born  at  sea)  is  undoubtedly  a  hard  one  for  the  young 
seal,  and  during  the  long  swim  of  over  3,000  miles  he  grows  but  little, 
if  any;  loses  nuich  of  the  baby  fat  that  it  started  witii,  and  arrives  off  the 
coast  of  Washington  and  Vancouver  Island  instead  of  a  round,  fat, 
ratlier  clumsy  looking  animal  with  a  black  coat,  a  slim,  graceful  little 
fellow  of  a  dark-gray  color,  full  of  life  and  activity,ancl  actually  appear- 
ing smaller  and  weighing  less  than  when  it  left  the  seal  islands.  One 
taken  bytheCor^cmoff  Vancouver  Island  in  April  last,  which  appeared  in 
no  wise  different  from  hunlxds  of  others  seen  by  us,  weighed,  as  taken 
from  the  water,  but  14  pou  t 

In  view  of  this,  no  wondei'  .         the  pilots  and  even  the  Indians  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Straits  of  li;. ..  mistook  them  for  newly-born  pups. 
To  these  people,  never  having  seen  the  newly-born  pups,  which  are  not 
found  «m  the  coast  of  California,  Washington,  British  Columbia,  or 
Alaska,  except  u])on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  the  change  in  color  which 
would  at  once  indicate  to  a  person  familiar  with  the  subject  that  they 
were  "last year's imps"wonld  be  tmnoticed.  In  myjndgnient  this  theory, 
which  was  readily  adopted  by  interested  parties,  had  its  origin  in  this 
simple  and  somewhat  natural  mistake  of  a  few  ignorant  i)eoi)le.    I  <1ud  in 
general,  as  one  of  the  results  of  my  in vestigaticms,  that 
e  age  sea  ng.        niore  than  two- thirds  of  the  seals  taken  are  cows  now 
having  young  or  capable  of  bearing  them  at  no  distant  day;  that  it  is 
impossible  to  discriminate  as  to  age  or  sex  of  seals  while  in  the  water, 
except  in  the  case  of  young  pups  and  old  bulls;  that  even  uiuler  the 
most  favorable  conditions  a  large  jjcrcentageis  h)st  by  sinking  or  wouiul- 
ing,  and  that  by  reason  of  the  tameness  of  the  nursing  cows,  which 
form  the  larger  i)art  of  the  seals  seen,  pelagic  hunting  iu  Bering  Sea  is 
peculiarly  destructive  and  unless  stojjped  will  wholly  exterminate  the 
already  greatly  depleted  herds. 
I  do  not  believe  that  it  is  possible  to  indicate  any  zonal  limit  in  Ber- 
ing Sea  beyond  which  pelagic  sealing  could  be  carried 
insirflkk'ut.''"  ^^  '""*  on?  iiixl  i'*^  ^J'G  same  time  preserve  the  seals  from  com- 
plete annihilation.    Further,  I  wish  to  renew  a  state- 
ment contained  in  a  former  report  made  to  the  honorable  Seeretaiy  of 
the  Treasury,  that  uidess  supplemented  with  protec- 
ProtectioninPapific  tiou  in  the  Pacitic  Ocean  no  amonni  of  protection  in 

Bering  Sea  will  preserve  the  herds. 
We  arrived  at  Unahxska  on  the  evening  of  August  31.     Since  leav- 
ing Sap  Francisco  on  March  9  the  Corwin  has  steamed 
16,200'miles,  and  8,713  miles  since  the  date  of  my  re- 
porting for  duty  as  i)artof  the  Bering  Sea  fleet.    Of  this  distance  5,507 


Distance  traversed. 


i    l! 


I 


I 


i 

i 

.13! 

I  luolosuie  No.  1  in  report  of  SeptemlK-r  8, 
STAIKMUNT  OK  8KALH  TAKEN   HY   TIIK   U.    8.    UKVKXUK   STEAMKU   C'OIIWIN    IN   »l 


22  !  5K°  ;tr.'  \.,  i7r)0  42'  w 

2:1  !  5tP  25'  N'.,  170=  .'iii'  W 

24  ■  o.'i'S  20'  \.  IT.'i'J  12'  \V  ... 

25  j  55050'  \,,  1720  2.'i  \Y 

2«  I  56°  :t2'  X..  I()9o  45'  W 

St.  ( rcoij;*'  Id 

58°  5'  N.,  17(10  51'  W 

580  I'  \..  I70O  55  \v 

Diiliioi  IM.  SK..  Oltcrl.,  \V .  S  S 
540  20'  X.,  I«ii0  49'  W 


28 
20 

ai 


0  Overcast. 


« Thick. 


c  (;i('iir. 


N(TrE.— It  is  not  ifitcndofl  tu  iiidiiMti'  li.y  tlii.s  sdit'dulc  tliiit  t1ic:ittcmpt  wns  made,  to  secure  nil 
tlie  conditions  were  lavornl)le  and  ctlort  was  directed  eliietly  to  dctermiuinc  the  range  ot  tlie  seals 


S  Smooth.  L  Light.  M  5 

seals  seen.    Those  obtained  represent  liiit  a  small  percentage 
and  not  to  securing  large  nuuioers. 


I  certify  lliat  all  data  coutaincd  in  this  statement  are  correct  and  true  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief. 

C.  L.  HoupKK, 
loont  m     V  i^m  Captain,  V.  S.  Ji.  if. 

123C4 To  face  page  219. 


<o.  1  in  report  of  Septetnlier  8.  1892.] 
STEAMKK  COltWIN   IN   HKHING  SEA  FROM  .Ifl.Y  24  TO   SKI'TKMUKB   1,    1892. 


Scars  tukt-n. 


0!  S      I      « 

i;  i  a   i   M 
2   i   H  ■ 


> 


if 


1   I 

1 


i....:  1 

I. ..J  1 

I....!  1 

....  1 

i....'  ] 

!....  1 

I....  1 


1 


it 
S 


it 


Lout  liy  sinking. 


Stuniitcli. 


o 


Sliot . 


Siiot. 


Siiot 


Shot 


.i     1 
I 


•I   !:• 

•i !• 


....  (0 


I    5 
!   u 


W 


w 


s 


^  s 

i    1-^ 
*■*■   ■      a       \  Cati^piry. 


Conti'iitH. 


lioiiiarks. 


Took  no  Heula. 


VI  11>.  skill, 
Took  Jio  simI. 


5  ;    2     1  111..    Sliot 


w 

s 
w 


1 ;  2   1  111..  Sliot 


Sliot . 


\v 

Ik 

s 
w 

( 1 


111;  Ini..    Sliot. 


1 , i 

::::::'T':::::":;;;':::::;:::j:::... 

1      1 

1 

!                                   i  

.   ..i 1 



1                         1                     t 

2 

1 

.  .  ,       .  '                        1 

— 

j                    

1 

From  tills  iliitf  all  xUin.i  prepared  for 

iiHiiiiitiii<i. 
+  i  Small flslil)oii<'H(savtMl)    Sa\t'(l  uiiriis  ami  luUltT. 
4-     2  small  slii'lls:  Inriiiit 
I      (^ral)  in  one.  i 

Took  no  seal.-*. 

+  !  Codtlsli ...:  Saved  iitiMMs. 

...    Fisli  scales  and  squid 
I       lii-ak.  j 

...1 Saved  :'terus. 

r      1  scinid 

-f-      (Jo(lli.-li  anil  siiiild 

p     Codtisli  and  si|iiid 


-I-      1   )inllo('k. 


-\-     Fish -»  y*'ars  old ;  sliot  t  wice. 

+      Codlisli Sliot  tv.'ice. 

-)-      Slush,  not  ideiilitied  . .  2  years  old. 
Took  no  seals. 


In  port. 


Took  no  seal>(. 

+  i  Codlisli 1   Uterus  saved. 

+ 


+ 

4- 

4-      Few  pieces  Hsli  . 

I-  1  Cndtisli 

+ 


W 


1    2n]..    Shot  ..    Old  inalu. 


Fish 


-|-      Few  small  stones 


Fish. 


. .  No  seals  taken. 

It  u  .. 

Left  Uualaska  about  1  p.  m. 
Uterus  saved. 


F'^isli 

Fish ;  Uterus  saved.    Signs  of  recent  iniprog 

I  nation. 
\  Took  no  seals. 


[11]  [221,         ;[7| 


I 


Arrived  at   Fnalaska;   season's  work 
tiuislied. 


L  Light. 


M  Mwlernte. 


R  Rough.  H  TTeavy.  "\V  Awnke.  S  Asleep, 

iresent  liiit  a  small  percentage  of  those  that  were  seen  ami  could  have  been  taken.    1  he  exigencies  ot  the  investigations  often  forbade  hunting,  even  when 

C.  L.  Hooper, 
Captain,  U.  -S.  H.  M. 


i^ 


8TATI 


Date. 


I'uHitiun. 


July  ■-•4 
•js 
'J<1 

27 
•JH 
■J!  I 


Wiiitl. 


Lat.  LoiKj. 

Mi    «■  N..  KW  aX'  \V  SSW 

St.  riiiil  l»l. 111(1 '•       .... 

.IIJJ  i'lH'  .\.,  ITil^  5'  \V  I       •'      

SI.  (iciptnc  1(1.,  Ucriiig  S(m '  SSW 

SI.  I'liiil  Island  SxW 

.'■■7    Zi'  S ..  17;)"  18'  \V WSW  . . . 

:<1\H   .\..  I,T.3  tH'  \V '  SSK 

Lilt.  57-7'  \.,  1,<).  1713  40'  \v  Soiitli.... 


Haniu 

57°  0'  N.,  170°  .50'  W 


Aug. 


1  I  57°  1'  N.,  17i«  ;iO'  W  . 

2  I  51I04;)'  N.,  1750  40'  W 
2     Siiiii(( 


Aiitf. 


Aiijj. 


N.,  175°  5H'  W 


nao  38'  \V 


Aug, 
A  ng. 


8 
U 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

Aug.  11 
11 
II 
II 
l-J 
12 
1:1 
i;i 
1:1 
lu 

ID 

lit 
la 
1:1 
i:i 

14 
15 

1« 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 


Aug 


Same 
Suiue 
SaiiiB 
.'>«"  4.'i 
SlIIIK^ 

Siim(5  ... 
iSaiiit!  ... 
Saiiin  . . . 
511°  29'  X 

Samu 

Sams  — 

Near  .St.  I'uiil  iNlaiid.  bd'iiggvd 

.■ili^  :<T  N.,  1711°  8'  W 

(^aiHi  (JIh'ciIuI,  SxK.  I  iiiilo 

UiialHHka 

Saiiii) 

54°  17  N.,  167°  a8'  W 

.">U°  ;)2'  N .,  170°  10'  \v 

Same 

Saiiii' 

Same 

Shiiu» 

58°  58'  N.,  173044'  W 

Same 

Same 

Same 

58°35'N.,  172°  a'  W 

SaiiK^ 

570  32' 

.->7°  22' 

Same 

Same 

Same 

Same 

Same 

Same 

Same 

I  laliioi  I't .,  St. (iedrge,  SxE.  J  E. 8  miles 

5 10  •.'0'  N ..  1118°  .10'  \V 

1,'iilM'  Makimkiii  S.  J  \V.  10  miles 

I'lmlaska 

.Same 

Same 

5l.°  »'  X  ,  lliflo  W 

57°  17    N..  170°  .")8'  W 

Same  

Same 

Slime 


X.,  170°  45'  W  , 
N.,  170°  5'  W  .. 


All".  22     58°  35'  X.,  17.">°  42'  \V 

23  5«o  25'  N..  179°  3li'  W 

24  5.'io  20'  N..  17.')°  12'  W 

j5     55°  .IO'  '    ,  172°  23    \V 

2«  I  580  32'  N..  11*9°  45'  \V 

27  !  St.  licoige  Id 

28  ,58°  5'  X.,  I70O5I'  W 

20     58°  r  X.,  170°  55   W 

30  Uahioi  I't.  SK..  Otter  I.,  W, 

31  I  540  20'  N.,  I6ii°49'  W 


Calm  . 

West  . 
Calm  . 


Went 


Calm  . 
XXE. 
XE... 
W  . . . . 

SSW  . 
SW'lv 
Var... 


North 


NW  .. 

SE.;.' 


SE. 


Var... 
NXW 

sw... 


k  s. 


NNE 

WSW  ....; 

XW 

Xertl'erlv. 
XW  ...... 

We.sl ; 

SSW  i 

SE'Jv    ....I 
Westeilv  .1 

SSW  ..:..: 


2 
2 
3 
1 

1 

U 

2 
U 
0 

0 
0 
0 

0 

u 

0 
0 
0 

1 
1 
1 

0 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 
1-3 

3 
4-6 
1-3 
3-4 

1 

1 

1 

1 


5-6 

3 

4 
5-6 

2 

3 

8 

2 

3 


'epared  lor 


It  improg 


■ 


on's  work 


a 


oOvei-cnst.  fThielt.  /I 

NtirK.— It  is  mil  intended  Id  indicate  by  this  scliediile  that  theatt<vcn  when 
the  conditions  were  favorable  and  ellort  was  directed  cliiclly  to  detenu 

B, 

H.U. 
I  certify  that  all  data  contained  in  tliis  statement  are  correct  and  t 


123G4 To  face  page  219. 


REPORT   OP   CAPT.  HOOPKR,  DATED   SEPTEMBER  6,  1892.     219 

milos  wore  .steamed  in  Rerinj;  Sea,  of  wliicli  4,023  miles  were  steamed 
while  completingf  the  luitiiiishcd  work  of  the  AlhatrnsH. 

I  tniiismit  herewith  a  tracing  of  the  chart,*  showing  the  track  of  the 
vessel  in  Bering  Sea,  with  the  nnmber  of  seals  taken 
and  data  i>ertaining  thereto,  a  tal)\ilated  statement  of      '  ""^ ' 
seals  taken,  and  a  trans('rii)t  of  the  seal  log  since  the  date  of  my  last 
report. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  L.  Hooper, 
Captain,  U.  IS.  li.  M. 

District  of  Colitmria, 

City  of  Washiu(iton,88: 

0.  L.  Hooper,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
1  am  the  person  who  signed  the  foregoing  document,  and  I  know  its 
contents  to  be  true.  The  document  is  an  exact  transcript  from  a  por- 
tion of  the  log,  that  is  to  say,  the  <»lHcial  record  «»f  the  voyage  ()f  the 
revenue  steamer  Corwin,  excei)t  that  a  i'ew  clerical  errors  appearing 
in  said  log  have  been  corrected  aud  a  few  abbreviations,  such  as  NVV., 
SVV.,  etc.,  written  out  in  full. 

C.  L.  Hooper, 
Captain,  United  States  lierennc  Marine. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  13tli  day  of  December,  1S92" 
[seal.]  Sevellon  a.  r.uowN, 

Ifotat'y  I'ublic. 


If    'i  tl 


[Inclogiire  No.  2  in  Capt.  Hooper's  report  of  September  6,  1892.] 

EXTRACT    FROM    THE    SEAL    LOG    OF   THE    U.    S.    REVENUE   STEAMER 
CORVVIN,  FROM  JULY  24  TO  AUGUST  31,  18t)2.t 

Sunday,  July  21. 

4  to  8  a.  m. — G:  45  observed  one  (1)  medium-sized  seal;  7,  saw  one  (1) 
seal. — S.  E.  Magnire,  1st  Lieut. 

8  fl.  m.  to  m. — !>:.'{0,  10:  !.">  and  11 :50  saw  1  seal  each  time;  all  sank 
before  characteristics  could  be  noted. — (J.  E.  Johnston,  3d  liieut. 

M.  to  1  p.  in. — 12:15, 1  iMij);  12:30,2  medium  size;  1:50,  1  medium 
size;  all  playing;  sex  unknown. — J.  H.  Quiinm,  2d  Lieut. 

******* 

6  to  8  p.m. — Saw  2  seals  (ai)i)arently  yearlings)  before  making  St. 
George  Island.  Near  the  rookeries,  seals  numerous  of  all  sizes. — O. 
E.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut. 

Monday,  July  25. 

*•**••• 
4  to  8  a.  m. — Saw  few  scattering  seals  10  to  15  miles  from  St.  Paul; 

lu'ar  the  island  saw  numerous  seals  of  all  kinds. — S.  E.  Maguire,  1st 

Lieut. 
8  a.  m.  to  midnight. — Vessel  anchored  at  St.  Paul  lisland. 


*See  Chart  v  in  portfolio  of  iiinps  and  charts  accompanying  Counter-Case. 
t  For  the  sake  of  brevity  onnssiou  ha.s  been  made  of  all  eutries  btatiuy  that  uo  seals 
were  seen. 


220 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


1;'! 


Tuesday,  July  26. 

M.  to  8  a.  m. — At  anchor  iit  St.  Paul  Island. 

8  a.  m.  to  m. — Saw  .'{  ycarliiiKH  about  live  miles,  and  3  tliroo-voar  olds 
about  S  miles  from  tile  islaiul  of  Sf.  Paul  (S.  H.  of  it).— I).', I,  Ains- 
wortli,  -d  Lieut. 

M.  to  I  j).)n. — 1  and  1 :  10,  saw  1  medium-sized  seal;  both  di -appeared; 
Heals  numerous  near  St.  (ieor;;c. — ().  I'].  .loliiist(»ii,  3d  Lieut. 

■1 2).  m,  to  m. — At  anchor,  St.  (Jeorfic  Islanil. 

Wcdiicsdoy,  July  27, 
At  anchor,  St.  George  Lsland. 

Thursday,  July  28. 

m  *  «  *  •  •  • 

4  to  8  a.  m. — 5:.'i0,  saw  1  seal,  lar<jo;  5:45,  2  s<'als,  small;  Ct  to  7,  saw  8 
seals  of  various  sizes;  7  :.'>(>,  li  seals;  7 :40,  3  seals;  7 :55,  4  seals. — S.  E. 
Maftuire,  1st  Lieut. 

8  a.  m.  to  m. — Saw  but  few  seals. — J.  H.  (^>;  inan,  2d  Lieut. 

M.  to  8  j).  m. — At  anchor,  St.  Taul;  S  p.  m.  to  m.  no  seals  seen  except 
near  St.  I'aul  Island. — I).  .J.  Ainsworth,LM  Lieut. 

Friday,  July  29. 

4  to  8  a.m. — 4:.'U>,  sawl  seal,  medium;  (>:()(),  saw  1  seal,  small;  7:04, 
saw  2  seals,  medium. — S.  E.  Ma;iiiire,  1st  Lieut. 

8  a,  m.  to  m. — !):r)0,  saw  1  medium  sized  seal. — D.  J.  Ainsworth,  2d 
liient. 

M.  to  1  p.  m. — 12:40,  saw  1  medium-sized  seal. — C.  E.  Johnston,  3d 
Lieut. 

4  to  a  p.  m. — 1:20,  saw  1  small  seal,  jumpiufj;  5: 15  din{>y  returned; 
did  not  yet  a  shot;  saw  only  2,  1  small,  1  larjic;  both  awake.  5: 4(>,  saw 
1  medium  sized,  Jumpiu}?. — J.  II.  (;}uinan,  2(1  Lieut. 

(I  to  8  p.  III. — Saw  numerous  seals  of  ditlerent  sizes,  jumping. — 1).  J. 
Ainsworth,  2d  Lieut. 

•  •        '      •  «  •  •  • 


Saturday,  July  30. 

•  ••*••• 

8  a.m.  to  m, — Between  8 :  45  and  0 :  15  saw  8  medium-sized  seals.  Saw 
another  at  11:30. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3d  Lieut. 

.1/.  to  !  p.  ni. — 12:30,  saw  3  seals  asleep;  3:08,  saw  1  big  seal  asleep; 
3:30,  saw  1  big  seal  asleep;  4,  saw  1  big  seal  asleep. — J.  H.  Quinan, 
2d  Lieut. 

'/  to  dp.  m. — 1:05,  saw  I  seal  asleej);  4:40,  saw  1  seal  aslecj);  5:00, 
saw  1  seal  Jumping;  5:40,  saw  3  seals  jumping;  all  medium  size.— D.  J. 
Ainsworth,  2d  Lieut. 

6'  to  8  p.  III. — 0  o'clock,  saw  2  medium-sized  seals;  7,  saw  another. — 
C.  E.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 


REPOUT    OF    CAI'T.   IIOOPKI,',   DATKD    SKI' rKMISKll   fi,  1892.     221 

Sundai/,  JuUj  31,  ]S93. 

M.  to  I  n,  >«. — 3:. 'JO,  saw  1  incdiuin  sized  seal  and  3:1")  aiiotlicr;  both 
juiiii'iiiK. — !>•  •'•  Aiiiswoitli,  I'd  liinit. 

/  tos  a.  in. — 4:  10,  saw  3  seals;  I  t<»  I:  l/i,  saw  about  10  st-als;  4:20, 
stopped  ship;  I:. 10,  sent  out  sealiii;;'  boat  (AO  miles  west  of  St.  Paul); 
r»:  1(>,  saw  3  seals;  5:  30,  saw  2  seals;  (i:  lo.saw  I  seal ;  0:  30,  saw  L'seals; 
7:00,  saw  2  seals;  7:ir»,  saw  1  seal.  Apparently  of  all  sizes;  none 
aslee]). — S,  E.  Ma^iuire,  1st  Lieut. 

S  II.  m.  to  M. — NunieiouH  seals  of  all  sizes,  asleep  and  awake,  ob- 
seived. — fl.  II.  (4)uinaii,  2d  liieut. 

M.  to  I  p.  >n. — 12:40,  shot  and  secured  two  (2)  seals,  1  male  and  1 
female,  both  3  yoars  (tid;  1 :  10  lired  at  and  missed  medium-sized  seal, 
1:1.1  saw  1  seal;  1:2."»,  saw!  seal;  1  :.?.")  to  2:00,  saw  7  seals  (1  laiji'o 
and  0  medium).  2:ir>,  saw3  small  seals;  2:40  saw  two  small  seals; 
3:40  to  4:00,  saw  H  seals,  di fVe rent  sizes,  Junii)inf''. — 1).  -I.  Ainswortli, 
2d  Lieut. 

4  to  (1  p.  VI. — Saw  numerous  seals  of  various  sizes.  4  :40,  shot  and 
killed  one  younji'  male,  about  2  years  old;  w(»unde(l  two  more  that 
eseai)ed. — C  10.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut, 

(J  to  ti  p.  m. — Numerous  seals  observed. — J.  Il.Ciuinan,  2d  Liout. 
•  •  *  *  *  •  • 


Mondmj,  Avg,  1. 

M.  to  ■/. — Saw  3  medium  sized  seals  playing  in  vieinity  of  vessel. — C 
E.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut. 

4  to  s  a.m. — Counted  10  seals  in  sij^ht  during  the  watch;  vaiioua 
sizes;  none  asleep. — S.  E.  ^Magnire,  1st  Lieut. 

.s  (I.  m.  to  m. — 10:00  saw  one  seal,  small;  10:25  saw  3  seal,  small; 
11 :  00,  saw  4  seals,  medium ;  11 :  40,  saw  1  seal,  medium.  All  these  seals 
were  jumping. — 1).  J.  Ainswortli,  2d  Lieut. 

M.  to  4  p.  m. — 1:00,  saw  1  medium-sized,  playing. — C  E.  Johnston,  3d 
Lieut. 

/  to  6  p.  m. — 4:4.1,  saw  1  medium-sized  seal,  jumping. — J.  JI.  (^uinan, 
2d  Lieut. 

I)  to  <s'  p.  m. — (» :  3.1,  saw2,  and  7 :  30, 1  medium-sized  seals,  jumping. — D. 
J.  Ainswortli,  2d  Lieut. 

•  *  •  •  •  '  •  • 

Tuesday,  Aug.  2, 

MidnUjht  to  4  a.  m. — Saw  one  medium  at  3:4.1,  and  at  4:00  one  large 
and  2  small  seals,  all  jum]»ing. — J.  II.  (v)uiiiaii,  2d  Lieut. 

4  to  8  a.  m. — From  4  to  7  o'eloek  saw  two  pups,  12  medium  sized  seals, 
and  3  snnill  ones;  some  jumping,  others  jtlaying  and  "tiiiniiig.''  7  to 
8,  saw  about  a  doz.  seals  of  various  sizes;  7:0.5,  stoi)i)ed  engine;  7:4.1 
sent  out  otter  boat. — S.  E.  Maguire,  1st  Lieut. 

8  a.  m.  to  III. — No  headway.  Two  boats  out  hunting;  saw  iw-ive 
seals,  mostly  asleep. — C.  E.  Johnston,  3(1  Lieut. 

M.  to  4  p.  m. — Saw  a  doz.  seals  of  all  sizes,  i)laying  and  asleep;  boats 
returned  with  .1  seals  at  4  j).  m. — J.  II.  (^uinaii,  2d  Lieut. 

4  to  a  p.m. — lioats  returned  with  5  seals  (cows).  5:  ,30,  saw  2  seals; 
could  not  distinguish  characteristics. — I).  J.  Ainswortli,  2d  Lieut. 

0  to  8  p.  m. — At  (5: 45  saw  2  medium-sized  seals  awake,  and  one  large 
one  asleep;  7:00,  2  awake,  medium  size. — (J.  E.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut. 

.:.  •  •  •  •  •  '        •  • 


4 


■J22  ori'iriAt.  hkports. 

Wcdncsdaij,  A  in/.  .?, 

Miihiifiht  to  /  a.m. — Saw  two  iiu'*liiiin-si/.o(l  seals awako. — D..T.  Ains- 
wortli,  lid  liit'ut. 

/  to  s  a.  m. — I  to  "»,  saw  10  seals  of  various  sizes;  some  a|>]>eare(I  to 
he  small  pups.  r»:l.">,  saw  about  a  doz.  seals  of  various  sizes  jumpinj;' 
and  swimming  about.  r»:L'0,  saw  1  seal  sle(>pin;;  atid  .'t  juiupin;;,  Tf.'M) 
to  7,  saw  Hi  seals,  5  of  tliem  asle«'p.  7  to  S.  saw  numerous  seals  of  jill 
sizes. — S.  10.  Majiuire,  1st  Lieut. 

N  (t.  HI.  (o  M. — First  part  ()f  wateli  saw  iinnH'rous  seals  of  all  kinds 
junipiny'  and  pia.viii}^  and  oecasionall.v  one  asleep.  Last  part  of  wateli 
seals  less  i)!eiitiful  and  none  were  asleep.  Sealin;;-  boats  brou;,'lit  in  two 
<'owsand  »Mie  youn^f  male. — .1.  11.  <4)uinan,  I'd  Lieut. 

M.  fit  I  p.  m. — 1,  saw  one  medium  sized  seal.  l:I"»,  saw  1  medium- 
sized  seal,     lloth  awake. — I).  J.  Ainswortli,  -d  Lieut. 

•  **•••• 

II  to  s  p.  m. — Saw  I  seals,  U  nu>dium  and  2  pups,  jumping. — J.  IT. 
Quinan,  2d  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 


,;<**■' 


'  m 


Til  Ursula  If,  Aiifi.  I. 

Miilniijht  to  fa,  in. — 3:50,  saw  2  medium  sized  and  1  small  .seals  jump- 
in;;  out  of  water. — C.  10.  .lolinston,  .5(1  Lieut. 

/  to  s  II.  1)1. — Saw  IS  seals  of  all  sizes  diving  and  jumping;   none 
asleep. — S.  10.  Maguiie,  1st  Lieut. 

N  <i.  III.  to  M. — Saw  8  seals  of  different  sizes  during  wateli,  junii>ing. — 
1).  .1.  Ainswortli,  L'd  Lieut. 

.1/.  to  I  p.  III. — Xo  change  in  position.     Saw  2  large,  2  medium,  and 
one  small  seals,  playing. — O.  10.  .lolinston,  .{d  Lieut. 

/  to  li  p.  III. — Saw  a  great  many  seals  of  all  sizes  playing. — J.  II. 
Qui  nan,  2d  Lieut. 

/;  to  s  p.  III. — Saw  11  seals  of  different  sizes,  jumping. — D.  J.  Ains- 
wortli, 2d  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 


!(i; 


I  ■ 


Fi'ldaif,  Aiifl.  5. 

Midnight  to  i  a.  m. — Observed  2  large  seals  jilaying. — J.  FI.  Quinan, 
2.1  Lieut. 

/  to  S  a.  m. — Near  St.  Paul  Island.  Saw  numerous  seals  of  all  sizes, 
probably  100.— S.  E.  Maguire,  1st  Lieut. 

cS'  (I.  in.  to  ][. — Saw  no  seals  outside  the  immediate  vicinity  of  St.  Paul 
Island. — C  10.  .lolinston,  .'»d  Lieut. 

.1/.  to  i  p.  m. — Saw  4  seals  different  sizes,  playing. — -J.  II.  (Juinan,  2d 
Lieut. 

/  to  6  p.  m. — 1:40,  saw  one  medium-sized  seal;  5,  saw  one  small  seal; 
both  jumping. — 1).  .1.  Ainswortli,  2d  Lieut. 

U  to  8  p.  m. — Saw  one  sleeper  at  7  p.  m. — 0.  E.  Johnston,  3d  Lieut. 


Saturday,  August  6. 


H 


4  to  8  a.  m. — At  5:00,  saw  2  seals;  6:15, 1  seal  in  a  kelp  patch;  7:00, 
I  seal;  all  medium  size. — S.  B.  Maguire,  1st  Lieut. 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 


IF.rORT   OF   CAl'T.  HOOI'KIJ,  DATHl)    SKI' IKMUKU   0,  1893.     223 


Auquxt  7  to  9. 


•  •  • 
At  Uiialasliii,  Alaska. 

•  •  • 


Tucsihiif,  Aii>jUHt !), 


M to  I  p.  m. — 1  :.'{(>,  saw  '2  larjjji^  seals  asleep.  .'?:()."»,  siiw  I  small  seal 
aslee|t.     .'{:.■»*),  1  small  snil  iisleep. — 1>.  ,1,  Aiiiswortli,  Lid  Lieiif. 

/  to  ti  fhiii. — "»:.'{(»,  saw  1  metliiim  ami  1  lai'iic  se;il  asleep.  »1:(K>,  L*  larj;(i 
sleepers. — (.'.  K.  .I(»liiistoii,  .id  Lieut. 

li  to  s  p,  ni. — <•:().■»,  saw  1  medium  sized  seal  on  hiiiu'li  of  kelp.  (»:L'(», 
',\  sleepers.  «!:.")(»,  L'  sleepers,  t<K»  Ciir  idV  to  tell  size.  7: 10.  one  laiye 
sleeper.  7:.'5(>  1  small  seal,  i»layin}i'.  7:.">(>,  cme  U  year  old,  [dayiuj^. 
7:1*),  one  2ycar  old,  playinj,'. — .1.  II.  <^>ninan,  L'd  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 


Wcdnisdiiif,  A  ug.  10. 

•  •*•••• 

./  to  S  a.  m. — Saw  (J  small  seals,  5  medium,  and  2  lar^^e  ones;  some 
playing',  others  sleepinj^;  or  traveling;. — S.  1^  May:-Mre.  1st  Lieut. 

s  a,  HI.  to  M. — S:l."),  saw  1  nu'dium  sized  seal  swiinmin<;;  S:.'i(l,  saw  1 
medium-sized  seal  swimming;  f<::]r>,  saw  .'5  medium  sized  seals  sleejiin}!;; 
S:IO,  saw  I  medium-sized  seal  slee|tinji;  Id:  10.  saw  .'»  medium  sized  seals 
swimmiufj.  Two  boats  sent  out;  returned  with  '>  medium  sized  e(»ws. — 
J).  .1.  Ainsworth,  I'd  I.i(  ut. 

.1/.  to  i  p.  »i.  — Saw  .'{  m«'dium,  'J  small,  and  one  larj^e  seals,  jumpiufj. 
Near  St.  I'aul  island,  seals  nuuu'rous. — C.  ]•].  -lolinston,  .'?d  Lieut. 

■}  to  dp.  m. — Seals  nunu'rous. — ,L  IL  (i)uiuan,  I'd  Lieut. 

a  toS p.  m, — fl :.')(),  about  (ive  unlestVom  St.  Paul,  saw  .">  seals,  one  larfje, 
.'^medium, one suudlidisportiu",';  7:l'>,.saw.j  ol'dillerent  sizesjumping. — 
1).  J.  Ainsworth,  2d  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 


'i\ 


At 
1 1*1 


Thursdny,  August  11. 

■/  toS  a.  m. — Sa w  4  medium,  T)  small,  and  one  iarjife  seals,  alljumpingr. — 
S.  K.  Majiuire,  1st  Lieut. 

Ha.m.to  M. — Saw  8  medium-sized  seals  leaping  out  of  water;  seals 
seatteriug  and  wild. — C  It). -lohnstcui.  .5(1  liieut. 

^f.  to  i  p.  »i. — Saw  lo  medium  and  one  large  seals.  One  tinning,  5 
asleej),  aiul  rest.jumi)ing. — J.  il.  (^>uinan,  2d  Lieut. 

•/  to  (I  p.  m. — IJoats  brought  in  4  female  seals.  4:25,  saw  2  small  seals 
jumping.  4:40,  saw  2  nuMlium  seals  jumping.  4:45,  saw  5  various 
seals  jumping.  5:15,  saw  3  large  and  2  small  seals,  jumping.  5:45,  saw 
2  medium  seals,  playing. — 1).  .1.  Ainsworth.  2d  Lieut. 

6"  to  S p.  m. — From  (» to  7,  saw  7  medium,  one  huge,  and  one  small  seals, 
playing.    Saw  none  last  hour. — C.  E.  Johnston,  iid  Lieut. 

•  •  w  •  •  •  • 


T?" 


224 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


Friilay,  Aug.  13. 


8  a.  m.  to  M. — 11 :00,  saw  2  medium-sized  seals,  Jumping.  10:20,  one 
medium  sized,  playing. — J.  H.  Quinau,  2d  Lieut. 

M  to  4  p.  m. — Saw  one  small  and  15  medium  sized  seals,  on«  asleep 
and  rest,jumi»ing  or  swimming  about. — D.  -F.  Ainswortii,  2d  Lieut. 

I  t(t  dp.  in. — Saw  one  small  and  2  large  seals,  Jumpinj'.  Boats 
brought  in  one  male  and  one  female. — C  E.  .lolinston,  3d  Lieut. 

G  to  8  p.  m. — 6:20,  saw  one  medium,  oiui  large,  and  oiie  small  seal, 
](laying  and  jumping.  0:5."),  one  large,  playnig,  two  2-year  olds,  leap- 
ing. 7  :.'iO,one  medium,  playing.  7  :i5, 2  medium,  playing. — .L  H.Quinan, 
2<l  Lieut. 

S  p.  ))i.  to  midnight. — 10:00,  saw  two  seals.  10:55,  three  seals.  Could 
uot  distinguish  characteristies. — I).  .1.  Ainsworth,  2d  Lieut. 

/Saturday,  Aug.  13. 


■I  ^'i  F 


M; 


4  to  8  a.  m. — Saw  21  medium,  14  small,  and  4  large  seals.  Some 
jumi)ing  and  playing,  others  asleep.  Sent  out  boats.  Dingy  brought 
in  one  male. — S.  K.  Maguire,  1st  lient. 

8  a.  m.  to  m. — fS:."),  saw  one  slcepei;  tired  at  and  missed  him.  8:10  to 
8:20,  saw  5  medium  jumping.  f^:3'>  to  S:45,  (J  nu'dium  jumping.  8:58, 
one  s]eei»er.  Shot  iiiul  secured  one  seal  at  anchorage. — D.  J.  Ainsworth, 
2d  lieut. 

M.  to  1  p.  m. — Seals  numerous  about  the  vessel;  all  sizes. — C.  E. 
Johnston,  3d  lieut. 

/  to  I)  p.  m. — 4:20,  Hunter  returned  witii  (i  female  and  one  male  seals, 
shot  frotn  6  io  10  miles  ott'  X.E.  Point.  St.  Paul.  Numerous  steals  around 
vessel  while  at  anchor;  very  few  seen  on  nortii  side  of  St.  Paul  while 
under  way. — .1.  IL  (Juinan,  2d  lieut. 

(I  to  8:00 p.  m. — Seals  numerous — I).  .1.  Ainsworth,  2d  lieut. 

8  p.  m.  to  midnight. — Seals  numerous.  At  anchor,  St.  Patil  Island. — 
0.  E.  Johnston,  3d  lieut. 

Sunday,  Aw//.  14. 

Midniqhtto  4  a.m. — No  seals  playing  around  ship. — J.  H.  Quinan, 
2d  lieut". 

4  to  8  a.  m. — Seals  numennis. — S.  E.  Magnire,  1st  lieut. 

8  a.  m.  to  m. — St.  Paul  to  St.  (Jeorgf.  Saw  no  seals  outside  of  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  island. — C.  E.  .lohnstoii.  M  lieut. 

,1/.  to  i  p.  m. — Saw  only  a  few  seals  and  tiiase  close  to  the  island. — 
J.  H.  Quinan,  2d  lieut. 

■/  tod  p.  m. — Saw  only  few  seals;  none  far  from  'sland. — D.  .1.  Ains- 
worth, 2d  lieut. 


Monday,  Aug.  15. 

•  •  •  *  *  •  • 

4  to  8  a.  m. — Saw  one  sleeper  and 2  medium  sized  seals  awjike. — S.  E. 
Maguire,  1st  lieut. 

8  a.  m.  to  in. — Saw  5  medium,  4  large,  and  9  small  seals,  mostly 
asleep. — J.  H.  Qaiuau,  2d  lieut. 


REPORT   OF    CAPT.  HOOPER,  DATED    SEPTEMBER    6,  1892.      225 

Jl/.  to  i  p.  m. — 2:10,  saw  one  small  seal  jumping. — D.  J.  Ainsworth, 

2(1  lieut. 

«  *  •  •  •  *  • 

S  p.  m.  to  midnight. — No  seals  seen. — D.  J.  Aiuswortk,  2d  lieut. 

Tuesday,  Aug.  16. 

•  *•**•  • 

Merid.  to  4  p.  m. — No  seals  seen.    Arrived  at  rjnalaska,  Alaska. 

Itespecitt'ully  sulmiif ted. 

0.  L.  llooPEU, 
Captain,  U.  IS.  R.  M 
Commander  If.  I).  Evans, 

U.  a.  S.  Yorlxtnicn,  Commanding 

U.  IS.  Nacal  Forces  in  Bering  iSea, 


lite 


II 


TRANSCRIPT  FROM  SEAL  I,OG  OF  I'liF  U.  S.  RKVEXFE   STEAMER  CORWIN 
FROM  AU(ilJ6T  lt>.  TO  yEPTEMHKll  1,  lSU:i. 


August  17th  to  10th. 


At  Uualaska,  Alaska. 


August  19th. 


Got  under  way  at  2 :10  p.  m. 


August  20th, 


Mid.  to  4  a.  m. 


4  to  8  a.m. — 7:30,  saw  two  smnll  seals,  apparently  yearlings,  jump- 
ing.— 0.  E.  JohuNOti.  ird  lieut. 

8  a,  ni.  to  mid. — S  :'MK  saw  one  small  seal.  9  :;{0,  saw  one  seal,  medium 
size.  9:55,  saw  one  seal,  large;  11:.<0,  saw  one  medium-sized  seal. — S. 
E.  Maguire,  1st  It. 

Merid.  to  4  p.  m. — :i:45,  vrlthiii  ten  miles  of  St.  (leorge  Island  saw  one 
medium  sized  seal  Jumping. — J.  II.  Quinan,  2nd  It. 

C)  to  8  p.  m. — Numerous  seals  about  the  vessel. — S.  E.  Maguire,  1st  It. 
8 p.  m.to  m'd. — At  juichor  oil"  villnge  St.  (leorge.     Numerous  seals 
heard  playing  about  the  vessel. — J.  II,  (Jjuinan,  2d  It. 

Aug.  31st. 

At  anchor,  St.  George. 

Merid.  to  4  a.  m. — Seals  numerous;  at  anehor. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3rd  It. 

4  to  8  a.  m. — Seals  scarce  between  the  islands;  saw  twomedium-sizt'd 
at  0.30.— S.  E.  Miiguire,  1st  It. 

8  a.  m.  to  Merid. — Onlv  a  few  seals  seen  in  water,  and  those  in  vicin- 
ity of  St.  Paul.— ,1.  H.  Quimin,  2nd  It. 

Merid.  to  4  p.  in. — Seals  scarce,  mediiun  sized  and  small;  senc  out 
123G4 15 


i 


■  w3 

i 


1 1 


ti  ''I 


226 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


boats  at  2  p.  m.;  numerous  seals  from  12:45  to  1:30;  all  awake. — 0.  E. 
Johnson,  3rd  It. 

4  to  dp.  m. — Saw  10  modiuni,  5  small,  and  2  large  seaL>^ jumping;  at 
5,  boats  returned  with  4  seals,  3  nursing  cows  and  1  virgin  cow. — fcj.  E. 
Maguire,  1st  It. 

<i  to  8  p.  m. — Saw  4  large,  7  medium,  and  12  small  seals  jumping  and 
playiug. — J.  H.  Quinan,  2ud  It. 


Mid.  to  4  a.  m.~ 


Aug.  22nd, 


4  to  8  a.  m. — 4:15,  saw  one  medium  jumping  ;  .~:0f),  saw  one  medium 
jumping  ;  7:00,  saw  one  medium  jumping. — J.  II.  Quinan,  2nd  It. 

8  a.  m.  to  Merid. — 9:30,  saw  one  small  seal  asleep;  10:00,  one  medium 
jumping. — 0.  E.  Johnson  3rd  It. 

6  to  8  p.  m. — 6.30,  saw  one  yearling  jumping. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3rd  It. 

*  •  •  «   '       '     •  •  • 

Aug.  23rd. 


Aug.  24th. 

* 

Merid.  to  4  p.  m. — 3:40,  saw  two  large  seals  jumping. — C.  E.  Johnson, 

3rd  It. 

•  •••••• 

Aug.  25th. 


Aug.  26th. 


4  to  8  a.m. — 7:45  saw  one  medium-sized  seal  jumping;   7:50  saw 
another. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3rd  It. 
8  a.  m.  to  merid. — Scattering  seals  during  the  watch. — S.  E.  Miiguire, 


I   \H 


Aug.  27th. 
Mid.  to  4  a.  m. — Anchor  at  Garden  Cove,  St.  George. 

4  to  8  a.  wi.— Saw  2  seals.    At  anchor. — S.  E.  Maguire,  1st  Lt. 

8  a.  m.  to  Merid. — Saw  three  seals  in  vi(!inity  of  shore,  St.  George  Id., 
between  11  and  12  a.  m. — J.  11.  (^linan,  2nd  Lt. 

Merid.  to  i  p.  m. — St.  Georgt!  to  St.  Paul.  Seals  scarce;  saw  two 
medium  sleepers  about  10  miles  from  St.  George,  and  two  snmll  seals 
awake  about  same  distance  from  St.  Paul. — 0.  E.  Joiinson,  3rd  Lt. 

4  to  Gp.  m. — Scattering  sealsseen  during  the  run  between  the  islands. 
— 8.  E.  Maguir*^  1st  Lt. 

6  to  8  p.  m. — Seals  numerous  around  the  island  near  shore. — J.  H. 
Quinan,  2ud  Lt. 


I 


REPORT   OF   CAPT.  HOOPER,  DATED   SEPTEMBER   6,  1892.     227 

Aug.  28th. 

Mid.  to  i  a.  m, — At  anchor,  St.  Paul;  seals  numerous  about  the  ves- 
sel.— S.  E.  Majjuire,  1st  Lt. 

/  to  .s  a.  m. — Saw  1(>  seals,  one  of  which  was  a  this  year's  pup,  from 
6  to  8  p.  m. — J.  11.  Quiiian,  I'd  Lt. 

.s  a.  m.  to  Merid. — Seals  ijfencjrally  siiarce.  Saw  4  small,  5  n<odium, 
and  1  large  seal  jumping,  and  1  medium  deeping. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3d 
Lt. 

Merid.  to  J  p.  m. — Saw  3  medium,  2  small  and  2  large  seals  jumping. — 
S.  E.  Maguire,  1st  Lt. 

i  to  dp.  m. — At  5.00,  saw  two;  5.15,  one  medium-sized  seal. — J.  11. 
Quinau,  '-'d  Lt. 

(ito  8  p.  m. — (J.30,  saw  one  small  seal  jumping;  at  7,  one  large  seal 
jumping. — C.  E.  Johnson,  3d  Lt. 


* '    1 


!■ 


m  I 


Aug.  29th. 


8a.  m.  to  Merid. — S:15  saw  one  large  seal;  10:15,  saw  one  large  seal; 
10:30  saw  one  medium  seal;  11,  saw  one  small  seal. — S.  E,  JVIaguire,  1st 
Lieut, 

Merid.  to  l  p.  m. — At  I  saw  one  small  seal.  At  4  saw  one  medium 
seal. — J.  H.  Qninan,  2nd  Lieut. 

ito  a  p.m. — At  5:00  saw  one  largo  seal  rolling.     At  G  :00,  2  large 

seals  traveling. — C.  E.  Johnston  3d  Lieut. 

•  •••••• 

Aug.  30th. 

Mid.  to  4  a.  m. — Too  d.ark  to  see  seals. — 0.  E.  Johnson  3d  Lt. 

■ito  8  a.  m. — Saw  scattering  seals  more  numerous  last  hour. — S.  E. 
Maguire,  Ist  Lt. 

8  a.  m.  to  merid. — Saw  numerous  seals. — J.  IL  Quinan,  2nd  Lt. 

Merid  to  4  p.  m. — Saw  two  medium  seals  juminig  l»ftw»!en  St.  Paul 
and  St.  George. — 0,  E.  Johnson,  3rd  Lt. 

4  to  dp.  m. — At  St.  (xeorgci  Id.  comparatively  icw  .s«al8  in  the  water 
about  the  island. — 8.  E.  Maguire,  1st  Lt. 

•  *••••• 

Aug.  31st. 


n 


:     >i 


i  Id., 


4  to  8  a.  m. — 4:50,  saw  one  yeiirling.     7.00.  saw  one  nn^dium.     7:.30, 
saw  two  medium  sized,  resting  on  bunch  of  kelp;  7:5(>,  another  me 
diuni. — J.  11.  (Quinan,  2nd  Lt. 

8  a.  m.  to  merid. — At  8.00  saw  one  medium  seal,  quickly  disap- 
peared.— 0.  E.  Johnson,  3rd  Lt. 

•  •••••* 

4  <o  6  p.  m. — Arrived  at  Unalaska,  having  finished  the  season's  work 
in  Bering  Sea. 
Approved  aud  respectlully  submitted. 

0.  L.  ITOOPEB, 
Cajjt.,  U.  a.  B.  M. 


'n 


Mil 


• 


\>: 


1 

ill  I 


I' 

lii  "1  1 


228 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


Report  of  Captain  Hooper,  dated  November  21, 1893. 


Revenue  Marine  Steamer  Corwin, 
Port  of  San  Franciseo,  Cal.,  Nov.  iiJ,  1892, 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster, 

Secret ary  of  State,  Wanhiugton,  D.  C: 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  statement  of  infor- 
maticm  gained  during  a  cruise  in  tlie  vicinity  of  the  Aleutian  Island 
Pivsses  in  October  and  November  of  this  year,  made  in  obedience  to 
telegraphic  orders  from  the  honorable  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
dated  September  7th  and  received  by  me  at  Sitka,  September  17th, 
directing  me  to  leave  Sitka  as  soon  as  possible  after 
ions.  ^j^^  reccii)t  of  the  orders  and  go  direct  to  Unalaska; 

from  that  port  to  visit  all  the  passes  of  the  Aleutian  Chain  to  the  east- 
ward of  and  including  Four  Mountain  Pass;  t(»  observe  through  which 
passes  the  seals  were  entering  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  pjiss  oi  ptasses 
through  wiiich  the  greatest  number  appear  to  nn'grate;  to  note  as  far 
as  possible  tlie  passes  particularly  frequented  byi)up  seals  and  adults, 
respectively,  provided  such  distribution  appeared  to  exist;  to  collect 
affidavits  from  the  natives  near  the  passesas  to  tlie  usual  time  the  seals 
pass  southward  thrtmgh  tlie  Aleutian  Chain,  with  any  details  as  to 
classes  of  seals;  to  cruise  along  the  Aleutian  Islands  until  the  main 
body  of  the  seals  appear  to  have  entered  the  Pacitic — if  not  later  than 
November  1,  then  to  touch  at  Unalaska  sending  all  infoimation  col- 
kM'ted  to  the  honorable  the  Secretary  of  State,  retaining  duplicate  co])ie8 
for  later  transmission;  to  proceed  thence  to  the  southward  of  the  Aleu- 
tian Chain  to  obtain  information  as  to  the  position  of  the  seal  herd,  its 
direction  of  cravel,  and  whether  traveling  in  herds  or  singly,  and  to 
rea(!h  Port  Townsend  or  Sau  Francisco  not  later  than  November  .'{0th, 
and  to  forward  rei)ort  of  observations  to  the  State  Deiiartraent,  the 
object  of  tiic  investigation  being  to  ascertain  more  accurately  than  be- 
fore known  the  movements  of  the  seal  herd  after  leaving  the  Pribilof 
Islands  and  before  it  appears  ott"  the  coasts  of  California  and  Oregon. 

In  obedience  to  these  orders  I  left  Sitka  with  my  command  on  Sep- 
tember 25th  and  arrived  at  Unalaska  on  October  2nd.  I  engaged  the 
services  of  Peter  Shaisnakolf,  an  intelligent  yimng  native  of  Unalaska, 
who  speaks  English,  Kussian,  and  Aleute,  appointed  him  and  swore 
him  in  as  a  United  States  interpretei-.  This  man  was  interpreter  to  the 
British  Commission  last  year;  he  was  also  interpreter  on  board  the 
steamer  Albatross  on  her  cruise  to  the  Connnander  Islands  during  the 
I)resent  season. 

I  then  procee<led  to  cruise  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Aleutian  Island 
Passes,  making  observations  and  collecting  aftidavits  of  the  native 
hunters.  In  all  eighty  (80)  aftidavits  were  taken.  There 
AffldavitB taken.  being  uo  meaus  of  foiwarding  mail,  on  November  1st, 
as  directed,  these  aftidavits  were  forward<'d  as  ojijior- 
tnnity  oftered.  On  October  11th  forty  (40)  were  forwarded  i)er  s^^Ciuner 
Siflnal.  On  October  17tli  eighteen  (18)  originals  and  the  duplicate.;  of 
the  forty  jircviously  mailed  were  tbrwarded  by  steamer  J)ora.  The 
balance.' twenty  two  (22),  original  an<l  the  duplicates  of  the  eighteen 
forw  nded  on  October  17tli  are  forwarded  by  this  mail.  The  remaining 
duplicates  will  be  forwarded  later. 

While  in  the  performance  of  this  <luty  the  following-named  settle- 
„  .„  .  ,  .,  ,  monts  were  visited:  Unalaska,  Makushin,  Kashega, 
settiomonuvis.ted.  ,  ,,p„H,fsky.  Burka,  Akutan,  Sannak,  Morzhovia,  Hel- 
kofsky,  Sand  Poiit,  and  Uuga.  These  include  all  the  native  settlements 


-.-..^ ^ —  -  — ^iniM 


*^T-, 


Hiintttrs  InterviKwed. 


REPORT  OF   CAPT.  HOOPER,  DATED   NOVEMBER   21,  1892.     229 

in  the  vicinity  of  the  passes  except  Nikolski.  This  settU'nient  which  is 
oil  Uniiiak  Island  lias  no  harbor  and  is  a  diilicnlt  place  to  make  a 
landing  in  the  tall.  It  has  but  ten  hunters,  six  of  whom  were  met  by 
nie  and  their  affidavits  taken  at  l^hernofsky.  Three  of  the  places  named, 
IJelkofsky,  Sand  Point,  and  Untja,  are  to  the  eastward  of  the  jiasses. 
My  object  in  visitinjj  these  jilaces  was  to  learn  whether  the  seal  herds 
move  in  that  direction  alter  leaving  the  passes  in  the  fall.  At  all  places 
visited  the  affidavits  were  taken  of  a  majority  of  all  hunters  found  at 
honi'ii,  and  when  i)os!' ' '>h' of  all  of  them.  The  number 
taken  represents  a  majority  of  all  the  hunters  residing 
at  the  i)la('es  named.  Care  was  observed  in  taking  affidavits  to  ascer- 
tain as  nearly  as  iiossiblc  the  exact  meaning  of  the  answer  given  by 
the  natives  by  putting  tiie  (piestion  in  difl'ercnt  forms,  by  frequently 
referring  them  to  the  chart,  etc.  In  answering  (jucstions  in  relation 
to  the  way  seals  travel,  whether  singly  or  in  bands,  the  number  in  the 
bands,  etc.,  I  required  them  to  illustrate  the  number  by  holding  up  the 
fingers. 

In  the  matter  of  dates  I  invariably  asked  whether  affiant  reckoned 
time  according  to  the  old  style  or  new  style.  Under  IJussian  rule  they 
learned  to  reckon  time  according  to  old  style,  and  almost  without 
exception  they  still  adhere  to  the  old  style,  and  nearly  all  answers  were 
given  accordingly,  but  all  dates  have  been  reduced  to  new  style  in  the 
affidavits  by  adding  twelve  days  to  the  dates  given.  This  change  was 
made  when  the  attidavit  was  taken  with  the  kn(»wledgc  and  concur- 
rence of  the  native.  Many  of  them  understand  fully  tln^  ditlercnce 
between  old  style  and  new  style,  and  to  those  who  did  not  it  was  ex- 
plained. At  all  times  while  cruising  in  the  vicinity  of  the  passes  a 
careful  lookout  was  kept.  In  addition  to  the  officer  of  the  deck,  who 
was  on  the  weather  side  of  the  bridge,  one  of  the  seal-hunteis  was  sta- 
tioned on  the  lee  side  of  the  bridge  and  a  quaitermaster  and  seaman 
on  the  weather  and  lee  side  resjiectively  of  the  toi>  deck  house.  No 
opportunity  was  omitted  to  get  the  facts.  The  information  given  by 
the  native  hunters  in  most  cases  was  given  cheerfully  and  I  believe 
honestly.  I  regard  the  statements  contained  in  the  affidavits  submit- 
ted as  worthy  of  full  credence. 

The  native  hunters  divide  the  seals  into  six  classes,  as  follows: 

Sekatch,   old   bull;   i)olu-sekatcli,  half- grown  bull; 
holostyak,  young  male;  matkah,  breeding  cow;  molo-   .Native  dasnifle*- 
aya-matkah,  young  cow;  koteek,  ])U]). 

As  a  result  of  n»y  investigations  I  find  that  the  fur-seals  when  leav- 
ing liering  Sea  in  the  fall  go  through  Four  Mountain 
Pass,  Umnak  Pass,  Akutaii  Pass,  Uniniak  Pass,  and 
False  Pass,  by  far  the  greatest  number  (luobably  a 
majority  of  ail  the  herd)  going  through  Uniuiak  Pass,  which  being 
wider  than  the  others  is  less  subject  to  strong  currents,  tide  rii)s.  etc., 
than  the  narrower  i»asses.  It  coincides  most  nearly  with  the  line  of 
travel  of  the  migratory  herd  of  cows,  young  males, and  pups,  which  go 
to  the  coasts  of  California.  Oregon,  Washington,  etc.,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  large  nuiiiber  of  males  which  remain  in  Ala^^kan  vraters  during 
the  winter.  It  is  also  the  most  available  pass  for  the  use  of  all  classes 
of  seals,  on  acc<mnt  of  the  i)rcvailing  winds.  As  will  lie  seen  by  the 
afhdavits  forwarded,  .^eals  always  travel  with  a  fair  wind,  if  posfiL-le. 
A  few  stray  imiividuals  only,  mostly  imps,  go  through  the  narrow  pass 
between  Akun  and  Akutan  Islands,  which  on  account  of  its  rapid  cur- 
reuts,  rucks,  and  reefs  is  tilled  with  tide  rips  and  ovorfulls. 


Fasnes    throufh 
wliicli  BCiils  niovo. 


i 


r'l 


I      liil 


i 


B 


I      .If 


.1 


* 

l''l 
ll/'i 


Hi 


I**    ii 


I     1 


i; 


-'       I 


Hi 


230 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


P        : 


According  to  native  testimony  ua  shown  by  the  afTidavits  submitted, 
the  season  during  which  tlie  sekatcli  or  old  bulls  go 
buTis""  °'  P'"'*"'5*  "^  thiough  the  passes  is  from  the  loth  to  the  22nd  of  Oc- 
tober   They  leave  the  sea  ahead  of  the  nn},'rating  herd, 
always  travel  by  themselves,  and  go  very  fast.    After  leaving  Bering 
Sea  they  go  to  the  eastward  and  i)a8s  the  winter  soutli 
j^  wmter  resort  of  oK  of  Uuimak  Island  and  the  Alaska  Peninsula  and  in  the 
Alaska  Gulf.     During  our  spring  eruise  we  found  large 
numbers  of  them  off  tiie  Mt.  Fairweather  region,  where  they  had  uii- 
diuibtedly  wintered.     Although  1  made  inquiry  of  all  hunters  met  with 
at  that  time,  both  white  and  native,  and  liad  a  careful  lookout  kept  from 
the  vessel  at  all  times,  I  could  not  learn  of  any  number 
Southern  limitofoid  of  old  bulls  liavlug  been  sceu  south  of  the  southern 
limit  of  Alaska,  and  oidy  vague  rumors  of  a  limited 
number  being  taken  annually  as  far  south  as  Forester  Island,  near 
Dixon's  Entrance.     I'olu  sekatch  or  hsilf-grown  bulls  are  often  errone- 
ously called  "  old  bulls"  by  white  hunters,  the  name  being  properly 
applied  only  to  the  ohl  males  inhabiting  the  breeding  rookeries.     The 
old  l)ul Is  are  very  laige,  weighing  from  six  to  eight  hundred  pounds, 
perhaps  more.     Two  were  taken  l)y  the  CV>/vr/«'«  hunters  from  the  herd 
encountered  off  the  Mt.  Fairweather  region,  the  pelts  of  which  weighed 
sixty-one  and  sixty  five  pounds,  respectively. 
Individuals  of  the  rolu-sekatch  are  sometimes  found  with  the  migra- 
ting herd  of  cows,  young  males,  and  pups,  but  by  far 
wintfir  movenients  the  greater  part  of  tliem.  as  well  as  manv  of  the  larger 
llolostyak  remain  m  Bering  Sea  or  in  the  waters  off 
the  coast  of  Alaska  all  winter.     They  are  seen  duriihg  the  winter  by 
the  natives  of  Belkoisky,  Unga,  and  Sand  Point,  when  out  sea-otter 
hunting,  and  are  both  seen  and  taken  by  the  Sannak  natives  thnmgh- 
(Uit  the  winter.     Many  Holostyak  and  Polu-sekatch  remain  upon  the 
Pribilof  Islands  until  the  ice  conies  down  and  drives  the  fish  away, 
when  they  must  search  for  other  feeding  grounds.    As  I  have  stated 
in  a  former  report  to  the  honorable  the  Secretary  of.  the  Treasury,  I 
landed  upon  St.  I'aul  Island  about  the  24th  of  January,  1880,  and  was 
informed  that  a  ''/al^o"  had  been  made  the  day  previous  and  a  large 
numb(!r  of  holostyak  (about  <me  thousand)  killed. 
But  few  male  seals  of  i.iore  than  four  years  of  age  accompany  the 
migrating  herd  on  its  voyage  across  the  Pacific.     A 

ad^^t"nmies'^'''""^'    "^  ^'"'1^^  percentage  of  all  the  adult  male  portion  of  the 
fur-seal  herd  remain  in  Alaskan  waters  throughout  the 
year,  spending  the  time  from   May  until  October  upon  the  Pribilof 
Islands  anu  the  balance  of  the  year  in  Bering  Sea  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
near  the  Alaska  coast.    The  great  migrating  herd  con- 
Time  of  passage  of  sistiug    of  Matkie,    Molodaya  Matkie,     Ilolostvakie, 
and  Koteekie  begin  to  go  through  the  passes  about 
October  22d.    The  invariable  answer  made  by  the  native  to  the  (jues- 
tion — "  What  time  do  the  cows,  young  males,  and  pups  first  begin  to 
go  through  tlie  passes!" — was  "  Desya  tavo  Octyabr  ya,"  October  lOth 
old  style  or  October  22nd  new  style.    At  first  they  are  seen  in  very 
small  numbers;   as  a  rule,  1  think,  but  a  few  stray  individuals  go 
through  the  passes  before  the  first  of  November,  and  the  herd  is  not 
fairly  upon  the  move  before  the  tenth. 

While  cruising  near  the  pjisses  during  Oct^ober  we  saw  but  five  seals 
in  all.  On  Octol>er  20th  two  were  seen,  an  adult  ami  a  i>up  in  the  Ber- 
ing Sea  near  Uniniak  Pass.  They  had  apparently  no  intention  of  goinj; 
out  at  once  as  they  were  playing  and  were  in  reality  swimming  away 


''^i 


REPORT  OF  CAPT.  HOOPER,  DATED  NOVEMBER   '21,  1892.     231 

from  the  i)a8s  when  seen.  On  October  22n(l  two  more  seals  were  seen 
as  before,  an  adult  and  a  pup  in  the  South  end  of  False  Pass,  coninionly 
called  Morzhovoi  Straits,  just  entering  the  Pacific.  On  the  same  day 
some  hours  lat.i*  a  single  adult  seal  was  seen  near  Amagat  Island  a 
few  miles  east  of  False  Pass.     It  had  dc.-ubtless  come  through  the  Pass. 

On  November  3rd  while  cruising  in  the  vicinity  of  F(mr  Mountain 
and  Uninuik  passes,  under  favorable  conditions,  a  northwest  wind  and 
mcKlerate  sea,  a  few  seals  were  observed;  in  each  case  only  single 
individuals  were  seen  and  these  seemed  to  be  equally  divided  between 
adults,  yeaj'lings,  and  pups.  No  seals  were  taken  by  the  native  hunters 
at  Kashega.  Makushin,  or  Akutan  this  year  during  October.  The  first 
taken  at  Makushin  was  on  November  Jird,  a  yearling  male.  Tlie  Cher- 
nofski  natives,  who  hunt  in  the  bays  adjacent  to  Umnak  Pass,  took 
their  first  seal  this  year,  a  pup,  on  October  28th. 

The  first  seal  seen  in  Unalaska  Bay  this  year  was  on  October  21st, 
and  but  five  had  been  seen  in  the  bay  up  to  the  end  of  October.  A 
record  kept  at  Unalaska  for  the  past  twelve  years  shows  the  average 
date  of  the  tirst  ai)pearance  of  seals  in  the  bay  to  be  October  24th, 
and  the  average  date  of  the  last  ai>i)earance  to  be  January  1st,  the 
earliest  and  latest  dates,  respectively,  being  October  18th  and  January 
4th. 

During  strong  gales  the  pups  come  into  the  bays  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  passes  for  temjjorary  shelter.  This  fact  d<mbtless  gave  rise  to  the 
belief  that  the  pui)s  an*i  adults  travel  separately  when  leaving  Bering 
Sea:  a  belief  that  has  no  foundation  in  fact. 

The  season  during  which  the  seals  use  the  passes  west  of  Unalaska 
(Four  Mountain  and  Umnak)  ends  about  December  1st,  one  month  ear- 
lier than  in  the  passes  to  the  east  of  Unalaska  Island.  This  undoubt- 
edly is  due  to  cohl  westerly  and  northwest  gales  which  occur  during 
De<!eml)er  and  the  seals'  dislike  to  traveling  against  wind  and  sea,  as 
shown  by  the  testimony  of  all  natives.  They  can  go  from  tlie  Pribi- 
lof  Islands  to  the  i)asses  east  of  Unalaska  Islaiul  (Akutan,  Unimak, 
and  False)  with  a  fair  wind,  while  to  reach  the  passes  to  the  westward 
of  Unalaska  Island  they  have  almost  continual  strong  head  winds  and 
seas  to  contend  with  after  the  end  of  November. 

About  the  end  of  December,  or  a  little  more  than  two  months  from 
the  time  the  first  seals  appear  in  the  passes  going  from 
Bering  Sea  into  the  Pacific,  the  main  body  of  the  herd  „„t '„"  BTrJt."  sis"'  '* 
may  be  considered  out  of  Bering  Sea,  although  some  ""  "  "^ "'' '  *''*' 
seasons  seals  are  seen  in  the  i)asse8  as  late  as  the  12th  of  January. 
The  (dosing  of  the  migrating  season  varies  a  few  days  from  year  to 
year,  according  to  the  condition  of  the  weather,  an  early  approach  of 
winter  causing  an  early  simthward  movement  of  the  seal  herd  and  the 
contrary. 

In  about  the  same  time  that  the  main  body  of  the  herd  has  occupied 
in  going  through  the  passes  and  before  the  last  of  it  is 
fairly  through,  the  first  part  of  the  herd  has  made  its  ^^  "'  i'e"i  °n 
appearance  upon  the  coasts  of  Oalifornia  and  Oregon,  "*""  ' 
having  trav.^led  during  that  time  a  distance  of  more  than  two  thousand 
miles — more  I'lan  double  the  distance  made  on  any  other  part  of  the 
route  in  the  same  time. 

In  view  of  the  circumstances — the  stormy  condition  of  the  sea,  the 
prevalence  in  the  Pacific  of  heavy  easterly  gales,  the  seals  dislike  to 
swimming  against  the  wind  and  sea,  the  delay  necessarily  caused  in 
obtaining  food,  the  fact  that  a  jjortion  of  the  migi'ating  ln-rd  consists  of 
pups  uofc  yet  six  months  of  asj;e,  and  considering  furthei  the  rate  of 


! 

t 


t'f 


ill 


:i^l 


lHJ 


■ir 


232 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


;. 


t 


n 


speed  at  wliich  seals  travel  on  other  parts  of  the  routt>,  they  being  Ave 
months  an<l  a  halt'  from  January  1st  to  until  .lune  loth  making  the  re- 
turn trii>  from  the  coast  of  California  to  the  Aleutian  Island  passes 
following;'  tlie  coast  line  which  increases  the  distance  about  one  third — 
it  is  evident  tiiat  the  seal  herd  after  leavin}!;  the  passes  makes  its  way 
to  t'lio  '  oast  of  the  Pacific  States  witliout  unnecessary  delay.     Tiiepart 
of  the  herd  wliicii  lirst  goes  out  through  the  passes  takes  a  more  south- 
erly r<Mite  than  those  that  go  later.    But  a  small  part  of 
Migration  routes,     the  entire  herd  goes  to  tlic  coasts  of  California  and  Ore- 
gon.    Many  seals  reach  the  coast  further  north,  some 
of  those  coming  out  tiirough  the  passes  last  going  no  doubt  direct  to 
the  coast  of  VVasiiingtim  and  even  further  nortii. 

In  1886  during  a  passage  in  the  United  States  revenue  steamer  Hush 
from  I'uget  Sound  to  IJnalaska,  where  we  arrived  on  the  l!)th  of  .lanu- 
ary,  I  saw  fur  seals  lu'arlyevtu'ytlay — the  vessel  iiaving  jiassed  through 
the  herd  then  on  its  migration  from  the  ])asses  to  the  (roast  and  extend- 
ing entirely  across  the  Pacific  Oc«'an.  The  time  of  tiie  ai)pearance  of 
the  fur-seal  herd  off  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  States  differs  slightly  with 
dirt'erent  s?asons,  butas  I  learnedduring  my  investigsi- 
r.mVtVl>rMoi.h''nt'i"  tious  last  spriiig,  and  as  I  liave  already  reported,  coin- 
witiucrtiiinciiiHiiegdi  eidcs  wiMi  tlic  arrival  of  smelts,  lierring,  and  eulaciion, 
"'*'''  which  each  spring  come  into  tlie  rivers  in  large  num- 

bers to  si)awn.  If  the  fish  come  into  the  rivers  unusually  early  the 
seals  api)ear  off  the  coast  correspondingly  early;  if  the  fish  are  late  the 
seals  are  also  late.  That  the  seals  nmst  find  fishing  banks  on  the  route 
does  not  follow:  the  supidy  of  surface  fishes,  8(piid,  etc.,  api>ears  to  be 
ample  for  their  wants.  Both  in  Bering  Sea  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  dur- 
ing our  summer  investigation  we  found  herds  of  seals  with  their  stom- 
achs well  filled  in  nearly  two  thousand  fathoms  of  water. 

In  relation  to  the  way  seals  travel,  whethei'  s'  v  or  in  bands,  the 
natives  all  agree  that  they  travel  singly  or  in  small 
bands  never  exceeding  live  or  six  and  generally  by 
twos  and  threes. 

One  intelligent  native,  in  answer  to  the  question,  said :  "Seals  travel 
like  people,  sometimes  one  goes  alone  and  sometimes  with  another." 
Systematic  observations  of  the  movenients  of  the  seals  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  near  the  passes,  at  this  season  of  the  year  is 

Ousorvalioii    iioar     .  ',  .      ,,         .,'  .'         ,.         ,  lii-i  ^i 

paHsiw  iiiipructicai.i.)  impracticable.  Almost  constant  gales  and  thick  weath- 
in winter.  ^,J.  pievail.     In   the   influence  of  the  strong  current 

through  the  passes  the  sea  is  very  rough,  and  even  were  it  possible  for 
a  vessel  to  remain  there,  few,  if  any,  seals  would  be  seen.  Under  such 
circumstances  the  seals  travel  very  fast  and  remain  under  water  except 
when  forced  to  come  to  the  surface  to  breathe,  and  then  only  the  nose 
is  protruded  above  the  water  for  a  moment.  In  bad  weather  on  the 
sealing  grounds  in  the  Pacifii;  and  Bering  Sea  the  seals  disappear  so 
entirely  that  the  Indian  seal  hunters  (erroneously)  believe  they  go  to 
the  bottom  and  remain  there  until  the  weather  becomes  better. 

Having  previously  observed  the  seals  over  the  entire  route,  and  over 
a  large  portion  of  it  many  times,  I  am  able  to  state 
Seals  do  not  travel  positively  that  ill  110  part  of  it  do  they  travel  in  bands. 
°  *"  *  Leaving  San  Framnsco  in  March  of  the  present  year, 

I  followed  the  seals  along  the  coast  northward  to  the  Alaskan  Gulf, 
making  careful  observations  of  their  habits,  etc. ;  subsequently  and  while 
the  seals  were  still  moving  towards  the  jtasses,  1  went  several  times 
over  their  track  between  the  Alaskan  Gulf  and  the  passes.    I  spent 


in, 


Manner  of  travel- 


i;  xi 


'^ 


REPORT   OF   CAPT.  HOOPER,  DATED    NOVEMBER   21,  1892.     233 

tbe  month  of  August  observing  the  seals  in  Bering  Se.a,  and  in  addi- 
tion tlie  cruise  just  completed,  covering  October  and  a  part  of  Novem- 
ber. 

As  stated  elsewhere,  in  making  the  passage  from  Puget  Sound  to 
Unalaska  in  Jsinuary,  1880,  I  passed  entirely  tiirough 
the  seal  herd  then  making  its  migration  to  the  "coast."  Mmio  of  traveling. 
I  have  cruised  in  Bering  Sea  seven  seasons  including 
the  present,  and  have  many  times  been  along  the  coasts  of  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington  during  tlu"  months  that  tJie  seals  are  present. 
I  have  at  all  times  in  Bering  Sea,  in  the  I'acillc  Ocean,  and  in  the 
Aleutian  Island  passes  seen  seiilstiaveling  singly  or  in  twos  ana  threes; 
frequently  a  young  male,  female,  and  pup  are  seen  together,  the  oidy 
exception  to  this  being  when  they  haul  out  upon  floating  patches  of 
kelp.  In  Bering  Sea  I  have  often  seen  a  dozen  or  twenty  seals  upon 
one  patch  of  drift  kelp  apparently  resting.  If  disturbed,  however, 
they  spiing  into  the  water  and  separate,  entirely  regardless  of  each 
other.  From  my  own  observations  and  what  information  I  can  gather 
from  all  sources,  I  believe  tliat  upon  leaving  the  islands  in  the  fall  the 
seals  are  entirely  independent  of  vavh  other,  each  following  its  own 
inclination,  and  that  the  small  groups  of  twos  and  threes  sometimes 
seen  are  but  tcmi>orary  and  more  accidental  than  otherwise. 

The  coast  of  the  Pacific  States  is  the  destination  of  the  herd  after 
leaving  the  passes  and  a  milder  climate  and  the  small 
fish  that  infest  the  rivers  in  the  sju-ing  the  incentives.   Destination  of  heni. 
The  southern  limit  of  the  range  of  the;  herd  being  de- 
termined by  individual  likes  is  reaclic<l  by  but  a  small  i>art  of  the  entire 
herd.    Up  to  the  time  of  reaching  the  coast  the  seals  are  very  much 
scattered.    After  reaching  the  coast  and  while  following  it  along  to  the 
northward  the  scattered  seals  close  up  somewhat  and  assume  at  times 
something  the  character  of  a  herd  or  band.    This,  however,  is  but  acci- 
dental.   If  disturbed  they  always  scatter  in  all  directions  instead  of 
moving  oft'  in  one  direction,  as  do  walrus,  sea-lion,  porpoise  and  other 
animals  that  are  known  to  travel  in  bands  or  schools. 

On  November  10th  the  Corwin  left  the  vicinity  of  the  passes  and 
shaped  a  course  for  San  Francisco.  No  seals  were  seen  on  that  day. 
On  the  following  morning  in  lat.  51°  49'  N.  long.  IGQo  20'  W.  one 
seal,  appaiently  a.  yearling  was  seen,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  12th  in 
lat.  50°  08'  N.,'  long.  l,'50o  40'  \V.  what  was  believed  to  be  a  pup  seal 
was  seen — the  only  seals  seen  during  the  passage  although  a  good 
lookout  was  kept  at  all  times. 

I  inclose  herewith  an  affidavit  covering  the  main  points  contained  in 
tills  statement. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  L.  Hooper, 
Captain  U.  8.  B.  M.,  ComePg. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  Countif  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

On  the  twenty-second  day  of  November  in  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  ninety  two,  before  me,  Alvan  Flanders,  a  notary 
public  in  and  for  said  city  and  county,  residing  therein,  duly  commis- 
sioned and  sworn,  personally  ajtpeared  C.  L.  llooi)er,  <'aptain  U.  S.  B. 
M.  commanding,  known  to  me  to  be  the  person  described  in,  whose  name 
is  subscribed  to,  and  who  executed  the  within  instrument,  and  he  ac- 
knowledged to  me  that  he  executed  the  same. 


I 

it 

n 


,8 


.V 


H 


'■■  s  ?1 


234 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


Ill  witness  w1»orci)f,  I  hiivc  liorciiiito  set  my  hand,  and  afRxed  my  of- 
ficial s(Mil  iit  iny  ollict^  in  the  <'ityand  connty  ofSiin  Francisco,  the  day 
and  year  iu  tliis  eeititicate  tirst  above  written. 
(Seal) 

Alvan  Flanhrrs, 
Notary  Public  in  and  for  the  City  and  County  of  San  Francisco, 

State  oj'  CaliJ'urnia, 


< 


,li 


I    '  [■ 


REPORT  OF  CAPTAIN  COULSOIIT. 

Orders  to  Captain  Coulson. 

U.  S.  S.  YoiiKTOWN,  3rd  rate. 

Unalaska,  July  Id,  1893. 
Captain  "Wash  C.  Coulson,  U.  S.  R.  M., 

ComdUj.  U.  S.  Revenue  Cutter  Rnshi 
Sir:  When  you  have  tilled  with  coal  and  tiie  vessel  under  yonr com- 
mand is  in  all  respects  ready  for  sea,  you  will  i)roceed  to  tlie  I'ribilof 
Islands,  and  having  communicated  with  the  Treasury  Agent,  you  will 
run  on  radiating  lines  from  these  islands  in  order  to  obtain  the  infor- 
mation requested  in  the  enclosed  comnuinieation  addiesscd  to  Captain 
Tanner  of  the  LI.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  AlhatroHS.  You  will 
run  the  first  line  directly  east  from  St.  Paul  and  contiiuie  cm  that  lino 
iintil  you  are  satisfied  that  you  have  passed  the  outer  limit  of  the  seal 
herd,  when  you  will  then  steam  north  until  the  Island  bears  west  by 
north,  when  you  will  head  for  it,  and  continue  until  you  reach  it.  Con- 
tinue this  work  until  you  run  out  on  a  south  course.  V^ou  will  then 
reverse  this  operation  and  follow  the  compas.s  around  until  you  reach 
the  Mest  point.  Continue  cruising  in  this  way  until  it  is  necessary  for 
you  to  return  to  Unalaska  for  coal.  Wiien  recoaled  resume  this  work 
and  continue  it  until  you  receive  further  instructions, 

Y<m  will  consider  this  duty  as  in  addition  to  your  duty  as  a  cruising 
vessel  and  you  will  use  your  utmost  endeavor  to  obtain  the  information 
required. 

If  at  any  time  you  have  reason  to  suspect  that  sealing  vessels  are 
about,  drop  all  other  work  and  capture  them. 

You  will  receive  from  the  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatross  such 
portion  of  her  sealing  outfit  as  you  may  require. 
Vtry  respectfully, 

R.  D.  Evans, 
Commander  U.  S  K,,  Comdg.  U.  8.  Naval  force  in,  Bering  Sea. 


Report  of  Captain  Coulson. 

U.  S.  Rk VENUE  Cutter  Rush, 

Unalaska,  Alaska,  0th  September,  1893, 
Comdr.  R.  D.  Evans,  U.  S.  N., 

Comdg.  U.  S.  Naval  Forces  in  Bering  Sea,  U.  8.  8.  Yorktown: 
SiE :  I  respectfully  inform  you  that  in  obedience  to  your  orders  of 
July  ISth,  1892,  regarding  the  "  unexecuted  portion  of 
the  duties  assigned  to  the  IJ.  S.  revenue  steamer  Al- 
batross in  Bering  Sea  in  connection  with  the  investi- 
gation of  seal  life/'  we  took  on  board  from  that  vessel  on  the  first  day 


Instracttons. 


REPORT  OP  CAPT.  COULSON. 


235 


of  August  one  seal  boat  and  outfit,  one  breccli-htadinff  sliofgun,  with 
ainmnnition  and  all  the  necessary  impleinoiits  for  skinnin};  and  preserv- 
intr  tlie  seal  takon  while  prosecutint;  the  work.  On  the  same  day  Mr. 
A.  B.  Alexander,  Jisliery  ex|)ert,  and  J.  E.  Leniian,  seal  hunter,  reportetl 
on  boanl  for  duty  to  assist  in  collecting;  specimens  of  seals  and  gsither- 
iufj  the  desired  inlormatiim.  T  alao  received  frctm  ('aptain  Z.  L.  Tanner 
of  the  AlbatroHS  a  copy  of  "insfnntiniis  for  the  steamer  Alhtitroxs,'"  yvt 
to  be  executed  in  connection  with  the  seal  w<uk  in  liei  in^  Sea.  lieinj; 
thus  e(piii)ped  we  sailed  from  this  port  Anj-ust  Jhd  f(»r  the  I'ribilof 
Islands  to  carry  out  as  fully  and  comjdi^tely  as  possible  yotir  orders, 
and  at  the  same  time  collec^t  all  of  the  data  recpiired  on  the  subje(!t. 

After  conferring  witli  the  special  agent  on  St.  Paul  and  St.  George 
Islands,  tJie  East  line  was  taken  up  on  the  (ith  day  of 
August  and  we  have  cruised  diligently;  suhstantiidly     Arcaoovorwi. 
covering  that  part  of  Bering  Sea   Eastward  nf  the 
I'ribilof  Islands  from  the  North  to  the   South   |)oints  of  the  comjiass, 
and  as  far  away  from  those  islands  as  in  my  opinion  it  wjis  necessary 
to  go.    The  results  of  our  work  are  herewith   snhmitted  t4)  you  tor 
your  information,  and  for  transmittal  to  the  proper  authorities  iu   the 
ftu-m  of  st:it«-ment  and  tables,  viz: 

1st.  A  chart*  prejtared  un«ler  my  direction  by  Lieu- 
tenant Cantwell,  of  this  vessel,  showing  the  track  of     Amnnimn.ving  doo- 

1    Mli*lltM 

the  vessel,  the  location  of  seals,  etc. 

2nd.  A  transcript  of  the  Seal  Log  kept  while  engaged  in  the  work. 

3rd.  A  stateuM'nt  by  A.  B.  Alexander,  Fishery  lOxpert,  as  to  age, 
sex,  and  condition  of  the  seals  taken.  On  this  paper  will  iilso  be  found 
the  certiti(!ate  of  J.  E.  Lennan,  the  Seal  Hunter,  who  did  the  hunting 
and  killing. 

4th.  A  general  statement  on  which  all  of  the  desired  data  is  given  in 
detail. 

Seven  seal  were  killed  and  taken  during  the  month  of  August, 
and  the  position  of  each  one  is  given  on  the  (Jliart,     souis  take 
the  statement  ol  Mr.  Alexander,  and  the  transcript  of 
the  Seal  Log.    Five  other  seals  were  shot  at,  wounded  and  lost,  thus 
showing  a  large  jiercentage  of  loss. 

The  statement  of  Mr.  Alexander  who  skinned  and  dissected  the  seals 
shows  that  six  of  the  seven  seals  taken  were  females;  three  of  the  num- 
ber niirninfj  coich,  three  were  virgin,  and  oiui  a  iiiaft!,  or  (J  to  I. 

None  of  these  seals  were  taken  nearer  than  .{0  miles  from  St.  I'aul 
Island,  and  the  nursing  cows  at  distances  of  ."JO,  08,  and  HO  miles. 

At  every  station  where  the  vessel  was  st()pi)ed  cod- 
fish was  taken;  in  some  localities  they  were  abundant, 
at  others  only  a  few  were  caught. 

During  the  month  and  while  prosecuting  the  work  the  vessel  has 
cruised  nearly  three  thousand  miles,  and  in  the  whole 
time  not  one  vessel  engaged  in  taking  seals  has  been 
seen.  The  weather,  as  will  bi'  noticed  by  the  Seal  Log,  has  been  un- 
favorable for  sealing  a  greater  part  of  tiie  time,  added  to  this  the 
scarcity  of  seals  on  the  Eastern  side  of  the  Pribhd'  Islimls  will  ac- 
count for  the  small  number  of  seals  observed  or  taken  and  the  Utile 
information  gathered. 

On  nearly  every  point  of  the  compass  on  which  the  lines  were  rim 
the   seal  herd,  or  what  might  be  termed  numerous 
seals,  were  passed  at  ten  miles,  and  the  numbers  de-  ^efvei^  °^  *****  "^ 
creased  rai)idly,  so  that  at  forty  miles  few  sesds  were 
seen,  and  at  fifty,  on  most  all  of  the  courses,  no  signs  of  seals  were 

*  SeeClmrt  V,  I'ui'tt'uliu  uf  Uupn  and  Charts,  Coant«r  Caaa. 


DiHtributiuuofligli. 


Miles  cruised. 


f 


il 


^4 


236 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


seen.  Tho  exception  to  this  rule  was  in  one  or  two  of  the  Northern 
and  Nortli  KaHterii  lines,  where  seals  were  met  in  small  numbers,  one 
hundred  miles  away  frum  St.  l*u!<1  Island;  these  were  apparently 
feeding  on  some  surface  food,  as  large  flocks  of  whale  birds,  and  ia 
one  instance  a  whale,  wore  in  the  vicinity.  Night  coming  on  pro- 
vented  close  observation  or  investigntion. 
Lieutemmt  Neweonib  and  a  party  were  landed  on  Ainak  Island,  but 

the  clttscst  inspec^^"-  failed  to  see  or  llnd  any  seals  or 
bre.X*'B^miu!i."'''  sign  of '^♦^iil  life  there,  and  I  have  my  (htubts  whether 

there  is  any  place  in  IJcring  Sea,  excepting  the  IMibilof 
Islantls,  where  seals  in  any  nundiers  haul  out. 
I  am  not  prepared  to  express  any  decided  opiid<»ii  regarding  the  rapid 

decrease  of  the  seals  in  the  Bering  Sea  and  on  the 
•eaiTng*.   "'    I'^'i's*"  Seal  Islands,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  unless  pelngie 

sealing  outside  of  Bering  Sea  can  be  either  limited  or 
sfc'pped,  it  means  the  extermination  of  the  seals  at  an  early  day. 

The  skins  and  specimens  collected  by  this  vessel  have  been  turned 
over  to  Captain  0.  L.  Hooper,  of  the  Coricin,  for  transportation  and  to 
be  forwarded  with  the  eat(!h  of  that  vessel  to  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriaui; 
Agricultural  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Vei'i'  resijecti'ully, 

,  WASn  C.  COULSON, 

Caj^tain, 


^'i 


BEPORT   OF   CAPT.    C0UL80N — INCLOSURE8. 


237 


a. 

>. 

•s 

t 

I 


I    8 
§    00 

t 


o 


09 


•ItBing 


•P9W 


•oSawi 


1 


1  s?' 

s 


o  Me 


3  . 

•3  & 

e  • 


l2|       ^ 

§*"  k  e  c  a 

"aSo.  a  o  s 

•a  5  n  tf' t  i; 
♦J  5  g  t  c  s' 


<H         fl     mmc4M»iM«n 


•S.AOJ^ 


rH         i-t     ronm^nntnu) 


5      SidaaiS 


•i8i«4V 


•jjv 


I 


I 


1=3 


& 


& 


I 


09 


1^ 


d 


^' 


'J3 


d 
d 

JO  o 


«J 


r^        iH     mcom^mcQu)  ta 


«0  00  O  t«  f-im  CO  ^     •     «  ^^PN^iH^P4fN 


^  00  «  a»  <D  (o  t0  4n  *< 


IT)    *  tn 


S  :.'? 


;3 


:a3 
:S3 


«'  '  "  d d' 


oooo7irinconnmmmr)c4cone<9 


O  !fl  »  » 


^Q0<O0>et-<B<O<-lr4>n>->i-liHWlHl-lp4 


5 


1    I 
i     is 


■s  ^ 

a     CO 

I    2 


:-2 
•  00 


'  o    o 

;  o  o 

;HJd 


I 


eg 

00 


OJOp^M^MW^ 


I 


I 


I 


: 


, 


IJ 


■jili 


238 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


1  It 


i 

a 
a 


a 
o 
o 


"S" 


e 
o 


s 


.5  S  =  ts 
«"■  3'"  o 

fi  :.i-Sc 

«-  IS- 

."  -:  =  fe  « 
c  -  ?i" 

•«     ■  u*^ 

■^J  «   1   s  >. 

O 


ills* 

4,  a  5    ^ 

•■=  =  Sa" 
11^  £> 

S  £  E3        eS 

£§•**  = 

*:   «  «  ^   2 


o 
2 


s 


I?! 


a 


•linnis 


!   - 


3 

s 


g 


1 


e 


•anr 


^ 


9 

6 


a 


gad 


03 


1^ 


a 


I 


rH       ^        fH  QOC^lO^iA 


MM     eac*'^^    04 ^M- 


»H       fM  00  C4  lO  •-<  <0       «-•-«  ^ 


^      C4  0»      e»««t*      M&l^ 


^      ?l      ^ 


to  •  r^  in  S  lo       <  u)  m 


:S  :    S 


M    : 


6 


d   d* 


la        00  IH  «  IH  IH  c« 


^  : 


fe 

^ 

^ 


'A' 


*-(     rH     f-i       Q094ini-t<e 


f-l       <4C9       C«Mt>       MMM 


fei  *^       ^ 

^-  ^      ^ 

S  2   2 

"e  T  3  r  "a  T 

CC  00      CO 


B   a 


-5S 
2x^ 


Mia. 


•2      aa    1-1 

JB        2      Sir 

-ft. 


-  ;-  *  w 


O 


^    aS 


a 


a 

<*  6. 

lAiexopt     mil 


»3 


-5 


a  d 


I 


5  4 


llH: 


REPORT   OF    CAPT.    C0UL80N INCLOSIRES. 


*r3  S 

HI 

&  =  •:; 

e  -  C 


lap 


«i      |a   aa 


iiii' 


-  a  75 

1  St^;:-! 

I  I.  _•       r 

-  3  » 
'  S  ■-      -^ 


4-  "  a 

■  „  a 

••  *J  X 

•«1 


_a 

-:^i 

U' 

.s  a'S 

>:r 

;  o  ■- 

s 

T 

It 

£  ti  $ 

M  «  *• 

;; 

br..S 

.HiS 

SSI 

^ 

•swa 

a  8 

a 


>14 


rsJZ  3 

a'r.s 


O  c8 


"•a 


Hi 


3.B, 
em 


-  ■=  3 


•3 

9 
« 

a 

■s 

M 

■a 


OB? 

o«  —  = 
4^  S  — 


ft£§ 

S  «  u 


ri . 


^. 


u  C  3 


~  at 

CO 

^  ^    S 

^, 

i:^ 

1- 

=1^ 

§1 

i<  "=  a 

115 

fey 

■=.5 

o  a  3 

0;    X  C 

o  S  S 
a 

o  — 

:?-^  :: 

—   -  t- 

I — -  IJ 

c  r  T 


M     -3 

a     i! 


'^  s  ? 
-13 

3   tA„ 


■73"'  = 


=,.ig 


;  H  .=  ^  -a 


a  lir 

n  a  3 


4  )-4 


-  a  ^ 


m  I,  "1 

■^  i,  7. 

—  "  ; 

a  5  - 


=  xJ£ 


i*|a 


►  .*    -'■^         C? *? 

Mf   r  .  .,  -  = 

■=  a:  .  w  — 

-r  T  *=  r  ""  -t  * 

C  —  —  a:  J  3 

■*    •  —  -  -  ?  -A  *i 

S  «  ti  J  t  ■'  • 

«   ■  —  b  -  - ""  *^ 

t-  'i'  —  ^  «  ^  -  "z 


2  —  —  a 

Si  =?■= 
:  -  a  «;  e 

fl8   C  OS   a;   — 

=  "  ..  *T 
«•■'•'«,: 

i  «  I  2  = 


239 


=  •3 
-  3 

=  o 


=  3 


;-c  t 


5  «  r  rT  C 

II  ^f  I 

^  ■  >.rc  -r    ■ 

sstr  r  = 
3  -^  f;  «  ;^ 


75 

fa 

-  3 


•^  "3 


c4Cime«^>Hnm 


•     I     (     t     tCQ 


«eome»«>-' 


b5' 


•  lO^eomN 


fHNNM       «>'3^  fHdO«NC4    •  «« -4  i-i  fl  la  e4 


w^04e<i     oor*ei         >-■  m  e> tn <e  »  C4 f-) ^  w  oo -vii 


s  :s; 


00       S3Q 


«:'r'        a:  5         pj:  :  :  :  a:  :  5  s 


'^    *       *       *  4 


d 


o   «o 


CI  CI  CI  C4  n  ec  .^  m 


«^^t-l       Wi-liM  e49l94  9ICI9ICICIC4CI9^CI 


s 

5J         W- 


73 


>?:  = 


a  w 

*  J; 

r  = 

>5 


oi  e. 


'H^om     eDt>t« 


Mnair^cocici  —  r^>^ao^ 


^S 


t  a 
IS 


B        5 


3? 

1 

•I" 

i- 
n 

6 

-J 

i 
s 

M  "^ 

"  M 

M  o 

>5  J 


v^cieo*HFNM^4*^^H 


^9it/)i-i^cir*^co 


»-rs    •  in  ^    ■  « 


d'  ' '  ' 


"  d' 


OMClCICIMriSO 


•  -  U 


nciini-i>-<Nr««« 


n        ^    ■    ■  — 


T- 

?;2 

a 

II 

c 

^j 

?i 

Ms 

1- 

!r:K 

^ 

>JJ 

! 

;  : 

•i      - 


I-  QC  — .  S  —  ? 


1  *^  71  m-*  00  a 


s    E         a  s 

li      p.    ^       se  o. 


JT 


e        a 


t 


I         I 


240 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


D 

.a 

a 
o 

1 

2? 
50 


? 


"S" 


I 

e 
X 

«» 

a 


60 

S 

s 

0(5 
«3 


t 


t     ^ 


a 

I 

§ 

9 


it 


:h. 

SbcS 

§'f«7 

<«33  I 
«      '. 


-s 


-=  n  ■  «  °  o 
o.  =  S  — a  ^ 
9  2     ■"  .S 

'3  «  c  **  c-  •• 
■:  »j  o  g  34J    • 

=  3i=.si1S 

S  o3  C.P-S  " 


"11 

"•a  .■ 

o  a  J 

?     2 


t>     *«  a 

9   -   U   (B 

«.r:  41  ^ 

u 


^1 

SI 

0  (O 

H  «  S 

I  "OS 
I  i2  5 

.5  2  .- 

1  8  2 


3 

it 

n 
■¥ 


f      e-i:; 


a 

3 


1^ 
CO  2 


«  B-W 
B  ■ 


9 


I 


^11    8 


!s«'-'l 


:2       O.I 


3  a 
H  a 

IS 


^'A 


?  3  -;«  "=® 
fc  o  ^*  £  a 

6h 


S  a 


•IIBtns 


a 


•pore 

•8,A0K 


>-•  C4»7« 


^^f-i       Noie^ 


a 


•JojiAV       S 


jjy 


^ 


in       S 


a:  = 


6' 


0*-4iH  MdN 


•a 


:.c!b 


Uco 


10 


C4<^CI  pHfHCDC^ 


»::::-:;    S:    « 


O 
6 


M  :  :  : 

6 


^fH  r^  •^IfllAtf) 


m 


^iHi-4  ^9194     'MrHCJ 


I 


1^ 


35'  "  '  ' 


PS 

d 


f«MNm:    Ml     iftinint 


•X        y. 


a       :a 
<i      a  o, 

lec-ooMrHNr 


;5  ig 


2:5 


•  1-4    U3 


a     a 


co<0      eoF^i-4^ntH 


•CO        rH     (^ 


COO       ^r-lr^ 


Su^ 


S  in 


.;?S3 


d" 


coco       PtNnC^Tl'M 


«r^C>l>«mi4 


a, 


I -Si-'    "1 


I 


I 


t 


p 


REPORT  OF  CAPT,  COULSON — 1NCL0SURE5. 


241 


S'S—  o 

f  It   «■= 


*  2  »  ^-2 
—  •;;  M  i  "■"• 
ce  *  t.  ^  to 


ttj,     _; 

e  =     " 
■5  2^ 


=  !5  a, 


I,'-  ST 
•  ^  f 


X  a 

®  —  -; 

■3  rt  - 

io£5 


a  -  '■  c3  > 
-i!  -  it, 

S'j  a  a  ■- 

"^Sttia  . 


M  - 


£2 


O 

B  «  »  = 

*  ti  =  3 

o    .•-  a 
•?;•=  t.    r 

tM  = 

-  .r -r  ^ 


f-i     ••««H«fiC4  pH  »-4  O  ■<*<  ^  <C  W 


•  c  mn  w    ■  0 


SfH-^ei  r-( 


—  S  t^  Oft  CI  n  M   fh  iH 


:S-  =  «      rt:  :  s  :  g-  :    M; 


d  ;d"  ' ' 


«  ;  ;  ; 

d      d 


:    00 

«d 


«    'lAtniAia       t*t*<«co94C4cm  wt^ 


to      Cc|  . 
to    .X- 


u5     7: 


Ik 


i«S 


:33 


•  o  o 


e  :s 


B    a 


.3^ 
Is 

n  o 
I.*.  ir5 


at  S  d  ei      (i  c. 


s 


12364 16 


m 

<    Si 


ted 


5P 


•I 
u 

I 
I 

I 

I 
o 


I 


B4 


9 


51 


h 


242 


OrFIClJ\L   RErORTS. 


'  »'l 


a 
.o 

*f 

3 

i 

•a 

-s 

e 
H 


•3 

E 


■s 

S 

0 

•a 


13 -■ 
S.| 

as 
it 

9) 

a  3 
.a  s 

■el 
^a 
a  a 
a  M 
e  J3 


I! 


1 


iri 


g-  —  a  a  « 
a     ».  •—  1,  g 


^  ^»;i 


H 

a 

"3. 
£ 

o 

ft 


J3 


£ 

•a 

.5  y 

O  0, 

2  « 


Ml 
111 


Si 


•a    s. 


a 


e    1 


e-a 

S    11 


0  Is   i  ti;* 

1  £s   ai^: 


Is 

•a  3 


2     a| 

•a     *■  V 

2    2. -a 


'J     3  .t;^ 

_     _        --  '  i'"*  -a  a 

=     "3'    "-5  =  2  ?  S 

«  s-E  •!>•:.§  .S3. 


,_     —  ^  e  a     -3 


a»r§ 

a^a  a 

x.E—  " 


s^ 


^■3 


f  2 


r^"      «         ^-  a  a  J  a  i'  o 

v:      «<s      a  ta  w  "  e^a 
■a    .5-    ^ 


y<P    i-^2 


■•2—  a 


£  j<  ^  c  »  T  be 
■-  i     ;  .t:  c  a 


3  I'i 

'5     i  a  i 


'*^* 


=  -.ii5i.2 

a-»jz^i«-», 
■  t  :  r.  o 


£  j=  *  -  j: 


Sal 


v^ 


RI'.POKT    OF    CAPT.    COULSON — INCLOSURES. 


243 


T,  A.  B.  Alcxiinder,  fishery  <>xi)('it,  TJ.  S.  Fish  Coniim'ssion,  rortify 
that  I  exainiiK'd  all  the  above  seals,  aiid  the  data  is  true  and  ('(urect. 

A.  B.  Alexanuku. 
I,  J.  K.  TiPnnaii,  seal  hunter,  certify  that  the  above  seals  were  killed 
by  me  at  the  time  and  i>l:ice  meutiuued. 

J.  E.  Lennan. 
I  certify  that  the  within  is  a  true  copy  of  the  statementof  A.  B.  Alex- 
ander, and  that  the  data  is  all  curreet. 

Wash.  0.  Coulson, 
Cajjtain  (Jommanding  Rush. 
Qxn  SErxEuuEK,  1S92. 


,i  i 


)i 


244 


OFFICIAL   REP0RT8. 


'    ,     1 


}  'U 


■  (I 


MS 


l>h' 


n   I 


!    I 


f 


I  i 


If  =1 


X 


,o  .2  o 

r/-"  "S  -"^  -^ 

-  E -■"' 

c-   ..  "- 


a  :< 

o 

o 


a 

a 
£ 

o 


a 


•<l.).>i>iv 
ll  •aj.iiiinti 

•SiljUiiia  A'n  |Hi)[  H|it,>k^  I 
•uoinn  ^oti  411(1  l)>>|iiiiti>,\^ 


X      00      ?) 

rH       «       « 


0 

•a 


2 

o 


■aiinMn  JO  (Iao[8y 


•p-HlJI  *on 


c9      n       S       c9 

^     ^     *ij     -(J 


s     a 


o 
.a 


a     a 

'4^  -W  -M  «■ 

0002 

j:i     a     Si     A 

tn    -Ji    tr.    -n 


•s.tto.)  Sii[«,iiiji 

'J.Hllllll>:.lllit()lU|IIQ 


■Sui  I 

-{noH  jo}.H(|i!|!i!Ay  : 


o 
o 
O 


e^     CO     -«     lA, 

o    a    o    o 


•««s 


m    xn    m    Ui 


=  3 
H 


•o-jiijjns 


•*»iW 


^ja      e 


3   S 


■J9)dUI0I1)(I 


•aoinoajW 


■OJJOJ 


h 

u 

J 

§ 


•      oe     -id      S 
■      Das 

:    ki    o   o 


M 


o     03 

3         CO 


a  a 

=  s 

U  be 

^  ^^ 

8  2 

X  CO 


•d    -a 

s  i 

M     CO 


■o 


SI   s 


S    S 


S    3 


i   I 


000 
»    A    A 


.0    Ph 


I 


£■=5 

•3  I 


I;") 


I 


B 

-a 


Hi 


§  ?. 


fe    8 


i?i^    s^'fet^ss/;!*^^    >^'^>';'r 


S| 


•  a  a  a 


^ 

V' 

s 

0 

'« 

« 

a 

.s> 

c 

!^ 

S 

,« 

•« 
^ 

<i 

0 

«. 

0 

N 

?=5 

fi^ 

P>-^ 

J  ■«• 

c^ 

a  s 

0  s 

U;.i 

hS 

^'1 

005 

p^ 

1-9 

I 

CO 


y 

SJ 

£>< 

4) 

U^ 

TJ 

»; 

a 

-d 

03 

in 

0 

eP 

^ 

OJ 

S 

«) 

tH 

W 

^ 

&I 

^H 

•FN 

<a 

A 

^ 

OO 

a 

« 

« 

^ 

+-I 

-«^ 

c< 

<4H 

9^ 

© 

02 

«t-i 
0 

^ 

0 

>> 

« 

CO 


o 

P4 


I 

O 

■M 

-2 


t-i 


•I 


i 


I 


ftEPORT   OF    SPECIAL   AGENT   HENRY. 


245 


REPORT  OF  SPECIAL  AGENT  HENR7. 

Orders. 

Depautmknt  of  State, 

Wanldnyton,  October  i,  1893. 
A.  .7.  IIenuy,  Esqiiiro, 

San  Fnmvinco: 
Sir:  You  arc  hereby  appoinhMl  a  si)0('ial  ajjont  oftlie  Department 
of  State  for  tlie  jmrpctseof  inakiii;;  an  iiivesti^iution  at 
Victoria,  B.  ('.,  and  elsewhere,  to  obtain  such  test!-      ^^pi"''"*"""*- 
nion.v  as  is  pos8il>le,  and  to  report  iip<tn  matters  connected  with  th«^ 
<  laiins  jMcsentcd  by  the  Hritisii  (lovernment  before  tlie  Tribunal  of 
Ar!)!tration  to  convene  at  Paris. 

Von  will  receive  mor«'  specilh^  instructions  from   W.  II.  Williams, 
es(;uire,  special  a{;-ent  of  tile  Treasniy  I)«'partment  in  San   Francisco, 
and  under  whose  direction  you  will  act  in  the  matters  entrusted  to  you. 
1  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

John  W.  Foster. 


Report. 


San  Francisoo,  Cal.,  November  19th,  1892. 
To  the  honorable  the  Secretary  of  State: 

Sir:  I  have  the  lionor  to  report  that  in  accordance  with  my  letter  of 
appointment  as  s])ecial  ajjent  of  the  State  Departnu'iit,  I  reitorted  to 
^lajor  W.  ir.  Williams,  spec^ial  Treasury  ajrent,  and  from  iiim  received 
the  followiii};  verbal  instructions:  To  jnocecd  at  once 
to  Victoi  ia,  British  Columbia,  and  to  obtain  such  t«'s-  ^nst"'"^"""^- 
timony  as  I  was  able,  in  the  JJerinj-'  Sea  controversy  in  relation  to  the 
cost  of  sealiu};  vessels,  their  outfits,  and  so  forth,  and  all  other  mat- 
ters appertaiiiin;;  to  the  questi(»n  at  issiu'  before  the  Tribunal  of  Arbi- 
tration to  be  hercafti'r  convened  in  Paris. 

Pursuant  to  such  instructions,  I  i)roce«'ded  directly  to  Victoria,  l»rit- 
ish  CoIund>ia,  leaving;  San  Fraiu-isco  on  the  lOth  of  October,  ist»2,  and 
arriviiif,'  at  Victoria  on  the  l.'Uh.  I  at  once  took  ste|>s  to  tind  out  the 
disposition  of  the  sealers  towards  tln^   Tnited  States 


in  the  licriu":  Sea  contn»vei'sv.     Asa  result  of  my  in-      I'nipiin    Riniii it 


vestifjations  1  found  that  jiublic  sentiment  was  v«'iy  s'lV.s.' 

bitter  a;:ainst  our(Jovernmei!t,  that  the  citiz<'ns  of  tlie 

city  of  Victoria  were  in  sympathy  with  tlu'  sealers  aiul  that  they  were 

very  cautious  what  they  said  in  relation  to  sealinj;. 

The  oo-ders  Association  of  Victoria  has  amonj;  its  nuMubers  some 
])romiiK('nt  citizens  of  the  city  and  has  a  {jjicat  deal  of 
influence,  and  tlie  residents  seem  to  be  afraid  to  incur  wr\uT'Ii'\'!.:4tim"ilv'.''" 
the  displeasure  of  the  association.  I  at  once  saw  that 
it  w<mld  be  utterly  impossible  to  obtain  written  testimony  in  Victoria 
contiary  to  the  interests  of  those  en}»aj;ed  in  the  sealiii<;  liusiuess,  be- 
cause any  jic^rson  {jivinj;  such  testimony  would  be  lioycottcd  by  those 
in  synii)atliy  witli  tlie  sellers  and  pn»b  it)ly  ruined  financially. 

A  lew  days  after  my  arrival  I   forincd  the  artpiaintance  of  several 
owners  and  masters,  as  well  :is  many  of  the  crew  and 
hunters  of  sealiiiij:  vesst-ls,  and  owincr  to  the  fact  that      «"iimHC)r  iiir.iiinii. 


lioM. 


they  siii)posed,  from   my  inquiries,  that  I  d-f'sired   to 

engaye  in  seuliny  the  c«miiny  season,  they  talked  freely  with  me  as  to 


' 


'I 

1  = 


m    ;. 


I 


\    i 


I  * 


h ''' 


ii 


11  '!l  I 


'A 


'li^ 


246 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


tlio  cost  of  buiMinj;,  outfittiii},',  and  funiisliing  sciiliiig  veaaels,  and  also 
in  rcliition  to  the  Wiijje.s  i)aid  or  the  "lay"  of  the  cr«'\v,  the  |)iobal>Ie 
profits  for  tlic  futurr,  an<l  tlicir  exixM'ienc^'  witli  tlie  scalinj''  Hcet  in  tlio 
l>ast  few  years,  Tlie  lollowin};  is  tlie  snbstaiice  of  tliosc  varions  con- 
versations, iVoin  notes  made  at  tlie  time  when  they  were  held,  to{?ether 
with  the  names,  oe('U|)ationM,  and  experiences  of  my  informants,  which 
notes  are  substantially  correct  transcripts  of  the  conversations,  all  of 
which  to(»U  place  in  tlie  city  of  Victoria  between  October  14th,  181)2, 
and  November  lOtli,  1S!>2. 
Captain  D,  Morrison,  who  was  mate  on  the  sealinfj  schooner  Willie 

Mv<ioini)i,  this  year,  stated  to  me  that  sealinj;  boats 
mSi.""'''  "■"'  «-<»«t  •'?1<»>  apiei-e'when  new,  and  that  it  costs  from  ^T.OO 

to  .*1().(M>  per  month  for  subsisten<'e  per  man. 
Cajitain  Sieward,  owner  of  the  sealinfj  schooners  Dora  ISicirard  and 

Mtisvot,  and  who  has  had  seven  years'  experience  in 
(w  of  ih,ra  .viv    ti,e  sealiii}?  business,  stated  that  his  provision  bill  for 

a  crew  of  twenty-tive  men  on  the  Dora  Sinnird  was 
$1.'J(M»  for  a  cruise  of  seven  montl)S,  He  furthei'  stated  that  steam 
vessels  for  senliiifj  purposes  were  very  poor  property  nnd  that  not  one 
in  the  fleet  has  ever  jiaid  exjienses  since  it  was  built.  He  also  said 
that  the  Dora  Sicirard  is  tM)  tons  register,  that  she  is  new  and 
tlrst-class  and  cost  *14,(MM»  all  e(iiiii)ped  and  outfitted  for  a  season's 

cruise.     Uegarding  tlie  coasting  trade  of  sealing  ves- 

>n)ii'tTi.i"*''  ''"''"  ""  '^^'^'''  *l"'''"f?  *^'"'  nioiitlis  of  October,  November,  Decem- 
'"^" ' " '  "■  ber,  and  .January,  Mr.  Sieward  said  '*  It  w<mld  not  i)ay 

and  there  was  nothing  in  it,''  He  further  stated,  that  Carne  «Si  Mnnsie 
(grocers,  shipowiieis  and  outfitters  of  vessels)  told  him  on  October  ."Ust, 
IHUl',  that  they  would  agree  to  furnish  groceries,  su]>plies,  etc,  for  an 

,   ,.      ,  Indian  <'rew  for  one-half  what  it  w<mld  cost  to  fit  out  an 

»ivi-  t  iiiiii  wiiiii>»  (Miual  crew  ot  white  men;  that  they  had  had  both  white 
(Caiit.siiward).  r^^^^\  iinjijiii  (jtcws  on  their  vessels,  and  that  an  Indian 
crew  was  not  over  half  the  expense  of  a  white  crew.  He  also  said 
that  Fiidians  furnished  their  own  canoes  and  canoe  outfits, 

Captain  McLain,  master  of  the  sealing  schooner  Favorite,  made  me 
the  following  statements: 

1  hiivc  cinployi'd  liotli  wliite  and  Iiuliiin  Jiunters;  Indinim  are  now  as  cxjieimive 
as  wliite  hmitcrs;  they  want  4'vorytliiiitj  and  plenty  of  it.  I'Mvc 
''"-•"'"■  or  six  yoai's  ajj;o  I  conld  fci'd  tlii'tn  on  molasses,  rirc,  or  anytliin<;, 
and  they  wonld  lie  satislied.  Then  it  did  not  cost  innch'to  feed 
them.  They  are  always  jmid  by  the  skin  and  furnish  their  own 
canoes  and  spears.  Formerly  they  tlid  not  nse  the  f;nn  lint  very  little,  preferring 
the  spear;  but  now  they  nse  the  <inn  mostly.  The  cost  of  feeding  a  white  erew  is 
from  .'fi7..">(>  to  tS.OO  per  month  to  the  man.  $2,000  will  cover  everything;  for  a  crew 
of  twenty-live  men  for  an  eijjlit  minitliN'  ernise. 

Captain  IMuckney,  master  of  the  sealing  schooner  IFenrietta,  stated  to 
ine: 

Provisions  for  a  ernise  of  seven  to  eijjht  mnnthH  for  a  crew  of  twenty-three  to 
twenty-live  men  will  cost  about  11. (KM)  to  !l«l,S()();  this  also  includes 
Cost  tif  eciiiipiiu'iit.    ammunition.     Indians  t'nrnisb  their  own  canoes  and  are  paid  so 
much  for  each  skin,  but  re<'cive  no  wa<;es.     They  are  sometimes 
piveu  iflO.OO  eacli  boiinly  money  to  m'.t  them  to  ;{o  North.     We  n've  them  bread, 
rice,  snjiar,  and  potatoes.     The  sealinjj  season  bejjins  about  March  1st  and  closes 
from  August  Ist  to  September  1st;  j{e!ierally  aim  to  get  home  by  the  lirst  of  Sep- 
tember. 

Cai)tain  McDomvld,  mate  on  the  sealing  schooner  Favorite  in  1892, 
stated : 


IndiaiiH   nn 

Hivit   IIH   WllitCD  ((Jiljlt 


So8t  uf  provisiouB. 


It  does  not  cost  over  •tS.OO  jier  month  per  man  for  food, 
couHdeut  $2.0U  a  week  will  feed  u  uiuu  well. 


lam 


i 


REPORT   OP   SPECIAL    AGENT   HENRY. 


247 


. 


As  to  the  niattn-  of  "coast  tradinj;"  (luriiifj  tli<'  months  of  October, 
NovctnhtM',  December,  and  .laniiarv,  1  have  conversed 
witli  Captains  McLain,  Morrison, "I'inckney,  Sieward,  jjn'lura.u.!'' '™''' ""' 
McDonald,  and  several  others,  and  tliey  each  and  all 
said  that  ''there  is  nothing  in  it  and  it  woidil  not  jtay  to  fit  out  for  it," 
and  cited  me  to  the  fact  that  if  it  wouhl  pay  there  would  be  ]»lenty  of 
the  vessels  engaged  in  it,  instead  of  laying  in  the  harbor  here  during 
those  months. 

Carnie  &  Munsie,  Captains  (Irant,  Sieward,  and  others  in  Victoria 
are  engaged  in  or  interested  in  the  mercantile  business  and  own  scvi'ral 
schooners  each,  so  that  they  are  in  the  best  possible  position  to  engage 
in  the  "coast  trade''  and  make  it  protitable,  if  anyone  c<)uld,  and  they 
would  certaiidy  do  so  if  there  was  any  i»rolit  in  it.  As  it  is,  not  one  of 
the  sealing  tleet  goes  int4>  that  business  during  the  winter.  The.e  are 
at  this  time  abcuit  tifty-five  ("m)  sealing  schooners  in  N'ictoiia  harbor 
laying  idle.  This  fact  alone  is  conclusive  evidence  as  to  the  i>rotitable- 
ness  of  the  "coast  trading  business." 

William  Turiwl^'sq.,  who  is  the  proprietor  of  the  Central  Ship  Yards 
at  Victoria,  and  also  owner  of  the  sealing  schooner     ,.   ,  , 

a     !•     m  I       i.    i      1   i  ii      i    1  •  •    ■  1  -ii    !•  Cost  III  ipnivwioiiM. 

/Saaje  r«»7>e/,  stated  to  me  that  his  proviMon  bill  tor 

23  men  for  an  eight  months' cruise  was  ^l.-'iOO,  and  abcuit  $400  worth 

of  the  provisions  were  br<mght  back.     He  also  stated 

that  he  estimated  the  (litterence  of  building  ii  schooner  „. 

,.  i.  •••  1  1  i.       1        ».    ji.iikik  i«        hxtra  cost  for  sU'ain. 

h»r  steam  auxniary  would  cost  about  $M0  more  tor 
the  carpenter  wfu'k. 

H.  R.  Foot  &  Co.,  who  are  builders  of  yachts,  boats,  and  canoes, 
stated  that  they  would  build  a  schooner  for  me  at  the 
rate  of  $75  per  ton  gross  tonnage.     Mr.  Foot  is  now     cogtofacimonor. 
building  a  steam  scliooner  of  10  tons  capacity,  the 
price  of  which   he  stated  to  be  !!<L',000  all  c«)mplete,  with  comjtound 
engines,  boiler,  and  surface  condenser.     He  further   stated  that  he 
would  advise  me  not  to  build  a  schooner  su|)plied  with 
auxiliary  steam  power,  as  such  vessels   so  far  have     a  nxiiinry  «i.aiii 

.••11.  J."    i-       i  r    t  i.    I'o"i"i'    not    uilvitiitU' 

failed  to  prove  satisfactory  or  suc(!esstul  on  account  I;,.,,,,,,. 

of  their  not  being  able  to  carry  proper  sails,  so  as  to 

be  good  sailing  vessels,  and  have  not  suflicient  steam  capacity  to  use 

steam  altogetlier. 

It.  W.  Calvin,  esq.,  proprietor  of  the  Clyde  Ship  Yards,  stated  to  me 
that  '.e  would  build  sealing  boats  at   the  following 
prices:    Copper-nail  boats,  ijfUOeach;  galvanized  boats,      cost  of  boau. 
$!KS  each,  all   outfitted   with  oars,  sail,  etc.;  and  he 
further  stated  to  me  that  he  would  advise  the  ii.se  of  the  galvaiiized- 
nail  boats,  as  he  considered  them  better,  and  that  the  majority  of  the 
boats  in  u.se  by  the  fleet  were  galvanized  nailed. 

Mr.   .Munsie,  of  the  firm  of  Carne  «.S:   .Munsie,  already  mentioned, 
stated  that  tlu^  cost  of  a  stock  of  provisions  for  a  crew 
of  2'A  to  LT)  for  a  cruise  of  7  to  H  months   would  be      cost  of  provi»iou». 
$1,400  to  $l,.50(K    This  is  exclusive  of  the  ammunition 
recpiired. 

Martin  Kelly,  a  dealer  in  stoves  and  tinware  at  Victoria,  informed 
me  that  he  was  having  a  steam  schooner  for  sealing, 
l)urpo.st's  c-onstrncted  by  (Mark  &  Wat.son,  of  Victoria,  sdiooncr. "  *'*'"" 
the  descrription  of  whi(rh  he  gave  as  follows:  Length 
overall,  75  feet;  beam,  14  feet;  deptli  of  hold,  7  feet;  capacity,  about 
70  tons.  To  be  supplied  wifh  a  folding  juopeller  and  the  best  ma- 
chinery, with  i>o\ver  to  speed  her  fully  11  knots  per  hour,  the  contract 
price  for  such  vessel  being  $10,000. 


iv 


I 

1 1 


t  -^ 


;.  (       i 

M 


I  1 


t 


248 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


u » 


The  following  statement  in  relation  to  insurance  on  sealing  vessels 
was  given  me  by  It.  I'.  Ivitln't  tSi  do.,  agents  of  the  Sun 
inHuriiiiii  rail.'*.       File  iiinl  Marine  Insuranct;  (Company,  of  8an  KrantJMeo, 
ami  also  for  Lloyd's  ageney  at  Victoria.    The  rate  on 
sealing  schooners  and  cargo  is  7  per  cent  \)vv  annum,  4  per  cent  guar- 
anteed, tiic  jxilicy  tob»^  canceled  U4  hours  after  tiu'  arrival  of  the  vessel 
in  port.     For  siiort  rales   tliey  gave  the  following  tignres:    Kate  for  I 
months,  4  jter  cent,  or  AtO  ju'r  .^l.OOO;  rate  for  7  months,  ,\  of  7  pel 
cent.  orijStO.S;}  per  !?1,0()U;  rate  on  a  vessel  while  lying  in  harbor,  lA  jua 
cent  per  annum. 

I  hereto)  appeuil  a  nuuuorandum  hand<'d  ]ue  by  one  of  said  Urm  in 
r<'lation  to  the  insurance  rates  above  referred  to.  which  is  marked 
Exhibit  A. 

1  was  further  informed  by  Robert  Ward  «&  Co..  insurance  agents  of 
Victoria,  that  the  rate  on  sealing  schooners  and  their  outtits  is  7  per 
cent  i)er  annum,  and  the  rate  is  the  same  on  steam  sciiooners  as  it  is  on 
saijiug  vessels. 

The  sealing  schooner  K.  li.  MnfMn  having  been  advertised  for  sale 
by  an  auctioneer  on  November  7th,  lS!>2,a<'opy  of  which  advertisenu'nt 
I  hereto  append,  nnirked  Exhibit  It,  1  made  iutpiiries  as  t<»  the  cost  of 
furnishing  said  schooner  with  steam  auxiliary.     I  received  from  the 
Victcu'ia  Machinery  and  Iron  Works  a  written  tender  by 
.  *.':"* '."'J';;-',',"  '''"'   which  thev  otfered  to  finnish  me  an  engine  and  boiler 
t»u'  the  schooner  E.  li.  Marnn  as  lollows:  "Lpright 
iMigi..e.  14x14,  with  Clyde  boih'r,  S4  im-hes  diameter,  IL'(»  inches  long, 
delivered  at  N'ictoria,  for  the  sum  of  !?4,4(M>,"  which  tender  I  hereto  at- 
tat'li,  marked  Kxhibit  C.    They  also  sfat«'d  to  me  that  such  an  engine 
and  boiler  wonid  be  of  sullicient  power  to  drive  the  said  schooner  at  a 
spi'cd  (»f  from  8  to  9  knots  an  hoiu'. 
The  said  auction  sale  of  the  schooner  E.  B.  Mdrcin  having  been 
adjourned  until  the  1>th  day  of  Novend)er,  IS'.H',  1  at- 
//^wlm'i"  ""'''  "^  '^    tended  such  sale  in  the  company  of  Captains  Pinckney, 
Mc('lellan,  Seiward,  McLain,  Smith,  and  McDonald. 
The  price  for  which  the  said  vessel  was  sohl  was  !?<»,800,  all  eomi)lete, 
with  seven  boats,  ten  Parker  shotguns,  one  rille,  and  everything  belong- 
ing to  her  excei>t  the  stores  and  |)rovisious. 
On  the  3rd  day  of  Novendu'i'  1  viewed  the  model  of  a  sealing  schooner 
which  a  Mr.  Clin**,  of  Victoria,  intends  to  build  this 
Cost  of  Boi.ooner   Winter.     He  stated  tome  that  he  alreadv  had  the  lum- 
ber  out  n)r  her,  and  the  sealing  boats,  and  that  the  size 
of  the  vessel  would  be  as  follows:  (»l»  feet  keel;  S;{feet  over  all;  20  feet 
beam  and  '.»  feet  hold,  with  a  registi'ied  tonnage  of  »»")  tons.     The  cost 
()f  the   schooner  and  six  boats  all   ready  for  the  rigging  and  sails 
would  be   ."?.■),(•(»(>,  and   the  cost  of   the   rigging  and   sails  would  be 
$l,o(M»,  making  a  total  of  .*(>,.">(M»  for   the  vessel  outtitted  with  iioats, 
.sails  et<'.,  ready  to  receive  her  stoctk  of  provisions  tor  a  cruise. 
Charles  Powers,  an  old  seal  hunttu*  who  had  had  seven  years' experi- 
ence, stated  that  the  lay  of  hunters  .'>  or  (»  years  ago  wa.s 
.ii>  luu  w«go».        ^^j^j^^  .f  i..~)()  por  skin,  and  that  the  wages  of  boatmen  and 
seamen  were  $.'50  per  month. 

1  had  several  conversations  with  Captains  Morrison,  Pinckney,  !\rc- 

Lain,  McClellan,  Smith,  and  several  others  who  are  in  the  sealing  busi- 

ne.ss,  and  who  practically  agreed  on  tlu^  foUowing  facts:  That  the  seals 

...     ,,      „     ,      go  as  far  south  as  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and 

that  many  ol  the  sealers  start  out  in  the  latter  part  ot 

January  or  fore  pju't  of  February,  and  go  south  until  they  meet  tho 


.  1  n 


REPORT   OP   SPECIAL   AGKNT    HKNIO — KXIIIUITS. 


249 


scalfl,  nnd  hiiviii^  falltMi  in  witli  tlit'tii,  tbllow  tlictn  north  into  Hering 
St'ii.     lieyardint'  tlm  proportion  of  Icniiil*^  seals  in  a   .,     ,    , 

,    ,       ..a:  ,"       ..     '  •     1  •      .1     •  i-        i  ri'iimlcK  In  cat<lit>». 

catcMi,  (lin«'rent  partu's  vaiu'd  ui  tlnMr  «'stiinatt's.  sonic 

placing;  the  pcrci-ntant'  at  about  (»()  per  cent,  wliile  (»tliers  placed  it  at 

To  per  cent  of  the  whoh'.     The  niajorily  of  tiiern  qnntc  the  hitter  ilgnre 

as  bein;?  nearest  to  the  prol>al)h' pcircenta^je.     The  rea 

sons  they  jjave  me  for  tliere  beiny  a  ;;reater  number        ""*'"' 

of  fcnniles  killed  tiian  males  is  tliat  tiie  females  a  re  j;erierally  heavy  with 

youn^  and  are  not  so  active  or  lively  as  the  males;  cousciiueutly  they  are 

much  easier  to  ca|>ture.     The  same  jurtics  also  informed  riu' that  the 

British  (iovernment,  in  the  licriii;;'  Sea  controversv,  would  maintain 

that  the  luimber  of  femali  >  killed  is  no  ^reatei'  than  the  number  of 

males  killed,  b'  '   thev  si.iiiil  that  su<'h  a  |)roi»osition  did  not  accord 

with  the  facts. 

I  herewith  ajiitend  to  my  repoit  speciticatious  for  two  sealing  schoon- 
ers, one  of  .'{."»  tons  register  and  ti  e  other  of  so  tona 
register,  which  I  submitted  to  William  Turpel.  pn.|)ri-  i.i.rj'lrSl'rrH'.'"'* 
etor  of  the  Central  Ship  Yards,  of  \  ictoria,  and  also  to 
II.  It.  Koot  &  Co.,  shipl>uildeis,  of  said  city,  marked  exhil'its  I)  and  K. 
I  also  append  the  written  bids  on  said  specilicatious  that  I  received 
from  the  said  VVilliam  Turpel,  marked  Exhibit  !•',  and  also  the  written 
bid  thereon,  which  I  received  from  II.  II,  I-'oot  tS:  <  "o.,  niii' ked,  Kxhibitd. 

Mr.  Koot,  of  the  last  mentioned  tirm.  stated  to  nu>  that  the  cost  in 
carpentering  work  to  fit  such  vess«*ls  foi'  auxiliaiy  steam  would  be  very 
small,  and  that  he  would  make  no  extra  charge  for  it  should  1  decide 
(Ml  putting  in  such  steam  auxiliary. 

I  also  append    two  written  bids  t'rom  Victcuia  lirms 
sh(»wing  cost  of  furnishing  such  vessels  with  steam,  J,!;;,',"  f"' '"'•nmUmg 
nuirked  Exhibits  Hand  I. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

A.  J.  ni:NUY, 
Special  Agent  IState  Jhpartmcnt. 


ExiniUT  A. 
InsurtDiec  ratett  on  scalene. 

7  per  Pont  per  annum,  \  per  cent  guaianteed,  to  be     in- urance rsitcs. 
'•aiHU'lIed  '-'4  hours  alter  arrival  in  jtort. 
For  4  mos.  »>n  .•'l.(MM>  would  be  eipial  to  guarantee  say,  4  per  cent,  or-*4(). 

For?  nioa.  oiii<l,0(M)would  be  ,,,,.al  to7  li'ths  of  t  per  cent,  cu'  $H».S3. 

Carry  3-4  valuation  of  vessel  and  full  valuation  on  invoice  of  cur;io. 


ExmniT  B. 
Advertisement  of  sale  of  E.  />.  ^^an'in. 

[Aiiction  1)11  !kt(miliiy,  Nov.  7tli,  at  11  a.  m.— SimHiik  m-liooner.] 

1  have  been  instructed  by  the  managing  owner  to  sell  by  auction 
at  niv  salesroom.  Fort  ami  LaMglev  streets,  the  tini^ 
8cho(mer  /J.  H.  ,}farnn,  117  net  and  'l2.{  gr(.ss  tonnage,  ^^xttrE.^irMaL°n. 
built  in  Kennebunk,  Maine,  (T.  S.     F "ame  and  plank- 
ing of  white  oak,  copper  fastened  j  her  bottom  was  metaled  last  year. 


« 


m 


"  i 
(  I 

I 


250 


OFFICIAL    REP0UT8. 


Slio  is  w«'ll  known  on  tli*'  Atlnntic  and  Piicific;  ocoans  as  holnjf  tlie  fast. 
<^st  «»f  tilt'  llcfts  iinil  one  of  tlie  brst  si-a-f^oinK  vrsscls  on  tlu'  coast, 
Ix-in^  one  of  tlu'  \'v\y  of  Mm-  licet  tli:it  is  well  adapted  to  other  pur- 
poses than  scaling:,  and  is  well  worthy  the  coiitideiice  ot'  any  seaman. 
The  vessel  will  be  snid  with  all  h<'i' boats,  j^nns.  and  ontllt  now  on  board. 
Inspection  oi  c.\i»cits  is  invited.  The  inventory  nniy  be  seen  on  a|)pli- 
catiuu  tu — 

O.  Byunes,  Auctioneer. 


h  'I 


EximiiT  O. 
Bid  for  enrjine  and  boiler  for  E.  It.  Marvin, 

( Victoria  ^racMniTv  Iiipcil.  Miidiiiic  Sljojn  ITiiiiil  l!l  Wurk  St.,  KikK  Itiiv.  Aiiiiitu  forTlii- .Tdlin  Doty 
Kii;:ini' Cii..  iir  I'lii'iiiilii:  I'riilii'illiv  liiiii  lorx;  Valvuliiii'  <Miiiili'i'  iiiiil  .Miuliiiicry  IIIIm;  &luK>iulia 
AutiKrictioii  Mi'lul,  vU;.     I>.  O.  Il<>\  'JUi.      riilupliiiiii'  I'all  .^TO.! 

ViCTOlliA,  B.  C,  iJnd  Nov.f  1893, 
E.  A.  IIoLMAN,  Esq., 

/'.  ().  Uor  nnc: 
Dkau  Sir:  lielcrrin;'-  t()  your  enquiry  for  engine  and  boiler  to  go 
into  sclir.  E.  li.  Marrin,  we  oiler  to  supply  one  14"  i>y 
.  ?';'•'  /"'■ '"1,«'V;'  ""''   1<»"  npri;u'hten<,'ine,  with  "  CIvde''  b()iler  .S4"  dia.,  120" 

bailor  tur  h  n.. Man  III.  '       T  ,     l  \r  ■    ,.      •      i-    '  i  i    a../.  ' 

lon},^  delivered  at  Victoria  lor  f  4,400. 
Yours,  truly, 

Spbatt  &  Gray. 

Exhibit  D. 

Specifications  of  material  and  manner  of  building  a  schooner  of  35  tons, 

II.  IS.  rcj/ister,  meamirement. 

Model  to  be  fine,  as  sjjced  is  desired.  Internally  arranpfed  for  a  seal 
hunter.  All  cleats,  cavels,  and  fitting's  for  spars  shall  be  of  oak,  or  other 
jjood  hard  wood.  Timber  not  otherwise  specified  shall  be  of  good 
Tufict  Sound  pine. 

Keel. — U)\'l'l"  inclndin;;  shoe. 

Stem, — Side  10"  and  mold  14"  outsideof  rabbet, 
and  fastened  with  ',\\\"  iron, 

^7<;/•/(/J0.v^— 14x14",  sided  to  (»"  at  top  of  keel, 
stern  knee,  fastened  with  7S  iron. 

Ih'ndieood. — Side  10"  and  mould  of  sutlicient 
heels  of  the  cunts,  fastened  with  .'{4  iron. 

Keelson. —  10x10",  fastened  with  two  7s  bolts  to  each  frame  driven 
from  top  of  keelson  to  within  two  inches  of  bottom  of  keel. 

Frame. — Timbers,  side  (!"  and  mold  8"  at  keel  and  5"  at  deck. 
Frames  spaced  li4"  from  center  to  center,  fastened  to  keel  with  one  3-4 
in.  b(»It.     Franu'  fastening",  ))ine  treenail. 

Ceilinfj. — -'"  thick  from  keelson  to  lower  turn  of  bilj^c;  thence  to 
deck  3"  thick,  fastened  with  4  and  seven  inch  spikes. 

Clamps. — txlO",  worked  on  to  ceiling  and  fastened  with  two  3-4"  bolts 
to  each  fiame.  one  driven  from  outside  and  clinched  on  clamp. 

J)eek  beams. — 0x10",  fastened  t(»  claini>s  and  frame  with  one  7-8  and 
one  3  4"  bolt  to  each  end  of  every  bjamj  hanging  kueesuuder  each  end 
of  the  partner  beams. 


Lock  scarfed  to  keel 

Secured  to  keel  witli 

depth  to  receive  the 


REPORT    (»F    Hl'KCIAL    ACJKNT    IIKNHY — KXIIIIHTS. 


251 


Oiitniilf  plunk: — (liiilxtiinl  .'{",  ntlicr  L'A  iiiclu's  Hiick,  fiistnied  with 
foiiipositioii  s|)ik«*s  and  {tiiK-  tn't'iiailn,  two  .s|»iki-.s  iind  two  trc«>iiail.H 
to  (>a('li  tVaiiK'  and  plank  Itclow  tlu-  wator  line,  and  locust  treenails  and 


\\y 


nd 


iit.iiii/ed  s|iik*'s  ahove  the  water  line. 

Ihrl,; — ;{\.{",  laid  with  ;,Main  verfieal  and  fastened  with  A-Kix")  in. 
spike,  }ralvani/.ed. 

Ik'tiil. — .'t\7  inehes,  fastened  with  one  S"  galvanized  8pik(!  to  each 
Htaiiehion. 

I'lank-HlHcr. — .'5  inehes  tliiek,  fasten«'d  with  <I  in.  fialv.  spikes. 

lUihnnkH. — 1  \  \\\  '\\  and  <i.  pine,  fastened  with  ;;al\ani/,ed  nails. 

li'iithh  r. — Stock  of  oak  S'dianictei'.    Two  set  sof  com  posit  ion  yndgeons. 

M'/zir/^j^w.  —  l>onl»le  ;;»  aicd  iron  yipsy  of  proper  si/.e. 

Vahiii. —  i-lxtendin;;  troni  side  to  side  at  heiylit  of  rail  and  (ifteen  feet 
fore  and  aft,  with  two  len;;tlis  of  luitlis  and  pantry  on  each  side, 
painted  with  t  wocoats  of  wliite  paint.     Sto\('  tor  heat  in;;. 

Spurs. — Mowsprit.  fore  and  niaininast.  Maintoprnast.  Two  booniH, 
two  ^aH's  of  ;>i)od  material,  and  made  with  |)roper  proportions. 

SiiUh. — .lih  foresail  and  nniinsail,  of  No.  .{  eott(»n  diiek;  staysail  a 
Halftopsail  of  No.  S. 

ixijUli)!;/. — Wire  standing:  riyyin;;  of  proper  size  and  length. 

Stcvfhrj  iji'tir. — Wheel  and  tiller,  rojtes  and  blocks. 

Anchors. — One  of  4."»n,  one  of  .{."»().  and  one  of  I'M  pounds. 

Cliiiins. — to  fathoms  :\  [  in.  and  li>  fathoms  ."» .S  in.  chain;  nno  eoil 
3.3  in.  nianilla  ro|ie  for  ked^e  line. 

Cinilhinjf. — The  vessel  shall  be  well  caulked  and  niade  ti;;ht. 

I'uinf'ntfi. — There  shall  be  two  coats  (tf  yood  copp«M'  paint  on  the 
bottom  and  two  eoat.s  of  whitelead  paint  elsewher«>  that  paint  is  re- 
tpiiied. 

Yowlbont. — There  shall  be  a  ll-'foot  yawl  boat  and  4  oars.  There 
shall  beone  spirit  coin])ass,  side  aiichor.aiHl  cabin  lamps;  knives,  forks, 
and  dishes  foi'  cabin.  From  the  main  hatch  forward  in  the  hold  will 
be  titled  a  i>lace  for  eookin;;'  and  lor  the  crew  t(»  sleep. 

Notwithstanding:  omissions  in  the  precediiifj  spccilications,  they  are 
intended  to  cover  tin*  biiildiii;;and  tMiuippiny  for  sea  a  schr.  of  .V»  tons, 
with  the  exception  of  yalley  fiiniitiire.  N'autieal  instruments  not 
ineluded  in  the  abo\e.     Water  casks  and  shii/s  stores. 


ExiinuT  E. 

Specifications  for  building  a  schooner  of  about  80  torn,  U.  8.  reyister 

measurement. 

Vessel  is  intended  for  a  seal  and  otter  hunter,  and  must  be  a  good 
sailer. 

Itudder  stock  ami  all  littin;;s  for  si)ars  shall  be  of  oak  (U-  other  yood 
hard  wood.  All  not  otherwise  specified  shall  be  ^ood  I'uyet  Sound 
pine. 

/wW.— 12x24",  incliidiii;--  sIk.c. 

Stem. — Side  12"  and  mold  \')"  outside  of  iabl)et. 

Sternpost. — l(»xl(»",  sided  to  8"  at  top  of  keel.  Secured  to  keel  by 
stern  knee  and  composition  dovetailed  plates  and  fasteiu'd  with  7-8" 
iron. 

Deaihrnod. — Mold  of  snlhcient  depth  to  receive  the  heels  of  the  cants 
and  l'a»teued  with  7-8  iron. 


ir 

■  (  I 
it 


n 


MM 


t 


\\ 


m 


ft 


If  ,■    M!  i      '■ 


%.     1 


.'l.' 


J  Vn 


ii  ■;  'i 


t 

I  i  ' 


!i 


',!,      .^ 

252 


OFFICIAL    REPOHTS. 


Frame. — Tiinbors,  side  8"  ami  mold  10"  at  k-t^\  and  fi"  at  rhe  deck; 
frames  spaced  liW  IVoin  center  to  <'«iirer  aud  taat<Mied  to  kee'  with  one 
;;  I  ill.  bolt. 

Keelson.  -12x14".  Fastened  with  two  1"  Wlt«  driven  from  rop  of 
keelson  to  witliiii  *J  in.  of  bottom  of  keel. 

(Ji'iliiui. — .{'  tliick  from  keel  to  lower  turn  of  l)ii«ie.  then  six  streuks 
4  by  !(►",  fastened  with  2  'f  l)olts  to  eaeli  traiui'  and  plank.  Tliem-e 
to  deck  .'{"  thiek.  fastened  with  7  in.  .sidkes. 

(ylaiiipn. — Si.x  by  twelve  inches,  worked  onto  tiiK-elampsauti  fastened 
with  two  I  in.  b<ilts  to  ea<'h  frame. 

/>rcA'  heaiihs.  -HxH)' .  Partner  Iteams  8xll"'.  tawrened  to  (damps  with 
two  I  in.  bolts  to  each  end  of  every  beam.  Partner  and  hatcdi  beams  U) 
have  hanyin;;'  knees. 

Ontsiile  phtnk. — (larboard  4''.  Other  .V  thick.  fa,st<Mipd  with  compo- 
sition spikes,  and  pine  treenails  below  the  water  liiK-  square  fastened) 
and  tjalvanized  spikes  and  locust  treenails  aitove  the  water  line. 

Pliuik  .sheer. — 4"  thick,  fastened  with  ;>'alvanized  spikes  4x4".  laid 
with  jjrain  vertical  and  fastened  with  -isd"  ;calv.  spikes.     Rail,  4x10". 

liulirarhs. — 1  |x4",  fastened  with  j^alv.  nails 

Vahin. — Kxtendinjj  trom  side  t^)  sid«'  at  hei-rht  of  rail  and  fore  and 
aft  bO  feet,  hnished  witli  one  stateroom  and  six  open  berths.  Water- 
closet  and  i»aiitry  and  stove. 

r<treeaj<tle. — in  the  hold  fi)rward  of  the  main  liat;<*b  there  shall  be 
bei'ths  for  the  crew  and  a  place  for  cookinj;. 

Rudder. — Stock  lb",  white  oak,  coin|M»sition  :rudgeous. 

Strerer. — Reed's  |»atent  (diamond  screw). 

Windlass. — Pnniphrcak.  Ui-iiicli  pnichase. 

Aiirhors. — One  .V»o.  one  l.">(),  and  one  200  lbs. 

Chiiins. — 45  fathoms  nt  i  in.  chain.  \~>  fathoms  of  J  in.  cliain. 

Spars — Free  fr«mi  i»a<i  unots  and  jiroperly  made. 

Sails. — rJib  foresaii  oi  sn.  1,  tlyinjf  Jib  No.  •"»,  staysail  and  gaff  top- 
sail of  No.  7.  rottoii  durti. 

Jiifllfirtij. — Wire  staitdiiii.  and  maiiila  ninnni^  ri::}riii<;.  one  coil  -t  in. 
kedge  war' 

(■ai(ll:iiii;  — '  )•  .essel  matti  be  jn-operly  cattlked  and  made  tight,  ami 
the  8eam>  d  brtmr  TU»e  water  line  and  white  lea^led  above. 

rainiiii-,    -  in  sbail   itave  2  coat'Md"  good  (-(([nier  paint.     Else- 

where 2  itmm  *rt  wtiit+<4«Mi  jmint. 

■  rfintyawl  boat  and  four  oara,  one  sjiirit  com- 
•abiii  table,  lamps  mh\  dishes,  a  foghorn, 

vsMci  will  be  fnlly  equapoed  and  ready  for 

;.*Tialaaid  in  a workmaatike manner, except- 

ical  instrumeutb  aud  ship's  stores. 


F. 

■)  ton  sehotner. 


There  shall  b*-  i 
pass,  side  and  ;  i 
hand  lead,  and 

It  is  understo 
sea, construe iv« I   ■< 
iiig  galley  fujuitiut 


onrr» 

II' 


Bidf»r  iHiiiii 


Central  Smp  Yard, 

Virtorii,  H.  C.  Nov.  in.  1892. 
I  do  tagroo  to  build  a  thirty-five  Tsrm  sealing  schooner,  and  furnish 
„, ..      ,  model  and  all  inateiial.     She  will  be  a  fast  sriler.     Will 

Uiu  tor  acliouiur.         ,  ^  ^     ,  ri     ■  i       i         ii  i-         •    i    u      i     i  «.      >  ■ 

be  next  to  |  Halcyon  |.    I  will  tiirnish  hrst  class  stock  and 
do  the  work  U)  the  satisfaction  of  who  may  superintend  the  buildiiijj, 


REPORT   OF    SPECIAL    AGENT    HENRY EXHIBITS. 


2r)3 


Hid  fcir  Rclmonor. 


All  will  l)«»(loiie  ill  a«'<>or«lan<'«!  witli  flies|)ociMciition.s  novon  view,  for  the 
sum  (»f  live  tin)usaii»l  dolliirs.  Tbis  includes  [ — i\  lining  and  .sternpoat 
for  8teum.  if  reiiuircd. 

Wm.  Tuepel. 


Exhibit  G. 
Bid  for  buihlini  80-ton  and  3't-ton  nchooner  with  auxiliary  steam. 

[Privat..] 

WAKUKN'a  Wharf, 

Victoria,  li.  C,  Nov.  16, 1892. 
E.   A.   HOLMAN, 

Victoria: 

Dear  Sir  :  With  rofcronrp  to  your  cnqniriiij;  as  to  prices  of 
HcliooiKTs,  we  have  to  say  tliat  we  cinild  siijipiy  a 
schooiuT  of  eiyhty  tons  iiicasmriiu'iit,  (iiiisluMl  anil 
found  as  jter  y<nu'  spi'cifications,  for  the  sum  of  eight  tiioiisaiid  seven 
hundred  and  iifty  d(tllars  (AsjoO.dO), 

A  sfliooner  (»f  tiiiity  live  tons  we  could  ••  MM'^V  for  four  thousand 
thret^  hundred  and  twenty-live  ilollars  (A  l.;>L'r».(Ml), 

In  botii  cases  we  will  j>iiaianteo  a  model  which  will  j>ive  satisfaction 
as  to  speed  and  seaworthiness. 

We  would  also  mention  that  in  case  of  your  giving  ua  the  order,  we 
should  be  al)le  to  build  under  cover,  which  wouhl  be  of  great  advantage 
to  tiie  hull  in  winter. 

With  regard  to  \nitting  in  auxiliary  steam   power,  we  are  only  pro- 
pared  to  submit  approximat*'  juices,  as  we  have  liad 
no  time  to  get  jtrices  fr«uu  manufacturers.     We  thini<  ,,„!;;.Vr'^'*  c""* "f  st*""' 
an -S'   X  10"  engine  would  be  about  the  si/e  f(U' tlie  larger 
vessel,  and  the  cost  of  that,  with  an  upright  boiler,  would  probably  be 
about  )5!2,(K)(MM>  extra. 

For  the  smaller  one,  a  (>"  x  8"  engine,  with  upright  boiler,  wouhl  be 
about  *1,0(K».(M»  extra. 

We  might  possibly  reconsider  the  above  prices  on  getting  further 
details  as  to  the  construction,  etc. 
Yours,  etc., 

n.  R.  Foot  &  Co. 


[Mr.  Foot  states  that  the  cost  in  the  carpenter  work  to  (it  them  for 
anx.  steam  would  be  ^  ir,;dl,  and  he  wouid  maU<i  no  extra  charge  for  it, 
should  we  decide  ou  putting  in  the  steam  auxiliary.) 


!l 


(1 


ExHiniT  II. 
Bid  for  furnifiliiiKi  marine  OKjinea. 

[Victoria  Machinery  Depot.     Miirliiiic  sliopH,  17  ami  10  Wurk  Htroef.  W.w\  Bay.] 

Victoria,  B.  C,  li<th  Xorcmbcr,  1892. 
E.  A.  Uolman,  Esq., 

Victoria: 
Dear  Sir:  Your  favor  of  the  14th  to  O.  P.  St.  .lohn,  Mgr.  Jno.  Doty 
Engine  ('o.,  for  wii(»m  we  aie  agents  here,  lla^■  be<'n 
handed  to  us  tor  reply,  and  we  beg  to  ipiote  as  Ibllows:     "'•^'"'^ "'*'""  «"«"'«• 


X 

)ii 


m 


v. 

i 


Is  I 


',\ 


m 


'i> 


f; 


ifiin 


I' 


V  ■ 


254 


OFFICIAL    REI'OIITS. 


One  8"x8"  mariiio  eii},'iiu',  witli  ''Clydi;"  boiU'r  48  iiicliea  dlar.,  72 
iiu'lios  \u\\\f^  lor  $1,17"). 

One  I0"xl(>"  marine  «'nj,'iiuMvitli  "Clyde"  boiler  GO  ins.  dia.,  78 
inclics  lontj,  for  !?1,8.">((;  both  delivered  at  Vietoria;  or  we  will  fiuaisU 
both  lor  $L',S(K»  if  ordered  toj>ether. 

Til*'  abov(^  prices  iiu^hide  the  followinjjf  artieles: 

lCnf;ine  wit',  link  motion,  feed-pnnii)  or  injei'tor,  thread-bearing, 
wheel  to  thr  >"  oil"  eentre,  propeller  shaft  au<l  e()i\i)Iinys,  propeller, 
stein  l>eann<;,  stern  i>i|)e  and  stnlliny-  box,  thi(»tfle  valve,  lubricator, 
oil  cups  and  <lrain-e(M'ks,  bilj^e  syphon,  sea-eoek  and  tianges,  feed  water 
heatei'. 

lioiler  with  jfratebars  and  castings,  anioke-box,  smoke  stuck,  stay- 
band,   stoj*  valve    for   steam  pipe,   globe  valve,  <-heck-valve,  exhaust- 
j)ipe,  water-pipe,  rain  curtain,  steam  gauge,  gauge  cock,  blow  oil' cock, 
glass  watei  gauge,  steani-pipo,  whistle,  safety  valves. 
Yours,  truly, 

Spratx  &  Gray. 


Exhibit  T. 
Bid  for  fumiahing  engines  for  SO-ton  and  S'l-ton  sehooncrs. 

[Offlocof  the  Alliimi  Inin  Works  Co.,  1,(1.,  ongiiii'ura,  ironfoiin(ler«,and  boilormakcrs.] 

ViOTOUiA,  li.  0.,  November  18,  1893. 
E.  A.  HOLMAN,  Esq., 

P.  O.  liox  506,  Vii'foiia : 
Dear  Sill:  This  company  will  supply  you  with  one  engine,  7"  and 
11"  X  12",  taiidem  c(tmpound,  and   one  Imiler,  r>'  (>" 
Bill  for  strain  .iiKiiir  dia.xS'  h)ng,  outside  condenser,  and  L'  blade  propeller, 
.")'  (»"  diameter,  for  your  SO  ton  schooner,  for  tlie  sum  of 
$3,100;  and  one  engine  <!"  ami  12"xH",  tandem  coinpfuind;  one  boiler, 
4' (>"x  7' long  outside  condenser,  indejjeMdent  air  pump,  2blade  pro- 
l>eller,4'  0"  diameter,  for  the  ."{."i-toii  schooner,  for  the  sum  of  $2,2U0. 
These  prices  are  for  machinery  set  up  in  boats. 
Yours,  truly, 

W.  F.  BUILON, 

Manager, 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  sit.: 
A.  J.  flenry,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  The  foregoing  re- 
port made  and  signed  by  nu^  is  true  in  every  particular. 

A.  J.  Henry. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  lOth  day  of  November,  A.  D, 
1802. 
[L.  s.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  Publio, 


\^ 


RErOUT>S    U.    8.    CONSUL    MVEUS. 


255 


REPORTS  OF  U.  S.  CONSUL  MYBRS. 
J)is2)atch  N^o.  10(1  from  Consul  jIi/cis. 

CONSULATK   <)1'   TIIK    UNITKD   STATES, 

Victoria,  B.  C,  Noirnihrr  10,  1S92. 

ITonora1>lc  Wilmam  F.  Whakton, 

AsftiHttiHf  Srcrrtdrj/  of  Sttifi',   WoNliiniifoii,  />.  <'.: 

S!K:  I  eiicloso  witli  fliis  dispatcli  Uvc  special  reports,  |»iirt  of  wliieh 
I  liiive  been  iiistiueted  to  niiike.     'Pliey  iire  entitled  as  Inllows: 

Oiti/.ensliip  of  ".loseph  lloscowit/./'  ••  Indian  Hunters."  ''Indian 
Canoe  Coaat  CiiU-h,"  '*  Kejjfistered  Owners,''  '' V^aliie  of  a  Sealing; 
Seliooner." 

Tlie  llrst  four  named  do  not  seem  to  call  for  comment  or  ex|iIanation. 
Their  import  and  purpose  are  obvious. 

TIr';  lifth,  relating;-  t<>  tlie  sale  of  the  selnMUier  I'J.  />'.  M^n-rin,  is  sig- 
nitieant,  as  indicating;  the  casii  \alni!i  of  a  vessel  (tf  that  description. 
In  my  enunu'ridion  and  valuation  of  schooners,  April  !.'!>.  l.SDii,  I  placed 
her  value  at  *!),")()(»,  which  was  decideilly  above  what  she  was  actually 
worth,  .*fl,.S(M>,  as  shown  l»y  her  sale.  Tiiis  «'ouvinces  jne  that  my  esti- 
nuite  at  that  time  was  ?niu'h  too  hiji'h  throuf^hout  ihe  list,  but  I  war.ted 
to  be  fair,  and  even  liberal,  with  the  sealers.  With  regard  to  the  valua- 
tion of  y<'h(M)/iers  and  their  outfits  by  the  sealers  thentsehes,  I  think 
they  'ireat  least  twice  as  much,  on  an  averay;e,  as  the  facts  would  Justify. 
J  aiu,  eir,  your  obedient  servant, 

IjEVI  W.  Myei{«, 

(Jonsul. 

[Enulusurvg  iw  Abiivo  InilicatciM 
CITIZKNSIIIP  OF  JOSEPH    BOSCOWITZ. 

Joseph  TJoscowitz,  for  nniny  years  last  past  a  resident  of  Victoria, 
liritisli  Cobunbia,  stated  to  me  on  October  L'lth,  ISiL',  that  he  has  been 
all  these  years,  and  is  now,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

Levi  VV.  Myeks, 

Consul. 
United  States  Const'late, 

ViitoriHf  liritinh  Columbia,  November  7,  1893, 

INDIAN  HUNTERS. 

There  are  eh'ven  Indian  reservati<uis  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancouver 
Island,  and  in  IS'M  they  «'ontaiiU'd  a  total  Indian  jxipnlatictn  of  li,.S(i4. 
It  is  from  tlu'se  reservations  that  the  supjdy  of  Indian  hunters  i,re  ob- 
tained for  the  British  ('olund)ia  sealin;;- lleet.  Statistics  obtained  at 
the  Victoria  cust4Mn  house  give  the  number  of  Indian  hunters  employed 
siuee  1880  as  follows: 


li 


1 1 


M 


IJ 


itlii 


Year. 

No  Uf  lllMlt- 

erg. 

1888 

80 

1887 

1888 

No      flKiii'fH 
Kiveu. 

:i85 
290 

4US 

lK'»« 

IHOO 

1H91 

1882 

i 


250 


OFFICIAL    RKPORTS. 


A  iiiiijorit.v  of  Um's«'  litiiitcrs  are  iiiiniiinicd  yoimpf  inoii.  It  wonM, 
l»crliaps,  Ix'  a  Iil)eial  cstitiiatc  to  .say  tliat  lor  thin  year  oiio-tliird  of  the 
<'oa.sf  liuliaus,  or  1,(K)(>  pcrHons  in  all,  prolitrd  or  wort'  in  soiiu'  way  tie- 
peialent  on  the  IJritiah  C'ohmibia  sealing  fleet  for  a  liveliliood. 

LliVl  W.  MVKKS, 

Constil. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  November  10, 1893. 


m\ 


\\  ^  \ 


H     !;' 


\.  i 


INDIAN  CANOE  COAST  CATCH. 

Statistics  as  to  tliis  catch  are  nicafrre,  no  att<'in|>t  having  boon  made 
by  the  N'ictoria  custonis-onicors  to  collect  them  nntil  a  year  or  two  ago. 
In  1S*.U  the  customs  re])ortcd  an  Indian  coast  catch,  or  canoe  catch, 
of  101  skins.  Harry  (iinillod,  the  Dominion  Indian  agent  for  the  west 
<-oast  of  Vanconvi'r  Island,  in  his  rejHirt  for  the  same  period, esti- 
niates  the  canoe  catch  at  l,r»(H)  skins.  The  agent's estinmte  is  probably 
the  nearesi  c<»rrect,  for  the  reason  that  the  skins  are  bronght  to  Vi('- 
toria  in  small  lots,  some  which  wonld  be  (jverlooked  by  tin*  cnstoins 
anthorities. 

The  canoe  cat<'h  for  1)SJ)2  is  placed  by  the  ciLstonis  oflicers  at  l/ii)i) 
skins. 

It  is  safe  to  cstinnite  the  annual  canoe  catch  on  the  V'jicouver  Island 
coast  at  l,(KK>to  l,r)(M»  skins,  and  no  doubt  it  was  «r"ater  in  former 
years,  owing  to  the  greater  Jinmber  of  seals  and  the  ease  with  which 
they  were  approached. 

Levi  W,  Myers, 

Consul. 

United  Stati;s  (^onst^late, 

Victoria,  British  Colnmbia^  November  10,  1892, 


il     I 


m. 


UEGISTHRED   OWNERS. 

Tlie  follo\\ing  are  tlie  names  of  the  registered  owners  of  sealing 
schooners,  as  slntwn  by  the  oHicial  re<'()rds  of  the  custoin-honse  of  this 
jiort.  clearing  fic»in  Vicl(»ria.  British  ('olnml)i>i,  and  which  were  seized 
i>y  I'nitcd  States  Kevenue  vessels  in  ISS(»  and  snbse(|nent  yt'ars  in 
Hering  Sea,  chur;4<'d  with  illegal  seal  iatching. 

Carokna. — William  Munsic,  sole  owner  for  the  years  1886,  1887,  and 
1889. 

Anna  Ihrk. — Thomas  Henry  (.'uo])or.  sole  owner  for  the  year  188(}, 
1887,  and  1889. 

Thornton. — .lanies  IKniglas  Warren,  sole  owner  for  the  years  188(5, 
1887,  and  1S81». 

(hnrant. — Daniel  McLean,  .'^L*  shares;  (Jharles  Spring,  .'J2  shares,  for 
the  vcars  188(1,  1887,  and  188!>. 

11*.  J\  Sni/irartl. — Thomas  Menry  Coo]ter,  ,1L'  shares,  and  Andrew 
Laing,  -\2  shares,  in  18.S(t;  .Iran  Ann  Scott  and  Isaboll  Scott,  Joint 
owners  of  '.VJ  shares,  and  Thomas  Henry  Cooper  owner  of  the  renudn- 
ing  '>V2  shares,  in  18.S!». 

(Iraee. — Thomas  Henry  (_!ooper,  sole  owner  for  the  years  18.S6,  1887, 
and  188l». 

Dolphin. — Thoums  Ilenry  Cooper,  sole  owner  for  tUo  years  1880, 
1887,  and  1889. 


REPORTS    U.    8.    CONSUL   MYERS 


257 


Ada. — riiristoi)ln'r  Lr*',  '<V2  slunes;  Jai  it's  Kobiiisoii,  ,'Jli  shares.     Ada 
was  icf-istt'nMl  af  Sliiin;;liiii. 
Aljml  Adatiis. — Jacob  liiitiiiaii  solo  owner  iit  ISSd;  Morris  Moss  In 

1.SS.S, 

Levi  W.  Mvews, 

Jvnsul. 
UNiTEn  Statks  Consulate, 

Victoria,  li.  C,  November  7,  1892. 


VALUE  OF  A  SEALING  SCnOONKR. 

The  sealinji  schooner  /v.  />.  Mnrrin  was  sold  at  public  auction  at  this 
l)ort  November  1>,  ISUl'.  The  prire  paid,  including  one  suit  of  sails, 
six  se.ilin^boats,  seven  shotj-uns,  and  one  brass  si^nal^^un,  and  one 
cliroiu)nieter,  was  .<*(». S(K», 

Tlu'  Miin  in  is  one  .n  the  l.ir<jest  «:i"  ihe  Victoria  st-alin;;  licet ;  tonnaf^e, 
117.  She  came  lio':!  tlie  Atlantic  coast,  was  rc;;istcrcd  at  Kciinebec, 
]Main<',  and  transferred  to  the  !>ritisli  lla;;  at  N'ictoria,  Deccmbv'r  18, 
ISSS,  and  is  the  only  vessel  of  ilic  ileet  IVom  tlie  east«'rn  coast  built  of 
oaU.  She  was  lonncrly  <'alled  the  Mollir  Atlniiin.  Siie  is  in  p>od  con- 
dition, iiavinji"  been  newly  coppered  last  winier  or  sprinjj,  at  a  cost  of 
!?y,L'(»(),  in<'ludiny  other  repairs. 

She  was  bid  in  by  i{.  Seabrook  of  this  city. 

This  sale  and  the  price  paid  is  an  imjiortant  in<1ic'ition  of  the  value 
of  sealiu};  schooner  |»roperty  in  this  jtoit.     She  is  the  hnjicst  excejit 

one(tlie  .sVf/</>/(/»(  )ol' the  sail!  ny  tleet;  iscijiht  years  old.  in  ^ I  repair, 

and  included  in  tlie  sale  was  I  he  outlit  of  ecpiipnients  above  enumerated. 

Levi  \\ .  Mvkks. 

Conxul. 

United  States  Consut-ate, 


Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Xovcmbcr  10, 189:^ 


!  I 


<rf{ 


Dispatch  Xo.  197 from  Connvl  Mjiers. 

CONSULA'IE  OF   THE    rMIKl)   STATES, 

Victoria,  li.  f'.,  \orcmltcrJJ,  1S93. 
IToJiorabh' Wil,LTAM  F.  Wiiaijton, 

Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Wasliinfifon,  I).  C: 

Sn{ :  With  this  dispatch  are  inclosed  eijilit  speciiil  reports,  ami  a 
document'  conlaininj;  extracts  from  the  evidenee  in  the  snpicme  court 
of  Ibitish  < '<»Inn>l)ia.  in  cases,  wherein  the  litij;ants  wci*'  ,1.  I).  Warren 
anti  .losepii  Hoscowit/,  of  Victoria.  I».  ('.,  ami  which  extracts  set  forth 
the  business  relations  of  these  |»arties  for  a  number  of  yeais,  includiiij; 
IMSo.  lSS(i.  and  ISST.  and  the  interest  .I(»seph  Hoscowit/,  an  American 
eiti/i'u.  had  in  tlu>  sealiiif;  scliumiers  seized  l»y  rnit<'d  States  <illicials 
in  ISSd  and  1SS7.     These  special  reports  are  desi;;nat«'d  as  tbllows: 

"Hefiistered  Tonnajie  b'ecoidr,"  ••(leneral  Statisti<'s;"  -^Averafje 
Catch  per  Schooner:"  '•  M(Ut{Xiiy'es  on  Seized  Schooners;"  *'('ost  of 
Sealinji  Boat  and  Outfit;"  "  Firearujs  us»'(l  by  Seal  Hunters;"  "Cost 

ii:3(;4 17  '  See  pp.  301-320. 


h 

'    4 


1^ 


1 


'lip 


if 


'  f! 


>     \ 


%\\\ 


258 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


of  Aminniiifion ;"  "Division  of  the  St'til-skin  ('atrlies  by  British  Colam* 
bia  Sealers;"  and  the  "Document of  Extracts  from  Kvidence."* 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  Hervunt, 

Levi  W.  Myers, 

(jomul. 

(InclofiiirM  nn  nbovo  indiritted.] 
EEOISTEllKI)  TONNAGE   RECORD. 

The  registered  tonnaj^e  of  the  sealin}?  scliooners  named  in  the  h"st 
found  below  is  as  follows,  acTordlng  to  the  register  oi'  said  vessels  in 
the  custom-house  at  Victoria,  British  Columbia: 


Name. 


Anna  Dock 

(lurdrnu 

Tlioniton     

Onward 

\V.  1'.  Saywiird 

(ira4t>  (Mti'aniiT)  . . 
Ddlpliin  (Htt'anuT) 

Ada 

Alfhul  Adams 


Hcj-lHtt'icd 
touiiage. 


40.^8 

;(i.go 

29.  KB 

fiU  7« 
T6.(*7 
611.  10 
MAS 
ft-.7S 


Customs:  Canada^  Victoria,  B.  C, 
November :.%  ISOii. 


A.  R.  Milne, 
Collector  of  Cuntoms, 


United  States  Consti  vte,  BuiTmn  CoLnivrnTA, 

\'i>i'oria,  />'.  6\,  Soormlur  :Jx\  1803. 
I,  Levi  W.  Myers,  Consul  of  the  I  nited  States  at  Victoria,  15.  (.■.,  do 
hereby  certity  rliiit  tln^  signature  oi  .V.  K.  Milne  at  the  foot  of  the  writ- 
ing hereunto  attaciied  is  his  true  iuid  genuine  siginiture  nnide  and  ac- 
knowledged in  my  presence,  and  that  tiie  said  A.  li.  Milne  is  person- 
:dly  known  t^)  me;  and  1  (h»  furtlHT  certily  tiiat  he  is  collector  of  cus- 
toms at  the  port  of  Victoria,  British  Cohnnbiii. 

in  witness  whereof,  1  liave  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  the 
seal  of  the  consulate,  at  Victoria,  B.  C,  tiiis  day  and  year  ne.\t  above 
written,  and  of  tlie  Independence  of  the  United  States  the  one  hundred 
and  seventeenth. 
[SEAL..]  Levi  W.  Myers, 

Consul  of  the  United  IStatet. 

GENERAL  STATISTICS. 

The  statistics  given  below  present  the  number  of  schooners  of  all 
nationalities  chartered  and  fitted  out  in  British  Columbia  for  pelagic 
seal-hunting  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean  and  Bering  Sea  for  the  years 
1«.S1  to  1892,  inclusive.  The  number  of  boats  and  <'anoes,  number  of 
crews  in 'luding  whites  and  Indians,  and  the  catch  of  tieal  skius  ore 
aisw  given  lor  the  above  mentioned  period: 

1881. 

Total  number  of  schooners,  10 — British,  0;  American,!.  Nund)er  of 
bottts,  12;  cauoes.  14G.     Total  crews,  338 — whites,  4(5;   Indians,  292. 

Tins  iiK'loAiiri'  will  \w  foiiiKl  with  the  "Mattt^-  relating  to  owucruUip  of  curtaiu 
te*iing  vtMWflH  8eutid  by  the  Uuited  8tutoH,"  pu»t  p.  3U1. j 


111 


REPOKTS    U.    8.    CONSUL    MYERS. 


250 


Cntt'li  was  botwoen  i;J,(MK)  and  14,(MM>  skins.    No  authentic  statistics  as 
to  catch,  which  was  all  made  oil"  the  I'acitlc  coast. 

1882. 

Total  nimihor  of  schooners,  13 — Hritish,  12;  Americiin,  1.  Number 
of  boiitN  I.'>;  ciinocs,  L'(K>.  'I'otiil  clews,  454 — whites,  51;  Indians,  100. 
Catcli,  17,700.    All  coast  caldi. 

1883. 

Total  nutnlxM- of  schooners,  10 — Hiitish,  0;  American,!.  Number  of 
boats,  12;  raiioi's,  lis.  Total  crews,  ,'{.{0 — wliites,  10;  Intlians,  2!>.S. 
Catch,  0,l!»r>.  The  small  catch  o\'  this  year  is  accounted  for  by  a  series 
of  severe  storms  along  the  coast. 


1881. 

Total  number  of  sehooners,  II;  all  British, 
canoes(not  given).  Total  crews,  1  "id — whites,  - 
Catch  esliniated  at  10,000.    All  on  coast. 

1885. 


Number  of  boats  and 
— }  Indians  (not  given). 


Total  number  of  schoonora,  15;  all  Hritish.  Number  of  boats  and 
canoes  (not  given).  Total  crews,  IS'.l — wliites,  |S!»;  Indians  (notgiven). 
("alc'ii. lower  and  upper  coast  combined, 20,270;  Bering  Sea  catch,  1,200. 
Total,  27,470. 

1886. 

Total  number  of  schooners  20 — Hritish,  HI;  American  3;  Oerman  1. 
Number  of  boats,  s;>;  canoes,  .'50.  Total  crews,  .{72 — whites,  252;  In- 
dians, -SO.  Tatch.  low«'r  and  uppi'r  coast  combined,  13,089;  IJering 
Sea  catch,  13,408;  total,  20,212. 

188^. 

Tc.tal  number  of  schooners,  21 — all  British,  Number  of  boat."?,  00; 
<'ano«'s,  4.S.  Total  <'rews,  411 — whites,  .'HI;  Indians,  100.  Catch, 
lower  and  upper  coast  combined,  12,018;  Bering  Sea  catch,  14,.j05; 
total,  27,543. 

1888. 

Total  nund)er  of  schooners,  17 — British  15;  American,  2.  Number  of 
boats  and  «'ano(is  (ii(»t  givi-n).  Total  crews.  204 — whites.  2!>l;  Indians 
(not  given).  Catch,  lower  and  upper  coast  combined,  0,010;  Bering 
Sea  catch,  15,727;  total,  22,010. 

1889. 

Total  number  of  si-hooners,  24 — British,  23;  Oormsin,  1,  Number  of 
boats,  72;  canoes,  104.  Total  cn'w.s,  040 — whites,  2(»1 ;  Indians,  .'t.s."). 
Catch,  lower  and  upper  coast  cond)incd,  12,703:  Bering  Sea  catch,  10,058. 
Total,  29,001. 


■I 


\i 


i        f; 


I 


ii 


i 


260 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 
1890. 


Total  nnnilior  of  Rohoonors,  30 — HiitiHli,  20;  (Ij'iinnn,  1.  Niiinbor  of 
boats,  107;  i-iincM's,  H'k  Total  cicws,  028— whites,  •<•<•'<;  lixliaiis,  2!M). 
Catcli,  lower  coast,  4,870 j  upper  coast,  10,742 j  iieriug  Sea,  18,500. 
Total,  40,208. 

1891. 

Total  nnmbor  of  schooners,  r>4 — Itritisli,  53;  AmenVan,  1.  'Nnnilior 
of  boats,  234;  raiutcs,  17(!.  Total  ciews,  1,1S1 — whites.  730:  liHliiins, 
445.  Cateli,  lower  coast,  4,127;  upper  coast,  17,443j  liering  JSea,  20,240. 
Total,  50,810. 

1893. 

Total  niitiiber  of  scboonors,  fifi — Ibitish,  05;  AnienVan.  1.  Number 
of  boats,  1:73;  eanoes,  250.  Total  crews,  1.447 — wliitrs,  052;  ludiins, 
405.  ('ateli,  lower  coast,  4,570;  upper  coast,  24.5.S5;  Asiatic  (Copper 
Island)  catch,  14,.S05.    Total,  40,125. 

Levi  VV.  Mykks, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Vivtorittf  Jiritiah  Coliunbiit,  November  23,  1893, 


AVERAGE  CATCn  PER  SCHOONER. 

Tlie  table  found  below  shows  the  averajje  catch  per  schooner  of  the 
(Canadian  sealing;  Meet  from  1S81  to  18!»2,  inclusive.  The  statistics 
contained  therein  have  been  }>'atliere<l  from  Canadian  otiicial  and  other 
authentic  sources  and  are  believed  to  be  correct: 


|i  I 


Tear. 

No.  of 

TCBguU. 

Tntnl 

cutch. 

Total 

Hfiiii);  Si'ii 

uatcli. 

Avrrajto 

Ili-riiiKScn, 

I'Utih. 

IRHl                

9 
12 

0 
11 
15 
Id 
21 
15 
2:1 
29 
5.T 
»5 

14.000 
17.700 
U.  t!l5 
Itt.  .'XMI 
27,  47(1 
24. 144 
27. 543 
22.415 
27,  iHK) 
;i«,  547 
40.  lifll 
48, 125 

1 ,  555 

IgH-'        

1 ,  475 
1,021 
I.MHI 
l,^21 
IfKin 

l,:ill 

1,404 
1,215 
l,;t(V4 

o;i7 

722 

l«K:t   

iKm        

1SS5     

1,200 
12  22:1 
14..'i05 
15.02! 
15,  4!I7 
IH.  ,5116 
28,  005 
•14,  WI5 

HO 

]HH(1                  

704 

1HH7      

0115 

IHMt) 

1,041 

mffg      

873 

]gOO    

n42 

IHttl 

5:i9 

1892    

227 

*A8iaU& 


Levi  W.  Myers, 

Consul. 


United  States  Consut-ate, 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Kovemher  23, 1893» 


. 


RErORTfl   IT.   8.   CONSUL   MYERS. 
MORTUAUKS   ON   SEIZED  8CIIOUNERS. 


261 


The  mortffapfo  record  in  the,  ciistoin-lioiise  at  Victoria,  B.  C,  shows 
that  on  ('aniulian  Healing  vessels  seized  in  Heiint;  Sea  by  armed  vesscld 
of  tlie  United  States  for  alle<;ed  infraction  of  American  sealing  ri|;htH, 
tlie  followinj; mentioned  mcnfjiafjes  are  re«'orded : 

On  the  Thornton,  in  18.SU,  a  niintjyaffe  of  ii<l,U(H>  and  interest  in  favor 
of  .lt)sei)h  IJoscowitz. 

On  tiie  Annn  Urck,  in  188(J,  a  mort^ajjo  of  f(»,(M)0  and  interest  in 
favor  of  .loseph  IJoscowitz. 

On  32  slnires  of  tiie  M'.  /•.  Sayintni,  in  1887,  a  mortgage  of  !i«2,r»<'<> '» 
favor  of  J«tse|>]i  I>(»sco\vitz. 

On  the  Oract',  in  188G,  a  mortgage  of  $0,(MM)  and  interest  in  favor  of 
Josepli  Hoscowitz. 

O'n  tiie  Dolftliiii,  in  188(5,  a  mortgage  ()f  $0,000  and  interest  in  favor 
of  .losepli  lioscowitz. 

On  the  Carolnia,  in  188(5,  a  mortgage  of  $1,(M)0,  no  interest,  in  favor 
of  A.  .1.  Heclitel. 

Josepli  lioscowitz  aud  A.  J.  Jiechtel  were  in  those  years  citizens  of 
the  United  States. 

Levi  W.  Myers, 

Consul, 

United  States  Consulatb, 

VivtoriUj  JirUinh  Columbia,  November  23, 1893, 


COST  OP  SEALING  BOAT  AND  OUTFIT. 

The  following  is  the  cost  of  a  sealing  boat  and  outtit,  new,  Victoria 
prices : 

One  HCitlinfT  hoat ,, $110.00 

One  sail  with  pole 4.00 

Two  pairs  oaiH,  at  $2.25  per  pair 4.50 

Total 118.50 

The  boats  are  made  usually  of  white  pine.    The  sail  and  pole  are,  as 
a  rule,  made  aboard  the  schooners  by  the  boat's  crc\ys. 

Levi  W.  Myers, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  November  22, 1892, 


FIREARMS  USED  BY  SEAL  HUNTERS. 

Both  British  and  American  firearms  are  used  by  seal  hunters. 

The  priiicipal  IJritish  shotguns  used  are  manufactured  by  W. 
Eichards,  ('.  (}.  Honchill,  and  F.  S.  Harrison.  The  Hicliards  gnu  is 
worth  in  Victv)iia  from  $30  to  $35.  The  Harrison  and  Honehill  guns 
an^  worth  $(10. 

Tlie  American  shotguns  used  are  the  Parker  iiros.,  Ticfevre,  L.  C. 
Smith,  and  Clayborough.  The  Parker  guns  are  wortli  from  $.■>(»  to 
$100,  according  to  grade.  A  good  many  hammerless  Paikcrsare  used. 
They  are  worth  about  !?(!").  The  Lefe/re,  Smith,  aud  Clayborough 
firearms  average  from  $50  to  $U0. 


(  I 


l\ 


I 


262 


OFFICIAL    REPORTS. 


I     I 


Whon  a  Imiitfr  nsps  a  liif;li-inic«'(l  fjuii  it  is  usually  liis  private  prop, 
crty,  and  is  not  supp]i«Ml  by  tlic  outnttj'r  of  tin'  .sclntoncr. 

Tln'  Winrlusstcr  rrprattT  is  tiie  princripal  ritie  used, in  sizt's as  follows: 
.'J8-,W,  UMM),  i't-m,  4r)-70,  4r>-\H).  Tlie  av«'rau«'  I>«i<0  is  tVoin  *1.S..")0  to 
$1*1.     A  few  Marlin  ritles  are  used  and  cost  a>>out  ^20  eauli. 

NnnditTs  8,  10,  and  V2  sliot};unsiire  usnl.     A  niiijority  of  the  hunt<>rs 
seem  to  tiiink  the  No.  12  {j[iin  (tlie  suialluHt  bore)  the  most  ell'ectivu 
for  killin^^  seals. 
Nu  uiu/zle-loading  liruarius  arc  used. 

Levi  W.  Myers, 

Consul, 
Unitei)  States  Consulate, 

Victoria,  British  Columhia,  November  2Q,  1893, 


1      I 


l.ul 


COST  OF  AMMUNITION. 

Tlie  following  from  an  autlientic  source  is  the  estimnte  of  tlie  ainoTiTit 
and  cost  of  aniniunition  for  a  Tanadian  sealin;;  sciiooncr  canyinj^  six 
sealing;  bouts,  sind  with  a  crew  of  21!  white  men.  Voyage  to  last  the 
entire  seasou,  Victoria  prices: 

Etiimale  of  ammunUhn. 

lOkcpn  powdor  (25  pnnmlH  entli)  at  I?  jit-r  koji $70.00 

4(1  Hinks  .shot  (4  Hiirks  to  1  ki'H  of  powder)  -at  ^\.'M  \wr  Huck (Ml.  (K) 

IT), (MM)  \V!mU,  lit  7."!  rt'lllM  per  ihoiiHiilKl IS.  7."> 

15,(M)0  |iriiiu'i'H,  lit  !M)  I'ciits  per  tlioiisaiid i:{.  .'iO 

1,300  I.I1U18  sholls,  at*7  per  linmlreil !M.(K) 

Total 253.25 

The  shot  used  are  Xos.  1  and  2  buckshot  and  "  Four  A"  shot. 

Levi  W.  Mvkks, 

ijonsul, 
Unitki)  States  Consttlatb, 

Vivturia,  JJritish  Columbia,  November  23,  1893, 


DIVISION  OF  THE  SEAL-SKIN  CATCHES  BY  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  SEALERS. 


!'   I 


I . 


The  practice  of  dividing  the  scaling  season  into  "eatches" — tliat  is 
the  "I«>wcr  coast  catcli,"  "upper  <!oast  catch,"  and  "Hering  Sea  catch," 
is  of  reccut  origin.  It  began,  substantially,  in  IHSl).  Up  to  that  year 
the  custom  of  sealing  captains  was  to  carry  all  the  skins  they  took  on 
tile  way  to  tiu^  North  Tacilic  along  with  them  into  Heiing  Sea  and  to 
retiiin  p(>session  of  them  all  tiiroiigh  the  season,  returi.l..^  .  'tli  them 
to  \'iet()ria  at  its  close.  All  iittcmi»ts,  therefore,  to  divide  tin'  skins 
taken  in  any  one  year  prior  to  188'.)  into  "coast  catches"  or  "liering  Sea 
catches,"  are  estimates,  and,  to  an  extent,  unreliable.  So,  when  it  is 
stated  tliat  13  schooners  took  ao,!*.')/)  skins  in  188(1,  the  statistician  is 
•■iirefiil  to  siiy  " /«  and  abouC''  Bering  sea,  and  not  that  they  were  all 
taken  in  Bering  Sea.  The  total  catch  of  that  year,  including  the  North 
Pacilic  and  Hering  Sea  catches,  was  only  1'1,144,  as  returned  by  the 
custom-house  records  at  Victoria.  Other  illustrations  of  the  misleading 
chariH'ter  of  these  rei>orted  "catches"  could  be  given. 

Thr  biisis  of  a  proper  and  accurate  division  of  the  season's  work  was 
first  luiuished  iu  1881),  when  the  schooner  Wanderer  was  seut  north  to 


REPOnT  TREAftURV  AGENT  LAVENDER. 


263 


to 

TS 

vo 


bringdown  i\w  \ortli  riu-ifle  ratclu's.  Sliearrivt'd  at  Saiul  Point  .Tiuio 
'jr>,  aii<i  accompliHhi'd  bur  iiiiHsion,  the  relieved  hcIiooihth  going  tlienco 
iiit4>  tlic  H(>a. 

Ill  1H!M>  liie  Hteainor  ^[iHchief  want  on  a  Iilv«'  mission,  taking  tlio  skiiiH 
ofl"  tlui  scluMniers  at  Nortlu^ast  Harbor  tliiiic  li2. 

Ill  lHi)l  tliu  steaniur  Danube -waut  noitli  and  inct  tlio  Hclioonors  at 
Alitak  Hay  June  2(». 

In  1H!>2  the  Coqititlam  was  tin'  st»'aiin'r  I'liiployod,  nu'eting  tlie 
Rcliooners  at  Toiiki  Hay  and  Port  Etches,  and  being  seized  by  tlie 
Coricin  at  tlie  hitter  place  June  22. 

Levi  W.  Mveus, 

Vvnaul. 
United  Statf:s  Consulate, 

Victoria,  Btit'">h  Columbiu,  N'ovcmbcr  23,  1892, 


It 

ix 
le 


report  of  treasury  aoent  lavender 

Office  of  Special  Agent  Trbasurv  Dei'aktment, 

tSaint  George  Inland,  Any.  31at,  18'J:i. 

J.  Stanley-Brown,  Esq., 

U.  S.  Treasury  Agent  in  charge  Seal  Inlandit, 

Wnnhin<fton,  D.  C: 

Dear  Sir:  A  careful  examination  of  all  the  rookeries  on  this  island, 
[was]  made  the  21)tli  inst.,  for  the  jinrpose  of  ascertaining  tlic  number  of 
dead  seal  jiups  (if  any)  to  be  found  on  the  breeding  grounds.  1  have  t\n' 
honor  to  make  you  the  following  report:  On  North  Rookery  there  were 
sixteen  (1(1)  dead  pups,  most  of  which  were  near  the  water  where  they 
bad  been  killed  by  the  surf,  which  is  frequently  tlie  case  when  they  are 
learning  to  swim.  On  Starri  Arteel  but  three  (i\)  dead  pups  were  found. 
On  Kast  Rookery  there  were  nine  (!►),  seveu  (7)  of  wlii(!h  were  also 
killed  by  the  surf.  There  were  no  deail  pups  on  Little  'Cast  Rookery, 
and  only  six  ((»)  on  Zapadnie,  all  of  which  were  near  the  water. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.  W.  Lavender, 
U.  S.  Treasury  Agent  in  charge  ISt.  Ucorye  Island. 


i 


i 


[Certificate  of  •uthentlcatlon.] 

United  States  of  America. 

Treasury  Department, 
I  December  .s',  JS03. 

rnrsuaut  to  section  S82  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  T  hereby  certify  that 
the  annexed  jiaper  is  a  true  copy  of  an  ofticial  report  on  tile  in  this 
Dci»aitiiicnt. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  band,  and  caused  the 
seal  of  the  Treasury  Deijurtmeut  to  be  affixed,  on  the  day  and  year  ttrst 
above  written, 
[SEAL.]  Charles  Foster, 

Becretary  of  the  Treasury, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


Ikv    

2.2 


us   110 


11:25  11.4 


m 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


^^ 


!\ 


:\ 


\ 


<^ 


..«"'» 


f/j 


264 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


M     11  ! 


>  i' 


ol;  !,: 


NOTES  ON  THE  FUR-SEAL  ROOKERIES  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS^ 

JULY  18  TO  31,  1892. 

By  IJ.  W.  EvEUMANN,  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission. 

Captain  Z.  L.  Tannor  having:  carried  out  his  instructions  and  returned 
to  (Jnahiska  whcic  a  board  of  survey  condemned  tlie  boiler  of  the  Al- 
batross, thus  causing'  sonu'  delay  before  starting  off  to  the  Paciflc  coast, 
1  decided  to  (h'vote  the  time  to  sucli  an  investigation  of  seal  life  on  the 
Pribilof  Islands  as  tiu^  few  days  at  my  disposal  would  permit. 

On  the  evening'  of  .Inly  17, 1  left  Dutch  Ilarbor  on  the  Bertha  for  the 
Pribilof  Islands.  1  had  with  me  Mr.  N.B.  .Miller,  of  the  A /Z^a^^-oss  seieu- 
titic  staff,  wlio  accompanied  me  as  i»hotog'rapher. 

\Vl'  landed  u])on  St.  i'aui  Island  on  the  morning'  of  July  11),  and  re- 
mained there  until  theevening'of -lulyL'l,  when  we  went  by  the  Bertha  to 
St.  (ieorge  Island.  Owing'  to  rough  weather  we  were  not  able  to  land 
upon  this  island  until  the  evening  of  July  U7.  We  remained  on  St. 
George  Island  until  the  ev(!ning  of  .Inly  31  when  we  sailed  on  the 
Bertha  for  Dutch  Harbor  v^ere  we  again, joined  the  Albatross. 

In  view  of  the  limited  time  at  our  disposal  for  the  study  of  the  fur- 
seal  rookeries,  the  i)lan  AVas  adopted  of  visiting  each  rookery  at  least 
once,  and  of  paying  daily  visits,  when  possible,  to  Lukannon  rookery, 
whose  situation  and  general  character  rendered  it  particularly  well 
adapted  for  observation. 

Tlie  following  is  an  account  of  my  observations  upon  the  various 
rookeries:  • 

Lukannon  liookertj,  Tuesday,  July  19,  from  1:30  to  dp.  tn. 

Apparently  the  height  of  the  breeding  season  has  not  only  been 
reached  but  perhaps  ])assed.  From  one  ])oint  I  c(mnted  as  carefully  as  I 
could  all  the  seals  in  view  along  the  rookery  for  a  distance  of  about  150 
feet,  the  strip  being  alxmt  100  feet  wide. 

('ounting  them  by  harems,  calling  one  bull  and  all  the  cows  audjiups 
about  him  one  harem,  I  obtained  this  result: 


\    i 


Harem. 

BuUs. 

Cows. 

Pups. 

1 

7 
6 
i 
2 

27 
10 
2 
0 
5 
12 
4 
5 
6 

26 

2 

60 

3 

20 

4 

5 

6 

12 

6 

15 

7 

0 

8    

0 

9 

3 

10       ...            

20 

11 

5 

12 

15 

13    

30 

Total 

13 

00 

211 

The  dift'erence  between  the  number  of  cows  and  pu])S  is  due  to  two 
facts,  viz:  1,  a  few  of  the  cows  have  not  yet  been  delivered  of  their 
pups,  and  2,  most  of  the  cows  have  already  been  served  by  the  bulls, 
and  have  been  permitted  to  go  out  in  the  sea  to  feed. 

Counting  all  the  l)ulls,  cows,  and  i»ups  in  plain  view  over  a  slightly 
longer  strip,  I  found  15  bulls,  200  cows,  and  approximately  300  pups. 


1 


B.  W.  EVERMANN  :  NOTES  ON  ROOKERIES,  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS.   265 


This  is  quite  certainly  a  greater  number  of  pups  than  belong  tx)  the  15 
bulls,  as  the  pupa  have  already  begun  to  gather  into  pods,  tlius  destroy- 
ing tlie  integrity  of  the  families.  At  one  end  of  the  area  observed  was 
a  very  large  pod  of  pups,  many  of  which  undoubtedly  behmg  to  families 
further  away. 

In  making  the  count  of  liarems  a  good  many  cows  and  a  great  many 
pups  were  not  counted,  as  tliey  did  not  seem  to  belong  to  any  particu- 
lai' family.  Tliese  cows  liad  been  served,  and  were  conseijuently  allowed 
to  wander  from  tlieir  lords.  The  pnjis,  apparently,  do  not  h)ng  remain 
in  the  fjimilies  where  they  belong,  but  soon  begin  to  wander  about  and 
to  collect  for  a  part  of  the  day  at  least  into  large  bunches  or  [>ods. 

From  tlie  first  count  it  would  appear  that  at  least  121  out  of  a  possi- 
ble minimum  of  211  cows  were  out  feeding  at  this  time.  This  is  over 
56  per  cent.  By  the  second  count  it  ai)i)ears  that  out  of  a  necessary 
minimum  of  COO  cows  at  least  4(t()  or  <)(i"^  per  cent,  were  out  feeding. 
These  per  cents  are  based,  however,  upon  the  sui)position  that  all  the 
pups  have  been  born.  As  some  of  the  cows  liave  (piite  certainly  not 
yet  had  their  i>ups,  the  percentage  of  cows  out  feeding  is  even  greater 
than  here  indicated. 

Lukannon  Rookery  o(!cupies  chiefly  a  long  narrow  rocky  strip  lying 
between  the  water  and  an  ap])roximate]y  vertical  bluff.  At  certain 
places  this  bluff  is  iiTcgular  and  broken  so  that  seals  can  climb  to  its 
top  and  spread  out  u]»on  tlie  relatively  level  land  back  of  it.  The  fol- 
lowing sketches  rex)resent  roughly  four  cross  sections  ot  this  rookery: 


26 

00 

20 

5 

12 

15 

0 

0 

3 

20 

5 

15 

;<o 

211 


ly 


^tliickhj  covereti 


'hone 


_  a    - 


1.  Cross  section  ncai  riplit  end  of  Lul>annnn  Rookery,  July  19,  1893. 

From  a  to  h  the  seals  were  ap])arently  as  thick  as  they  ever  were; 
from  b  to  c  there  were  a  few  seals,  yet  the  ground  showed  that  it  had 
all  been  used  at  one  time;  from  c  to  <l  there  were  no  seals,  but  the  rocks 
on  this  strij)  were  worn  quite  smooth  and  there  was  no  vegetation 
except  a  thin  coating  of  the  algoid  growth  so  common  on  abandoned 
portions  ol  rookeries. 


fn/ater" 


2.  Cross  section  of  Liiknnnon  Rookery  at  loft  of  No.  1,  Jnly  19,  1892. 

Seals  occupied  the  entire  si)ace  from  a  to  h.  The  space  from  c  to  <Z, 
aveiaging  ])erhaps  100  w  Vl~)  feet  in  width,  has  been  used  by  seals  in 
recent  years  as  shown  by  the  smooth  worn  rocks  and  the<'haracter  and 
scarcity  of  vegetation,  but  only  a  few  bachelor  seals  were  to  be  found 
there  now. 

ill  icfcly  eoxrercfi 


m 


8.  Cross  section  of  Lukannon  Rookery  ut  left  of  ifo.  2,  July  19, 1893. 


?  ' 


%     ■  d 

k 


2fi(^ 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


Seals  were  thick  between  a  and  b;  between  h  and  c  there  were  only 
a  few  scattered  seals,  while  back  ol"  <■  there  were  no  seals,  though  the 
ground  showed  that 't  had  been  covered  recently,  perhaps  within  the 
past  three  or  four  j  ears. 


!H 


4.  CrosH  Hoctlim  at  lt>l't  ciiil  of  I.iikaiiiiiin  l{oi)kcrv.  .Tiily  19,  1892. 

This  is  a  sandy  beach  here,  used  only  as  a  hauling  ground  by  the 
bachelor  seids.  The  s])ace  from  n  to  h  was  ])retty  well  covered,  but 
back  of  h  toward  c  there  were  no  seals,  thougii  the  ground  was  worn. 


4 


y\A  \ 


V    '  ,H 


f 


if   ^i:r 


5.  I'lan  (pf  Lukaiinoii  Rooknv,  St.  I'aiil  iHlaud. 


The  first  (dotted)  stri]>  ahuig  the  water  front  was  occupied  by  seals 
July  10,  1892;  the  second  strip  hiid  no  seals  upon  it  except  a  few  near 
the  right  end  (facing  tiie  water);  all  this  space  was  at  one  time  used 
as  shown  by  tlie  smooth-worn  rocks  scattered  over  the  entire  area,  and 
the  absence  of  vegetati(»n  over  the  lower  part  and  the  coating  of  algae 
towards  the  upjx'r  portion. 

Still  back  of  this  is  a  strip  of  rarying  width  where  the  rocks  are 
evidently  seal  worn  and  the  ground  covered  more  or  less  completely 
by  grass,  difiering,  however,  greatly  in  appearance  from  the  grass 
fcmnd  further  back  Avhere  the  rocks  are  not  seal  worn  at  all. 

At  this  time  I  am  ctmtident  that  not  more  than  two-fifths  of  the  space 
which  has  been  used  on  tiiis  rookery  is  now  in  use.  Making  full  allow- 
ance for  the  tendency  of  the  pujjsand  bachelors  to  wander  more  or  less 
and  thus  occupy  different  spots  at  difi'erent  times,  I  think  it  would  be 
far  within  the  limit  to  say  that  the  area  now  occupied  by  the  seals  on 
*his  rookery  is  not  more  than  three-fifths  of  what  it  has  been  in  recent 
years. 

The  space  now  occujued  is  entirely  free  of  vegetation;  t'le  ground  is 
smooth  and  hard,  and  the  rocks  are  all  worn  smooth.  The  area,  which 
was  appiirently  used  last  year,  or  the  year  betbre,  but  which  is  not  used 
now,  shows  the  smooth  rocks  and  hard  ground,  but  instead  of  being 
bare  of  vegetation  is  more  or  less  completely  covered  with  a  thin  coat- 
ing or  matting  of  algoid  growtli.  The  strij>  still  further  back,  which 
evidently  was  at  one  time  used,  is  now  covered  more  or  less  with  grass, 
but  it  is  shortei"  than  is  the  grass  where  seals  have  never  hauled,  and 
has  a  dead  or  burnt  appeiirance. 

At  this  left  end  of  this  rookery  is  a  sandy  beach  where  bachelor  seals 
haul,  but  at  the  time  of  my  first  visit  there  were  only  a  few  seals  there. 


- 


B.  W.  EVERMANN:   notes  on  ROOKEftlES,  PRlBILOF  ISLANIS.   267 

Lukannon  rookery,  July  30,  a.  m. 

Visitod  this  rookery  again  this  morning.  Comparod  with  its  condi- 
tion ycstenhiy,  very  little  change  was  noticed.  The  families  were 
somewhat  less  distinct  and  the  bachelors  at  the  left  end  had  shitted  their 
position  somewhat. 

Lukannon  rookery,  July  31,  p.  m. 

Visited  this  rookery  again  this  afternoon.  The  families  are  very 
mnch  more  broken  up  than  they  were  two  days  ago.  Tlie  majority  of 
cows  have  gone  out  to  sea  to  feed  and  the  jnips  have  collected  more 
into  pods  or  along  the  water's  edge,  where  they  si)end  much  time  play- 
ing in  the  water  and  learning  to  swim. 

Lukannon  rookery,  July  33,  a.  m. 

Spent  the  entire  forenoon  watching  the  seals  at  this  rookery. 

('om])ared  with  the  conditii  ms  observed  on  July  21  a  good  many 
bachelors  had  ])reity  well  ti'led  up  the  sjjace  at  the  nortli  end  of  tlie 
rookery  .'.nd  had  <  xtended  fuither  north  along  the  shore.  All  this  space 
is  covered  wITn  large  well-worn  rocks  lying  from  1-12  to  <>  feet  apart. 
Tliere  is  no  giass  on  this,  but  southward  and  westward  is  a  large  area, 
averagin;.'  perhaps  200  feet  wide,  which  is  covered  with  seal-worn  rocks 
in  the  same  way,  but  has  been  unused  for  so  long  a  time  that  it  is  now 
well  grown  over  with  grass.  Near  the  north  end  of  the  breeding  ground 
seals  appeared  nuich  more  numeious  than  on  the  21st  inst.,  due,  no 
doubt,  to  the  return  of  many  cows  that  had  been  out  at  sea  feeding. 

The  families  are  nnich  more  broken  up  today  than  on  the  19th  inst., 
a  great  many  ]»ni)s  being  seen  with  no  cows  near  them.  1  counted  live 
dead  i>ui)s  on  this  rookery. 

Cows  are  coming  and  going  all  the  time,  the  water  near  shore  being 
well  lilled  with  seals,  and  the  immediate  water  front  being  thickly  cov- 
ered witli  cows  and  pui)s,  tlie  latter  venturing  into  s)iallow  water  a  \\i\\ 
feet,  then  leturning  to  the  rocks.  Most  of  the  bulls  were  lying  quietly 
about,  many  apparently  sle«'ping. 

From  h  to  jj  of  the  ])U])s  were  crawling  about,  playing  or  trying  the 
water;  otliers  were  lying  (piietly  around  'w  ])ods  of  vari(ms  sizes,  while 
souu^  were  scattered  about  and  more  or  less  isolated. 

A  good  many  cows  were  lying  some  distance  away  from  any  families 
or  were  moving  about  the  water  frontwithout  being  interfered  with  in 
any  way  by  the  bulls. 

At  one  place  I  watched  for  some  time  20  or  30  pups  playing  in  the 
edge  of  tile  water.  None  ventured  (mt  more  than  four  feet,  Avhile  most 
of  tliem  seldom  went  beyond  the  veiy  small  pools  among  the  rocks.  I 
saw  one  jtup  swimming  about  4  feet  from  the  shore,  when,  what  1  took 
to  be  a  cow,  but  what  might  have  been  a  bachelor,  jumped  from  a  rock 
into  the  water  inunediately  in  front  of  the  pup  and  drove  it  back  to  the 
rocks,  following  it  up  until  it  luul  crawled  njton  a  ntck.  Whether  this 
was  merely  accidental  or  was  don(^  intentionally  by  the  cow  (or  bach- 
elor) to  jneveut  the  pup  from  going  too  far  out  in  the  water  I  can  not, 
of  (ourse,  sfiy. 

A  little  later,  at  the  same  ])lace,  I  saw  wliat  I  took  to  be  a  cow  ])ick 
U])  a  pu]),  swim  with  it  in  her  mouth  out  about  G  feet,  then  let  it  go. 
The  i)ui)  struck  out  at  once  feu-  the  rocks,  swimming  fairly  well.  Then 
the  cow  came  on  the  rocks  and  fondled  the  pup.  It  seems  certain  to 
me  that  this  was  her  pup,  and  that  she  was  teaching  it  to  swim. 


t 

t 


'f 


Ml 


a 


M 


268 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


I  notice  to-day  that  the  pups  are  able  to  crawl  about  upon  quite  high 
rocks  almost  as  well  as  the  old  seals. 

During  my  visits  to  tlie  various  rookeries  on  St.  Paul  Island,  between 
July  18  and  .July  25,  1  saw  but  o.iepui*  born  and  that  was  on  Lukannon 
rookery,  -July  2li.  Several  others  were  seen  in  ditierent  ))lace8  wiiich 
had  been  b(U-n  but  a  short  time  before  (in  some  instances  apparently 
but  a  few  minutes).  It  is  quite  certain  pups  were  being  born  now  and 
tiien,  but  the  opportunities  for  getting  close  enongh  for  careful  obser- 
vation were  not  good  except  in  rookeries  situated  like  Lukannon. 

Ketavie  rookery,  St.  Paul  Inland,  July  Ifi,  1S9J,  p.  m. 

This  rookery  is  to  the  right  of  Lukannon  rookery  and  scarcely  dis- 
tinct from  it.  It  is  of  the  sanu'  general  chaiacter  as  Lukannon,  but  the 
ascent  from  the  water's  edge  to  the  grassy  plain  is  more  gradual.  The 
cows  weie  more  nunuMous,  proportioiuitely,  than  in  Lukanr.on  and 
there  were  very  few  bachelors. 

The  same  general  ai)pearance  was  presented  here  as  on  Lukannim — 
a  strip  immediately  along  the  shore  well  covered,  a  second  strip  with 
rocks  worn  smooth;  hard,  smooth  gr<mnd  witli  no  vegetation  exce])t 
the  algoid<u)ating,  then  a  strip  with  smooth  rocks,  hard  smooth  ground, 
more  or  less  with  short,  pale  or  bleached  grass. 

Ketarie  rookery,  July  JO,  a.  m. 

Visited  this  rookery  again  tliis  morning  I'or  a  short  time. 

To  the  right  of  this  rookery  is  (piite  a  distance  of  shore  line,  say 
1,0()0  feet  a,  to  />,  which  has  been  used  as  rookery  and  hauling  ground 
by  the  seals,  but  upon  which  no  seals  are  seen  now,  thus: 


1 1    ;  . 


}]' 


1.  Thick  breeding  ground. 

2.  Bunch  of  bachelors. 

To  the  left  of  e  the  bulls,  cows  and  pups  were  qxiite  thick  in  most 
jdaces  along  the  water  front  in  a  strip  averaging  perhaps  40  feet  wide. 
Lying  back  of  this  is  a  broader  strip,  as  much  as  ISO  feet  wide  in  some 
places,  which  has  been  used,  but  on  which  there  aie  now  no  seals. 

I  think  it  a  reasonable  estimate  to  say  that  if  all  the  bare  area  in 
this  rookery  Avere  occupied  as  <'losely  all  over  as  it  is  in  s])ots  fully 
eight  times  as  many  seals  could  tind  room;  and  the  grass-grown  ])()r- 
tion,  being  free  of  rocks,  would  lurnish  room  for  a.  great  many  more,  so 
that  it  is  pretty  certain  that  there  is  room  upon  the  Ketavie  rookery 
for  fifteen  times  as  many  seals  as  are  there  now. 

The  Ketavie  rookery  evidently  contains  a  greater  percentage  of  cows, 
as  compared  with  the  number  of  pups,  than  does  the  Lukannon  rookery. 


B.  W.  EVEKMANK:    NOTES  ON  KOOKEHIES,  PHIIUIA)!'  ISLANDS.    209 

Standing  at  a  i)oint  near  tlie  middle  of  this  rookny  and  coniiting  all 
the  seals  in  plain  sight,  I  counted  fifteen  bulls,  100  cows,  and  ;J'J5  i)ui)s. 
Six  dead  pups  were  seen  here. 

Reef  Eookerii,  July  20,  p.  m. 

Pups  do  not  seem  to  be  as  numerous  here  as  they  are  on  Lukannon. 
There  are  more  very  large  bulls  and  there  are  good-sized  groups  of 
bacln^Iors  here  and  there. 

This  rookery  occupies  both  sides  of  a  long  rocky  point  or  i)eiiinsula. 
The  middle  ridge  is  smooth,  sandy,  and  sparsely  covered  with  grass. 
U])on  this  ridge  were  perhaps  liOO  bachelor  seals.  Alany  quite  huge 
bulls  were  seen  among  the  bachelors  and  there  is  no  doubt  in  my  miiul 
but  that  the  number  of  available  bulls  is  considerably  in  excess  of  the 
■  'miber  necesssry  to  serve  the  cows. 

The  same  indications  of  decrease  in  size  were  observed  here  as  in  the 
case  of  the  other  rookeries.  The  narrow  strip  inunediacely  along  the 
water-front  was  in  most  places  thickly  covered,  though  in  some  i»laces 
the  seals  were  less  closely  placed ;  there  being  such  great  variaticui  in 
this  respect  as  to  nmke  it  quite  ditlicult  if  not  impossible  to  estimate 
with  any  degree  of  accuracy  how  many  square  feet  should  be  allowed 
for  each  seal  on  the  rookery.  Hack  of  this  occupied  strip  was  a  strip 
where  w(mld  be  fouml  an  occasional  family  and  occasionally  a  small 
bunch  of  bachelors,  though  the  greater  part  was  unoccupied.  Over 
this  area  the  rocks  were  all  worn  smooth  and  the  ground  was  packed 
hard  and  devoid  of  vegetation  of  any  kind.  Still  back  of  this  the  rocks 
were  still  seal  worn,  but  the  ground  was  covered  either  witli  the  thin 
algoid  matting  or  with  a  sparse  growth  of  short  bleached  grass. 

Two  dead  seals,  apparently  young  bulls,  were  seen  at  one  place  on 
this  rookery. 

It  is  very  hard  to  estimate  just  howmucli  this  imi)ortant  rookery  has 
decreased  in  size  during  tlie  last  few  years,  but  it  is  certain  there  has 
been  a  very  considerable  decrease.  This  fact  will  be  apparent  to  any  one 
examining  the  rookery. 

Eeef  Boohcry,  July  23,  p.  vi. 

This  afternoou  I  paid  another  visit  to  the  Reef  Kook(My. 

The  families  or  harems  were  less  well-detined  than  on  the  former 
visit;  the  cows  were  apparently  less  nunu-rous;  nuuiy  of  them  were 
moving  about  the  water's  edge,  and  many  were  absent  at  sea.  The 
])ups  were  gathered  into  pods  <»■  moving  about  in  a  restless  sort  of  way. 
The  bunches  of  bachelors  had  shifted  position  somewhat,  and  there  were 
-  •  re  upon  the  high  ridge  than  before. 

Tolstoi  Rookery,  July  ;?.l,  a.  m. 

Most  of  the  forenoon  of  July  21  was  spent  at  this  rookery,  the  stage 
of  which  appeared  to  be  about  thesanu'  as  that  of  the  IJeef  Hookery, 
and  hardly  as  far  advanced  as  was  Lukannon  on  .luly  1(».  There  were 
a  good  many  cows  whose  pups  had  api)arently  not  yet  been  born,  though 
it  is  true  that  many  of  the  families  weie  broken  up  atid  the  jiups  were 
wandering  about  near  at  hand  or  gathered  in  ixxls  in  several  jjlaces. 
The  space  covered  by  seals  here  now  is  very  mucli  less  than  that  for- 
merly occupied  and  nnich  less  than  shown  as  occupied  iu  Mr.  Elliott's 
plau  ou  page  53  of  his  monograph. 


V^ 


t! 


ii 


270 


OFFICIAL   REPORTS. 


u- 


\m 


Northeast  Point  Rookery,  Jiili,  22. 

Several  hours  in  the  middle  of  the  day  were  spent  examining  this 
roolicry. 

The  s])ace  now  occupied  at  the  southern  part  is  but  a  small  portion 
of  what  ii.i  •  heeu  covered  in  recent  years.  Near  Sea  Lion  Point  I  saw 
four  dea''  •  'a-lion  pups  and  !>  fur-seal  pups,  but  did  not  discover  the 
cause  of  their  deatii.  The  shores  from  Sea  Lion  Point  northward  to 
where  '•*  bends  to  the  west,  a  distance  of  about  4,000  I'ect,  is  inm^h  less 
thickl.N  covered  than  formerly,  and  back  of  the  occupied  strip  is  a  (!on- 
sidcrable  strip  showing  unmistakable  evidence  of  having  been  occupied 
in  rei'<Mit  years,  but  now  wholly  without  seals.  Just  west  of  tlie  nortii- 
east  point  is  a  eousi«Krable  stretch  where  there  are  no  seals  even  ah>ng 
the  water's  edge,  but  Mr.  Elliott's  sketch  shows  seals  to  be  verynumenms 
at  this  place.  .lust  west  of  this  is  a  bunch  of  about  10  good-sized  bulls 
that  iiad  no  cows  about  tlieni  at  all.  These  were  not  ohl  superannuated 
b\dls,  but  young  vigorous  ones,  and  undoubtedly  well  able  to  maintain 
harems  were  there  a  greater  number  of  cows.  This  and  numerous 
other  similar  sights  convince  me  that  then^  are  even  now  a  good  many 
more  bulls  tliau  arc  necessary  to  serve  the  cows. 

Still  to  the  left  of  this,  on  the  sandy  shore,  is  a  very  large  l)uncli  of 
bachelor  seals,  l)cy<md  which  is  a  large  well-tilled  breeding  ground.  Tiie 
shore  here  makes  out  in  a  blunt  point  beyond  which  is  a  large  breeding 
gnmnd  about  ]  mile  long  and  soon  Avidening  out  to  about  200  feet  in 
extreme  width^  tiiis  is  very  thickly  covered  with  breeding  seals.  Back 
of  this  is  another  strip  which  1  estimate  to  be  fully  \  mile  long  and 
1,00()  feet  wide,  upon  which  there  «ere  only  about  loO  bachelor  seals, 
though  the  whole  space  is  baie,  the  rocks  are  seal  worn,  and  this  area 
has  evidently  been  in  receut  use.  J  Jack  of  this  and  westward  is  a  rocky 
hill,  worn  smooth,  on  which  there  are  no  seals  now.  To  the  left  of  this 
rocky  bench  is  another  very  huge  breeding  ground  which  is  now  about 
^  filled.  liack  from  this  is  a  rocky  bench  of  considerable  extent,  which 
was  in  use  recently,  but  which  has  no  seals  (m  it  now.  Extending  along 
to  the  lett  (southwest)  are  a  few  scattered  families;  then  comes  an  im- 
mense breeding  ground  containing  more  seals  than  any  other  ou  the 
island.  Back  from  this  are  a  few  groups  of  bachelors,  one  of  which 
was  very  hirge.  On  beyond  these  the  seals  continued  in  a  narrow 
strij)  for  several  rods  ah)iig  the  shore. 

The  Northeast  Point  roitkery  shows  the  same  evidence  of  decrease 
iu  seal  life  that  is  so  marked  a  feature  of  all  the  other  rookeries 
examined. 

Mr.  Elliott,  iii  his  census  report,  estimated  the  number  of  seals  on 
the  rookery  in  1874  at  1,200,000.  Wliile  the  number  is  still  great,  1  do 
not  at  all  think  it  can  even  anproximate  that  figure. 


., 


Little  Polarina  Rookery,  July  22,  p.  m. 


kiS'f 


:  I 


The  shore  here  resembles  that  at  Northeast  Point,  some  rocky  reaches 
and  some  sandy  beach.  At  the  north  end  1  noted  a  few  scattering 
families  along  tlie  shore  and  a  bunch  of  about  i500  bachelors  back  from 
the  shore  some  little  distance,  on  an  area  of  compact,  reddish  sand. 
South  of  these  is  a  large  space  once  used  as  a  hauling  ground  (betweeu 
which  and  the  water  is  a  large  bunch  of  breeding  seals),  but  upon 
which  there  are  no  seals. 


B.  W.  EVERMANN:    NOTES  ON  KOOKEKIES,  I'RIHILCJI'  ISLANDS.    271 


Polavina  Uookcry,  July  2-',  }>.  in. 

This  lies  about  a  mile  south  iron,  Little  Poliivina,  but  between  the 
two  are  a  few  seattered  i'aniilies  clos»'  alonji-  the  water's  ed^ie. 

This  rookery  has  a  lonjj^  strij)  near  the  shore  tliat  iiiesents  tiie  most 
compact  appearance  of  any  giound  I  have  seen.  Tlie  yronml  rises 
{fently  from  tlie  water's  edji^e,  is  not  very  rocky,  and  continues  over  a 
very  {jjentle  ben(^h  to  a  very  broad,  comparatively  level,  tract  Inrtlipr 
back  tluit  has  in  former  years  been  used  as  breeding  (»r  haulinji'  ground, 
or  both. 

I  saw  more  dead  pups  here  than  I  have  seen  on  all  other  rookeries 
conibbied.  The  "  lay  of  the  land  "  here  is  sncii  as  to  make  it  very  easy 
for  the  pups  to  wander  abcuxt  a  great  deal — tiuMc  is  no  alinipt  wall  or 
blulfto  hem  them  in — as  ai  consequence  many  of  them  stiay  otV  even 
far  into  the  grassy  nu'sa  back  of  the  rookery.  Some  of  these  become 
lost  from  their  mothers  and,  of  course,  starve  sooner  or  later. 

I  made  an  examination  of  this  rookery  as  fnrnishing  the  best  illus- 
tration of  dead  pups  seen  by  nie  in  l.S!>2.  1  began  at  a  jtoint  towards 
the  eastern  side  of  the  rookery,  beyond  which  no  dead  i)nps  were  to  be 
seen,  a"d  retraced  my  steps  for  a  distance  of  about  o  e  hundred  and 
tiftyfee.,  or  to  a  point  beyond  which  no  dead  ]tni)S  were  visible,  and 
by  actual  count  the  number  was  lli5.  1  believe  that  this  represents  at 
least  one-half  of  all  the  dead  pups  on  this  rookery. 


'=ti 


"A 


All  the  plain  space  enclosed  by  the  liue  ab  is  worn  smooth,  but  had 
no  seals  upon  it  at  the  time  of  my  visit. 


SAINT  GEORGE  ISLAND. 


North  Uoolery,   July  27,  a.  m. 

This  rookery  lies  just  west  of  the  village  and  extends  about  |^  of  a 
mile  along  the  shore.  The  beach  is  iu  most  places  along  here  (piite 
narrow  and  rocky,  being  limited  landward  by  a  rather  high  rocky  bluff. 


'■■  1 


\ 


272 


OFFICIAL    UKPOHTS. 


Sr^  i 


i   * 


The  end  near  the  villiifro.  liiul  but  few  seals  ii|)oii  it,  but  furtlier  down 
was  a  larjje  {froup  of  baclielor  seals  and  just  below  these  was  a  laifjo 
breeding  ground  ((uite  thiekly  eovered.  At  tliis  plaee  tiie  bliifV  is  less 
abrupt  and  the  seals  were  able  to  oecupy  considerable  space  on  tlie 
mesa  above  the  cliff.  Not  over  ff  of  the  area,  however,  which  has  been 
oeeupied  is  oj'ciipied  now. 

The  families  were  nearly  all  broken  up,  and  the  pupa  are  far  more 
numerous  than  the  cows  and  are  gathered  into  large  pods  here  and 
tliere. 

The  seals  are  thickest  upon  the  west  «'nd  of  this  rookery.  Just  be- 
yond the  extreme  end  of  the  breeding  ground  was  a  large  bunch  of 
bachelors,  but  they  covered  only  a  sn)all  portion  of  that  hauling 
grouud. 

East  Eookery,  July  S7,  p.  m. 

This  rookery  occupies  a  narrow  strip  of  rocky  shore  at  the  foot  of  a 
high  rocky  blutt",  this  strip  being  narrowest  at  the  east  end  and  widest 
on  the  h)W  rocky  flat  between  the  i>ool  and  the  shore  at  the  west  end. 

A  good  many  sea  lions  were  scattered  along  this  narrow  strip.  At 
ihc  foot  of  this  bluff  towards  the  west  end  and  near  wliere  the  sea  lions 
are  thickest  is  quite  a  large  area  that  has  been  used  quite  recently,  but 
has  no  seals  upon  it  now.  Westward  from  this  the  8i)ace  along  the 
shore  that  was  tbrnierly  used  is  not  now  nwue  than  -^'^  tilled  up. 

The  pups  on  this  rookery  weie  very  much  more  numerous  than  the 
cows;  quite  evidently  the  families  are  nearly  all  broken  u])  and  the 
rookery  has  passed  the  zenith  of  the  season.  A  great  many  cows  or 
bachelors  were  seen  playing  about  in  the  water  and  many  are  evidently 
out  at  their  feeding  grounds. 

Very  few  of  the  bulls  were  on  the  qui  rire,  as  they  were  seen  to  be  a 
week  earlier  on  St.  Paul,  but  most  of  them  were  lying  down  apparently 
sleeping. 

Starry  Arteel  Rookery,  July  28,  p.  m. 

This  rookery  is  a  very  compact  one,  situated  chiefly  upon  the  east 
slope  of  a  high  hill,  the  north  end  of  which  is  cut  square  off"  by  the  sea. 
This  hillside  is  comi)aratively  free  <»f  loose  rocks,  and  is  grassy  except 
where  it  is  or  has  been  covered  by  seals.  Along  the  ui)per  edge  of  the 
rookery  the  bulls  are  smaller,  and  tliere  are  lewer  i)ups  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  cows,  and  the  families  seem  better  defined  than  lower 
down  where  seals  are  more  numerous. 

Down  towards  the  pool,  at  the  east  end  of  the  rookery,  was  a  small 
bunch  of  bachelors,  and  on  the  hillside  to  the  left  of  these  were  two  or 
three  bunches  of  bachelors;  but  the  number  of  seals  upon  this  rookery 
at  this  time  was  certainly  much  fewer  than  what  it  has  been  within  the 
past  few  years. 

Zapadnie  rookery,  July  S9, 

I  spent  the  time  from  9  a.  m.  to  about  1:30  p.  m.  at  this  rookeiy, 
which  somewhat  resembles  Starry  Arteel,  in  that  it  is  situated  i)i  great 
part  upon  a  hillside ;  unlike  Starry  Arteel,  liowever,  it  extends  well  up  the 
hillside  toward  the  toj)  at  the  end  toward  the  clitt'  and  extends  farther 
along  the  shore  than  does  Starry  Arteel.  Com]>aring  the  i)resent  con- 
dition of  this  rookery  M'ith  that  shown  in  Mr.  Elliott's  report,  it  api»ears 
that  the  rookery  has  shifted  more  toward  the  hillside,  as  the  seals  do 


n.  W.  EVKRMANN:    NOTES  ON  ROOKERIES,   PKinil.OF  ISLANDS.    273 

not  seem  to  extend  so  l;ir  toward  tlie  sliallow  creek.      See  Klliott,  p.  ."iS.) 
On  tlie  whole,  I  iniiifjine  that  this  lookery  has  not  (h'ereased  niueh, 

if  any.  in  size  recently,  but  it  has  apparently  shitted  soniewliat.     Itiills, 

cows,  and  ]»nps  cover  the  steep  hillside  and  aloiij^'  the  shoic.  except. 

j)erhaps,  L'dO  feet  at  the   north  end,  wheie  thcic  is  a  hn  i^c  ImiiicIi  of 

bacliehtrs;  at  the  crest  of  the  hill  was  a  band  of  some  !."»(»  liachelors. 
The  families  liere  also  have  be;iun  to  lose  their  intejirity.  the  bidls 

no  lonji'er  watched   their   harems   carefully,  and  the  cows  and  iiujis 

wander  about  at  will. 


Little  Eaul  rookerii,  Jithi  S9,  p.  m. 

Tho  west  end  of  tliis  ntokery  occn]»ies  a  narrow  strij)  at  the  base  of 
a  basalt  clift' about  'M)  feet  hiyh.  On  this  i»art  1  saw  but  one  old  bull, 
but  counted  at  least  'M\  cows  and  (»(>  i»nps,  about  l."»  of  th«'  latter  weie 
lying  upon  the  tlat  surface  of  a  very  larj^e  detached  mass  of  basalt 
about  10  feet  liifih.  To  the  rif^ht  (>f  this  jilace  the  stri|»  widens  out  to 
about  1(M>  feet  and  the  blulf  Itecom  \  a  f^entle  luit  rocky  slope.  Tins 
strip  is  oOd  to  (»()()  feet  lonj--  and  the  part  occupied  l)y  seals  will  average 
less  than  50  feet  wide.  This  is  ]>retty  tiiiekly  covered  with  cows  and 
])ups,  except  a  narrow  strij)  nearly  L'O  feet  wide  running  along  through 
the  ndddle,  upon  which  theie  were  but  few  seals  and  th(^se  mostly  pups. 
Bidls  were  rather  scarce  here,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  from  the  blulf 
at  the  west  end  I  could  count  but  21.  1  do  not  think  there  were  over 
L'o  or  .'{0  upon  this  rookery.  At  this  rookery  I  have  seen  for  the  first 
time  the  bulls  enter  the  water.  The  number  of  cows  in  sight  from  the 
sajue  point  was  about  400,  while  the  number  of  pups  was  very  much 
greater,  ])robably  as  uuiny  as  1,000. 

I  visited  this  rookery  again  (»n  the  afteuoon  of  July  30,  and  made 
further  observations. 

The  large  basalt  rock  u])on  which  I  counted  45  ])ups  yesterday  has 
70  pujis  and  one  cow  u]>on  it  today.  This  is  the  position  which  yestei- 
day  slH)wed  but  one  bull,  .'50  cows,  and  00  jjups.  This  would  show  that 
the  pups  are  wandering  about  a  good  deal,  and  that  there  were  seen 
here  a  good  many  pups  and  probably  several  cows  that  did  not  behjng 
to  the  one  bull  found  here. 

B.  W.    EVEUMAIIN. 

I  certify  that  the  document  hereto  annexed,  which  was  transmitted 
to  the  Secretary  of  State  on  S<'ptember  L*S,  ISOli,  is  a  true  copy  of  cer- 
tain notes  on  the  fur-seal  rookeries  of  the  I'ribilof  Islands  on  tile  in 
this  bureau.  Trofessor  B.  \V.  Eveiuiann,  who  pre))ared  the  same,  is 
an  expert  naturalist  in  the  employ  of  the  United  States  Fish  Couunis- 
sion,  and  lie  accompanied  the  Fish  Commission  steamer  AUiixtroas  in 
that  capacity  during  her  cruises  in  the  year  1.S02. 

MAUSITAT.T.    iMcDoNALD, 

U.  8.  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 
Washington,  D.  C,  December  Kith,  1892, 
123G4 18 


n 


ITw 


w 


^r. 


t  f  / 


,. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  VARIOUS  PUBLICATIONS. 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE   REPORT   OP   CAPT.  CHARLES  BRYANT   TO 
THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY.' 

Faiuiiavkn,  ISrASS.,  Norrmhn-  30,  1869. 

Sir;  naviiifj  rotnrnod  from  Ahiskii,  whon>  I  was  ordcird  as  special 
ajifiit  of  the  Treasury  Departiueiit  in  Sei)teiii))er,  ISIJH,  to  examine  into 
tlie  resources  of  the  territory  and  tlie  cluiracter  and  habits  of  its  vari- 
ous tribes,  I  have  the  honoi-  to  submit  the  follow iu}?  leport: 

On  account  of  the  jjreat  diversity  in  the  ])liysi(;al  features  of  the 
territory,  the  widely  varyiuj;'  nature  of  tli'  :^"0(lucts  of  the  ditlerent 
sections,  and  the  very  nuirked  dilVerence  in  tin  haracter  and  habits  of 
the  various  tribes,  1  liave  deemed  it  necessary  Id  describe  each  p(»rtion 
of  tlie  country  in  detail  in  order  that  si  pro]t  r  idea  of  the  whole  terri- 
tory may  be  {jained;  and,  as  my  attentioi  was  inare  particularly  called 
to  the  interests  of  tlie  fur-seal  trade  in  .  ciiriu};-  8e!i  1  will  ho'^iw  with 
thr  islands  of  St.  I'aul  and  St.  George,  [llere  f<;llow8  a  geographical 
clcscriptiou  of  the  same.] 

THE  FUR-SEAL. 

The  seals  resort  to  the  Pribilov  Islands,  durinpf  the  sunimer  months, 
apparently  for  the  sole  purpose  of  reproducing  their  species,  i'o  this 
end  each  age  or  class  contributes  its  share  of  labor  or  care,  remainiug 
on  shore  or  in  the  water,  as  may  be  necessary.  In  order  to  fully  under- 
stand the  duties  of  the  varicms  classes,  a  description  of  the  animal  seems 
to  be  necessary  at  this  point. 

The  male  seal  attains  its  full  growth  at  the  age  of  six  years,  when  it 
measures  from  seven  to  eight  feet  in  length  and  from  six  to  seven  in 
circumference.  Its  color  is  a  dark  brown  with  a  gray  over-hair  on  the 
neck  and  shoulders,  and  its  weight  is  from  six  to  twelve  hundred  pounds. 
These  alone  occupy  the  rookeries  with  the  females. 

A  full-grown  female  measures  from  ftmr  to  live  feet  in  length  aiul 
three  feet  in  circumference  and  weighs  from  one  to  three  hundred 
])ounds.  It  differs  in  shape  somewhat  from  the  male  in  having  a 
sluuter  neck  and  greater  fullness  of  body  in  the  posterior  parts.  Its 
color  when  it  first  leaves  the  water  is  a  dark  "steel-mixed"  on  the  back 
and  ligiiter  about  the  breast  and  sides.  After  being  (Ui  shore  a  few 
days  its  color  gradually  changes  to  a  dark  brown  on  tlie  back  and  as- 
sumes an  orange  hue  on  the  breast  and  throat,  and  is,  therefore,  easily 
distinguished  from  the  male.  The  female  attains  its  full  size  and 
brings  forth  young  about  the  third  or  fourth  year.  The  yearling  seals 
weigh  from  forty  to  sixty  jiounds,  and  are  of  a  dark-brown  color,  with 
a  lighter  shade  about  the  thn  at.    The  intermediate  ages  from  one  to 


>  Senate  Ex.  Docs.  Nos.  1  to  39,  1869-70. 


275 


I 


li 


jjti 


i 


i.i  \ 


if- 


w 


fi 


I 


1^: 


276 


EXTRACTS   FROM   VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


six  are  readily  distiiignished  by  their  difference  in  size  and  form.  Tlie 
rei)ro(liu'tive  organs  of  the  male  are  developed  in  the  fourth  year  of  its 
age,  but  it  has  not  yet  acquired  sufticient  strength  to  maintain  its 
place  in  tlie  breeding  rookeries,  which  are  occupied  exclusively  by  the 
oil  males  and  females  with  their  pups.  These  rookeries  are  l(tcate<l  on 
the  belt  of  loose  ro<-k  between  the  high-water  mark  and  the  base  of  the 
cliffs,  and  vary  in  w'lth  from  five  to  forty  rods.  The  Stretches  of  sand 
beach  between  the  rookeries  are  occupied  by  the  young  seals  as  tempo- 
rary resting-places  or  by  the  sick  ancl  wounded  as  neutral  gi'ound,  on 
which  they  may  remain  undisturbed.  The  old  males  return  each  year 
to  the  same  rock  as  long  as  they  are  able  to  maintain  their  position. 
It  is  vouched  for  by  the  natives  that  one  seal  came  for  seventeen  suc- 
cessive seasons  to  the  same  point. 

The  male  seals  under  six  years  of  age  are  not  allowed  on  the  breed- 
ing rookeries  and  they  are  generally  found  in  the  water  swimming  along 
the  shore  during  the  day  and  at  night  on  the  uplands  above  the  rook- 
eries, where  they  rest  scattered  about  like  a  fiock  of  sheep.  Wliere  a 
long,  continuous  §hore  line  is  occupied  by  the  rookeries  narrow  pas- 
sages are  left  at  convenient  intervals,  through  which  the  young  seals 
may  ])ass  unmolested  to  and  from  the  uplands.  At  times  a  line  of  seals 
may  be  seen  for  hours  passing  in  single  file  through  these  open  spaces. 
If  at  any  tinu',  from  sudden  fright,  tliey  attempt  to  cross  the  rookeries 
at  any  other  point  a  general  engagement  ensues,  resulting  in  the  kill- 
ing and  wounding  of  large  numbers,  and  if  the  females  with  their  jmps 
are  on  the  rookeries  many  of  the  latter  are  crushed  by  being  trampled 
ui)on.  Constant  care  is  necessary,  therefore,  on  the  part  of  the  officer 
in  charge  or  of  the  native  chiefs  to  prevent  any  unusual  demonstra- 
tion to  alarm  the  rookeries. 

The  special  duty  of  the  old  males,  or  wigs,  as  they  are  commonly 
called,  is  to  receive  the  females  on  their  arrival  and  to  watch  over  and 
l)rotect  their  young  until  huge  enough  to  be  left  to  the  care  of  their 
mothers  and  the  younger  nuiles  or  bachelors,  as  the  latter  are  termed. 

From  the  first  to  the  middle  of  April,  when  the  snow  has  melted  from 
the  shore  and  the  drift-ice  from  the  north  ceased  running,  a  few  old 
male  seals  make  their  appearance  in  the  water  anmnd  the  islands  and, 
after  two  or  three  days'  reconnoissance,  venture  on  shore  and  examine 
the  rookeries,  carefully  smelling  them.  If  everything  is  satisfactory 
thus  far,  after  a  day  or  two  a  few  clind>  the  slojies  and  lie  with  their 
heads  erect,  listening.  At  this  time,  if  the  wind  blows  in  the  direction 
of  the  rookeries,  all  tires  are  extinguished  and  all  unnecessary  noises 
suppressed.  These  scouts  soon  depart,  and  after  a  few  days  return 
with  large  numbers  of  the  male  seals  of  all  ages.  The  rookeries  are 
taken  possession  of  by  the  old  males,  who  drive  the  youngerones  into  the 
water  or  to  the  uplands  inside  the  rookeries.  In  locating  for  the  sea- 
son, the  old  males  each  reserve  abimt  one  square  rod  of  ground  for  the 
convenience  of  their  future  families  and  that  they  may  liave  sufficient 
room  in  which  to  execute  their  awkward  movements  in  defending  them- 
selves iigainst  the  attacks  of  their  neighbtu-s.  Male  seals  continue  to 
arrive  daily  for  some  time,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are  old  wigs,  who 
tight  their  way  tt)  their  old  places  or  prepare  to  defend  some  newly 
selected  ground  against  any  former  occui)ant  that  may  claim  it.  They 
acknowledge  no  right  save  nnght,  so  that  the  quarrel  is  incessant  day 
and  night,  and  the  continual  growling  sounds  like  the  approach  of  a 
distant  railroad  train. 

About  the  middle  of  June  the  males  have  all  arrived  and  the  ground 
is  fully  occupied  by  them.    Soon  after  this  the  females  begin  to  come, 


REPORT  OF   CAPT.   BRYANT,    1869. 


277 


In  small  numbers  at  first,  increasing  as  the  season  grows  later,  until 
the  middle  of  July,  when  the  rookeries  are  full  and  many  of  the  reser- 
vations of  the  old  males  overcrowMled  with  their  respective  families. 
Wiien  the  females  first  arrive  many  of  them  appear  desinnis  of  letnrn- 
ing  to  s(»me  particular  male,  and  frciiuently  climb  the  rocks  overlook- 
ing the  rookeries  and  utter  a  i)ei'uliar  cry  as  if  endeavoring  to  attrai't 
the  attention  of  some  acquaintance.  Changing  their  jdace  at  intervals 
this  cry  is  often  repeated  until  some  ba(!helor  perceives  her  and  she  is 
driven  to  the  rookeiies  and  (juickly  a])propriated.  It  seems  to  be  the 
sole  duty  of  the  bachelors  at  this  season  to  compel  tlie  females  to  take 
their  places  in  the  r<iokerie8  and  often  against  their  will.  When  the 
fc.iale  reaches  the  shore  the  nearest  male  meets  and  coaxes  her  with  a 
peculiar  ducking  noise  until  he  gets  between  her  and  the  water,  when 
his  tone  changes  and,  with  a  growl,  he  drives  her  to  a  place  in  his 
family. 

This  continues  until  the  lower  row  begins  to  get  full,  when  those 
higher  up  from  tlie  shore,  watching  their  opportunity  when  their  neigh- 
bor is  ort'  his  guard,  rob  his  family  to  augment  their  own.  This  they 
do  by  taking  the  female  in  their  mouths  and  carrying  her  to  their  own 
gi'ound.  Those  still  higher  up  pursue  the  same  plan  until  all  the  space 
is  occupied.  Freqiiently  a  struggle  ensues  between  two  males  for  the 
same  female,  both  seizing  her  at  once  and  either  pulling  her  asunder 
or  terribly  lacerating  her.  After  the  ground  has  b«'en  covered  the  old 
male  devotes  his  time  to  keeping  order  in  his  family  and  driving  away 
intruders.  Within  two  or  thre<»  days  after  their  arrival  the  females 
give  birtli  to  one  i)up  each,  which  is  of  a  very  dark  brown  color  and 
Aveighs  from  six  to  twelve  pounds.  The  motlier  manifests  a  strong 
attachment  for  her  young  and  distinguishes  its  cry,  which  resembles 
the  bleating  of  a  lamb,  among  thousands.  Soon  alter  the  birth  of  the 
pup  the  I'enmle  receives  the  male  on  the  rocks,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  this  connection  is  often  perfect.  She  is  subsequently  allowed 
to  go  into  the  water,  where  she  is  followed  by  tlie  young  males,  by 
who.a  the  connection  is  rei)eated.  Upon  her  return  to  the  rookeries 
she  is  from  this  time  allowed  greater  freedom  and  goes  at  will  from  one 
point  to  another. 

By  the  middle  of  August  the  females  have  all  brought  forth  their 
young,  and  the  old  males,  who  have  constantly  occupied  their  i)lace8 
for  four  months  without  food,  resign  their  charge  to  the  bachelors  and 
go  into  the  water  for  the  apparent  purpose  of  feeding.  The  assertion 
that  the  seals  live  so  long  without  food  seems  so  contrary  to  nature 
that  1  will  state  that  I  took  special  pains  to  examine  daily  a  large  ex- 
tent of  rookery  and  note  it  carefully.  The  rocks  <m  the  rookeries  are 
worn  smooth  and  washed  by  the  surf,  and  any  discharge  of  excrement 
could  jiot  fail  to  be  seen.  I  found  in  a  few  instances  a  single  discharge 
of  excrementitious  matter  on  the  arrival  of  the  seals,  but  nothing  sub- 
sequently to  indicate  that  any  food  is  taken;  nor  do  they  leave  the 
rocks  at  any  time  except  when  compelled  by  the  heat  to  seek  the  water 
to  (!ool  themselves. 

On  their  arrival  in  the  sju-ing  they  are  very  fat  and  round,  but  at  the 
end  of  four  months  are  thin  and  of  little  more  than  half  their  former 
weigi.t.  I  also  examined  the  stonuichs  of  several  hundred  young  seals, 
but  was  unable  to  find  any  traces  of  food  in  them. 

The  udder  of  the  female  is  situated  about  half-way  between  the  foro 
and  hind  fiippers,  and  is  fnrnisiied  witii  four  teats.  The  milk  is  of  a 
yellowish  white  color,  insipid  to  the  taste,  and  is  said  \o  contain  no 
sugar.    The  pups  nurse  but  seldom,  aud  when  separated  from  the 


if. 


278 


EXTRACTS   FROM   VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


^    1        I 


motlier  for  thirty  six  hours  seem  iu  no  haste  to  seek  nourishment  onhei 
return. 

About  tlie  middle  of  July  the  great  body  of  the  last  year's  i)ui)s 
arrive  and  o('cui)y  the  slopes  with  theycmnger  class  of  males,  while  tlie 
young  females  join  the  older  ones  on  the  breeding  roitkerit'S.  The  fe- 
males go  into  the  water  to  feed  when  the  pups  are  some  six  weeks  old, 
leaving  them  on  the  uplands;  nor  do  the  young  seek  the  water  until 
they  are  several  months  old,  and  even  then  seldom  fromehoice,  but  are 
forced  to  learn  to  swim  by  the  old  males.  About  the  last  of  October 
the  seals  begin  to  leave  the  island,  the  young  and  females  going  first, 
and  the  old  males  following  them.  By  the  first  of  December  all  have 
departed.  Jn  November  the  young  seals  stop  to  rest  for  a  few  days  on 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  where  several  hundred  are  annually  killed  by  the 
natives. 

MANNER  OF   KILLING. 


S' 


t 


I'  i'- 


1      t'i 


"While  the  young  seals  are  resting  on  the  slopes  above  the  rookeries, 
as  I  have  already  described,  a  party  of  hunters,  armed  with  dubs  of 
hard  wood,  api)roach  them  and  creep  quietly  between  the  rookeiies  and 
the  shore,  and  at  a  given  signal  start  forward  at  once  and  drive  the 
aninuds  inland  in  a  body.  When  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  the  water, 
a  halt  is  made,  and  as  many  of  the  undesirable  seals  selected  out  and 
sent  back  as  possible.  Only  those  of  the  ages  of  two  and  three  years 
are  considered  prime  skins.  The  remainder  of  the  flock  is  then  driven  to 
the  slaughter  ground,  which  is  sometimes  several  miles  distant.  It  is 
necessary  to  drive  them  inland  some  distance  in  order  that  the  smell  of 
blood  may  not  alarm  the  rookeries,  and  it  is  also  a  matter  of  convenience 
to  have  the  seal  carry  his  own  skin  to  a  point  near  the  salt  honses;  but 
the  driving  nmst  be  conducted  with  the  greatest  care,  as  when  the  ani- 
mal is  overheated,  the  fur  h)osens  and  the  skin  is  rendered  worthless. 
On  arriving  at  the  killing  grcmnd,  a  few  boys  are  stationed  to  prevent 
them  from  straggling,  an<l  they  are  left  to  rest  and  cool,  after  which  a 
small  number  are  separated  from  the  ilock,  surrounded,  and  driven 
closely  together,  where  they  are  confined  by  treading  on  each  other's 
flippers.  In  this  position  the  desirable  animals  are  quickly  killed  by  a 
light  blow  on  the  nose  from  the  hunter's  club,  and  all  others  are  allowed 
to  enter  the  water  at  the  nearest  point,  whence  they  return  to  the  spot 
from  which  they  were  driven;  this  is  repeated  until  the  whole  flock  has 
been  disposed  of.  In  the  skinning,  every  man  is  expected  to  contribute 
his  share  of  labor,  as  all  receive  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  ot  the  sale 
of  the  skins.  As  the  seals  are  not  cimsidered  as  being  wholly  at  rest 
for  the  season  until  the  fenmles  arrive,  great  care  is  reiiuired  in  selecting 
the  proper  place  from  which  to  drive,  early  in  the  season,  aiul  this  is 
exer(!ised  by  the  chief,  or  one  of  his  subordinate  officers,  who  has  the 
"whole  direction  of  this  part  of  the  business. 

In  the  month  of  May,  only  such  small  nund)ers  as  are  required  for 
eating  are  driven;  in  June  they  become  more  numerous,  and  are  then 
driven  for  their  skins,  although  the  percentage  of  prime  skins  in  any 
flock  is  very  snmll.  About  the  middle  of  July  the  fenuiles  go  fnmi  the 
rookeries  into  the  water,  and  there  is  a  season  of  general  unrest  among 
all  classes  of  seals,  during  which,  for  a  period  of  about  ten  or  fifteen 
days  ..jue  are  killed. 

About  this  time  the  yearling  seals  arrive,  and  these,  together  Avith  a 
portion  of  the  fenuiles,  n>ix  with  the  young  males,  greatly  increasing 
the  <lithculty  in  distinguishing  the  i)roi)er  animal  for  killing,  and  it  is 
necessary  for  the  chief,  or  his  deputy  in  charge,  to  designate  each  seal 


i 


REPORT   OP   CAPT.    BRYANT,    1869. 


279 


to  be  slaughtered;  only  the  strong  interest  which  the  natives  feel 
in  their  preservation  can  insure  the  proper  care  in  tlie  selection.  Sep- 
tember and  October  are  considered  tlie  best  nionths  tor  capturing  the 
seal.  In  addition  tx>  the  skin,  eaclt  seal  yields  about  one  and  one-lialf 
gallons  of  oil.  and  the  lining  nieiubiane  of  the  throat  and  portions  of 
the  intestines,  which  latter  are  indispensable  to  the  Aleutians  at  all 
points,  being  used  v  the  manufacture  of  water-proof  clothing,  without 
which  they  could  not  venture  at  sea  in  tlieir  skin  boats. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  description  of  the  habits  of  the 
seal  that  their  preservation  and  increase  are  very  simple  matters,  the 
only  requirements  being  that  the  animals  shall  not  be  unnecessarily 
disturl)ed  at  any  time,  and  that  for  killing,  the  males  only  shall  be 
selected:  and  I  will  add  that  the  increase  is  more  rapid  when  a  portion 
of  the  males  are  killed  each  year,  since  by  the  constant  fighting  of  this 
sex  when  in  excess  many  of  the  young  are  trampled  upon  and  de- 
stroyed. 

MANNER   OF  CURING   THE  SKINS. 


The  skins,  on  being  taken  to  the  salt  houses  are  packed  in  square 
bins  or  kenches,  with  the  flesh  side  up,  on  which  a  quantity  of  salt  is 
scattered.  Here  they  are  allowed  to  remain  one  or  two  months,  when 
they  are  removed  and  folded  with  a  quantity  of  clean  salt,  and  firmly 
rolled  and  tied  for  shipment,  only  requiring  a  small  additional  quantity 
of  salt  on  being  removed  from  the  islands. 

NUMBER  OF  SEALS. 

There  are  on  St.  Paul  Island  at  least  twelve  miles  of  shore  line, 
oc('U])ied  by  the  breeding  rookeries,  not  less  than  rtltecn  rods  wide, 
with  an  average  of  twenty  seals  to  the  square  rod.  This  gives  the 
whole  number  of  breeding  males  and  females  at  l,ir>2,<MK);  deducting 
from  this  number  one-tenth  for  males,  and  we  have  remaining  1,036,8(»0 
breeding  females,  which  number  may,  with  care  in  killing,  be  largely 
increased  from  year  to  year,  until  the  islands  shall  ultimately  be  fully 
occupied  by  them. 

The  number  of  breeding  animals  on  St.  George  is  estimated  at  nearly 
one  half  as  many  as  occupy  St.  Paul.  In  addition  to  those  on  breeding 
rookeries,  we  have  the  large  number  of  youiig  seals,  scattered  about  at 
various  points,  and  swelling  the  total  number  of  animals  on  the  two 
islands  to  not  less  than  three  or  four  millions. 

I  will  remark  here  that  the  i)eculiar  humid  atmosphere  and  unvary- 
ing summer  temperature,  induced  by  the  meeting  of  the  warm  ocean 
cm  rents  from  tlie  south  and  the  colder  ones  from  the  north,  seeni  to 
render  tiiese  islands  the  favorite  resort  of  the  seals  in  preference  to 
those  of  the  Alentian  group. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  native  chiefs  and  of  the  late  officers  of  the  Pus- 
sian-American  Company  who  have  been  stationed  on  the  seal  islands 
that  1(M>,(M)0  skins  nnty  at  the  present  time  be  taken  from  both  islands 
withiuit  diminishing  the  annual  production. 

•  *•••*• 

1  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfullv,  your  obedient  servant, 

CHARLES  BPYANT, 
Special  Agent,  Treasury  Department. 

Hon.  Geo.  S.  Boutwell, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  0, 


I'll 
ill 


280 


EXTRACTS   PROM  VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


14 


EXTRACT  FROM  TESTIMONY  OF  CHARLES  BRYANT,  TREASURY 
AGENT,  BEFORE  A  CONGRESSIONAL  COMMITTEE,  MARCH  20, 
1876.' 

Q.  Do  yon  observe  wbetlier  there  lias  been  any  diminution  or  increase 
of  the  number  of  seals  on  these  ishinds  during  tlie  time  this  coniimny 
liad  charj^e? — A.  I'here  has  been  a  steady  iucrea^e  in  the  number  of 
female  seals  breedinfjon  the  islands,  e(iuiviilent  to  five  ])ercent,  as  near 
as  can  be  determined,  annually.  The  principle  uixin  which  they  are 
killed  is  to  take  oidy  such  surjilus  males,  they  being  polygamous  in 
their  habits,  as  are  not  re(inired  lor  breeding  i)uri)oses. 

Q.  Your  opinion.then,  is  tliat  the  number  of  100,000  [seals]  on  the  two 
islauds,  authorized  by  law,  can  be  regularly  taken  witlnmt  diminishing 
the  croj*  or  number  of  seals  coming  to  the  island? — A.  1  don't  feel  quite 
sure  of  that,  as  will  be  seen  in  my  detailed  rejxirt  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  included  in  the  evidence  which  lias  been  laid  before  tlie 
commiltee.  There  were  indications  of  diminution  in  the  number  of 
male  seals. 

J  gave  that  and  another  leason,  which  I  exi»lained  fit  large  in  that 
report.  In  liic  season  of  1808,  befoi'e  the  prohibitory  law  was  passed 
and  enforced,  nnnierous  ]>art  es  sealed  on  the  islands  at  will,  and  took 
ab(»ut  L'-KKOOO  or  i:r*0,000  seals.  Thev  killed  mostly  all  the  product  of 
18(;(5-'07. 

In  making  our  calculation  for  breeding  seals  we  did  not  take  that 
loss  into  consideration,  so  that  in  1872-'73,  when  the  croj)  of  ISOO-'OT 
would  have  matured,  we  were  a  little  short.  These  seals  had  been 
killed.  l"(n'  that  reason,  to  render  the  matter  doubly  sure,  1  recom- 
nuMidcd  in  my  rei)ort  to  the  Secretary  a  diminution  of  15,000  seals  for 
the  two  years  ensuing. 

1  do  not,  however,  wish  to  be  uiulerstood  as  saying  that  the  seals  are 
at  ai"  decreasing — that  the  proportionate  number  of  male  seals  of  the 
proper  age  to  take  is  decreasing 

Q.  The  females  are  increasing^  -A.  Yes,  sir;  and  consequently  the 
number  of  jiups  ju'oduced  annuall^\. 

ii.  It  looks,  then,  as  if  the  males  ought  also  to  increase? — A.  I  think 
that  number  of  10(»,000  was  a  little  more  than  ought  to  have  been  begun 
with.  1  think  if  we  had  begun  at  80,000  there  would  have  I  ecu  no 
necessity  for  »,im  nisliing.  On  the  other  hand,  1  think  that  within  two 
years  from  now  it  could  be  increased. 


■; 


Hi 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  REPORT  OF  LIEUTENANT  WASHBURN  MAY- 
NARD  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY,  DATED  NOVEM- 
BER 30,  1874'. 

The  great  work  of  the  season,  the  taking  and  curing  of  seal-skins,  be- 
gins the  tirst  week  in  June,  and  is  pushed  forward  asrajtidly  as  possible, 
as  the  skins  are  in  the  best  condition  early  in  the  season.  This  year 
90,000  skins  were  taken  on  Saint  PiUils  by  eighty-four  men  in  Ihirty- 
nine  days.  The  nativ<'8  do  all  the  work  ot  driving,  killing,  and  skin- 
ning the  seals  and  of  curing  and  bundling  the  skins,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  eomi)any's  agents  and  of  their  own  chiefs.    The  first  opera- 

'  House  of  Roprc8<Mitativo8.  Forty-fourth   Coujrress,  first  session,  Report  No.  C23, 
p.  9it. 
*HouBu  Ex.  Doc.  No.  43,  Forty-fourth  Congress,  first  session,  pp.  8-10. 


REPORT   OF   LIEUT.    MAYNARD,    1874, 


281 


i 


1 


tion  is  that  of  driving  tbe  seals  iVoiii  the  hauling  to  tlie  killing  gronnds. 
The  latter  are  near  the  salthonses,  which  are  built  at  i)oint.s  nutst 
eouvenient  for  shipi)ing  skins,  and  all  the  killing  is  done  upon  them, 
in  order  not  to  disturb  the  other  seals,  and  to  save  the  labor  of 
carrying  the  skins.  The  seals  suitable  for  killing  (which  are  the  young 
males  from  two  to  six  years  old)  are  readily  collected  into  droves  upon 
the  hunting  grouiuls  by  getting  between  them  and  the  water,  and  are 
driven  as  easily  as  a  Hock  of  shcej).  They  move  in  clumsy  gallop, 
their  bellies  being  raised  entirely  from  the  gmuiid.  ui»on  tlicir  tiippers, 
which  gives  them,  when  in  motion,  the  ai»i)caiancc  of  bears.  They  are 
sometimes  called  "  sea  bears  "  on  account  of  this  resenibhmce.  In  driv- 
ing them  care  is  taken  not  to  huiry  tliem,  lor,  if  driven  too  fast,  they 
crowd  together  and  injure  the  skir.s  by  biting  each  otlier,  and  also 
become  overheated  and  exhausted.  Tliey  are  driven  from  one-half  mile 
to  live  miles  in  from  three  to  thirty-six  hours,  according  to  the  location 
of  the  hauling  grounds.  After  leaching  the  killing  grounds  they  are 
allowed  to  rest  and  cool  for  several  hours,  ]»articularly  if  the  drive  has 
been  a  long  one.  The  drives  vary  in  number  from  live  hundred  to  as 
many  thousand,  as  there  hap])en  to  be  tew  or  many  seals  upon  the 
hauling  ground  where  the  drive  is  made.  In  each  drive  there  are 
some  seals  that  are  either  so  large  or  so  small  that  their  skins  are  not 
desirable,  and  sometiujos  a  few  females  are  driven  u]);  not  often,  how- 
ever, as  they  seldom  stray  from  the  lookeries.  All  such  are  singled 
out  and  permitted  to  escape  to  the  water. 

The  killing  is  done  with  a  blow  on  the  head  by  a  stout  club,  which 
crushes  the  skull,  after  which  the  skins  are  taken  ott"  and  carried  into 
the  salt-houses.  During  the  tirsthalf  of  the  mf)nth  of -lune  from  five  to 
eight  per  cent  of  the  seals  in  the  drive  are  turned  away,  being  either  too 
small  or  too  large,  and  from  ten  to  twelve  ])er  cent  during  the  latter  half. 
In  .July  the  percentage  is  still  greater,  being  about  forty  per  cent  for  the 
first  and  from  sixty  to  seventy-live  ]wv  cent  for  the  latter  half.  About 
one-half  the  seals  killed  are  about  three  years  old,  one-fourth  four,  and 
the  remainder  two,  five,  and  six.  No  yearlings  have  been  killed  up  to 
the  present  time,  though  allowed  by  the  lease,  as  their  skins  are  too 
small  to  be  salable  in  the i)res<Mit  stateof  the  tiade.but  bysome  trade  [,S(VJ 
in  it  they  may  become  desirable  in  the  future  and  would  then  be  taken. 
This  would  injure  the  fisheries,  because  the  yearlings  of  both  sexes 
haul  together,  and  it  would  be  almost  imjxissible  to  separate  them  so  as 
to  kill  only  the  males.  There  has  been  a  waste  in  taking  theskins,due 
partly  to  the  inexperience  of  the  company's  agent,  and  i)artly  to  acci- 
dent and  the  carelessness  of  the  natives.  In  making  the  drive.  ])artic- 
ularly  if  they  are  long  on,  [sic]  and  thesunha])]tensto  pierce  through  the 
fog,  some  of  the  seals  beconu'  exhausted  and  die  at  siu'h  a  distance 
from  the  salt-lnmses  that  their  skins  caimot  well  be  carried  to  them  by 
hand,  and  are  therefore  left  ui»on  the  bodies.  This  was  lemcdied  dur- 
ing the  last  killing  season  by  having  a  horse  and  cart  to  follow  the 
drive  and  colI"ct  such  skins.  Some  skins  have  also  been  lost  by  killing 
nu>re  seals  at  a  time  than  the  force  ol  inen  emjdoyed  could  take  care  of 
pr(»i)erly.  Goo«l  judgment  and  constant  care  are  required  in  taking 
the  skins,  as  fifteen  minutes'  exiiosure  to  the  sun  will  spoil  them  by 
loosening  the  fur. 

Another  source  of  waste  is  by  cutting  the  skins  in  taking  them  off 
in  such  a  maimer  agi  to  ruin  them.  It  was  very  ditlicult  at  first  to  in- 
duce the  natives  to  use  their  knives  carefully,  and  several  hundred 
skins  were  lost  in  a  season  l»y  cai'cless  skinning;  but  by  refusing  to  ac- 
cept aud  pay  lor  badly  crt  skins  the  number  has  been  greatly  reduced, 


Ml 


W^PTffW*L  - .  I  WLl  iga^lWIWIWtl^ 


282 


EXTRACTS   FROM  VARIOUS  PUBLICATIONS. 


*  i 


80  that  the  loss  tliis  year  on  St.  Pauls  was  but  one  Inindred  and  thirty 
from  all  causes.  The  salt-houses  are  arranged  with  large  bins,  called 
kenches,  niadeof  thick  planks,  into  which  the  skins  are  put,  iur  side  down, 
with  a  layer  of  salt  between  each  layer  of  skins.  They  become  suffi- 
ciently cured  in  from  Ave  to  seven  days,  and  are  then  taken  from  the 
kenches  and  ])iled  up  in  books,  with  a  little  fresh  salt.  Finally  they 
are  jn-epared  tor  shipment  by  rolling  them  into  compact  bundles,  two 
skins  in  each,  which  are  secured  witli  stout  lashings.  The  largest  of 
these  bundles  weigh  sixty-four  pounds,  but  their  average  weight  is  but 
twenty-two.  The  smallest  skins,  those  taken  from  seals  two  years 
old,  weigh  about  seven  pounds  each ;  and  the  largest,  from  seals  six 
years  old,  about  tliirty. 

The  skins  are  counted  four  times  at  the  island,  as  fidlows:  By  the 
company's  agent  and  the  native  chiefs  when  they  are  put  into  the  salt- 
houses,  the  latter  given  in  their  accounts,  after  each  day's  killing,  to 
the  Government  agent;  again  when  they  are  bundled  by  the  natives, 
who  do  the  work,  as  each  is  i»aid  for  his  labor  by  the  bundle;  by  the 
Government's  agents  when  they  are  taken  Irom  the  salt-houses  for 
shipment;  and  the  fourth  time  by  the  first  oificer  of  the  company's 
steamer,  as  they  are  delivered  on  board.  An  official  certiticate  of  tlie 
number  of  skins  shipped  is  made  out  and  signed  by  the  Government 
agents  in  tri])licate,  one  copy  being  sent  to  the  Treasury  Ikptirtment, 
one  to  the  collector  at  San  Francisc<>,  the  third  given  to  rhe  master  of 
the  vessel  in  which  they  are  shipped.  The  amount  of  the  tax  or  duty  paid 
by  the  comi)any  to  the  Governnient  is  determined  by  the  result  of  a  final 
counting  at  the  cu8t<mi-house  in  San  Francisco.  The  books  of  the  com- 
pany show  that  it  has  paid  into  the  Treasury  since  the  date  of  the  lease 
$170,480.45  on  account  of  the  rental  of  the  islands,  and  $1,057,700.74 
tax  on  seal-skins,  whi<'h  sums  also  a])pear  in  those  of  the  Treasury 
r)ej)artment.  The  latter  sum  is  less  by  $10,458.03  than  the  tax  that 
should  have  lieen  paid  had  one  hundred  thousand  skins  been  taken 
each  year  since  1870,  or,  in  other  words,  0,209  fewer  skins  have  been 
shipped  than  the  lease  permitted.  The  record  kept  at  the  islands,  by 
both  the  Government's  and  company's  agents,  shows  that  in  1871  but 
19,077  skins  were  on  St.  Georges  instead  of  25,000,  the  number  allowed, 
and  that  nearly  every  year  since  the  number  shii)i)ed  has  fallen  a  little 
short  of  100,000. 


^ 


i:      M 


l; 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  REPORT  OF  J.  S.  MOORE  TO  THE  SECRETARY 

OF  THE  TREASURY,  1875.' 

First  in  order  is  to  report  my  investigation  as  to  the  number  of  fur- 
seals  killed  on  the  two  islands  of  Saint  Paul  and  Saint  George.  I  have 
compared  the  c^-tom -house  entries  and  the  certificates  of  tax  paid  with 
the  shipiting  books  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Comjiany.  These  I  found 
dittered  during  a  term  of  five  active  tax-paying  years,  and  in  number  of 
404,(538  skins  by  exactly  1,427  skins. 

This  discrepancy,  however,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  appended  statement 
taken  from  the  company's  books,  is  reduced  by  the  actual  account  of 
sales  of  Messrs.  Lampson  &  Co.,  in  London,  to  a  discrepancy  of  559 
skins  only,  and  this  latter  I  have  no  doubt  is  correct.  Tiie  significance 
I  attach  to  this  small  discrepancy  is  rather  favorable  than  otherwise,  as 
the  very  difficulty  of  a  correct  count  by  ignorant  packers,  who  salt,  pre- 
pare, and  i)ack  the  skins  in  casks  for  shipment,  easily  warrants  a  differ- 

1  Bouse  Ex.  Doc,  No.  83,  Forty -fourth  Congress,  first  session,  p.  193. 


I 


REPORT   OF   J.   S.    MOORE,  187i. 


283 


ence  in  tl»&  numbers,  and  I  should  have  felt  more  sus])ieious  hud  there 
been  not  a  single  diserepancy  in  five  years  and  in  a  number  of  4().{.701 
skins.  The  next  test  was  to  compare  the  Alasi<a  commereial  shii)pinj^ 
account  with  the  return  of  account  of  saU's  from  Messrs  Lampson  »Jt 
Co.,  iu  London.  As  the  company  very  readily  placed  their  books  and 
correspondence  at  my  disposal,  I  availed  myself  of  the  privilege,  and 
with  their  full  consent  trans(!ribed  from  their  books  an  account  of  sales — 
the  whole  transaction  of  fur-seals  taken,  shipped,  and  sold — which  I 
herewith  append: 

Statement  of  fur-seal  thins  from  St.  Paul  and  St.  George  fnlanda. 


Tax  paid. 


Date  of  entry  in  our         oi,i„» 
boolsB.  ^''""'• 


Junol2,l«Vl 

Sept.    .">,  1H71 

May  2H.  1S72 

Oct.    10.1872 

Aug.    5.1873 

Aug  14.1873 

Oct.   U.iHlt 

Juuc  11.1874 

Aug.  27, 1874 

Sept.    7,1874 


Sliipinent  to  London  as  per  our 
account. 


Date  of  entry. 


3, 448    June  13. 1871  I 


6(1, ««.") 
3i).  :7tl 
fll.;il3 
34,  7,')0 

3,  0  Iti 
37,  2«2 
.IT,  3!M) 

5,  092 

2.')li 

45,  08(1 

54.  858 


Sept.  0,1871 
MiiV  2!t,  1872 
n.  1872 
17. 1872 
Aug.  12  1873 
So])!.  8,  1,-73 
Oct.  18.  1873 
Nov.  17,  1873 
July  8,1874 
Sept.  U,  1874 


Oct 
Oct 


403,  208 


Casks. ;    Skins. 


,232 

G81 

,  020 

524 

828 

,020 

72 

11 

4 

,844 


Lanip.ton'M  account  Hales  from 
Loudon. 


3, 4.50 

61,  ;ni 

40, 155 

01.318 

3t,7Sl 

41 .  2'<2 

57,213 

4,  550 

701 

2,50 

99,  759 


Dec.  14,  1871 


7,311 


404, 035 


Kcli.  15. 
.\ug.22. 
•laii.  12. 
Mav  0, 
•laii.  8. 
April  2. 
Oct.     1. 

I).!C.  17, 

.Vpr.   3, 


'.872 
1872 
ls7:: 
1873 
1874 
1874 
1874 
1871 
1875 


711 

.  .521 

081 

939 

«U 

1,220 

705 

4 

1,112 

732 


3,311 


Date  of  no-  | 

count  rcn-    !  Casks.      Skins. 
dereU. 


3,474 
33,  008 
27,  099 
40,  0.58 
50.  227 
39.813 
03,511 
40,213 
254 
59,  hO.t 
30,  341 


403, 707 


Tlie  first  column  headed  *'  Skins,"  reju-esents  the  number  of  fur-seals 
on  which  the  tax  was  paid.  The  second  column  headed  "Skins,"  rep- 
res(Mits  the  number  shipped  by  the  company  to  London,  The  third 
column  headed  "Skins,"  repre.-^ents  tae  number  of  skins  .Messrs.  Lamp- 
son  &  Co.,  of  London,  actually  received  and  rendered  account  of  sales 
for. 

I  am  perfectly  satisfied  that  these  figures  are  correct,  unless  not 
only  the  comjiany,  but  the  customs  oilicers  on  the  i.slands,  tlio  ofiicers 
of  the  ships  tliat  bring  the  skins,  the  custom  ofiicials  in  San  Fraiici.scto, 
and  the  great  house  of  Messrs.  Lampson  &  Company  in  London,  are 
one  and  .all  in  (collusion  and  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States.  There  would,  besides,  be  another  dirticulty  to  over- 
come, as  it  would  be  necessary  to  keep  false  books  and  false  entries, 
while  in  fact  nothing  is  so  easily  detected  as  false  bookkeeping. 

We  may  therefore  take  it  for  granted  that  the  true  number  of  skins 
taken  from  tlie  islands  of  Saint  Paul  and  Saint  (Jeorgeis  correiitly  given 
in  the  last  column  of  the  foregoing  statement,  which  is  the  receipt  and 
return  of  account  of  sales  of  Lampscm  &  Comi)any. 

1  have,  besides  all  tliese  proofs,  a  copy  of  letter  and  specifications 
from  tiie  C(tmpan,y's  shipping  books  to  Messrs.  Lampson  i^  Comi)any, 
which,  being  very  voluminous,  will  be  found  iu  xVp])endix  H,  the  details 
of  which,  iigreeing  perfectly  with  ihe  stii)uhited  numbers,  may  betaken 
as  ver,y  satisfactory  proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  books  aiid  accounts 
of  the  comi)any. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  state  that  the  lease  having  been  signed  and 
delivered  August  3,  1870,  and  tlial  year,  counting  for  one  full  year  in 
the  lease,  the  company  would  have  been  entitled  to  500,000  skins  from 


j:. 


■- '  'H 


284 


EXTRACTS   FROM   VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


1870  to  1874,  inclusive,  while  the  actual  sealskins  taken  on  wbich  tax 
was  paid  was  40.'{,L'08. 

1  find,  liowever,  that  the  number  of  skins  sold  by  Messrs.  Lanipson 
&  Company  on  account  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  was  103,707, 
which,  as  stated,  is  a  discrepancy  of  ;"*")!>  skins  on  which  no  tax  was 
pai<i. 

It  would,  therefore,  seem  evident  that  a  tax  of  ^2AV2h  \wr  skin,  or  a 
total  of  §1,4(»7.l{7,  is  due  to  the  Treasury  by  the  Ahiska  Commercial 
Company.  With  the  adjustment  of  these  .mO  skins  from  which  a  tax 
is  due  to  the  Treasury,'  that  portion  of  my  instructions  which  requires 
ine  to  ascertain  tlui  correctness  of  taxes  paid  on  skins  taken  from  the 
islands  durinj;  1870-74,  inclusive,  will  no  doubt  prove  as  satisfactory 
to  the  Dei)artment  as  it  is  to  me  to  be  able  to  record  it. 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE   FISHERIES  AND  FISHERY  INDUSTRIES  OP 

THE  UNITED  STATES.' 

THE  FUR-SEAL  INDUSTRY  OF  CAPE  FLATTERY  AND  VICINITY. 


'    »'*' 


I!  ^^h 


:  .. 


t  i 


Jamks  6.  Swan. 
1.  History  J  present  condition,  and  methods  of  the  industry. 

The  northern  fur  seals  [CnUofhinus  ursintis  <Jray),  in  their  annual 
mij:;ration  north,  approach  the  (!oast  betwe(ui  Point  Grenville,  Wash- 
inji'ton  Territory,  and  the  western  shores  of  V'anc«mver  Island,  British 
C(>lumbia,  in  vast  herds,  and  are  taiicn  by  the  Indiiins  of  Cai)e  Flat- 
tery and  the  natives  of  Vancouver  Island  on  the  ocean  ott'  the  coast,  and 
occasionally  in  the  Strait  of  Fuca  as  far  iidand  as  the  Duufreness  Light. 

The  great  body  of  these  seals  keej)  well  out  to  sen,  and  during  the 
present  year  (l.SS(»)  have  been  re])()rted  by  vessels  bound  in  from  China 
and  the  Sandwich  Islands  as  having  been  seen  from  100  to  300  miles  oflf 
shore,  covering  the  sea  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  and  looking  like 
vast  beds  (»f  kelp  in  the  distance. 

Meteorological  causes  seem  to  effect  this  vast  collection,  sometimes 
causing  it  to  keep  otf  from  the  shore  at  a  great  distance,  with  only  a  few 
scattering  ones  coming  near  enough  to  fall  victims  to  the  Indian's  si)ear. 
At  other  times,  and  notably  the  present  season,  the  great  herd  sways 
inward  toward  the  land,  following  the  same  general  movement  as  may 
be  observed  in  a  scihool  of  heriing,  the  center  of  the  school  or  herd 
being  invariably  the  most  numerous. 

During  the  voyage  of  Captain  ]Meares  in  1788-'89,  as  well  as  those  of 
Portlock,  Dixon,  Maidiand,  and  other  early  voyagers,  but  little  mention 
is  nuule  of  seals,  as  they  were  then  of  such  small  value  that  in  the  Wa^ 
of  furs  and  skins  which  the  captains  were  directed  to  proctire  no  men- 
tion is  made  of  them,  the  sea-otter  then  being  the  most  plentiful,  as  it 
was  and  is  at  this  time  the  most  costly  and  beautiful  of  all  the  furs. 

Black  fox-skins  were  very  valuable,  as  also  sable,  black  beaver,  and 
black  marten;  but  river  otter  and  seals  were  classed  with  inferior  furs, 
which  the  captains  were  directed  to  purchase  or  not  as  they  judged 
best,  but  to  confine  their  work  to  the  sea-otter. 

Prom  all  the  accounts  given  in  the  records  of  those  early  voyages,  as 
well  as  from  the  traditions  of  the  Indians,  it  seems  that  a  hundred  years 


'This  tax  was  dnly  paid. 
» Sec.  V,  Vol.  11,  p.  3'J3. 


See  Report  No.  623,  44th  Congress,  p.  68. 


f 


UNITED    STATES    FISHElilKS, 


285 


^ 


ago  the  seji-otter  wore  as  miiiicrouH  in  Miis  vicinity  iiiul  aa  roadlly  taken 
by  the  Indians  as  the  far  seal  is  at  the  picscnt  time.  Sea  otleis  are  hut 
rarely  taken  now  and  seem  to  liav«'  aban(h)ni'd  tlicir  aiicituit  iiaunts  on 
the  Ameriean  coast  and  to  iiave  ini^jrated  in  a  body  to  tlie  nurtlicasterii 
shores  of  Asia  and  the  ishinds  off  tlie  Siberian  coast  and  .Japan,  where 
they  abound.  Their  phices  ou  the  American  sliori's  are  now  taken  by 
the  fur-seal,  whi«'h  of  late  years  seem  to  be  steadily  on  tln^  increase. 

From  ifS.')?,  the  date  of  the  tirst  white  settlement  at  Neali  l>ay,  to 
18(1(5,  but  few  seals  were  taken.  They  wtnc^  in  those  years  very  scarce, 
and  it  is  only  h'mh-a'  IStiO  that  they  have  been  known  to  result  to  the 
vicinity  of  Fnca  Strait  in  such  larjife  numbeis. 

The  majority  of  the  seals  killed  by  the  Makahs,  or  Cape  Flattery  In- 
dians,  at  tile  commencement  of  the  season  are  females  and  yearliiif^piips; 
the  older  males  appear  to  keep  well  out  to  sea  and  are  seldom  taken 
near  the  shon^  until  toward  the  ch)se  of  tin;  season. 

The  female  seals  killed  by  the  Indians  invariably  have  ftetuses  in 
them  in  various  stages  of  develoimient,  according  to  the  month  when 
taken.' 

1  procured  of  an  Indian  two  f(ctal  seal  pups  on  tiie  2()tli  of  May  last, 
which  I  selected  from  a  lot  the  Indian  was  skinning;  they  were  far 
enough  advanced  to  be  skinned,  althongii  their  pelts  were  wortliless  for 
trade.  These  twospecinuMis  I  gav'(!  to  Professor  Jordan,  who  has  them 
among  the  collection  he  made  at  Neaii  Bay. 

The  tim«^  the  fur-seals  make  their  ap[)earance  in  tin;  vicinity  of  Cape 
Flattery  varies;  generally  they  do  not  appear  before,  the  1st  of  March, 
but  this  season  tlie  tirst  were  taken  on  the  ISth  day  of  .lauuary  in  Fuca 
Strait  near  VVaadda  Island,  at  the  entrance  to  Xeah  IJay.  The  Indians 
killed  on  that  day  forty-tive.  This  is  aseariyas  1  have  any  recoih'ction 
of,  although  the  old  Indians  tell  me  they  have  known  tlieni  to  make 
their  appearance,  but  rarely,  as  early  as  the  last  of  December.  I  tliiiik 
their  appearance  for  an  average  period  of  ten  years  past  would  beal)()ut 
the  Ist  of  March.  They  remain  s(»me  seasons  as  late  as  .1  uly  and  August, 
but  in  1880  the  last  <'atch  was  made  alxtiit  the  2(>th  of  .lune. 

Until  within  a  few  years  past  the  Indians  have  gone  to  sea  boldly  in 
their  canoes,  starting  (mt  by  daybreak  and  returning  at  night.  Tiiree 
men  usually  go  in  a  canoe  at  such  times.  Latterly  they  iiave  [)nt  their 
canoes  on  board  the  sealing  scliooiniis  which  take  them  to  the  siialiiig 
grounds  and  lay  by  while  the  Indians  went  off  in  them  and  speared 
the  seals.  The  canoes  taken  on  board  the  schooner  have  but  two  In- 
dians in  each. 

*  *  •  *  #  *  « 

The  Indians  here  never  use  fire-arms  to  kill  seals.  They  say  the  re- 
port would  scare  them  away,  and  they  strongly  object  to  wliite  men 
using  rifles  ou  the  sealing  grounds. 

Of  the  catch  on  the  American  side,  that  portion  taken  by  Indians 
who  went  on  the  schooners,  4,710  skins,  one  tliird  were  given  by  the 
Indians  to  the  vessels  to  pay  tor  transporting  tliein  and  theii-  canoes  to 
the  sealing  ground,  amounting  to  1,570  skins.    The  remainder  .'{,110, 

'Mr.  Swan  tliiiiks  it  i)()Hsil)lo  that  tliH  soals  hriui;  fortli  tlu'ir  .Viniiitj  in  tlic  (lecaii, 
and  says  that  many  of  the  si^alers  agrct^  witli  that  ii|iinioii.  ilr.  II.  \V'.  lOlliott,  how- 
ever, feels  cortain  that  it  would  lie  iiiipossible  for  the  newl)orn  sejils  to  live  in  tiie 
ocean,  and  thinks  that  no  seals  at  Ca|)e  Flattery  are  so  far  advanced  in  ]»re;;nan<-v  as 
to  1)0  unable  to  reach  the  Pribilof  Islands  before  the  pupa  are  boru. — A.  Howard 
Clark 


' '  'I 


!>i| 


'f  liJi 


i  '  I 


asisa 


286 


EXTRACTS    FROM    VARIOUS    I'UnLICATIOXS. 


'        I 


luldod  to  the  amount  sold  by  tln^  liidiiiiis  to  traders,  iiidi'pondent  of 
the  scliooiieiH,  1,.").^  .skins,  makes  a  total  ot"  4,(>!KS  .skins,  for  wliicli  they 
received  from  the  trader.s,  in  cash  and  trade,  an  averiij,'e  of  $1>  per  skin, 
e(jual  to  i^t2,L'.Si!.  This  sum  divi(h'd  amonf^:  two  iinndred  and  thirty- 
two  Indians,  the  whoUi  number  wlio  were  en^'ii;;ed  in  sealing  during; 
the  season,  gives  a  little  over  $181!  to  each  Indian  for  his  six  months' 
work. 

The  tf)tal  value  of  the  fur-seal  catch  of  (},2(»8  skins  reported  at  iS'eah 
liav,  as  taken  by  the  Indians  of  the  Makah  Reservation,  at  $9  eacii,  is 
$".(';, 4  lli. 

This  shows  the  value  and  importance  of  one  of  the  interests  of  Wash- 
ington T(M'ritory  of  whicdi  hitiierto  but  little  has  been  known,  it  being 
evidently  for  the  pecuniary  advantage  of  the  very  few  persons  who 
)i'>\-e  engaged  in  it  to  keep  the  public  in  tlu^  dark  as  nuich  as  possible 
regarding  its  extent  and  value.  Tiiis  sea.son,  however,  has  .shown  an 
increase  of  tlie  vessels  employed,  and  it  is  more  than  j^robable  that  the 
number  will  be  increased  anotiier  season.  The  ut.precH'dented  nund>er 
of  .seals  which  made  their  apptsirauce,  a  nulnb^^r  wliicii  .seems  to  have 
steadily  increased  each  season  since  hSfWJ,  will  give  employnumt  to  a 
larger  Hect  of  vessels  another  year.  One  of  the  cai)tains  n'lnarked  to 
nie,  "  I  f  a  hundred  .schooners  could  have  obtained  crews  of  Indians,  there 
were  more  than  enough  seals  to  have  satistied  them  all." 


•)  i;, 


.  lii  M 


EXTRACT  PROM   THE   TBSTIMOWS    GIVEN    BY  JAMBS    O.    SWAN 
BEFORE  A  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  SENATE.' 

By  Senator  Allison  : 

Q.  I  want  to  get  at  your  general  idea  of  the  treatment  of  seals  and 
the  rt.sheries  as  a  whole  question.  You  think  there  is  an  exhaustless 
supply  of  lish  here,  and  that  the  number  of  seals  is  not  diminished,  and 
yet  the  seals  feed  on  the  fish? — A.  So  far  as  the  salmon  go,  they  have 
diminished  them,  no  doubt  about  that  at  the  Columbia  Kiver;  they 
have  been  very  destructive  this  year.  They  have  destroyed  the  nets, 
and  not  only  seals  have  done  that,  but  sea-lions  and  all  animals  that 
make  fish  tlieir  food. 

Q.  You  think  they  ought  to  be  killed  before  they  reach  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia? — A.  1  think  they  ought  to  be  killed  off  the  coast  ot 
California. 

By  Senator  Dolph  : 

Q.  Do  you  tliiuk  that  they  would  have  made  mu(;h  of  an  impression 
upon  the  salmon  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  if  it  had  not  been  for 
the  fishermen  and  their  nets,  and  traps,  and  i)ounds? — A.  1  don't  know 
that  they  would:  but  at  the  sanui  time  I  don't  see  why  they  should  be 
preserved,  unless  it  is  the  fashion. 

Q.  If  a  seal  is  shot  with  a  ritie,  wounded  and  not  killed,  what  does  it 
do? — A.  I  supi)ose  it  goes  off. 

Q.  Does  it  dive  or  sink? — A.  I  think  it  dives. 

Q.  Then  we  must  charge  to  the  wanton  destruction  of  seals  all  that 
are  shot  in  the  water  and  not  killed  at  the  drst  shot;  they  escape  cap- 
ture, do  they  not? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Have  you  any  idea  about  the  proportion  that  would  be  wounded. 

'  Senate  Report,  No.  1530,  part  I,  Fifty-first  Cougress,  first  session,  pp.  288  to  '.'90. 


i 


14 


TESTIMONY    OF   JAME8    O.    SWAN. 


287 


18 


and  not  killed  by  shooting  from  fl.sliing  ves8olat — A.  No;  I  luivo  no 
Statistics  to  refer  to. 

Q.  At  what  age  is  the  seal's  skin  valuable! — A.  T\v(»  years. 

Q.  Are  there  one  year  old  seals  in  tlieso  sehools? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Are  they  ever  shot? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Is  that  aloss — all  those  that  are  killed  atoiieyear's  ago! — A.  Those 
that  are  killed  are  a  loss,  of  eoiirse. 

Q.  And  tliose  that  are  wounded  at  one  year  of  age? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  When  a  feuiale  with  pup  is  killed  tliere  is  a  loss  of  life  not  only  of 
the  female  herself,  hut  of  tiie  pup  also? — A.  That  is  true. 

Q.  There  are  two  losses? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  So  that  this  nietliod  of  shooting  seals  at  sea  uiust  ueeessarily  bo 
very  destrnctive,  aud  a  great  many  more  seals  must  be  destroyed  than 
are  taken  ? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  So  that  the  economical  way  would  be  to  take  theui  at  tlie  rook- 
eries, where  they  c<mld  be  selected  and  killed? — A.  It  would  be  eco- 
nomical if  it  could  be  shown  that  it  was  fin-  any  particular  bcuelit  to  the 
public. 

Q.  Leaving  that  question  aside,  if  it  were  true,  as  claimed  by  Mr. 
Elliott  and  simie  others,  that  these  seals  that  come  uj)  »mr  coast  are 
bound  for  the  rookeries,  which  are  situated  on  these  smiill  islands;  that 
they  are  easily  destroyed  when  approaching  the  islands,  so  that  the  stsils 
might  become  so  scarce  that  the  rookeries  w(»uld  be  valiu'less  in  a  few 
years  if  it  was  open  to  all  to  take  and  shoot  at  pleasure,  would  or  wotild 
it  not  be  better  to  prevent  the  killing  of  seals,  or  to  allow  them  to  bo 
destroyed  by  indivScrimiuate  killing  at  sea,  and  the  waste  of  seal  life  by 
the  methods  which  are  used  to  ca])ture  them? — A.  They  might  estab- 
lish regulations  by  which  they  would  be  preserved  in  going  through 
Ounimak  Pass. 

Q.  Are  those  points  frequented  by  sailors? — A.  They  are,  according 
to  Mr.  Elliott's  statement. 

Q.  You  do  not  sjjeak  from  personal  experience? — A.  No. 

By  the  Chairman: 

Q.  Is  it  your  opinion  that  it  would  be  for  the  public  interest  to  have 
all  seal  life  destroyed? — A.  1  don't  know;  I  don't  think  that  such  a 
thing  could  be  done. 

Q.  I  wish  to  know  whether  you  think  it  should  be  done? — A.  No;  I 
do  not  think  so. 

Q.. Captain  Jacobs  seems  to  think  that  the  seal  is  so  destructive  of 
food-flsh,  and  the  seal-skin  being  only  a  luxury,  that  it  would  be  better 
to  have  all  the  seals  exterminated? — A.  1  think  if  they  were  all  lost 
the  world  would  not  be  any  the  worse  for  it,  any  more  than  if  all  the 
ostriches  were  killed,  the  world  would  be  no  worse  off,  except  in  that 
ease  the  ladies  would  not  get  any  plumes  for  their  hats,  and  in  the 
former  case  they  would  not  get  any  coats. 

The  Chairman.  That  system  would  have  to  be  extended  a  long  way 
before  the  world  would  get  rid  of  luxuries.  Every  man  would  not  draw 
the  line  at  the  same  point. 

Senator  Hale.  We  could  get  along  without  salmon,  probably? 

The  Witness.  And  without  beef. 

By  Senator  Pugh  : 
Q.  You  do  not  think  it  is  of  any  importance  to  prevent  the  destruc- 
tion of  seals? — A.  I  do,  on  the  islands,  but  not  on  the  outside,  because 
the  proportion  of  seals  that  arc  destroyed  is  a  very  small  tiuction  of 


m 
w 


'i 


■<i 


:\ 


!'   1 ' 


i!« 


'    ti 


288 


EXTUACTH    FUOM    VAHIOI'S    ITUMCATIONS. 


what  tli»  wliolc  iiuiiibcr  in.  TIumt  iirc  iiiillioiis  of  soiiIh  in  the  PuciQo 
Ocean.     Voii  liavt*  no  coiici'ptioii  of  the  vast  iiiyriatls  oftliciii. 

i}.  Tlu'ii  wliy  is  it  of  any  inipoitancc  to  incsrrvc  tlie  biccdinf; 
islands? — A.  ncciinsc  it  is  to  Cnrnisli  tlieso  sciil  skins  for  rasiiion;  tinit 
is  artnally  all  tln'i*'  is  al»nut  it,  {jenthMncn,  so  the  Indit's  can  inivc^  nicc! 
Hcal  siiin  coats;  i)ut  1  don^tHci^  tliat  tlio  poor  man  ^rtsanvtiiin^; chiMiuM- 
by  it. 

i).  Tiio  skin  conslitutt's  the  sole  vahiy  of  the  seal? — A.  Yes,  sir  j  that 
is  all;  it  is  not  an  aiticlu  of  food. 


EXTRACT  FROM  "LIST  OF  REPORTED  DANGERS  IN  THE  NORTH 
PACIFIC  OCEAN,"'  COMPILED  AND  ARRANGED  BY  THE  U.  S. 
HYDROQRAPHIC  OFFICE,   WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,1871. 


No. 

Name  of  ilanger. 

Rpportc'd  poRillon. 

Aiilhurity. 

Latitiiilo. 

LoiiKitililu. 

no 

40    00    0(1    N. 

40    :io    00    N. 
40     10    00    N. 

ir.o  40  00  w.. 

151     110     (10  W  .. 
150    30    00  \V  .. 

riiiii.KiMit/i>tl,  of  San  Frnnclnco. 

liiiiU  \Vi(Hl(iii;;l(>ii. 

oldiT  npoils. 

(S;in  KriiinlsiM)  H.rald,  May  :«>,  1H07:  Alfa 

Ciilil'iiiiiliiii.  .I(il\  'J«,  1HU7;  Aim.  Ilyilr., 

IHOT,  11)).,  4-.!5  and  5Ua.) 

The  IT.  a.  N.  P.  Surv.  Exj).,  when  at  San  Francisco  in  IS.W,  found 
vcpiM'ts  in  circniiition  (tf  the  existence  of  an  island,  or  a  {>roui)of  islands, 
in  that  i>artoitlie  Pacitic  Ocean,  t»t  which  the  positions  in  the  opposite 
coliiinn  refer.  It  was  snid  that  a  rookery  of  seals  existed  there,  and 
the  place  was  kept  seiuet  in  order  to  secure  the  exclusive  exhaust  i 
of  it  to  certain  parties.  Sul».se<inently  Ciiptain  Kent/ell,  a  San  V\  i- 
cisco  pilot,  asserted  to  have  st'cii  the  i.sland  in  the  position  whicli  ,io 
f>ave  from  actual  ob.servation,  descrihinj;' it  to  be  about  liO  miles  hnig 
and  very  low;  and  the  master  of  tiie  bark  Wasfiiujito)!,  reiKU'ted  in  1S(»7, 
as  follows:  "On  my  passajje  from  the  Siindwich  Islands  to  the  luuth- 
westt'oast  of  the  United  States,  when  in  latitude  40^  ()(•'  N.,  in  a  dense 
fo«i',  1  perceived  tlie  sea  to  be  discolored.  S(»undiii};s  at  first  {jave 
peat  depths,  but  diminisli(>d  gradually  to  0  fathoms,  wlien  through  the 
mist  an  island  was  seen,  alon;;'  which  1  sailed  40  miles.  It  was  covered 
with  birds,  and  the  sea  swarnu'd  with  seal  and  sea  elephants."  The  tlaj?- 
ship  of  the  U.  S.  N.  P.  Surv.  Exp.,  on  her  way  home,  searched  for  this 
island,  and  sounded  (dose  to  the  i)osition  in  which  subsecpiently  ('aptaiii 
Kentzell  placed  it;  bottom  wasthoufjht  to  have  been  reached  at  2,G00 
fathoms,  but  no  indicatiiui  of  land  was  perceived  in  the  vicinity. 

In  ISoH  II.  B.  M.'s  ship  Trinmuomnh'  searched  tor  fourteen  days  be- 
tween tlio  parallels  of  ;{!»o  :W  and  40°  30'  M.  and  the  meridians  of  148° 
'M'  and  1"»L"^  00'  W.  withcuit  lindinjf  anythiuff.  The  mail  steamer  Colo- 
rado also  has  passed  repeateilly  near  this  region,  looking  out  for  the 
reported  land  without  success. 

In  18(50  the  Japanese  slooj*  of  war  (Jandiumnniih  came  over  from 
Japan  to  San  Francisco,  guided  by  Lieutenant  John  M.  Brooks,  U.  S. 
N.,  who  had  taken  passage  in  her.  The  following  extract  from  her  log, 
kept  by  that  otticer,  refers  to  this  mysterious  part  of  the  ocean: 

"March  8,  18U0,  noon.  Latitude '41°  10'  20"  N.;  longitude  140°  29' 
W.    Fresh  breezes  from  N.  and  VV.,  with  frequent  squalls,  heavy  sea, 


PAPRR    BY    WIT.I.IAM    PALMRR. 


289 


148° 
lo/o- 
Itlie 

rmn 

,S. 

Fog, 

29' 
sea, 


color  very  iimch  as  on  s<»uii(liii};s.  At  I  lirs.,  .'{()  iii.  had  just  rom- 
piitcd  loii;;itii»l»-  wluMi  Captiiiii  Toiiioyoroli  and  otliiTS  iiislird  in  my 
room  ill  ;ii*Mt  «'\cit«'m('iit,  ri'portiii};  land  in  Hi^rlit.  I  ran  on  di-ck,  and 
one  of  my  men,  an  American  sailor,  foinin^  down  tVnni  alol't,  said  he 
Ntiir  loir  liiinl  iiud  Int'dkrrs  (ihinil,  extending  tliiiv  pnints  on  tli.  star- 
hoard  Ixiw;  also  on  tlic  wcatlicr  bow.  I  llicn'rorc  wore  ship,  and  stoop 
on  by  flu-  wind  S.  by  \V.  I  llien  w<>nt  alolt  with  another  of  my  men, 
who  said  that  he  could  s(>e  low  laiidaiid  lireakers  on  t  he  lee;  but  I  could 
not.  althou;;li  usin;;  an  opera  tilass.  'I'he  sea  appeared  rather  white  on 
the  hoiizon;  tliere  were  also  some  birds;  t  ie  passing;'  cloudy  snow 
S(p>alls,  however,  prevented  seeing: aiiytliin;;(listiiictly.  After staiidiiif; 
L'A miles  S.  by  W.  wore  a;;ain  and  steered  the  old  course,  10.  by  X., 
which,  if  there  ha<l  been  a  reef,  would  hav»'  broufiht  us  close  to  it.  Tlie 
sky  i>e(;ame  clearer  in  that  direction,  but  not  hi  nj;' was  to  be  seen  like 
breakers  or  land;  all  admitted  that  if  it  wt^'c  theie  we  would  have 
seen  it.  I  supposed,  when  laud  was  reported,  it  mij;ht  be  tlni  islaiiu 
'  lliawallia,'  which  ("oinmodore  l{o;;ers  had  looked  for,  and  was  in 
hopes  that  we  had  made  adiscovt'iy.  I  presume  it  was  a  snow  scjuall; 
the  clouds  (cumuli)  were  very  heavy  and  low  »h)wn.  I'^rom  the  noon 
position  we  had  ran  17  miles  on  an  10.  by  N,  eouise  when  land  was  re- 
peated." 

In  dune,  IStlT,  finally,  the  schooner  CaroHiu'  Mills,  ('aptain  Turner, 
was  scut  out  expressly  by  S;'.',  l-'rancisco  nwrchaiits  to  search  for  the 
rei)ort«'d  land.  On  the  17th  sIk^  was  in  a  position  -I  miles  distant  from 
its  snpp(»s«'d  N'W,  i'xtrcinity,  with  a  lijiht  bre«  ze  and  a  clear  atmos- 
phere, but  there  were  no  indications  of  laud.  On  continiiiiij;  she  was 
at  midni^i'ht  within  half  a  mile  of  that  point.  Approachiii;,^  it  the  s(>ii 
la'canie  <liscolored.  resembling' a  bank,  which  appearance  had  already 
be(Mi  observed  when  .">  or  (1  nnles  northwest  of  iiie  supposed  island  and 
continued  tor  IMKI  uiiles  to  the  eastward,  exieiidiii^  H>  de;Lirees  of  loiif^i- 
tude  ui>  to  l-'WP  00'.  On  soniidii>;.i  at  noon  on  the  17th  bottom  was  not 
obtained  with  100  fathoms  line;  at  10  hrs.  p.  m.,  within  4  or  ."»  miles  of 
the  supposed  land,  no  bottom  at  ."m  fathoms;  on  the  ISth  at  4  hrs.  a.  m. 
no  bottom  at  00  fathoms,  and  at  4  hrs.  ]».  m.  no  bottoui  at  100  t'athoms. 
The  course  cm  that  day  was  SVV.  uj)  to  i<)  miles  from  the  reported  posi- 
tion of  the  supposed  island,  when  the  sea  became  blue  af-ain;  then  an 
eastern  course  was  steered  for,  land  ajipeariii};  to  b«'  at  a  f^reat  distance. 
It  was  continued  tor  75  miles  lui  the  rep(»rt«'d  jKirallel,  but  iiothinji'  was 
seen.  Everywhere  sea  birds  (sand  pipers)  and  numerous  seal  were 
found. 

From  all  this  it  would  appear  that  the  reports  of  the  «'.xistence  of  land 
in  this  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  unreliable,  and  the '•  discolored 
water"  may  also  have  been  a  delusion. 


EXTRACT  FROM  A  PAPE2R  PREPARED  BY  TVILLIAM  PALMER.' 
«  FATE  OF  THE  FUR-SEAL  IN  AMERICA. 

[Read  before  tho  Biological  Socloty  of  Wasliiiifjton,  1).  0.,  October  17,  1891  and  llliistratcrt  by  lantern 

slides.] 

The  present  condition  of  the  Alaskan  fur-seal  islands  is  but  another 
illustration  of  the  fact  that  the  ijjnorance,  avarice,  and  stupidity  of  man 
have  succeeded  in  reducing''  an  overwhelmiu};'  abundance  of  animal  life 

'  Ab  publislied  in  Forest  and  Stream  fur  October  29,  IbDl. 
12364 19 


i 


i 


ti 


290 


EXTRACTS   FROM   VARIOUS   PUBLICATI0N8. 


ill 


,   ! 


iU 


that,  by  careful  and  considerate  treatment,  would  forever  have  been  a 
source  of  imintnse  wealth,  to  such  a  condition  that  it  becomes  a  ques- 
tion of  great  moment  to  devise  means  to  prevent  its  extermination  and 
adopt  measures  to  restore  its  former  abundance. 

In  1867  the  United  States  purchased  of  Kussia  for  $7,200,000  all  of 
the  territory  known  as  Russian  America  and  now  as  Alaska.  At  the 
time  it  was  expected  that  it  would  prove  a  paying  investment.  Great 
tales  were  told  of  the  fabulous  wealth  that  was  there  in  the  shape  of 
lumber,  coal,  precious  metals,  etc.,  and  but  little  stress  was  liiid  upon 
the  fact  that  fur-seals  were  found  in  abundance  upon  two  small 
islands,  but  nowhere  else  in  North  America.  Now,  after  the  experi- 
ence of  over  twenty  years,  what  is  the  resultl  Alaska  itstlf  i)ay8 
almost  nothing  into  the  National  Treasury;  in  fact,  it  takes  t)ver 
$200,000  yearly  to  support  its  management,  wliile  the  two  little 
islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  George,  with  a  direct  yearly  expenditure  of 
less  than  $20,000,  have  almost  returned  to  the  National  Treasury  the 
large  sum  paid  for  the  whole  of  Alaska.  The  net  income  from  the  seal 
islands  for  the  past  twenty  years  has  been  in  round  numbers  $0,000,000. 
The  act  income  for  the  next  twenty  years,  based  on  the  bids  of  the  new 
company  holding  the  lease,  would  be  over  $20,000,000,  but  the  actual 
amount  will  be  less  than  a  million  unless  stringent  measures  are  taken 
t«  i)revent  a  further  decrease  of  seal  life  and  to  provide  for  better 
methods  of  management. 

It  will  be  seen  by  this  that  the  i)reservation  of  seal  life  on  the  Priby- 
lov  Islands  is  really  deserving  of  the  utmost  consideration  and  that  a 
proper  enforcement  of  tlie  best  means  and  measures  is  demanded  even 
from  a  purely  business  point  of  view. 

Rainy,  foggy,  and  colJ,  nasty  weather  is  the  rule  on  the  islands,  and 
to  this  fact  is  greatly  due  the  residence  and  abundance  of  seal  life 
during  the  summer.  Wherever  a  rocky  sloi)e  extends  into  the  sea  thera 
the  seals  liaul  out  and  form  a  colony.  On  St.  Paul's  there  are  nine  of 
these  places,  the  smallest  liaving  a  sea  margin  of  750  feet,  while  the 
largest,  that  at  Northeast  Point,  is  15,850  feet  in  length.  On  St. 
(lei)rge's  there  are  five,  with  an  average  sea  margin  of  only  700  feet. 
The  average  width  is  100  feet.  The  seals  on  the  island  are  divided  by 
name  into  four  groups  or  divisions,  wliich  are  well  known  to  everybody 
there.  Tlie  male  seals  of  seven  or  eight  years  old  and  upward  are 
known  as  bulls,  and  are  the  only  males  large  and  strong  enough  to 
maintain  a  position  on  the  breeding  gnmnds.  Tiie  female  seals  are 
known  as  cows,  while  the  young  seal  of  the  year  is  called  a  pup.  The 
male  seals  one  year  old  and  upward  are  called  "  holluschickie,"  or  bache- 
lor seals,  and  it  is  from  the  ranks  of  these  that  the  killable  seals  are 
taken.  The  breeding  grounds  are  known  as  rookeries.  In  1874  Mr. 
Henry  W.  Elliott,  as  the  result  of  two  seasons'  work,  estimated  that 
there  were  on  the  rookeries  3,193,000  breeding  seals  and  young.  Last 
year,  as  a  result  of  another  survey  of  the  rookeries  on  the  same  basis, 
it  was  found  that  less  than  1,000,000  breeding  seals  and  young  were 
left. 

About  the  end  of  April  there  appear  about  the  islands  a  few  old  bull 
seals.  These  gradually  increase  in  numbers  until  by  June  1  all  have 
arrived  and  oc('ui)ied  positions  on  the  rookeries.  This  is  only  done  as 
the  result  of  continual  fighting  and  bellowing,  which  is  kept  up  inces- 
santly. About  June  10  the  cows  arrive  and  by  the  middle  of  July  they 
have  all  landed  on  the  rookeries. 

Soon  after  the  cow  lands,  sometimes  the  same  day,  she  gives  birth  to 
a  single  young,  and  in  the  course  of  a  week  or  two  returns  to  the  sea  to 


;KZ 


luls,  and 
seal  life 
lea  theia 
>,  nine  of 
bile  tlie 
On  St. 
TOO  feet. 
Med  by 
eiybody 
vavd  are 
oujih  to 
als  are 
.    The 
barhe- 
als  are 
74  Mr. 
a  that 
Last 
le  basis, 
iig  were 


L87 


PAPER   BY    WILLIAM    PALMER. 


291 


procure  food.  For  this  puri)08e  tlioy  travel  from  .50  to  100  miles  west, 
southwest,  and  northwest  of  the  islands,  where  they  only  too  readily 
fall  a  prey  to  the  seal  hunters,  who  have  learned  to  await  their  arrival  at 
these  places  in  Bering  Sea. 

While  the  fur-seal  is  a  quiet,  sliy,  and  easily  alarmed  animal,  it  has 
several  peculiar  habits  which  are  taken  advantage  of  by  the  seal  hunt- 
ers and  render  its  capture  almost  an  easy  matter.  Fur-seals  are  com- 
'uonly  seen  scratching  themselves  while  at  tlie  surface  of  the  water. 
A  seal,  having  satisfied  its  hunger  and  desiring  to  rest,  will  ascend  to 
the  surface,  and  with  only  the  tip  of  its  nose  and  a  small  ju.rtion  of  its 
back,  with  now  and  then  a  tlipper,  out  of  water,  will  sleep,  though  in  a 
rather  fitful  manner,  or,  with  closed  eyes,  it  will  roll  over  and  over, 
keeping  its  body  in  a  continual  slow  motion,  with  one  tlipper  gently 
beating  the  water,  and  bending  its  body  in  every  conceivable  ])osition. 
I  had  many  splendid  opportunities  of  observing  this  habit  of  tlie  seals. 
On  one  occasion  1  v,  adcd  out  until  I  could  have  touched  with  my  fingers 
a  fur-seal  floating  on  the  surface.  With  its  eyes  closed  it  rolled  over 
several  times  a  minute,  at  the  same  time  bending  and  twisting  its  body 
into  eveiy  possible  position,  using  one  of  its  fore  flipi)eis  as  a  i)addle, 
and  occasionally  scratching  itself  with  a  hind  flipper.  I  stood  thus  for 
more  than  fifteen  minutes,  and  could  at  any  moment  have  easily  killed 
it.  But  suddenly,  as  it  was  slowly  drifting  to  leeward  of  me,  its  great 
eyes  opened,  a  look  of  astonishment  seemed  to  ])ass  over  its  face,  and 
in  an  instant,  with  a  gi'eat  plunge,  it  had  disai)i)ear(Hl  below  the  surfa(te, 
only,  howevei",  as  is  the  habit  of  the  fur-seal,  to  rise  again  a  few  yards 
away,  take  a  last  look  at  the  strar  ge  object  that  had  alarmed  it,  and 
again  disa]>pear,  this  time  for  goot.. 

It  is  to  this  habit  of  the  fur  seal  iiiat  the  success  of  the  pelagic  seal 
hunters  is  due.  On  a  calm  da.r  hundreds  of  the  seals  nmy  be  seen  on 
the  surface  engaged  in  this  majMier.  The  poachers  are  provided  with 
canoes,  mostly  manned  with  Puget  Sound  Indians,  who  stealthily  i>ad- 
dle  up  to  the  unconscious  seal  from  leeward  and,  shooting  it  through 
the  head,  immediately  attempt  to  prevent  its  sinking  by  catching  it 
with  a  pole  armed  with  hooks.  It  is  known  that  from  five  to  nine  of 
the  seals  out  of  every  ten  that  are  struck  sink  before  they  can  be  reached, 
80  that  the  waste  of  seal  life  by  the  pelagic  seal  hunters  is  from  oO  to  9t) 
per  cent.  But  there  is  to  be  added  to  this  statement  another  fact.  The 
greater  number  of  the  seals  cai)tured  in  the  waters  of  Bering  Sea  are 
females  which  are  on  their  way  to  or  have  left  their  young  on  the  rook- 
cries  while  they  are  seeking  food.  As  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  a 
mother  seal  will  oidy  suckle  its  own  young,  and  that  the  young  seal 
is  unable  until  it  is  several  months  old  to  procure  its  own  food,  it  neces- 
sarily obtains  that  the  death  of  the  jiup  follows  that  of  its  mother  in  a 
short  time.  The  numbers  of  dead  pups  about  the  shores  of  St.  Paul's 
began  to  attract  my  attention  about  tlie  middle  of  .Inly  last  year.  On 
Aug.  2  I  sto"d  on  Zoltoi  Beach  and  counted  17  dead  jmps  within  ten 
feet  of  me,  and  a  line  of  them  stretched  the  whole  lengtli  of  the  beach. 
Many  of  tiiem  starve  to  death  on  the  rookeries,  but  by  far  the  greater 
number  sink  in  the  deep  water  along  the  margin  of  the  rookeries.' 

'Tlie  remain) fif,'  portion  of  this  article  appears  at  page  187  of  tie  Report  of  the 
British  Bering  iSea  Couiuiidsiouers. 


birth  to 
le  sea  to 


292 


EXTRACTS  FROM  VARIOUS  PUBLICATIONS. 


t: 


Vll 


1 1 


EXTRACT    FROM    PRODROMUS    OF  THE    ZOOLOOT  OF    VICTORIA, 
DECADE  VIII,  B7  SIR  FREDERICK  McCOT. 

Having  told  my  friends,  Trooper  Ardill  and  the  sealer  Ross,  that  I 
shonld  like  to  have  tlieir  observations  on  the  creature  in  writing  for 
publication,  the  former  furnished  me  with  the  following  interesting 
account,  which  I  give  in  his  own  words,  conveying  Koss's  observations 
and  his  own : 

CowES  Police  Station,  l^th  March,  1880. 

In  reply  to  your  enquiries  relative  to  the  seals  which  frequent  the 
seal  rocks  oft'  Phillip  Island:  The  seals  come  to  the  rocks  about  1st 
October.  The  time  of  bringing  forth  the  pups  is  between  10th  Novem- 
ber and  10th  December.  They  do  not  commence  to  breed  until  they 
aie  three  years  old.  The  nmle  (or  bull)  during  the  pupjting  season  will 
ascend  tlie  rocks  and  stop  for  one  or  two  mouths  without  food,  and  is 
extremely  attentive  to  the  female  (or  cow)  and  pui)s.  When  the  females 
fight  and  quarrel  he  restores  order.  The  bull  is  very  fat  in  the  begin- 
ning of  tlie  season,  and  yields  from  five  to  ten  gallons  of  oil,  and  in 
three  weeks  after  will  hardly  yield  one  gallon,  tlie  yield,  of  course^de- 
pending  on  the  age  and  size  of  the  bull.  The  cows  are  seldom  killed, 
as  they  have  very  little  lat.  It  is  against  the  rule  of  sealers  to  kill  a  cow 
or  the  imps. 

They  live  on  fish  of  various  kinds,  I  have  found  the  backbones  of 
fish  2  feet  in  length.  They  eat  leather-jackets,  parr<>t  fish,  squid,  etcr. 
I  found  one  backbone  2  feet  4  inches  long;  it  may  have  been  a  barra- 
cnta  or  pike;  I  don't  think  it  was  a  shark.  I  have  found  a  few  Joints 
of  a  shark's  backbone. 

The  bull  is  very  furious  at  pupi)iiig  season,  and  when  disturbed  will 
go  into  the  water  and  return  in  a  few  minutes.  Out  of  season  they  go 
to  sea  in  the  morning  and  return  at  night.  When  fighting  they  strike 
each  other  like  the  boar.  Their  teeth  are  about  1^  inches  long  and  cut 
terribly.    I  have  seen  cuts  from  1  to  10  inches  in  length. 

The  usual  color  is  a  yellowish  brown,  although  some  have  been  seen 
that  were  spotted,  and  some  a  beautiful  grey," 

They  generally  select  flat,  inaccessible  rocks,  or,  where  they  are  not 
disturbed,  they  select  the  grassy  pat(;hes. 

The  cow  generally  brings  forth  one  ])up;  sometimes  two.  They  keep 
good  watch  and  care  aftectionately  for  their  ott'spring.  They  circle 
round  them  in  rough,  stormy  weatlier,  and  keej)  them  from  any  wash 
or  sea  that  may  come  over  the  rocks.  I  have  seen  three  pups  washed 
oft'  the  rocks  and  the  cows  have  immediately  followed  ami  bnmght 
them  on  the  rocks  j»;,aiu  in  an  astonishingly  rapid  nmnner,  I  have 
also  seen  them  catch  a  pup  in  their  mouth  and  throw  them  10  feet  high 
and  never  hurt  them. 

The  bull's  voice  or  noise  is  guttural,  and  when  angry  sounds  some- 
thing like  "oough,  cough,"  Tlie  noise  is  much  heavier  than  any  ani- 
mal I  know.  V»'iien  trying  to  pacify  the  cows  it  sounds  like  "yah, 
yah,"  said  quick  and  short.  The  noise  of  the  cow  is  very  much  like  a 
cow  of  the  bovine  species.    The  pup  bleats  like  a  lamb. 

Their  sight  is  not  so  good,  so  it  is  generally  said,  I  think  myself 
I'l.  ir  sight  good  enough,  tmt  tliey  not  smelling  man  don't  think  he  will 
harm  Miem;  when  they  get  the  least  scent  they  are  oft' like  a  shot. 

During  the  pupping  season  they  keep  up  an  incessant  noise  during 
the  night  and  generally  keep  quiet  during  the  day.    They  look  clumsy 

'TlUs  is  the  variety  flgurod  in  Decade  LV,  Plate  81. 


('.)«' 


manning's  voyages— marine  mammals. 


293 


and  awkward  on  the  rocks,  but  they  are  very  lively  when  on  the  move. 

I  consider  them  as  quii-k  in  their  movements  as  any  flsh  that  swims. 
They  strike  at  one  anotlier  with  the  rapidity  of  lightning.  I  have  seen 
one  bull  prevent  another  from  lauding  f<u'  several  hours.  They  move 
along  by  drawing  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  forward  and  under,  and 
then  giving  a  jump  and  push  forward. 

If  they  are  disturbed  before  they  pup  they  will  leave  the  rock  and 
go  to  another. 

The  cow  has  six  teats,  I  think,  which  they  draw  into  the  udder  or 
body  when  not  smtkling  their  young.  The  milk  is  very  white  and 
strengthening.  Should  a  cow  die  or  be  killed  her  pup  is  suckled  by 
the  other  cows.  Tiiis  I  am  told  is  the  case,  but  I  can't  vouch  for  it. 
All  I  write  is  my  experience  on  the  Seal  Hocks,  off  *'The  Nobbies"  at 
Phillip  Island,  Vict<uia. 

I  can't  say  whether  they  inhabit  these  rocks  all  the  year  or  not,  but 
don't  think  so.     I  have  heard  Koss  say  they  do  not. 

As  regards  their  habits,  fur,  ears,  etc.,  etc.,  the  only  difference  being 
in  the  color;  some  are  darker  than  others. 

They  are  found  aloTig  the  coast  as  far  as  1  know,  from  Phillip  Island 
to  Wilson's  Pronu)ntory.  Nearly  all  the  islands  in  Bass's  Straits  are 
inhabited  by  seals. 

I  know  of  no  other  fur  or  eared  seal;  in  fact,  there  is  no  other  seal 
about  here. 

(Signed)  George  Ardill, 

Mounted  Constable. 


\% 


m 

Hi 

it; 


>n 


cle 
ish 
led 
^•ht 
ave 
^igh 


ini- 
ah, 
^e  a 

self 
Iwill 


hng 
jusy 


EXTRACT  FROM  A  LETTER  OF  BENJAMIN  PENDLETON  TO  ED- 
MUND FANNING,  PUBLISHED  IN  FANNING'S  VOYAGES  AJiOUND 
THE  WORLD,  1792  TO  1832.' 

Speaking  of  the  seals  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  it  is  said:  "It  is  this 
last  named,  viz,  the  seal  fishery,  that  more  particularly  needs  tlie 
assistance  of  an  exploring  by  Government.  Those  vessels  employed  in 
this  business  have  lately  generally  made  losing  voyages  fr<)m  the  fact 
that  those  places  which  were  the  resort  of  the  seals  l-.ave  been  aban- 
d(med  by  them  or  they  cut  off  from  them,  so  that  otivr  discoveries  are 
much  wanted,  while  as  an  evideiu-e  that  these  can  be  effected  was  our  fre- 
quently meeting  during  our  cruise  in  the  ocean  with  numerous  flocks  or 
shoals  of  those  amphibious  animals,  who,  it  is  well  known,  must  resort 
once  in  the  year  to  places  that  as  yet  remain  undiscovered." 


EXTRACT  FROM  SCAMMON'S  MARINE  MAMMALS  OF  THE  NORTH- 
WESTERN COAST.o 

FUR  SEALS. 

Our  observations  about  the  mouth  of  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  lead 
us  to  believe  that  the  unusually  large  number  [of  fur- .seals]  seen  in  tiie 
vicinity  during  the  past  two  years  are  a  portion,  at  least,  of  the  great 
herd  that  resort  to  St.  Paul  and  St.  George.  One  reason  for  this  con- 
clusion ir^,  that  no  adult  males  are  found  with  them.  This  would 
naturally  follow  the  careful  course  adopted  by  the  Kussians  of  sparing 


i:if?| 

M 


i 


'  p.  487. 


'p.  165. 


!l 


294 


EXTRACTS   FROM   VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


hi 


i  ■ 


the  females,  in  order  to  propajjate  the  stock.  ^loreover,  this  female 
herd — for,  almost  invariably,  those  of  the  band  wliich  had  been  taken 
by  the  Indians  were  females — are  found  to  liave  fa'tuses  in  them  that 
must  ne<'essarily  be  brought  forth  in  the  course  of  a  month  or  two, 
which  would  i)robably  be  about  the  time  they  would  arrive  in  that  far 
northern  region.  The  Indians  unanimously  affirm  that  they  come  from 
the  south  and  go  to  the  north.  It  is  quite  certaii;  that  they  do  not 
resort  to  any  islands  in  or  near  the  strait,  or  the  adjacent  coast.  As 
near  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  main  body  pass  by  the  mouth  of  the 
strait  during  the  months  of  March  and  Ai>ril  and  a  part  of  May,  after 
whicih  comparatively  few  are  seen.  Scattering  ones,  however,  remain 
till  the  (ilose  of  summer,  as  before  mentioned.  But  where  these  count- 
less herds  of  fur-bearing  animals  resort  to  in  winter  seems  a  mys- 
tery. All  we  know  is,  that  at  the  i)roi)er  seasons  of  the  year  they 
come  on  sh<u-e  jdump  and  fat,  the  females  have  their  young,  and  all 
remain  about  the  land  until  the  little  ones  are  sufficiently  matured  to 
migrate. 


;('  . 


■  I 


n 


■)!; 


I  >         ' 


)  I 


EXTRACT  FROM  VENIAMINOFP'S  "NOTES  ON   THE   ISLANDS   OP 
THE  UN  ALASKA  DISTRICT." 

From  the  very  discovery  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  up  to  1805,  that  is 
to  say,  until  the  time  of  General  Rezanott's  arrival  in  America,  the 
killing  of  seals  on  both  islands  was  carried  on  without  the  least  method 
or  ec(»nomy,  because  there  were  many  companies,  and,  consequently, 
many  masters,  and  every  one  of  them  tried  to  kill  as  many  as  possible. 
But  Mr.  Rezanott",  seeing  that  such  a  management  of  the  industry 
threatened  the  final  extermination  of  the  seals,  gave  orders  to  stop 
the  killing,  and  in  consequence  of  these  orders  no  seals  were  killed  on 
these  islands  in  1806  and  1807,  and  all  the  eniploy(^s  were  transported 
to  Unalaska. 

In  1808  orders  were  again  given  to  begin  killing  them,  but  circum- 
stances that  year  only  admitted  of  their  being  killed  on  St.  George, 
and  they  were  not  killed  on  St.  Paul  until  the  following  year,  and  even 
in  the  fourth  year  (1810)  there  was  only  a  half  catch  there.  From  the 
time  of  these  dose-times,  that  is  to  say  from  1808  on  the  island  of  St. 
George  and  from  1810  on  St.  Paul,  up  to  1822,  killing  was  carried  on 
on  both  islands  without  the  slightest  e(!onomy  and  even  with  extreme 
recklessness,  so  that  the  bulls  were  killed  for  their  skins,  and  the 
females  perished  by  hundreds  during  the  drives  and  on  the  way  from 
the  rookeries  to  the  slaughtering-places.  It  was  not  until  1822  that  Mr. 
Muravieff,  the  chief  manager,  gave  orders  to  spare  the  young  seals 
every  year  for  breeding  ])uri>oses.  But  the  then  manager  of  the  Pribilof 
Islands,  instead  of  sparing  fifty  or  forty  thousand  seals,  as  he  should 
have  done,  in  accordance  with  Mr.  Muravieft"'s  instructions,  did  not 
spare  nifn'e  than  eight  or  ten  thousand  during  a  period  of  four  years. 
Mr.  Chistiakoft",  who  was  governor  of  the  colonies  after  Mr.  Muravieft", 
presuming  that,  in  consequence  of  the  instructions  given  by  Muraviett", 
the  seals  on  St.  Paul  had  increased  in  these  fouryearstoat  least  double 
their  former  number,  and  receiving  assurances  to  that  ett'ect  from  the 
manager  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  himself,  gave  instructions  to  kill  40,000 ; 
and  the  new  manager  of  the  Pribilof  Islands,  in  1828,  after  employing 
every  means  to  kill  as  many  seals  as  possible,  that  is  to  say,  to  extermi- 
nate the  seal  species,  with  all  his  exertions  procured  scarcely  28,000. 

rpart  II,  pp73«8-382. 


T 


VENIAMINOPB*. 


295 


•St. 
on 


Subsequently,  when  it  was  plainly  seen  that  the  seals  were  decreas- 
ing more  ami  'more,  owing  to  this  numagement  of  the  killing,  orders 
were  given  to  observe  the  greatest  care  in  separating  the  adult  and 
young  females  from  the  seals  which  were  to  be  killed,  and  to  emleavor 
to  spare  as  many  as  possible  even  of  the  kind  which  had  to  be  killed. 
But  all  this  hardly  sufticed  to  keep  the  number  of  seals  stationary,  and 
did  not  at  all  increase  their  numbers.  Finally,  in  1834,  the  board  of 
administration  of  the  company,  in  conse([uence  of  tlu;  convincing  argu- 
ments presented  to  it  by  Jiaron  Wrjingel,  resolved  to  make  a  new 
arrangement  on  this  subject  by  sacrificing  i)resent  ])rofits,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  only  4,0t)0  seals  are  now  killed  on  St.  Paul  instead  of 
12,000. 

Close  times  were  observed  for  the  se.ils  on  St.  George  in  1826  and 
1827,  and  since  that  time  great  care  and  economy  have  been  exercised 
there  in  killing  the  seals. 

From  these  facts  it  is  evident  that  it  was  not  until  180'),  i.  e.,  at  the 
time  of  tiie  consolidation  of  the  companies,  that  any  care  was  taken  for 
the  preservation  of  the  seal  species. 

It  is  also  evident  that  half-measures  aif,  of  no  avail,  or  that,  at  most, 
they  only  tend  to  preserve  the  seal  species  a  little  longer,  and  the 
present  measures,  under  present  circumstances,  are  by  far  the  best. 
And  if  this  policy  of  the  company  is  continued  for  fifteen  years,  to  wit, 
until  1840,  it  may  be  confidently  asserted  that  the  seal  si)ecies  will  have 
more  than  trebled,  and,  with  economical  maiuigement,  will  long  continue 
to  yield  enormous  profits.  In  the  contrary  case,  however,  if  the  com- 
pany should  be  intent  on  present  profits,  the  seals  will  very  speedily  be 
exterminated.  Table  No.  2,  annexed  to  this  volume,  suffices  to  prove 
this. 

Almost  all  the  old  inhabitants  believe  and  assert  that  sparing  the 
seals,  that  is  to  say,  not  killing  them  for  some  years,  does  not  contribute 
in  the  least  to  their  increase  and  only  amounts  to  losing  them  forever. 
They  prove  this  by  the  fa(!t  that  after  close-times  there  always  have 
been  fewer  seals  than  there  should  have  been ;  as,  for  example,  on  the 
island  of  St.  George  after  a  (ilosetime  of  two  years  for  5,500  seals,  in- 
stead of  taking  ten  or  eight  thousand  in  the  first  year,  as  they  had 
hoi)ed,  only  4,778  were  taken. 

But  this  opinion,  however  convincing  it  may  appear,  is  entirely 
erroneous — 

1.  Because  it  is  impossible  that  any  species  of  animals  or  cattle 
should  perish  of  itself. 

2.  Because  very  many  persons  here  believed  it  to  be  beyond  a  doubt 
that  the  female  seals  begin  to  bear  in  their  third  year,  that  is,  at  the 
expiration  of  two  years  after  their  birth;  but  as  none  of  the  close  times 
known  here  lasted  more  than  three  years,  it  was  impossible  to  see  what 
was  the  real  increase.  In  fact,  after  a  careful  comparison  of  all  the 
results  of  the  (ilose-times,  it  is  evident  that  the  cows  do  not  begin  to 
bear  earlier  than  the  fifth  year  of  their  life.  The  proofs  of  this  are  the 
following: 

a.  In  1828,  after  the  first  close-time  on  the  island  of  St.  George,  the 
seals  continued  to  decrease  steadily  at  the  rate  of  one-fifth  annually, 
until  the  fifth  year.  In  the  fifth  year  the  decrease  ceased.  In  the  sixth 
year  there  appeared  an  increase  of  one  twelfth  as  compared  with  the 
preceding  year,  and  in  the  seventh  year  there  was  an  increase  of  one- 
seventh  (see  Table  No.  1).  This  shows  that  the  females  born  in  1828  did 
not  begin  to  bear  until  their  fifth  year;  and,  taking  into  consideration 
the  fact  that  the  largest  increase  occui'red  at  tho  expiration  of  six 


I 


I  '.1 


296 


EXTRACTS  FROM  VARIOUS?  PUBLICATIONS. 


<■;( 


'i''r 


y^ 


11*  i 


I' 


■■^  ! 


Ih 


I  ii 


^$1 


ti  ■ 


years,  it  is  evident  tluit  all  the  females  did  not  begin  to  bear  even  in 
their  lit'th  year. 

b.  It  is  well  known  that  the  male  seal  may  beeome  a  ball  (sekat(^h)  in 
his  sixtli,  bnt  not  earlier  than  his  fifth  year.  Can  it  be  said,  then,  that 
the  females  bear  before  tlieir  Ibiiith  yeiirf 

c.  If  the  male  seal  <'iUinot  become  a  bull  before  his  tifth  j'ear,  then, 
since  according  to  Untton's  oi»inion  an  animal  may  live  seven  tinies  as 
long  as  the  time  which  is  ie(inired  fen-  it  to  reach  comjdete  maturity,  the 
male  seal  may  live  at  least  thirty  j'ears  and  the  female  at  least  twenty- 
eiglit  years.' 

Taking  lintfon's  opiniim  as  a  basis,  and  employing  the  converse  rea- 
soning, it  follows  that  an  animal  does  not  arrive  at  complete  matnrity 
(and,  consequently,  cannot  procreate  his  species)  until  he  has  com- 
pleted the  seventh  i)art  of  his  life.  It  follows  also  that  the  female  seal 
cannot  bear  befure  her  fourth  year. 

There  is,  therefore,  no  doubt  that  the  female  seals  do  not  begin  to 
bear  earlier  than  tlieir  (ifth  year,  that  is,  at  the  expiration  of  four  years 
of  their  life,  and  not  in  their  third  or  fourth  year.  It  may  be  admitted, 
of  course,  that  some  females  have  young  as  early  as  tlieir  fourth  year, 
but  this  is  the  exception,  n(»t  the  rule.  In  onler  to  be  more  thoroughly 
convinced  of  the  fact  that  the  cows  cannot  bear  in  their  third  year,  it 
is  only  necessary  to  glance  at  the  two  year  old  female,  and  compare  her 
with  the  bull  and  the  mothers,  and  every  one  will  then  say  that  it  is 
impossible. 

Do  the  cows  bear  every  year?  And  how  many  times  do  they  bear 
in  the  course  of  their  life?  It  is  very  ditlicult  to  decide  these  ipiestions, 
because  it  is  impossible  to  nmke  any  investigations  on  the  subject,  but 
it  is  tiionght  that  the  cows  bear  annually  during  their  early  years,  and 
every  other  year  wlien  tliey  gr(»w  older.  Consequently  they  nnty  have, 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  from  ten  to  lifteen  pups  in  the  whole 
course  of  their  lives,  and  even  more.  This  o])inion  is  based  ujton  the 
fact  that  ((xcepting  one  year.  1S,}2)  no  very  great  nur  ber  of  cows  has 
ever  been  seen  without  pui)s;  but  it  cannot  be  said  tuat  unpregnant 
females  never  visit  tlie  Tribilotf  IsUmds,  because  such  are  seen  there 
every  year.  As  to  the  number  of  cows  which  have  no  pups,  it  may  be 
assumed  with  certainty,  according  to  the  o]>inion  and  the  ocular  obser- 
vation of  the  old  inhabitants,  that  not  more  than  one  tifth  of  the  cows 
that  are  seen  are  barren.  Still,  in  order  not  to  lead  others  as  well  as 
myself  into  error  in  my  estimates  of  the  increase  of  the  seals,  1  esti 
mate  a  third  (as  barren). 

There  is  (»ne  more  question  which  is  very  important  in  estimating  the 
incr<>ase  of  the  seals,  viz :  Of  the  number  of  seals  luu-n  in  one  year,  how 
many  are  males?  And  is  the  number  of  females  always  equal  to  the 
number  of  nuiles? 

Judging  by  the  bachelors  which  acenmulated  during  the  dose-times, 
that  is  to  say',  in  182li,lSl2;5,  lS2-t,on  St.  Paul.andin  181iG-'L'7on  St.Ceorge 
it  is  evident  that  the  number  of  bachelors  was  very  variable;  for  in. 

'This  opinion  is  corroborated  by  the  observations  of  the  old  inhabitants,  and  par- 
tienlarly  tliat  of  one  of  the  best  ereoh's,  Shayashnikotf,  who,  on  his  arrival  at  the 
ishmd  of  St.  Paul  in  1817  noticed  one  young  bull  (recojjnizable  by  his  bald  hea(l), 
who  at  that  time  already  had  a  larjjo  herd  of  eows,  equal  in  number  to  tliose  kept 
by  the  vigorous  old  bulls.  It  must,  therefore,  be  i)eliev«d  that  this  male  became  a 
bull  more  than  l^ve  years  previous  to  tliat  time,  anil  that,  consenui-ntly,  lie  was  then 
more  than  ton  years  old,  and  this  bull  visited  tlie  island  of  St.  I'aul  regularly  every 
year  until  1832,  i.  c,  for  lifteen  years  longer,  and  always  occupied  tuie  and  the  same 
Bpot,  and  it  is  only  in  reiciit  years  that  they  have  noticed  that  the  number  of  hia 
cowH  wut)  grow  lug  less  uud  less.  >  .     . 


tinj;  tlie 

iir.  how 

to  the 


-times, 
.(ieoij^fe 
for  ill. 

iiul  par- 
:il  at  the 
\i\  head), 
1090  kept 
liecaiiiH  a 
was  then 
ly  every 
the  same 
er  uf  bU 


VENIAMINOFP. 


297 


I 


stance,  on  the  island  of  St.  Paul  ll,0'.X)soals  were  spared  for  three  years, 
and  in  thefoHowiiig  three  years  7,(M)0  baclielors  were  killed  there,  t.  <■,, 
almost  two-thirds  of  the  number  whicli  had  beea  spared;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  from  8,500  seals  which  had  been  spared  for  two  years  ou 
St.  (Jeorge,  h'ss  than  ;J,000  were  obtained,  /.  c,  little  more  than  a  third. 
What  is  the  cause  of  this  variation  f  Is  it  because  in  some  years  more 
bachelors  or  males  are  born  than  in  others!  Or  are  there  years  iu 
which  many  cows  have  no  pups?  Both  [suppositions]  are  probably 
true. 

I  tiierefore,  in  accordance  with  the  opinion  of  the  hunters,  estimate 
that  of  the  number  of  seals  born  in  one  year  half  are  males  and  half  are 
females. 

In  proof  of  the  many  facts  with  regard  to  seals  related  above,  Table 
No.  1  is  hereto  annexed,  giving  the  nnmbei-  of  seals  killed  ou  the 
Tribilof  Islands  from  1817  to  1838,     From  this  table  it  appears  that — 

1.  There  was  not  one  ordinary  year  in  which  the  number  of  the  seala 
killed  equaled  the  number  in  preceding  years;  it  was  continually  grow- 
ing less  and  less. 

2.  The  decrease  of  the  seals  is  not  uniform;  sometimes  it  is  a  six- 
teenth, sometimes  a  tenth,  sometimes  a  tifth,  and  even  two-sevenths, 
but,  on  an  average,  an  eighth. 

3.  Hence,  under  the  ordinary  course  of  the  killing,  within  less  tUau 
fifteen  years  the  whole  seal  species  may  be  externunated. 

4.  The  least  decrease  is  usually  at  a  time  when  tliere  was  a  less 
nund)erof  bachelors  than  in  the  preceding  years  (/.  c,  when  the  young 
seals  were  not  entirely  destroyed),  and  the  greatest  decrease  occurred 
when  the  number  of  bachelors  had  been  less. 

").  Tlie  number  of  bachelors  is  the  true  measure  or  criterion  of  the 
actual  number  of  seals;  in  other  words,  if  the  bachelors  increase  in 
numbers,  the  young  females,  also,  increase,  and  vice  versa. 

G.  The  bachelors  se])arate  from  the  herd,  and  assemble  in  herds  apart, 
not  earlier  than  in  their  third  vear,  as  was  seen  bv  the  dose-times  ou 
theislands  of  St,  I'aul  and  St, George  (1822, 1823, 1824, 183o,  1830, 1837, 
and  1820-'27). 

7.  The  decrease  of  the  numV)er  of  seals  on  the  island  of  St.  George 
after  a  close  time  of  two  years  (1820-'27),  contintied  for  two  years  and 
steadily  at  the  rate  of  one-tifth. 

8,  In  the  tifth  year  after  the  first  close-time,  the  decrease  may  be  re- 
garded as  having  ceased;  in  the  sixth  year  there  was  an  increase  of  a 
twelfth,  and  in  the  seventh  year  of  one-seventh,  and  subseipieutly  the 
number  of  seals  remained  almost  the  sann^  for  three  years. 

y.  If  no  close-time  had  been  observed  on  St.  George  in  1826-'27, 
then,  assuming  the  decrease  as  only  an  eighth  (see  sec.  2),  not  a  single 
seal  Wv»uld  have  beeu  left  ou  St.  George  by  1840  or  1842,  as  appears  by 
the  following  table: 


Tear. 

Seals.  : 

Tear. 

Seals. 

Tear. 

Seals.  1 

Tear. 

Seal*. 

1825 

5.  .500 
4.  4lll> 
3.  .520 
2,81H  1 

1829 

1                             1 
2. 4(18      1  snu 1    1  nfiii 

18:)7 

700 

1821! 

IHIO 

2,  Itii) 
1.  8!)l) 
1,554  j 

is:u 

1, 1'Jii 

18118 

580 

1827 

IS.'ll      

I(i:i5   

1.040 
850 

IS'li)      

600 

182i! 

1832 

1836 

1840 

400 

The  decrease  iu  recent  years,  however,  must  be  estimated  at  more 
thau  oue-lifth,  because  the    smaller  the   herd  the  fewer  the  bulls, 


!i 


I  ■ 


298 


EXTRACTS  FROM  VARIOUS   PUBLICATIONS. 


iJi  * 


Vl- 


ill  i< 


If.; 


( 


.1  i. 


that  ia  to  say.  tlie  i»rotector.s  of  the  herd,  and  consequently  so  much  the 
more  quickly  would  the  orks  exterminate  them. 

10,  Ilence  a  dose-time  of  two  years  presers'ed  the  seal  species  for 
more  than  ten  years,  and  the  loss  sutlcred  by  the  company  during  the 
close-times  (about  H,oOU)  was  far  more  tlian  repaid;  and  the  more  so 
as,  if  the  contpany  had  not  observed  a  ch)se-time  in  1H2<J  and  1827  it 
wouhl  not  liav(;  i>rocured  more  than  24,(M)()  from  IHliO  to  18.'{.S,  i.  e., 
in  twelve  years;  but  by  having  a  (dose-time  for  only  two  years  it 
pr(M'ured;U,r)7<i  sealskins  in  ten  years,  and  moreover  may  get  more  than 
iri,(HM)  more  witlumt  any  close  time. 

11.  Tims,  if  so  insigniticant  a  number  of  seals  spared  on  St.  (ieorge 
(about  8,r»(M»),  and  for  so  short  a  time,  to  wit,  two  years,  yielded  so  large 
a  profit,  namely,  three  times  as  many  as  the  number  spared,  how  great 
would  be  the  profits  resulting  from  the  recent  policy  of  the  board  of 
administration  of  the  company  on  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  where  there 
has  already  been  a  close-time  for  fimr  years,  and  where  more  than 
30,000  seals  have  been  spared  for  breeding  puriwses  up  to  this  time. 

If  not  for  the  sake  of  com])arison,  at  least  as  a  matter  of  interest,  I 
present  here  a  table  of  the  increase  of  the  seals  for  fifteen  years,  from 
7,000  spared  on  the  island  of  St.  Paul  in  1835.     (803  Table  2.)' 

By  order  of  the  board  of  administration  a  ch)se-tinie,  or  sparing,  was 
observedon  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  forall  the  seals  in  excess  of  12,700;  i.e., 
in  the  jneceding  year,  1834, 12,700  seals  werekilled  tliere,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  1835,  if  there  had  been  no  dose-time,  not  more  than  12,200 
would  have  been  i)rocured  frcmi  the  whole  island  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances, estimating  the  decrease  at  only  one  twenty-fifth;  but  in 
that  year  instead  of  12,200  only  4,052  seals  were  killed;  consequently 
8,148  seals,  including  males  and  females,  were  left  for  breeding  in  1835. 

In  drawing  up  the  tjibles  of  the  increase  of  the  seals,  however,  I 
assume  the  decrease  as  the  average  one,  that  is,  one-eighth;  and  it  then 
follows  that  the  number  of  seals  spared  will  not  be  less  than  7,000. 

In  the  number  of  7,000  seals,  we  estimate  3,000  females,  that  is,  a  few 
more  than  the  number  of  males. 

I  estimated  that  one-luilf  of  the  new  cows  born  during  the  close-time 
would  have  young  iu  the  first  year  following  and  two  thirds  every  year 
subsequently. 

The  females  must  decrease  in  numbers  from  natural  causes  at  the 
expiration  of  twelve  years  from  the  time  of  their  first  having  y<mng; 
i,  e.,  at  the  end  of  eighteen  years  of  their  life,  and  at  the  end  of  the  twen- 
tieth year  of  their  life  they  would  be  entirely  useless  for  breeding  pur- 
poses. 

Half  of  the  young  seals  born  at  the  expiration  of  four  years  after  the 
close-time,  and  subsequently  are  assumed  to  be  females,  and  this  num- 
ber is  inserted  in  the  table  and  the  males  or  bachelors  are  added  to  the 
total. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  second  table  that — 

1.  The  old  cows — that  is,  those  which  were  able  to  have  young  in 
1835 — must  become  extinct  by  1850  (assuming  the  decrease  at  one-eighth 
annually). 

2.  During  the  first  four  years  after  the  close-time,  i.  e.,  until  the  new 
cows  begin  to  bear,  their  number  will  usually  diminish. 

3.  A  number  of  seals  equal  to  the  number  spared  will  be  obtained  at 
the  expiration  of  six  years;  double  that  number  not  before  the  ex]»ira- 
tion  of  twelve  years;  treble  that  number  at  the  end  of  fourteen  years, 

^Fox  tables,  see  the  origiual  publicatiou. 


':H 


VENIAMINOFP. 


299 


and  at  tlic  expiration  of  flffeen  years  of  sparing  the  seals  24.000  may  bo 
taken  tlie  Hist  year.  28,00()  the  second,  .•W,(M)i)  the  tiiiid,  ;{(»,(KM»  the 
fourth,  41,00(1  the  fiftli;  more  than  1(50,000  in  the  five  years.  Hence, 
with  eiiononiical  inainigenient,  that  is,  sparing  one-Htth  of  the  seals, 
3li,0(K)  nuiy  be  taken  every  year  permanently,  or,  at  least,  for  a  very 
long  tinie. 

4.  In  addition,  during  the  fifteen  years  of  the  sparing  00,000  or  70,000 
bachelors  may  be  taken,  making  a  total  of  2;i0.000. 

o.  Jf  there  should  be  no  sparing,  the  wlude  seal  s])ecies  would  be  ex- 
tinct forever  at  the  exinration  of  tifteen  years,  and  during  all  that  time 
it  would  not  be  possible,  using  every  exerticm,  to  procure  more  than 
50,000  seals. 

Jt.  must  be  said  heie  that  the  most  moderate  estimates  have  been 
made  in  the  table  as  to  rlie  increase  of  the  seals  and  the  de<'rease  of  the 
cows  has  been  taken  at  the  average  rate.  Moreover,  on  the  island  of 
St.  Paul,  in  183(5  and  1837,  instead  of  7,tMM)  seals,  only  4,8(50  were  killed 
in  183(5  and  1837,  and  conse(]uently  l,r)(»0  cows  were  spared  there  in 
two  years,  which  were  not  taken  into  ac<!ount  in  drawing  up  the  table, 
and  which  may  yield  a  very  large  increase. 

In  confirnjation  of  the  estinuites  with  regard  to  the  increase  of  the 
seals  on  the  island  of  8t.  Paul  I  annex  a  table  (tf  the  incn'ase  of  the 
seals  which  wei'e  spared  on  the  island  of  St.  (ieorge  in  182(5  and  1827, 
based  u])on  the  same  reasoning  as  the  preceding,  whicii  shows  plainly 
that  my  estimut^^s  were  very  near  the  truth.    (Sue  luble  ^'o.  3). 


!    ' 


I 


f  ( 


m 


i  ,'T 


Ill_,    . 

ift^,  i 

1 
1 

fc  ^.  ■: 

1  :ii 

,  _   L.JJU.... 


)■ 


MATTER  REI.ATINfx  TO  OWNERSHIP  OF  CERTAIN  SEALING 
VESSELS  SEIZED  BY  THE  UNTIED  STATES. 


( 

I 


EXTRACTS  FROM  NOTX3S  MADE  AT  THE  TRIAL  OF  THE  CASE  OF 
T77ARREN  vb.  BOSCOWITZ  AND  COOPER. 


i 


in  the  supreme  court  of  uritish  columbia. 

Between  Hannah  Warren,  plaintiff,  and  Josepu  Boscowitz 
AND  T.  II.  Cooper,  defendant. 

I,  Harvey  Combo,  deputy  registrar  of  the  supreme  eourt  of  British 
Colnmbiu,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  papt'r  writinj;  liereuiito  annexed 
and  marked  witii  the  letter  A,  and  eontaininj;  five  pages,  each  res])ec- 
tiveiy  bearing  my  signature,  is  a  true  and  ('orre<;t  eoi)y  of  extracts  ma<le 
from  tlie  transcript  of  tlie  official  shorthand  notes  taken  at  the  trial  in 
the  above  suit. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  of  the  said  supreme  court  of  British  Co- 
lumbia this  27th  day  of  September,  A.  D.  18iS9. 

[SEAL.J  Uauvey  Combe, 

Deputy  Registrar, 
A. 


t 


IN  THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

(Before  chief  justice  and  si^ecial  jury.) 

June  4Tn,  1889. 

Hannah  Warren  vs.  Joseph  Boscowitz  and  T.  H.  Cooper. 
Mr.  W.  J.  Taylor  for  the  claimant,  Hannah  Warren;  Mr.  Theodore 
Davie,  Q.  C,  for  the  deft.,  Boscowitz. 

(FIRST  day.) 

George  E.  Munro,  under  cross-examination  by  Mr.  T.  Davie: 

850.  Q.  Come  over  and  shew  the  Jury  exactly  what  this  is  made  up 
of.  Hemember  that  Mrs.  Warren  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  sealers; 
yet  she  takes  credit  for  this  $i'5(>4.40. — A,  Mr.  Boscowitz  should  have 
l)ai(l  for  it.  I  charged  it  up  to  tiic  Grace  and  gave  Mr.  lioscowitz  credit 
for  it.  These  boats  are  supposed  to  be  owned  by  Mrs.  Hannah  War- 
ren. That  is  one  of  the  items — there  is  the  Dotpliin^s  chronometer. 
That  was  charged  in  the  general  books  which  they  had  no  business  to 
put  in  here.  It  was  charged  here,  but  should  have  been  charged  in 
Mr.  Boscowitz'  sealing  books.  Afterwards,  to  keep  a  correct  account 
with  the  sealing  schooners,  I  afterwards  brought  it  into  these  books. 

801 


m 


I         ;  1 


302 


OWNERSHIP   OP   CKUTAIN    HRAIJNO    VFSMKLS. 


I  jrnvo  Mr  Il<»s«!(»wit/.  credit  for  i!».'i() l.4(>,  wliich  li«i  iictimlly  lun'or  paid 
out.  It  was  joiirniili/od;  fiiii  stciiiiiei'  /{arhtira  t{i>scinnt:;  mniu'y  paid 
that  (Hit.  I  ^Mve  liitn  credit  tot-  it,  and  cliai'}<:cil  iiiiii  as  you  will  iiud  in 
these  bool\.s,  and  it  is  chai'^^cd  tlicrc  to  .loscph  liosccnvit/,  and  credited 
to  HoMcowitz  in  these  books,  and  there  is  the  entry.  Here  is  the  lios- 
cowitz  account  in  tlie  .sealin};  led;;er;  tj^cre  is  tiie  whole  f.'iOl.tO  wliicli 
Mr.  liosc(»\vitz  is(!redited  witli,  and  tM  ditl'erent  schooners  are  cliarjjed 
with  it.     Tliere  is  the  entry. 

H'»7.  i).  Now,  where  are  tiie  IxKtks  of, I.  1).  Warren  &  Co.  where  those 
thiiiff^  i»i'<' ''harjfedT — A.  Well,  I  ;{iiess  that  is  the  cash  hook.  That  is 
the  wintlinj^  uj)  of  the  sealing  hnsincss.  He  (twed  the  sealing  business 
U      $liL'.000.()(».    That  is  what  they  made  out  of  it. 

.S."»S.  i).  And  that  balance  was  divided  between  tlienif — A.  That 
balance  was  divided  betMeen  them,  but  it  never  appeared  ou  the 
books.    That  is  what  brings  the  balance  dowu. 


i 


!•  ! 


!  1 1 


I  -n     } 


l).Vi::i  i 


i: 


■ . 


ill' 


V 


(SECOND  DAY.) 

June  5Tn,  1889. 

Georob  E.  Mi^NRo,  under  cross  examination  by  Mr.  T.  Davii:; 

020.  (J.  Tiiere  is  nothing  in  Mr.  Bales'  account  subsequent  to  this 
account  marked  11,  1.  Mr.  Hales'  account  only  makes  up  the  balan(;e, 
$-17,274.(i'J,  with  which  both  accounts  start.  So,  you  see,  there  is  the 
whole  account.  Now,  I  want  you  to  give  me  an  answer.  The  question 
1  just  asked  you  was,  how  is  it  that  the  comi>ined  balance  of  Mrs.  and 
('apt.  Warren's  acM'ounts  anumnts  to  the  identical  sum  which  is  shewn 
in  "  II '  1,  whicii  ('apt.  Warren's  amounts  tof  I  want  to  know  if  you 
can  maJvC  it  out  by  any  of  the  books  which  you  have  shewn  ? — A.  There 
are  some  of  those  items  you  have  got  that  (hm't  appear  on  th«'  books. 

O.M).  Q.  Where  do  they  appear?— A.  Well,  there  is  that  *17,()(M).00, 
that  appears  in  the  account  and  not  in  the  books,  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge. 

031.  Q.  You  took  that  from  some  book,  some  account? — A.  Not 
ne«'essarily.  Well,  these  accounts  was  divided  up  between  Capt. 
Warien  and  Mr.  Boscowitz. 

0;W.  Q.  You  refer  to  the  amount  of  $17,080.0.".?— A.  Yes. 

0.S3.  ii,.  That  was  divided  up  between  Oapt.  Warren  and  Mr.  Boseo- 
witrJ — A.  That  was  divided  up  between  (3apt.  Warren  and  Mr.  Bosco- 
witz. 

034.  Q.  Tliat  amount  was  the  net  gain,  was  it  not,  of  the  sealing  sea- 
son of  18S(»?— A.  It  vras. 

03r>.  Q.  Capt.  Warren  took  half  and  Mr.  Boscowitz  took  half.  I 
cpiite  understand  that,  but  does  that  fai;t  isccount  for  this  account? — A. 
That  item  is  right  here. 


m 


(THIRD  DAY.) 

George  E.  Mitnro,  under  cross-examination  by  Mr.  Davie  : 

1058.  Q.  That  is  all  I  wanted  to  know.     $3,200.00  out  of  $14,104.00 

leaves  $10,004.00,  which  was  paid  to  him  in  cash  and  the  first  amount 

paid  by  him  on  account  of  the  sealers.    Can  you  tell  us  by  looking  at 

the  books  how  much  money  Mr.  Boscowitz  during  the  year  of  188t>  put 


'i. 


WAKkKN    V8.    BOSioWITZ    ANI>    « OOI'KH. 


303 


ioseo- 
Josco- 


JIE: 
1104.00 
iiount 
ling  at 
Ijtiput 


into  tho  seiilerisT — A.  Somewhen'  iibonf  between  ^lO.OOO.OO  and 
$r>(MMK».(H). 

lor»0.  i)..  II(»\v  niiicli  do  viMi  inakc  it  hero? — A.  That  is  not('xa<;t; 
tliat  is  roiigli,  to  tin*,  lu'st  of  my  kimwled;;)'. 

1(K;o.  Q.  Docs  tliat  iiu  hide  tllo  "  H.  Hoscowit/"  balanceof«;{,LH)0.(»()f— 
A.  Y«'8;  it  docs. 

KMil.  i).  Wlicre  is  it?— A.  (»\>intinK.)  ThcnMt  is. 

lOtil'.  Q.  Well,  it  was  *  IS,  1  <».{.•)(>?— A.  That  is  only  rough.  It  is 
between  ij(4().()0(M)0  and  ii!rio.(H)o.(K». 

1(M».'{.  Q.  VVliat  moneydidCapt.  Warren  put  in  thatyear;  anytiiing? — 
A.  I  don't  tliink  so. 

1()(»4.  Q.  Well,  whether  it  was  !?r.(),( (00.00  or  $(10,000.00? 

WlTNi;ss.  )?40,000.00  or  l?r)0,00(KOO. 

lOOo.  Q.  Well,  you  call  it  *  10,000.00  or  .*r>0,000.00.  I  think  I  shall 
shew  you  presently  it  was  )?( 10,000.00.  IWit  whatever  it  w;is  it  was  all 
put  in  by  Mr.  IJoscowitz.  The  net  prolit  was  how  nuich? — A. 
$17,0S0.9r». 

10(»(».  i).  Ami  was  not  that  divi<led  equally  b«'twe(Mi  Capt.  Warren 
ami  Mr.  ISoscowitz? — A.  I  believe  that  was  the  understanding. 

1007.  Q.  Well,  you  believe  that  was  <l<un'? — A.  It  does  nttt  appear  on 
the  books  anywhere. 

CouuT.  He  may  say  that,  but  is  not  that  the  very  same  amount  wo 
had  on  the  books  which  did  ajtpear? 

Witness.  No,  my  lord;  it  does  not  ajtpear  on  the  books. 

lOOS.  Mr.  Davik.  Well,  does  it  not  appear  on  tlie  accounts? — A.  I 
believe  it  does  on  the  accounts. 

lOtiO.  Q.  Which  you  drew  uj)  yourself? — A.  Yes. 

Court.  Tiie  books  may  not  include  all  the  accounts  between  the  par- 
ties. 

KHO.  Mr.  Davie.  However,  they  were  iiu'luded  in  the  accounts,  and 
were  divided  between  both  of  them? — A.  Yes. 

1071.  Q.  So  Mr.  lioscowitz  put  in  all  the  money  for  that  arrangen'.cnt, 
and  <Uvided  the  profits  with  Capt.  Warren? — A.  Capt.  Warren  put  in 
the  schooners. 

1072.  Q.  Well,  he  was  paid  for  them.  Were  not  the  schooners  char- 
tered at  $200.00  a  month? — A.  There  was  a  charter  party  with  Grif- 
fiths between  them. 

1073.  Q.  Gritnths  had  nothing  to  do  with  them?— A.  Grilliths  was 
the  assignee  of  Capt.  Warren's  estate. 

1074.  Q.  And  was  it  not  a  fact  that  Mr.  Roscowitz  chartered  these 
fnmi  GritHths,  and  paid  the  money  for  them — $200.00? — A.  1  believe 
theie  was  a  charter  party. 

107").  Q.  Then  it  is  not  true,  as  you  said  Just  now,  that  Capt.  War- 
ren ])ut  in  the  schooners? — A.  I  never  said  it  in  any  way.  It  is  a 
strange  thing  Mr.  Boscowitz  would  pay  him  $8,000.00  or  $0,000.00  if  he 
didn't. 

107(>.  Q.  Was  it  not  a  fact  that  Mr.  Boscowitz  did  i)ay  the  charter 
money  for  these  schooners  at  the  rate  of  $20(».00  a  month? — A.  I  don't 
know  who  paid  it. 

1077.  Q.  Y'ou  know  that  it  was  charged  in  the  account  to  Mr.  Bosco- 
witz. Did  he  not  i)ay  it?  Tell  us  what  sum  they  were  chartered  at  a 
month? — A.  I  am  just  looking  for  it.  1  don't  think  the  amounts — 
they  are  not  put  down  here. 

1078.  Q.  But  it  is  a  fact  that  they  were  charged  by  Grifliths,  the 
assignee? 

Mr.  Taylok.  The  charter  party  8i)eaks  for  itselfi 


I 
i 


^ii.fii 


BBBB 


304 


OWNERSHIP   OF    CERTAIN    SEALING   VESSELS. 


1079.  Mr.  Davie.  Besides  that,  was  it  not  a  fact  that  Mr.  Boscowitz 
was  allowii'i,'  $100.00  a  month  to  Capt.  Warren  besides  half  of  the 
profits! — A.  Well,  I  don't  know  that  Mr.  Boscowitz  allowed  it.  I  be- 
lieve I  put  it  down  and  had  a  row  over  it  with  Mr.  Boscowitz. 

•  •  •  •  *  •  •         ^ 

1115.  Q.  You  might  tell  mo  this  before  I  sit  down.  This  account 
" K"  shews  tiie  balance  of  profit  to  be  $2:.',  140.20.  EIow  is  that  reduced 
to  $17,000.00?  You  can  just  give  ustiiat  by  tlie  books. — A.  There  was 
a  loss  on  the  Thornton  of  $4,001.48;  that  is,  the  '■'■  Thornton^^  sailed  for 
the  Behring  Sea  and  never  returned. 

Haevey  Combe, 
Dep.  Reg.  Sup.  Ct.  B.  C. 


n 


I 


m 


<  t 


i  iff 


I    I 


I!  I, 


EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  EVIDEISTCE  IN  THE  CASES  OF  WARREN  vs. 
BOSCOW^ITZ  ET  ALIOS  AND  BOSCOWITZ  vs.  WARREN  ET  AL.,  IN 
THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA.' 

As  to  the  interest  Joseph  Boscowitz  had  in  the  sealing  business 
carried  on  between  him  and  J.  D.  Warren,  from  the  port  of  Victoriii, 
B.  C,  for  a  number  of  years,  beginning  in  1808,  and  with  occasion.'il 
intcrrui)tion8  of  a  year  or  more,  continuing  up  to  1887,  the  followi.<^ 
evidence  a])pcars  in  a  trial  in  the  supreme  court  of  British  Columbia 
before  the  i'liief  justice  and  a  special  jury,  Mrs.  Hannah  Warren,  wife 
of  J.  1).  Warren,  being  plaintill",  and  .loseph  Boscowitz  and  T.  H. 
Co<ti)er  being  inter-pleaders.     Tlie  c(mrt  opened  June  4th,  1880. 

Tlie  evidence  given  by  the  witnesses  shewed  this  general  business 
relation : 

Tiiat  sealing  schooners  were  obtained  by  Warren  either  by  building  , 
them  or  by  ]mrchase  from  other  piutics  for  liim  by  Boscowitz;  that] 
Warren  supervised  the  fitting  out  of  tiiese  vessels  for  sealing,  super- 
vised the  running  of  the  vessels,  and  the  return  of  the  sealskins  to  the 
IMH't  of  Victoria,  Boscowitz  furnished  the  money  to  fit  out  and  pro- 
vision the  schooners  and-  in  connection  with  ids  general  fur  business, 
sold  the  sealskins  either  in  Victoria,  San  Francisco,  New  York,  or  Lon- 
don.    After  taking  out  all  expenses  the  profits  were  divided  equally. 

About  1884  or  1886  Warren  became  bankrui)t,  and    to  keep  the 
sehoimers  out  of  the  hands  of  his  creditors  they  were  sohl,  nominally,  "- 
to  T.  H.  Cooper,  his  brother-ill  law,  who  lived  in  San  Francisco,  Bos- 
cowitz tai  ing  mortgages  on  them  to  secure  his  interests  in  the  sealing    'j 
industry.    Tliese  mortgages  were  up  to  the  full  value  of  the  vessels. 
The  business  and  all  its  a))i>urtenances,  schooners,  etc.,  at  this  date,     ' 
liractically  belonged  to  Boscowitz. 

On  page  8  of  the  repcu'ted  evidence  the  following  statement  appi'ara: 

"  Mr.  Taylor  asks  for  lu-oduction  of  bill  of  sale  and  mortgage  referred 
to  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Warren  in  her  aft't.  of  production  and  also  in  the 
notice  to  prodnce,  stating  that  at  the  time  a  receiver  was  first  appitinted 
it  was  attached  as  an  exldbit  to  an  aflidavit.  Mr.  Davie  hands  it  to 
Mr.  Taylor,  asking  the  court  to  note  the  fact,  stating  the  date  of  the 
documents  to  be  20th  Fby.,  1880,  on  which:  '1,  Joseph  Boscowitz,  now 
residing  in  the  city  of  Victoria,  under  and  by  virtue  of  an  indenture  of 
mortgage  dated  the  0th  Feb'y,1884,  and  registered  the  3rd  March,  1884, 
for  securing  payment  for  the  sum  of  $li),0(M>,  w  itli  interest,  and  an  inden- 
ture of  mortgage  dated  the  8th  July,  1884,  and  registered  the  same 

'ludosed  iu  Couaul  Muyor's  disputcli  No.  197. 


!>  Ill ' 


WARREN   V8.    BOSCOWITZ   BT    AL. 


305 


H. 


pro- 
iness, 

Lou- 
lUv. 
the 

iliiig  . 

BSSl'ls. 

date, 

p(>ar8 : 
fern'd 
ill  the 
I  tinted 

it  to 
>f  tlie 
now 
lire  of 

1884, 
iuden- 

saiDO 


date,  and  for  securing  payment  of  the  sum  of  $15,000.00  and  interest, 
etc' " 

"Court,  lie  had  two  mortgages  on  the  same  steamer? 

"  Mr.  Davik.  Yes;  two  for  $15,000.00  each;  $;J0,00(>.00  in  all." 

To  shew  how  tlje  business  was  rnn,  Geo.  E.  Munro,  book  keeper  for 
J.  D.  Warren,  testified  as  follows  (page  62  of  the  record)  : 

Geo.  E.  Munro,  direct. 

<'  Q.  Well,  now,  of  that  13  or  14  or  more  tltonsand  dollars  of  the  net 
earnings  of  that  sunnner  that  you  receiveu,  what  did  you  do  with 
them?— A.  That  is,  in  1886! 

"  Q.  Yes. — A.  Well,  some  of  it  was  banked. 

"Q.  Who  got  it  from  the  bank;  do  you  know? — A.  Well,  Mr.  Bos- 
cowitz  got  some  of  it. 

"Q.  Do  you  know  how  much? — A.  Well,  I  gsive  him  a  cheque  per- 
sonally for  $1,128,42. 

"  Q.  What  were  the  items  of  the  other  ones ? — A.  Another  amount 
tx)  Capt.  Williams.  $600.00. 

"Q  That  is  the  master  mariner  in  command? — A.  The  captain  of 
the  boat. 

"Q.  And  the  balance? — A.  W^as  paid  to  Joseph  Boscowitz. 

"Q.  Whom  did  you  give  that  $1,128.42  to?— A.  To  Mr.  Boscowitz 
personally.  I  gave  one  checpie,  the  first  one,  to  Ca]»t  Williams,  $600.00, 
and  the  second  cheque  to  Mr.  Boscowitz  of  $1,128.42. 

"Q.  What  did  you  do  with  the  balance  of  the  money? — A.  Well,  the 
balance  of  the  money  was  disbursed  for  the  steamer,  and  what  was  over 
went  to  Mr.  Boscowitz  personally,  or  went  into  the  ofiice  for  his  busi- 
ness. 

"Q.  After  the  nuining  expenses  of  the  Barbara  Boscowitz  were  paid 
he  received  the  balance  personally,  or  it  was  put  iu  his  business? — A.  lu 
the  sealing  business. 

"  Q.  What  was  the  amount  he  received,  either  personally  or  that 
went  into  thesealing  business? — A.  About  $14,104.84.  That  was  paid 
to  Mr.  Boscowitz  personally  or  by  his  order  for  thesealing  business," 

On  page  78  of  the  record,  the  same  witness,  the  following  appears. 
George  E.  Munro  (cross-examination^: 

"(To  witness.)  Was  not  that  $41,000.(K)  the  settled  balance  between 
Capt.  Warren  and  Mr.  Boscowitz  when  Mr.  Boscowitz  left  for  England 
on  the  25th  October,  1886,  which  was  when  he  left,  was  it  not? — A.  I 
beheve  so. 

"Q.  Was  not  the  settled  balance  about  $41,(M)0,00?~A.  Still,  it  does 
not  appear  any  place. 

"  Q.  But  does  it  not  appear  from  these  accounts  which  you  have 
shewn? — A.  In  lead  jiencil  it  does. 

"Q.  Well,  the  seltlcd  balance  here  appears  of  the  two  accaunts  to 
be  $35,000.00— $.33,000.00  on  the  one  and  $1,700.00  and  sou'ething  on 
the  other,  making  $35,000.00  and  sonu*  fractions  in  all.  Add  to  that 
$5,530.00  (?)  and  something,  makes  it  altogether  $41,000.00.  Now,  is 
it  not  a  fact  that  mortgages  were  given  at  that  tinu^  on  tl'.o  different 
vessels  for  $4l,00(i.OO?  I  will  Just  remind  you  of  it.  Were  not  these 
mortgages  given  at  the  time  that  Mr.  Boscowitz  left  lor  Englan<l, 
whicli  you  say  was  the  25th  Oct.,  ro  secure  this  by  Cooper?  On  the 
Barbara  Boscowitz  $2(>,000.00,  on  the  Grace  $(;,00O".O0.  on  the  Dolphin 
$6,000.00,  on  the  Anna  /^rcA- $5,000.00,  on  the  W.  P.  Saywant  $2,500.00, 
on  the  Rustler,  making  in  all  $41,000.00? — A,  Well,  if  you  show  me 
the  books  I  will  tell  you." 
12364 ^20 


i 


r 
ll 


r 


-tiTCTinttt 


306 


OWNERSHIP   OF   CERTAIN   SEALING   VESSELS. 


'8*: 


ij 


The  witness  did  not  answer,  but  referred  to  tlie  books  lie  had  kept 
for  Warren,  which  were  sent  for,  and  the  facts  substantially  brought 
out. 

In  the  supreme  court  of  British  Columbia,  before  Sir.  Ivi.  B.  Begbie, 
0.  J.,  Uecember  9,  1890,  Jlaniiah  VV'arren,  plaintiff,  rs.  Josej)!!  Bos- 
cowitz  and  Thomas  Henry  Cooper,  defendants,  Joscjth  Boscowitz  testi- 
Bed  as  follows  as  to  the  ownership  of  the  schooners  used  in  seal-catch- 
iug  (pp.  "J-i  and  25  of  the  court  record) : 

Joseph  Boscowitz  (cross-examination): 

"  Q.  In  18S(>,  you  say,  the  charter  money  was  paid  to  Griffiths,  theas- 
sijjnce? — A.  I  think  he  <;ot  $350.00 — something  like  that — after  deduct- 
ing the  outfit  of  the  vessels.  It  is  in  the  account.  1  think  there  was 
$350.0(>  given  to  him.    The  account  will  shew  it— 188(J. 

''  Q.  Do  you  recollect  how  much  it  cost  to  outfit  those  vessels  ? — A.  The 
charter?  No;  I  cannot  tell  without  going  to  the  books.  I  have  never 
looked  into  these  things;  never  paid  any  attention. 

•'  y.  You  treated  the  vessels  as  Warren's  that  year,  too? — A.  I  don't 
know  whether  they  were  his  or  not.  They  could  not  have  been  his, 
because  they  were  in  tlie  hands  of  the  receiver.  I  was  virtually  owner 
of  them.  They  could  not  take  mortgages  from  me,  but  this  man  was 
appointed  assignee,  and  I  thought  it  l)etter  to  charter  the  vessels  than 
have  them  sold.     At  that  time  a  schooner  was  worth  nothing. 

"Q.  Was  that  what  you  agreed  to  do — carry  his  property? — A.  No; 
I  didn't. 

"  Q.  Never? — A.  No,  never;  not  to  carry  his  schooners.  Why,  thos. 
schooners  were  mortgaged  to  me  for  $12,000.00,  put  up  at  auction,  vi.ij 
could  not  get  $2,500.00  bid  on  them. 

"CoFKT.  Not  on  the  whole  thing,  do  you  mean?" 

"A.  No,  sir;  not  in  18S0.  Tlie  sealing  business  had  gone  down  to 
nothing.  That  is  t^e  first  year  they  went  into  the  Behring  Sea.  1  think 
I  offered  them  in  l.*v>5 — yes,  18(S5 — but  could  get  nothing  for  them." 

The  same  witness,  still  in  cross  examination,  says,  on  ])age  20  of  the 
record,  as  to  the  loss  of  the  schooner  liH.sth't\  the  insurance  on  her,  and 
Warren's  manner  of  making  accounts,  that: 

Joseph  Boscowitz  (cross-examination): 

"Q.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  you  did  not  get  the  insurance  on  that  ac- 
count?— A.  Not  at  all.  Cai)t.  War»en  wrote  to  me  in  a  letter  that  he 
had  swelled  it  all  he  coidd,  because  he  thought  the  underwriters  would 
not  |)ay  it;  but  the  cargo  was  insured  for  1,000  jjounds.  You  have  no 
trouble  about  getting  it.  There  are  the  bills  there.  Nineteen  hundred 
was  for  store  acccnint.     He  made  it  as  large  as  iie  could." 

And  on  page  27  this  question  and  answer: 

"Q.  Y'ou  got  all  the  insurance? — A.  Tiie  caigo  is  credited  to  the  seal- 
ing account  and  tlio  Lull  is  credited  direct.  1  held  the  mortgage  for 
$1,500.00  on  the  hull,  and  he  got  the  benefit  of  $1,000.00. 

"Q,  You  say  that  Capt.  Warren  swelled  this  account? — A.  Y^es;  I 
have  got  the  letter  to  shew  it. 

"Q.  Do  you  recollect  the  time  the  Barbara  Boscotritz  fell  off  the 
ways? — A.  Yes;  to  niy  sorrow. 

"Q.  Do  you  recollect  the  directions  you  gave  him? — A.  Y"es;  1  told 
him  to  abandon  her.     The  underwriters  told  him  that. 

"Q.  Do  you  recollect  telling  him  to  swell  this  account? — A.  Not  to 
my  knowledge.  He  swelled  it  to  $12,000.00  anJ  only  got  $0,000.00.  It 
was  for  his  own  protection  if  I  did.  I  knew  that  he  could  not  get 
more  than  half  of  his  insurance." 


I 


WARUEN    VS.    BOSCOWITZ    ET    AL. 


307 


111(1  kept 
brought 

.  Beffbie, 

ntz  t»>sti- 
i^al-catcli- 


lis,  tlieas- 
?v  deiUu't 
there  wiis 

?_A.  The 
iiive  never 

-A.  I  <^on't 
>  been  his, 
lally  owner 
is  man  was 
esaela  than 

Iff- 

y^__A.  TSTo; 

Why,thos< 
luction,  in.i) 


)nc  down  to 
i>a.     1  think 
)r  tliem." 
oe  20  of  the 
"on  her,  and 


on  that  ac- 
fetter  that  he 
Ivviterswonhl 
You  have  no  . 
Iteen  hundred 

led  to  the  seal- 
mortgage  for 

[?__A.  Yes;  I 

\tz  fell  off  the 

Yes;  1  told 

lt?__A.  Not  to 

Ur,,ooo.«)0.    It 

could  not  get 


Court  adjourned  until  December  12tli,  ISOO.  Court  resumed  Decem- 
ber 12th,  l.s!)(>,  and  foHowing  record  made,  page  28: 

.losKi'ii  BoscowiTZ  (cross-examination— continued) : 

"Q.  About  the  putting  in  of  those  claims — you  remember  ii;  1887 
when  these  schooners  <'aine  back  from  seizure — when  were  the  first 
claims  made  against  the  United  States  (Jovernment,  and  where? — A. 
1  think  they  were  made  ui»  here. 

"Q.  Do  you  remend)er  anything  about^  those  claims? — A.  I  don't 
recollect  very  much  about  it.  Capt.  Warren.  I  think,  and  some  of  the 
other  sealers  got  together  and  made  them  up. 

"Q.  Did  you  ever  see  the  claims? — A.  I  think  1  (iid. 

"Q.  Von  say  that  Warren  and  some  of  the  sealers  got  together  and 
made  them  u\)'l — A.  I  think  that  is  the  way  it  was  done,  and  he  went 
forward  with  tiiem  to  Ottawa. 

'»Q.  Are  ycm  sure  about  that? — A.  Yes;  pretty  certain. 

"Q.  Did  (Japt.  AVarren  take  the  claims  to  Ottawa?— xV.  Yes. 

"Q.  They  were  made  nj)  here? — A.  Yes. 

"Q.  AVe  will  go  back  to  these  claims — the  (trace  the  Dolphin,  tho 
Sayivard,  and  Autui  Hevk — tliey  were  in  1SS7? — A.  Yes. 

"  Q.  You  saw  those  claims  here  after  they  '..ere  made  up? — A.  Yes. 

"  (i).  AVere  they  made  up  simjdy  in  your  name? — A.  No;  siujply  a 
nu'morandum.     I  think  I  iiave  got  the  memorandum  of  it. 

"  Q.  Do  you  know  in  whose  name  they  were  preferred? — A.  I  heard 
that  when  Ca])t.  AYarrcn  returned 

"(J.  I  am  not  talking  about  (»ther  claims. — A.  No;  I  told  him  they 
should  be  put  forward  in  my  nauu'. 

"Q.  Didn't  you  sec  these  first  claims  before  they  went  forward  to 
Otta\Na? — A-  Simply  a  memorandum. 

"  Q.  Y'<a  swear  y'>ii  <li'l  not  have  the  claims  and  nmde  them  up  your- 
self?—A.  1  think  so. 

•'Q.  Those  are  the  first  set  of  claims  that  went,  y<mr  lordship.  The 
revision  of  these  claims  came  afterwards? 

Witness.  Yes;  Cai)t.  AVarrcis  took  them  on,  1  think. 

"  Q.  I  think  you  arc  Avrong  about  that. — A.  1  don't  recollect,  but  I 
think  he  went  on  with  them. 

"Q.  Anyway,  he  went  on  to  Ottawa? — A.  Yes. 

"Q.  To  revise  thoseclaimsf — A.  AVell,  we  sui)i)osed  they  were  made 
out  ]ierfectly  ;  ami  when  he  got  there — I  tliink  he  wcn.t  on  to  New  York 
and  had  a  lawyei'  and  revised  tiicm  there,  and  then  he  went  back  to 
Ottawa — and  I  tiiought  you  had  something  to  do  with  that. 

"Q.  You  don't  remember  so  very  much  about  the  claim  that  went  in 
at  first? — A.  1  think  1  have  just  got  a  memorandum  in  ('apt.  A\'arren's 
handwriting  of  each  schooner. 

"(^.  Hadn't  you  those  claims  made  out  in  the  name  of  the  registered 
owner? — A.  Nt),  never;  he  had  no  interest  in  them. 

'' Q.  You  have  also  sworn  that  you  paid  ('apt.  Warren's  expenses  to 
Ottawa? — A.  Y'es,  I  gave  him  money. 

"  (^.  Did  you  charg'  it  to  him? — A.  1  think  it  is  charged. 

"(J.  That  is  the  w;  y  you  paid  it? — A.  ('harged  it  to  the  sealing  ac- 
count—^(JoO.OO  to  New  York— *(m(K(I(>  to  New  York,  and  1  gave  him  the 
money  to  go  with,  and  then  when  he  came  back  thei'c  was  a  division 
among  all  the  sealers,  and  each  one  piiid  his  i)roi»ortion  in  cash. 

"(J.  IJut  the  nnuiey  you  advanced  him  to  go  there  you  charged 
him  ? — A.  I  did,  and  lie  has  got  credit  for  it  in  his  account— the  sealiug 
account. 


I     i8 


w 


ill 


308 


OWNERSHIP    OF    CERTAIN   SEALING   VESSELS. 


'V'    1 


\) 


I'l 


ilf 


!  I 


I  ... 


Mi 


"Court.  To  the  sealing  account  at  once  or  to  liiin  in  the  first  in- 
stance?— A.  I  charged  it  to  him,  and  tlieii  it  went  back  to  the  sealing 
account  again. 

"Mr.  Bklyea.  I  think  you  stated  the  day  before  yesterday  that  what- 
ever the  arrangement  was  in  LS81,  as  to  the  carrying  on  of  this  scaling 
business,  was  carried  right  througli? — A.  I  think  so — never  but  one. 

"Q.  Will  you  state  what  that  was? — A.  He  was  to  have  half  profits. 

"Q.  Anything  else? — A.  1  was  to  stand  all  the  Icsscs. 

"Q.  Anything  else? — A.  No,  nothing  else;  there  is  nothing  else  to 
be  said." 

On  the  point  of  ownership  of  the  schooners  iioskowitz  testified,  iu 
cross-examination,  as  follows,  conunencing  on  p.igo  47  of  the  record: 

"Q.  You  held  mortgages  on  these  schocmers,  then? — A.  I  did. 

"Q.  In  the  fall  of  1880  you  sold  those  schooners  under  the  mort- 
gages?— A.  I  think  so. 

"  Q.  Did  you  rcal.ze  any  cash  from  the  sales? — A.  No. 

"Q.  Not  a  cent?— A.  Ho. 

"Q.  Did  you  expect  to  realize  when  you  sold  them? — A.  In  1886? 
I  did  not  want  to  sell  tijeni — Capt.  Warren  did  not  want  them  sold — 
8imi)ly  a  transfer  to  himself — to  his  brother  in-law.  I  do  not  know  that 
there  were  any  bidders  for  it.     I  don't  recolku^t  that  sale  very  much. 

"  Q.  You  sohl  u'   Ur  the  mortgage? — A.  Yes;  1  think  so. 

"Q.  You  did  iioi    ;  .my  cash? — A.  No. 

"Q.  You  simply  tu  )und  and  took  other  mortgages  from A. 

From  Cooper  at  Capt.  v     .ren's  recpiest. 

"  Q.  How  did  Capt.  Warren  get  control  of  them,  then? — A.  He  was 
only  nmiiager. 

"  Q.  For  whom? — A.  For  Cooper. 

"  Q.  As  manager  for  Cooper,  heliad  control  of  the  vessels? — A.  Capt. 
Warren — he  had  control  of  them — did  as  he  liked  with  them;  he  was 
the  owner — the  virtual  owner. 

"Q.  Subject  to  your  mortgages? — A.  Yes. 

"  Q.  And  the  next  year  they  were  put  into  the  seai'ngbasiness? — A. 
Yes." 

J.  D.  Warren  assigned  to  J.  W^.  Griffiths,  and  the  schooners  were 
afterward  nominally  sold  to  T.  H.  Cooper,  as  has  been  stated.  On  page 
08  of  tlie  record  J.  1).  Warren  testified  as  to  the  business  arrangenieut 
with  lioscowitz,  as  follows: 

J.  D.  Warren,  direct: 

"  During  the  sealing  season  of  1885  did  you  and  Mr.  Boscowitz  carry 
on  the  sealing  business? — A.  In  1885  we  did. 

"On  what  terms? — A.  The  same  as  usual. 

"Court,  That  is  what  you  botii  say — what  were  the  terms? — A.  I 
was  to  put  in  the  schooners,  Mr.  Boscowitz  was  to  put  in  the  cash 
against  the  schooners,  buy  seals,  and  go  into  the  sealing  business  on 
joint  account. 

"  Q.  He  was  to  put  in  cash  against  the  schooners? — A.  He  was  to 
put  in  all  the  cash  necessary.  I  was  to  put  in  the  schooners.  One  was 
against  the  other.     We  was  to  go  into  the  business. 

"  Mr.  Belvea.  Now,  when  you  came  into  the  sealing  season  of  1880, 
had  you  the  vessels  in  your  control? 

A.  No. 

"Q.  Who  had  the  vessels?— A.  J.  W.  Griffiths. 

"Q.  Whiit  were  the  arrangements  between  you  and  Mr.  Boscowitz 
about  the  vessels  for  1880? — A.  Well,  in  the  first  place,  Mr.  Boocowitz, 


WARREN  VS.    BOSCOWITZ   ET   AL. 


309 


when  I  made  the  assignmont  lie  wanted — he  said  there  wasn't  any 
reason  wl)y  tlie  busine.ss  t^houhl  not  be  carried  on  in  Mis.  Warren's 
name  and  under  his  instructions,  and  getasetofbookslbrtlieni  i>arties, 
but  he  ciianged  his  mind  afterwards.  We  talked  it  over,  and  he  said 
he  hati  come  to  the  conclusion  he  would  carry  it  on  in  his  own  name — 
it  would  be  safer.  Therefore  then  we  started  in  1880  we  chartered  the 
vessels  from  Griffiths  with  the  understanding  it  was  to  be  on  Joint  ac- 
count, the  same  as  usual,  and  he  had  the  tiling  and  business  done  in  his 
own  name,  and  had  a  set  of  books,  and  instructed  Munro,  who  went 
and  got  a  set  of  books  and  started  them  for  Mr.  Boscowitz.  I  went 
sealing  that  season,  and  Mr.  IJoscowitz  stayed  here  and  attended  to  the 
business." 

Then,  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  accounts  were  made  up  and  pre- 
sented at  Ottawa,  the  same  witness  testilied  as  foHows,  commencing  on 
page  72  of  the  record: 

"Q.  When  the  claims  were  made  up  this  season  in  ISSfiand  IS87  who 
made  the  lirst  claims  iij);  uiuler  whose  direction  and  where  were  they 
made  up? — A.  The  claims  in  188(J  was  made  up  here — the  Thornton; 
I  am  under  the  impression  it  was  drawn  from  Drake  and  Jackson's;  [ 
would  not  be  positive — I  fancy  so — and  then  sent  by  Mr.  Boscowitz  to 
[through?]  Mr.  Hamley  to  Ottawa. 

"Q.  (Court.)  xt  is  not  so  much  a  question  by  whose  hand  it  was 
made — whose  particular  clerk,  but  by  whose  instructions? — A.  Mr. 
Boscowitz  and  myself;  we  joined  together  in  making  up  these  things 
and  also  we  used  to  have  Muni-o,  I  don't  know  whether  we  did  in  188G 
or  not.     I  am  pretty  sure  >.*»  nuist  have. 

"Q.  What  was  done? — A.  As  near  as  I  remember,  Mr.  Boscowitz 
gave  them  to  Mr.  Hamley  to  send  to  Ottawa. 

"Q.  Then  the  statements  he  made,  you  took  them,  and  sent  them, 
and  kept  a  co]\y? — A.  At  any  late,  1  took  the  rough  coi)y  in  1887;  the 
others  was  already  sent  to  Ottawa.  I  took  the  rough  copy  witli  me 
down  to  New  York,  and  Mr.  Boscowitz's  brother  introduced  me  to  a 
lawyer,  and  he  made  type-written  copies,  and  those  are  the  copies. 
They  were  sent  back;  those  were  taken  from  the  rcmgli  sketches  that  I 
took,  that  was  prepared  by  myself  and  Mr.  Boscowitz;  and  Mr.  Munro, 
I  believe,  he  juit  them  in  shape  for  me;  but  the  rough  copies  never  was 
returned  to  me,  and  these  were  sent  to  me  afterwards,  but  not  used." 

(No  exce])tions  taken  to  their  being  correct  copies.) 

"Q.  In  1887,  when  there  were  other  claims  to  be  made  up,  were  they 
treated  in  the  same  way? — A.  They  were  treated  in  the  same  way. 

"Q.  The  original  claim  was  piepared  here  and  sent  to  Ottawa 
thiough  Mr.  Hamley? — A.  Tiirongh  Mr.  Hamley,  I  believe;  I  dou't 
think  I  had  anvthing  to  do  with  giving  them  to  ]\Ir.  Hamley. 

"Q.  Yourself  went  to  Ottawa  in  the  fall  of  1887?— A.  Yes. 

"Q.  At  whose  instigation  and  why  did  you  go? — A.  Well,  partly 
my  own.  W'e  counselled  together,  myself  and  Mr.  Boscowitz,  and 
several  other  ])arties  that  had  their  vessels  seized,  and  it  was  agreed 
between  all  of  us  that  I  should  give  any  information  there  that  they 
should  reipiire  at  Ottawa,  We  did  not  exix'ct  to  have  make  the  claims 
over  tiiere  when  I  leit,  but  it  was  to  give  them  any  additioiuvl  informa- 
tion they  might  require. 

"  Q.  To  give  the  department  of  marine  and  fisheries  any  information 
they  required? — A.  To  go  over  them  and  ])ut  them  in  different  shape 
— different  style.  The  Hon.  Mr.  Foster  was  the  party  1  had  the  deal- 
ings with. 


nw 


310 


OV,'XERSHIP   OP   CERTAIN   SEALING   VESSELS, 


'  ii 


I 


^U  .  f 


i 


m  r 


"  Q,  Tlie  orif'inal  claims  tliat  wow  sent  through  Mr.  Tlamley  were 
there  tlieii? — A.  They  were  at  Ottawa  wlicii  I  got  there. 

"  Q.  And  tliose  are  tlie  claims  that  were  revised? — A.  Those  are  tha 
claims  tliat  weic  revised. 

"Q.  And  I  uiid(!rstand  that  the  claims  that  went  through  Mr.  Ham- 
ley  were  simply  the  ajiproved  eoi)ics  of  tlie  rough  drafts  that  you  took  to 
New  Yctrk? — A.  Tiicy  were  the  best  coi)ies  made  from  the  rough  draft. 

'' Q.  And  those  are  also  copies  made  from  the  rough  draft? — A.  Ves; 
I  don't  know  how  they  run  witii  the  rough  draft,  because  it  was  not 
returned  to  me.  The  copies  were  returned  to  me,  but  I  did  not  get 
the  rough  draft  back. 

"  -Mr.  liELYEA.  I  will  put  in  these  several  documents." 

(Seven  documents  put  in,  marked  Kxhibit  J.) 

"Court.  You  will  have  to  i;''  atify  those  documents.  What  are 
they? 

"Mr.  Belyea.  They  are  cojues  of  the  rough  draft  of  the  claims. 

"Court.  VViiere  are  the  rougli  drafts  themselves? 

"  VViTNES!;!.  I  left  them  in  New  York. 

"Q.  I  thouglit  he  said  he  took  tiiem  with  Mr.  Boscowitz'  brother  to 
New  York,  had  copies  made,  then  brought  them  here? — A.  No;  Mr. 
Boscowitz'  brother  introduced  me  to  a  lawyer  there  in  New  York,  and  I 
left  them  with  him.  He  tliought  he  could  put  them  in  much  better 
shape  than  we  had  them ;  but  he  simply  made  copies  ()f  them  and  sent 
them  back  tome;  but  lie  retained  the  rough  draft;  those  are  the  copies 
that  were  sent  to  me,  but  we  didn't  use  them. 

"Q.  Who  made  these  copies?  How  do  you  know  they  were  copies? 
Were  they  made  in  your  presence? — A.  They  were  made  in  my  pres- 
ence. I  made  no  rough  copies  in  New  York,  and  we  sent  the  docuuuMit 
to  Ottawa.  I  dcn't  know  how  correct  they  are,  but  I  know  in  every 
little  detail. 

"Q.  1  do  not  tliiiik  (to  Mr.  Belyea)  they  are  admissible,  unless  you 
prove  something  more  than  that, 

"  Mr.  Belyea.  I  submit  that  under  the  circumstances  they  are  quite 
admissible.  We  liave  first  tlie  rough  draft  of  those  that  Capt.  Warren 
took  to  New  York,  and  left  there.  That  rough  draft  was  to  be  revised 
in  some  way. 

Witness.  Put  in  shape. 

"Mr.  Belyea.  And  i  or  warded  to  hi  ul  (To  witness).  Did  you  go  to 
Ottawa  from  New  York? 

"A.  Y'^es;  I  went  back  to  Ottawa. 

"Q.  And  where  did  you  receive  those?  A.  They  were  sent  to  me  at 
Ottawa. 

"Attorney-General.  We  can  compare  those  with son^e authentic 
docunuMit  we  have,  and  then  we  (^vn  tell  whether  they  are  true  copies. 

"Coi'RT.  They  are  not  admissible  for  a  moment;  it  would  be  doubly 
assured,  because  we  do  not  know  who  drew  these  coi)ies  and  made 
theuj ;  and  in  the  next  place  [to  Mr.  Belyea],  while  you  allege  them  to 
be  coi)ies,  you  say  they  were  left  with  somebody  not  to  be  copied,  but 
altered,  and  then  you  say  in  conflict  with  these  directions  they  sent  y<m 
those  exact  copies. 

"  Mr.  Belyea.  Capt.  Warren  says  they  merely  copied  the  rough 
draft. 

"  Court.  Has  he  compared  them  ? 

"  Mr.  Belyea.  Probably  not.  If  my  learned  friend  has  got  the  origi- 
nal, let  him  produce  them. 


WARREN   VS.   BOSCOWITZ    ET   At. 


311 


"  Court.  You  say  they  are  left  in  New  York  ;  how  ean  lie  produce 
them  ? 

"  Attorney-Genkkal.  I  say,  if  you  will  let  me  have  them  I  will 
oomi)are  them  with  some  authentic  documents  tliat  1  have. 

"  Witness.  I  don't  think  Mr.  Davie  lias  got  any  copies  of  the  origi- 
nal.   I  am  not  aware  of  it. 

"  Mr.  Helvea  (to  witni'ss).  In  making  up  of  the  claims  in  1886  and 
of  the  claims  in  1887,  was  it  ever  suggestetl^ by  Mr.  lioscowitz  or  any- 
body else  that  the  claims  should  be  in  his  name  ? 

"  A.  No;  never. 

"Q.  In  whose  name  were  the  claims  ma^le  up  here? — A.  Made  in  the 
nanu>i  (»f  the  party  the  vi'ssel  was  registered  in. 

"•  Q.  Were  the  claims  that  went  through,  Mr.  Ilamley,  made  up  iu 
that  way? — A.  Tliey  were. 

"Court.  That  was  in  Cooper's  name? 

"  Mr.  Belyea.  Yes;  and  Warren  himself  was  the  registered  owner 
of 

"Witness.  The  Thornton. 

"  Q.  While  at  Ottawa  you  not  only  had  the  revision  of  your  own 
claim  but  of  the  others? — A.  1  had. 

"  Q.  In  every  case  of  the  others,  in  whose  name  was  the  claim  made 
out? — A.  The  registered  owner,  1  believe,  in  every  case. 

"Court.  You  mean  not  only  these  that  belong  to  Mr.  Boscowitz  and 
yourself,  in  whatever  relation,  but  also  the  other  schooners  that  had 
been  seized? 

"A.  All  the  other  schooners. 

"Mr.  Belyea.  Now,  do  you  recollect  having  got  any  instructions 
from  the  department  of  marine  and  fisheries  as  to  this  particular 
point  of  the  claim — of  having  had  any  conversation  with  the  otlicial 
about  it — about  in  whose  name  the  claims  should  be  made  out? 

"A.  I  always  understood  that  it  had  to  be  made  up,  both  by  legal 
advice  here  and  the  authorities  there,  that  they  all  had  to  be  made  up 
iu  the  name  of  the  registered  owners  botii  iiere  and  at  Ottawa. 

"Q.  When  you  we.it  to  Ottawa  did  Mr.  Boscowitz  instriKit  you  in 
any  way  whatever  to  put  these  claims  in  his  name? — A.  He  did  not;  in 
no  way  whatever. 

"Q.  So  that  the  claims  stand  to  day,  so  far  as  in  whose  name  tiiey 
are,  exactly  as  tliey  did  when  they  tirst  left  here? — A.  They  are  just 
the  same  to  day." 

Court  adjourned  to  Dec.  13th,  1890,  at  11  a.  m. 


m 


i'':\ 


Court  in  session,  December  13th,  1890. 

James  D.  Warren,  in  chief  examination,  after  stating  how  many  ves- 
sels he  had  out  each  year  engaged  in  the  sealing  business,  testified  as 
to  the  value  of  the  schooners,  commencing  on  page  78  of  tlie  record,  as 
follows: 

"C^.  And  in  1887  how  many  vessels  were  put  in? — A.  Well,  I  believe 
I  had  six  vessels  in  1887.  The  Afari/  Taylor  took  the  place  of  the 
Thornton;  the  Thornton  was  seized,  and  the  Mary  Taylor  was  bought. 

''  Q.  I  want  you  to  state,  as  nearly  as  you  can,  what  the  cost  ot  those 
vessels  was? — A.  Tiie  cost  of  running  tliein? 

"Q.  No;  the  vessels. — A.  Well,  I  put  the  Thornton,  I  think,  at 
$4,000.00 — that  is  the  time  she  had  her  machinery  put  into  lier,  and  was 
made  a  steamer  of— and  the  ISayicard,  say,  cost— well,  the  Anna  Beck, 


li 


•  i 


i|) 


i  *    !  I 


n 


312 


OWNERSHIP  OF   CERTAIN   SEALING   VESSELS. 


she  would  cost  $4,000.00;  we  paid  that  in  the  first  i)la«*,einul  then  I  put 
ina(Oiinery  in  hor afterwards,  so  she  would — and  then  she  was  burnt — her 
decks  were  burnt  out.  Tliey  were  raised  on  here,  and  made  her  larger 
and  a  good  deal  of  money  was  spent  on  her.  After  that  slui  was  valued 
at  about  $8.(»00.00.  The  Grace  when  she  was  all  ready  fitted  out,  and  all 
the  gear  aboard — fin-  passengers,  and  her  hoisting  gear,  and  all  this — 
she  cost  about  $I«i,000.00,  and  the  Dolphin  about  the  same.  The  ISay- 
ward  cost,  say,  between  .fO,00().(M)  and  $7,000.01). 

"Q.  But  did  you  always  own  the  whole  of  the  Sayicardf — A.  N^o; 
only  half. 

"  Q.  Who  was  the  owner  of  the  other  half! — A.  Andrew  Laing. 

*'  Court.  Then  there  is  tlie  Rustler. — A.  The  Rustler,  she  was 
bought  in  the  fall,  I  think. 

"Q.  1  ujean  to  say,  what  was  her  cost? — A.  We  bought  her  a  wreck 
and  had  to  tix  her  up.     She  cost,  I  think,  something  over  $2,000.00. 

"  Mr.  JiELYEA.  After  she  was  fixed? 

"A.  Yes;  I  think  she  cost  in  the  neighborhood  of  $2,500.00,  alto- 
gether, when  she  was  put  in  thorough  order." 


\\ 


%  i 


Court  in  session,  December  15th,  1890. 

J.  1).  Warren,  in  cross-examination,  page  117  of  the  record,  as  to 
his  claim  against  Boscowitz,  testified  as  follows: 

"  Q.  What  do  you  claim,  as  against  Mr.  Boscowitz,  in  respect  of  these 
schooners;  the  whole  of  their  value,  the  half  of  their  value,  or  what? — 
A.  In  respect  of  what,  the  hulls? 

"  Q.  Yes. — A.  Well,  I  don't  know  about  that.  That  is  for  the  court 
to  decide  about  tliat. 

•'Q.  Well,  what  do  you  claim? — A.  Well,  I  claim  that  I  put  in  so 
much  money;  tluit  Mr.  Boscowitz  was  to  furnish  what  he  didn't  furnish 
for  the  sealing  business.    I  furnisiied  it. 

"  Q.  I  am  asking  you  in  respect  of  the  schooners.  Do  you  expect 
any  claim,  or  make  any  claim? — A.  Well,  I  don't  know.  I  made  a 
claim  against  the  United  States. 

"Q.  Are  we  to  understand  that  you  make  a  claim  against  Mr.  Bos- 
cowitz in  respect  of  these  schooners  or  not? — A.  That  is  for  the  court 
to  decide. 

"  Q.  Do  you  tliink  if  you  do  not  make  any  claim  the  court  will  de- 
cide you  have  a  claim?  Are  you  making  any  claim  against  the  United 
States  Government  in  respect  of  these  vessels? — A.  I  am;  yes. 

"  Q,  Do  you  make  any  claim  against  Mr.  Boscowitz  in  respect  of  this 
business? — A.  My  business?  1  gave  it  to  the  creditors. 

"Q.  Do  you  or  have  you  instructed  your  assignees? — A.  1  don't  know 
what  the  assignees  did. 

"  Q.  Have  you  made  any  claim,  or  do  you  make  any  claim  against  Mr. 
Boscowitz? — A.  I  don't  know,  personally,  I  make  any  claim  against 
him.     1  put  in  so  much  money  that  he  was  to  furnish  for  t)ie  outtit. 

"OouRT.  If  he  makes  a  claim  against  the  United  States  it  must  be  a 
'jlaim  in  derogation  of  Mr.  Boscowitz's  claim,  because,  whatever  befalls, 
you  •''oiild  suppose  he  cl.aims  enough  to  pay  the  mortgages  in  full. 
What  is  the  nature  of  the  claim  made  against  the  United  States — the 
whole  value  of  the  schooners,  or  only  so  much  as  remained  after  the 
mortgages  were  paid  off  ? 

<'  A.  I  put  in  what  1  value  the  schooners  at,  and  outfit,  and  I  was 


m. 


^ 


WARREN  VS.   BOSCOWITZ   ET  AL. 


313 


under  the  impression  it  would  stand  over  until  these  things  were  set- 
tled— the  Si-liooners,  hulls,  and  outfit. 

"  Q.  And  cargoes? — A.  Yes;  1  put  in  cliunis  for  the  whole  thiug. 

"Q.  Including  the  cargo! — A.  Including  the  cargo." 


Court  in  session  Dec^embcr  10th,  1890. 

Joseph  Boscowitz  (coinmencing  on  i)aSe  143  of  the  record),  in  aU' 
swer  to  the  question,  "  What  was  done  in  issr»?"  testiiied: 

*' Attouney-Genebai.  (to  witness).  In  1885  and  188(j  the  schooners 
went  outt 

"A.  The  reason  that  the  charter  was  started  in  1880  was  for  this  pur- 
pose: I  held  the  nioitgages  on  the  schooners,  and  no  one  could  take 
them  from  me.  I  had  put  in  about  $40,0()(».(M»  or  !J(."iO,0(M».()(>,  and  I  could 
not  attbrd  to  let  tiiese  schooners  go  to  sea  and  come  back  witli  a  cargo 
and  have  it  seize*!  by  his  (^editors.  1  took  the  precaution  of  charter- 
ing these  schooners,  and  that  continued  right  down  to  the — he  was  in 
the  same  position  in  1880  as  in  1887,  and  I  was  not  going  to  allow  his 
crcdit«»r8  to  come  and  seize  my  projK'rty.  That  was  the  reason  of  the 
charter — the  beginning  of  it — aiui  it  was  with  his  consent." 

I  certify  that  the  foregoing  extracts  from  the  evidence  before  the 
supreme  court  of  British  Columbia  in  tlie  cases  of  Warren  r.v.  lioscowitz 
and  Cooper;  of  Warren  i'«.  Boscowitzc^  «/.,  by  original  action,  and  Bos- 
cowitz  vs.  Warren  et  als.,  by  counterclaim,  at  dittcrent  dates  from  June 
4th,  1889,  to  December  IGth,  1890,  are  true  copies  of  said  evidence  now 
in  the  hands  of  the  registrar  of  the  supreme  court  of  British  Columbia, 
so  fiir  as  the  said  exti-acts  ])retend  to  quote  said  records. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  set  my  hand  and  atlixed  tlie  seal  of  the 
consulate  at  Victiuia,  B.  C,  this  23rd  day  of  Novend)er,  A.  1).  1892. 

[seal.]  Levi  W.  Myeks. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  "CASE  ON  APPEAL"  IN  THE  CASE  OF 
WARREN  ET  ALIOS  vs.  BOSCOVTITZ  ET  ALIOS. 

Statement  of  defence  of  J.  Boscowits  [pp.  6,  7). 

1.  During  all  the  times  mentioned  in  the  statement  of  claim,  and  con- 
tinually since,  and  now  and  during  all  tlie  times  mentioned  in  tlie  state- 
ment of  defence,  the  plaintiff  was  and  still  is  the  wife  of  one  James 
Douglas  Warren,  of  the  city  of  Victoria,  master  mariner. 

2.  That  the  said  steam  vessel,  the  linrbara  Jioscoirifz.  was  constnicted 
by  the  said  J.  D.  Warren,  and  by  him  registered  in  the  name  of  J.  A. 
Siiyward,  who  held  the  said  vessel  only  as  a  trustee  for  the  said  J.  D. 
Warren,  and  the  said  vessel  was  mortgaged  to  tlie  defendant,  Bosco- 
witz,  to  secure  $30,000  and  interest  moneys  advanced  by  the  defendant, 
Boscowitz,  towards  the  construction  and  otherwise  on  account  of  the 
vessel. 

3.  That  besides  the  said  sum  of  $30,000  so  Kccured  by  the  said  mort- 
gage upon  the  said  steamer  Barbara  Boscowitz,  there  was  at  the  time 
of  the  offer  by  auction,  hereinafter  mentioned,  a  large  sum  of  money 
due  from  the  said  James  1).  Warren  to  the  defendant,  J.  Boscowitz, 
which  moneys,  together  with  the  sai<l  sum  of  $30,000,  amounts  to 
$04,503.05,  aud  which  said  sum  of  money  was  also  secured  by  a  judg- 


!  ft  i 


r 


;i 


!, 


t    i 


li 


1 

.1'-       i 


t  ! 


i     \  ■     * 


^;      V 


314 


OWNEHSniP  OP   CERTAIN   SEALINO   VESSELS. 


luctit  of  tlie  siii)n'iiic  court  of  Hritisli  roliiinliiii,  «latt'<l  ITtli  DccomLor, 
1SS."».  iiiitl  also  l»y  morf^a};rs  over  a  iiiiinber  of  scaliiiji;  scliooiiors  owned 
by  tin'  said  .1.  I>.  Wanoii.  That  on  or  about  tin*  l.'ttli  day  of  February, 
iSSli,  tlie  sum  of  >«.'5(>,0(»0,  besides  an  arrear  of  interest  and  some  other 
mttneys  remaininf''  due  to  the  defendant,  .1.  Hoscowit/,  iindcM-  the  seeu- 
rity  of  the  said  inortfjayfe,  the  d(;fendant,  .1.  I'.os(!o\vitz,  otlVred  the  said 
vessel,  lUtrhiini  li<isc<nritz,  for  sale  at  pnldic  ain-tion  at  tiie  city  of  Vic- 
toria.  but  there  bein^i'  no  bichlers,  one  \i.  8.  l'>yrn,  ai  the  riMpiest  of  the 
Haid  defendant,  bouffht  the  vessel  in.  The  said  defendant  was  an 
American  subject  and  could  not  hold  the  shi|)  in  his  own  name. 

4.  At  the  time  of  the  said  auction  otTer  the  said  James  I).  Warren  was 
the  a;;('nt  of  the  defendant,  .Joseph  l>os(;o\\it/,  and  had  mana;;ed  larj^e 
sealing  interests  for  the  said  defendant,  the  result  of  which  had  been  to 
consideiably  reduce  the  Judgment  debt  owing  by  the  said  James  I). 
Warien  to  the  defendant,  and  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  said  vessel 
as  a  security  for  m<»neys  owing  to  the  said  defendant,  it  was  pro- 
l»osed  by  the  said  James  J).  Warren  that  tlie  steamer  shoidd  be  regis- 
tered in  his  wife's  name,  but  on  account  of  diflicidty  in  registration  the 
defendant,  Thonnis  II.  (!oo|»er,  was  sent  for,  an<l  an  account  was  then 
struck  between  the  said  Jauu's  1).  Warren  and  the  defendant,  Josejjh 
Boscowit/,  of  the  moneys  remaining  owing  to  the  defendant  upon  his 
said  judgment,  and  otherwise  to  the  ;li'fendant  by  tlie  |)laintirt' on  account 
of  their  business  rclatituis,  and  the  defendant  being  about  to  leave  for 
England,  eidrjisting  his  affairs  v.\  Uritish  Columbia  to  the  agency  of 
the  said  James  I).  Warren,  it  was  arranged  between  the  saicl  James 
D.  Warren  and  the  defendants,  lioscowitz  and  ('oo]>ei-,  that  all  of  the 
vessels,  including  the  said  nnrhara  lioscowitz,  should  be  transferred  to 
the  name  of  the  said  Thomas  Henry  ( 'oopci',  and  upon  the  striking  of 
the  said  account  of  the  dealings  between  the  defendant,  J.  Hoseowitz, 
and  the  said  .lames  I).  Wairen,the  sum  of  thirty  live  thousand  six  hun- 
dred and  twenty  one  dollars  and  twenty-six  cents  was  found  to  be  the 
balance  due  fr«un  the  said  James  1).  Warren  to  the  defendant,  Joseph 
Boscowitz. 

5.  Tlie  said  Thomas  Ifenry  Cooper  then  and  there,  at  the  re(]nest 
and  direction  of  the  said  .lames  I).  Warren,  executed  mortgages  to  se- 
cure forty-one  thousand  dollars  (.S41,0U()),  being  the  above  balance  of 
$.'J.">,<iL'1.2(»  and  a  further  .sum  of  $"»,.'i7S.74,  then  advanced  in  cash  to  the 
said  James  I).  Warren.  The  mortgages  so  executed  by  the  said  James 
D.  W^arren  were  upon  the  vessels  ami  for  the  sums  following,  that  is 
to  say:  On  the  liarhaia  lioscowitz,  $li(>,(KK);  on  the  Grace,  ${),{)W>;  on 
the  Dolphin,  -f  0,000;  on  the  Anna  lirck,  $5,000;  on  the  Sayward,  f  J,500; 
on  the  liHstlcr,  $1,000;  total,  $41,000. 

G.  The  jilaiutitt'  took  no  part  in  the  said  transactions,  and  the  same 
were  carried  on  solely  by  the  said  James  I).  Warren,  and  the  said  de- 
fendant, T.  H.  Coojier,  had  no  interest  in  the  property  except  as  a  trus- 
tee for  the  said  James  D.  Warren. 

7.  That  since  the  date  of  the  said  mortgage  of  the  said  steamer 
Barbara  Boscowitz,  the  d«'fendant,  .1.  Boscowitz,  has  made  advances 
for  repairs  insurance,  etc.,  amounting  to  $10,500,  and  has  received  in  all 
on  account  of  the  said  steamer  the  sum  of  $11,000,  and  the  interest 
DKuieys  which  were  owing  to  the  defendant,  Boscowitz,  in  respect  of  his 
said  mortgage  to  th(i  loth  of  January,  LSSO,  was  $4,li();{.15.  The 
steamer  is  entitled  to  a  credit  of  $l,07.'i  for  insurance  refunds,  leaving 
an  actual  balance  due  to  the  defendant,  .1.  Boscowitz,  upon  the  mort- 
gage security  of  the  said  steamer  Barbara  Boscowitz,  of  $30,100.15. 
Save  as  herein  stated  the  defendant,  Joseph  Boscowitz,  denies  each  and 


^ 


Nw 


!:i:' 


WARREN  ET  AL.   VS.    BOSCOWITZ    ET  AL. 


316 


hmces 
ill  all 
Iterest 
1  of  Ilia 
The 
laving 
1  inort- 
l»0.15. 
Ill  aud 


1 


every  allegatiou  in  the  statement  of  claim,  ami  the  defendant,  Joseph 
Boseowitz,  chiims  the  same  benefit  as  if  he  had  demurred  to  the  state- 
ment of  elaim. 

PLEADINGS— COUNTER   CLAIM. 

Delivered  in  piirsnanee  of  order  of  the  Honorable  the  Chiet  Justice, 
dated  1st  May,  ISS'.t. 

And  by  way  of  counter  chiim  the  defendant,  fFosEiMl  IJoscowiTZ, 
repeats  tlie  alle<iations  (;ontained  in  his  statement  of  defense,  and  fur- 
ther says  as  tollows: 

1.  In  the  month  ot  Marcli,  18S(>,  tlie  defendant,  Joseph  lioscowitz, 
chartered  from  the  defendiiiit.  .lames  Douj^las  VV'arren,  the  said  schoon- 
ers Qftwe^  Dolphin,  Thornton,  W,  I*.  Sayward,  Anna  liecl,;  and  RuHtUr, 
for  the  purposes  of  sealing. 

2.  Tiie  defendant,  Josepli  Hoseowitz,  fitted  out  tlie  said  schooners  at 
a  large  expense  for  the  purposes  of  tlie  said  sealing  tidveiiture,  and 
sent  tlieni  to  sea  under  the  miinagemeiit  of  the  defendant,  James  Doug- 
las Warren,  and  promised  him,  the  said  flames  Douglas  Warren,  in 
consideration  of  the  care  and  attention  of  the  sai<l  James  Douglas 
Warren  to  the  coiu'crns  of  the  defendant,  JJoscowitz,  in  respect  of  the 
said  sealing  adventure,  that  he,  the  said  .Iose])h  iJnscowitz,  would  give 
to  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  an  amount  e(iual  to  one-half  of  the 
profits  of  the  adventure. 

3.  The  said  schooner  Thornton  was,  during  the  said  season,  seized  by 
the  Government  of  tlie  United  States  States  of  America  for  an  alleged 
infraction  of  international  law,  having  on  board  at  the  time  a  large 
cargo  of  valuable  sealskins,  but  theotlier  schooneis  returned  in  safety, 
and  the  said  Josei)h  Hoseowitz,  in  pursuance  of  his  ]»iomise,  allowed 
the  defendant,  James  Douglas  Warren,  an  amount  equal  to  one  half 
tiie  profits  of  the  adventure,  amounting  to  about  the  sum  of  ijil  7,000. 

4.  In  the  year  ISST  the  defendant,  lioscowitz,  again  chartered  fiom  the 
defendant,  James  Douglas  Warren,  the  said  schooneis  Grace,  Ihlphin, 
Anna  Berl;  W.  P.  Saijicard,  and  a  schooner  called  the  Mary  Tat/lor, 
and  after  fitting  out  the  said  schooners  at  a  large  expense,  sent  them 
to  sea  ui)on  a  sealing  expedition,  under  the  manageinent  of  the  defend- 
ant, .lames  Douglas  Warren,  upon  the  same  promise  as  that  set  out  in 
paragraph  2  hereof. 

r>.  The  said  schooners,  except  the  Mary  Taylor,  were  all  sei'ed  during 
the  said  season  by  the  (Tovernment  of  the  United  States  of  America  for 
the  said  alleged  infraction  of  international  law. 

0.  The  defendant,  Boscowitz,  expended  during  the  said  season  of  the 
year  1887  for  supplies,  seamen's  wages,  and  other  expenses  of  the  said 
adventure,  ni>wai(ls  of  the  sum  of  )J33,000. 

7.  Believing  the  said  seizure  to  be  a  wrongful  one,  the  defendant, 
Boscowitz,  Joined  with  certain  other  persons,  whose  schooners  had  also 
been  seized  by  the  said  Government,  in  a  elaim  for  compensation  for  the 
said  seizure. 

8.  The  said  claim  was  formulated  and  sent  forwar*'  il. rough  the 
agency  of  the  Dominion  Government,  and  the  defendant,  <  •  es  Douglas 
Warren,  at  the  request  of  the  deleiidant,  I'.oscowitz,  and  the  said  other 
parties,  proceeded  to  Ottawa  to  represent  their  interests  and  assist  in 
formulating  their  said  claims,  and  the  defendant,  Boscowitz,  paid  for  the 
expenses  of  the  defendant,  James  Douglas  Warren,  incident  to  the  said 
journey  and  for  legal  advice,  the  sum  of  ^l, 200  and  upwards. 

9.  It  was  distinctly  understood  and  agreed  between  the  defendant 
James  Douglas  Warren  and  the  defeiulant  Joseph  Boscowitz  that  the 


:  -.' 


m 


316 


OWNERSHIP   OP   CERTAIN    SEALINa   VESSELS. 


aiihl  rliiims  slioiild  be  presented  in  tlu'  naiiif  ami  on  Ixihiilf  of  tlift  said 
defendant  Hoscowitz,  hut  ilie  defendant  .lames  iJoiijjflas  Warren,  in 
bieaclMif  the  said  a;;ii'einent.  presenfed  the  claim,  in  respect  of  the 
seiznre  of  all  the  said  schooners  exce|>f  the  Thnnifnn.  in  the  name  and 
on  behalf  of  the  defendiint  Thomas  lleniy  ('ooper.  and  as  to  the  Thorn- 
ton,  the  defendant  Jame.s  Don^lan  Warren  presented  the  said  claim, 
and  it  still  remains  in  his  own  name. 


i\ 


*,  ~ 


A     r 


tVli  » 


'  i 


'A 


!■,    I 


ANSWER. 

The  answer  of  the  defendant  (by  counter-claim)  James  D.Warren 
to  the  counter  claim  of  tlie  defendant  in  the  original  action  herein: 

1.  In  answer  to  paragraph  one  of  defendant  IJoscowitz's  amended 
counter-c^laim  in  this  action,  the  defendant  .lames  I>.  Warren  .says  that 
the  said  .It)seph  Itoscowit/  did  not  (charter  from  this  defendant  the 
Bclioontu's  Grace,  Dolphin,  Thornton,  W.  P.  Sai/iriirfl,  Anna  Heck,  ai'd 
Rmtler,  as  allej^ed,  but  says  that  the  said  schooners  \v«'re  so  chiirtered 
for  the  season  of  IS8(i  from  one  .John  W.  (Irinith.s,  at  that  time  assignee 
of  the  estate  and  effects  of  said  James  D.  Warren. 

DECREE. 

The  2.3rd  day  of  Dkoemrer,  A.  D.  1890. 
The  trial  of  the  cause  having  i)roceeded  before  the  lion.  Sir  Matthew 
Baillie  Hej^bie,  knijjlit  chief  justice  of  this  honorable  court,  without 
a.jury,  on  thet)tli,  I2th,  LIUh,  i.")th,  and  l(»th  days  of  J)ecend)er,  18!»<), 
in  the  pre.sence  of  the  ITonorable  Attorney-general  as  of  counsel  for  the 
said  Joseph  lio.'^cowitz,  and  of  Mr.  Belyea  and  Mr.  Ilclnicken  as  of 
counsel  for  the  other  parties  hereto,  excei)t  Thomas  Henry  Cooper,  who 
did  not  appear,  although  duly  notified,  upon  opening  and  debate  of  the 
matter,  upon  read^ng  the  .statements  of  claim  and  defense,  and  tliecer- 
flcate  of  the  registrar  of  this  honorable  court,  dated  the  li4th  day  ot 
June,  1889,  by  which  it  appears  that  the  matters  raised  by  the  said 
Hannah  Warren,  in  her  statement  of  claim,  have  alreaily  been  adjudged 
and  determined  adver.sely  to  her,  and  that  the  matters  remaining  for 
consideration  are  those  matters  raised  by  the  counter  claim,  and  the 
defense  thereto  l»y  the  defendants,  Thomas  II.  Tye,  Matthew  T.  John- 
8t<ni,  and  Arthur  L.  Belyea,  date(l  the  H9th  day  of  May,  1889,  the  de- 
fense to  the  said  counter-claim  of  the  defendant  Thomas  Henry  Cooper, 
dated  the  28th  day  of  May,  1889,  the  defense  of  the  said  .James  I>. 
Warren,  dated  the  12th  day  of  July,  1889,  and  the  respective  joinders 
of  issue  of  the  said  Joseph  Hos<!owitz,  to  the  several  defenses  of  the 
said  Arthur  L.  Belyea,  Matthew  T.  Johnston,  and  Thomas  U.  Tye, 
Thomas  Henry  Cooper,  and  James  Douglas  Warren,  upon  reading  the 
several  proceedings  in  the  cause,  including  the  order  dated  the  19th  day 
of  .June,  1889,  whereby,  after  hearing  counsel  for  all  the  parties  heieto, 
it  was  ordered  that  all  parties  be  restrained,  until  the  further  orde-  of 
this  court,  from  receiving  from  the  United  States  (iovr  ninent,  the  (Jan- 
mlian  (lovernniant,  or  fnun  any  minister  of  either  Government,  or  oiher 
mi!iister,  ofticer,  or  person  whomsoever,  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the 
Rum  of  -f  20;i,00().00  (two  hundred  and  three  thousand  dollars)  or  thtre- 
abouts.  or  any  moneys  whjitever  which  may  come  to  be  payable  by  f  he 
United  States  Grovernment  in  res])ect  of  the  seizure  or  con liscation  of  he 
schooners  Thornton.  Grace,  Dolphin,  W.  P.  Sayward,  and  Anna  Beck, 
and  any  other  property  in  the  counter-claim  mentioned,  or  from  iu  ^uy 


U* 


,'!■  »  1 


WARREN    KT    Al..    VS.    BOSCOWITZ    F/l'    AL, 


317 


. 


^ 


maiMHTiiogotiatiiif;  forany  compensation  for,  as  torscttlcnnMit  or  forcoin- 
pr|oni|is('ot'tlioHai(l  clainis,  oranyot'tli(>ni,or  anyotlu'iilainis  in  reniwct 
of  the  .saiil  siM/nres  an«l  i-ontisration.  and  from  making  any  aitplication 
to  tlu>  antlioriti(!S  of  tlio  United  States,  or  of  tiic  Dominion  of  Canada, 
for  |)aymcut  to  them,  or  anj'  c)r  either  of  tiiom,  of  any  i»art  of  sneh 
moneys. 

And  further  orderiii};,  tliat  James  Cliarles  Prevost,  the  repfistrar  of 
this  honorabht  court,  be  appointed  receive!'  of  all  nuuieys,  with  au- 
tliority  to  press  for  a  settlement  of  the  claims,  to  receive  all  moneys  in 
respect  thereof,  and  to  execute  proper  discliarj^;es  therefor,  and  in- 
cluding the  order  dated  the  ir)th  day  of  Fehrnary,  1<S!»(),  directintj  the 
taking  of  certain  a<'Oounts  befor«>.  the  rej^istrar;  the  order  dated  the 
10th  day  of  July,  l.Si)(),  wherein,  after  relerrin^'  to  the  certilicate  of  the 
rejjistiar  and  directiiifjc  the  same  to  bo  varie»l,  as  by  the  said  order  dated 
the  loth  (lay  of  July,  IHOO,  is  directed.  It  is  declared  and  adjudfjed 
that  subject  to  a  credit  of  !J4U,.SH  .(IS  (forty-nine  thousand  eijilit  hnn<lred 
and  forty  one  dollars  and  sixtyeij^ht  (sents)  by  the  said  last-menti«tned 
order  directed  to  be  allowed,  and  subject  also  to  an  empiiry  thereby 
directed  to  be  taken  as  to  certain  additi(»nal  credits,  the  saul  .Iosei)ii 
Boscowitz  was  entitled  to  recover  ajjainst  the  said  .lames  I)on<;las 
Warren,  in  respect  «>f  the  nmtters  in  the  counter  claim  nu-ntioned.  the 
sum  of  $llS,«574.sr>  (one  hundred  and  ei{»liteen  thousand  six  hundred 
and  seventy-fimr  dollars  and  eifjhty-tive  cents);  and  also  declarinjjf  and 
adjudginff  that  no  disbursements  liad  been  made  by  the  said  Thomas 
Uenry  Cooper  for  or  on  account  of  th(  sealiuff  adventure  in  the  i)ara- 
graphs  mentioned,  and  the  said  Thomas  Henry  Cooper  was  entitled  to 
no  allowance  as  against  the  said  Josei)h  Boscowitz,  and  including  the 
order  dated  the  Kith  day  of  August,  181)0.  whereby  as  a  result  "f  any 
eminiry  into  and  adjndication  by  the  Judg'  into  all  off-sets,  cross  ( laims, 
and  demanda  by  the  said  James  Douglas  W  arn'ii  against  the  said  Joseph 
Boscowitz  in  reduction  of  the  said  sum  of  1 118,074.85  (one  hnmlred  and 
eighteen  thousand  six  huiulred  and  seventy  four  dollars  ami  eighty-five 
cents)  found  to  be  due  to  the  said  Joseph  Boscowitz  by  the  said  order  of 
the  10th  day  of  .Inly,  1800,  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  and  his  as- 
signees were,  in  addition  to  the  sum  of  $4!»,S4l.(»8  (forty  nine  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  forty-one  dollars  and  sixty  eight  cents)  already  allowed 
by  the  said  last-mentioned  order,  entitled  to  be  alh»wed  credit  for  sums 
amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  •*;{0,077.25  (tliiity  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  seventy-seven  (h)llars  and  twenty-five  cents),  and  adjudging  that  all 
other  accounts  and  claims  by  the  said  James  Douglas  VVairen  and  his 
assignees  should  be  disallowed,  excepting  the  claims  in  res])ect  to  the 
sciiooners  Tercsn,  Rtititlcr,  and  Thornton,  which  it  was  ordered  should 
be  I'cferred  to  the  registrar  for  report,  and  without  prejudice  to  any  ap- 
plication which  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  might  be  advised  to 
make  to  ojien  up  the  settled  accounts  iu  the  proceedings  refe:  red  to  of 
$41,000.00  (forty-one  thousand  dollars)  for  the  purpose  of  surcharging 
the  sum  of  £2iS  12  0  (two  hundr(Hl  and  thirty  eight  pounds  twelve  shil- 
lings) claimed  by  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  to  be  due  him  from 
the  said  Joseph  Boscowitz  tor  a  refund  of  insuran<e  in  respect  of  the 
schooner  Pilot,  in  theyear  I880,  and  including  the  certiticateor  report  of 
the  registrar,  dated  the  I4th  day  of  November,  18!>0,  whereby  it  is  fo'ind 
that  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  ought  tf>  be  allowed  further  credits 
as  against  the  said  sum  of  .'Jll8,(i74.8r)  (one  hundred  and  eighteen  thou- 
sand six  hundred  and  seventy-four  doUars  and  eighty-tive  cents) ;  that  is 
to  say;  In  respect  of  the  schocmer  '/Vrcvrtthesum  of  $3, 100.33  (three  thou- 
sand cue  hundred  and  sixty-nine  dollars  and  thirty-three  cents),  and  in 


I  •  :j 

'  ^  f 

4 

318 


OWNERSHIP    OF    CERTAIN    SEALING    VESSELS. 


I,  ; 


h\.  I 


'  f  ( 


<•  i 


» 


respect  of  tlie  Rustler  the  snin  of  $2,80r).00  (two  thonsnnd  eight  hundred 
and  five  dollars  and  six  cents),  and  flndin}^'  that  the  said  James  Doiif;las 
Warren  was  entitled  to  no  credits  as  against  the  said  .Ictscpli  Boscowitz 
in  resi»ect  of  the  Thornton  and  disallowing  su<-li  claim;  and  upon  hear- 
ing read  the  evidence  of  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren,  given  before 
me  on  the  l.'Uli  day  of  February,  l.SS!»,  in  Chambers,  the  viva  voce  evi- 
dence adduced  and  documents  produced  by  the  parties,  i  .'spectively,  at 
the  trial,  together  with  all  the  accounts,  books  of  ac(Mmnt,  and  docu- 
ments on  tile,  and  iieretofore  in  the  course  of  the  litigation  deposited  in 
court  by  the  parties,  and  having,  by  reipiest  and  consent  of  the  parties, 
had  reference  to  the  documents  and  exliibits  contained  in  tlie  printed 
case  upon  a])i)eal  from  the  full  court  of  the  supreme  court  of  i'ritish  Co- 
lumbia to  the  sui)renie  (M>urt  of  Canada  of  Saunders  &  al.  r,  Boscowitz,a 
copy  of  which  is  tiled  with  the  ])apers  herein,  his  lordship  was  pleased  to 
<lirect  that  the  cause  should  stand  torjudgiuent,  and  the  cause  coming  on 
for  judgsneiit  this  day  in  presence  of  the  i)arties,  by  their  counsel  afore- 
said, his  lordsiiij*  doth  find  that  sometime  before  the  month  of  March, 
liS.StJ,  the  Hvhoonvrs  (t  race,  Dolph  in,  Thornton,  half  of  the  II'.  V.  kS)niir(tr(l, 
the  Anna  lirck,  and  Rnstler,  weie  the  i)roperty  of  the  said  James  1  Jouglas 
Warren,  subject  to  «HH'tain  mortgages  thereon  in  favor  of  the  i)laintiflf, 
Josei)li  Hoscowitz,  and  that  the  said  schooners  (subject  to  the  said 
mortgages),  having  becou:e  tlie  proi)erty  of  John  Grittiths,  by  virtue  of 
an  assignment  for  thebenefitof  creditors  dated  ISth  flay  of  Sei)tember, 
A.  1).  IS.S."),  were  chartered  from  the  said  John  (Jrittiths  by  the  plaintiff 
for  the  i)urpose  of  sealing,  were  fitted  out  by  the  plaintift"  for  the  pnr- 
jiose  of  sealing  adventure,  a;**!  were  by  the  ])laintiff  sent  to  sea  uiuler 
the  management  of  i;ie  said  James  Douglas  Warren,  to  whom  the  said 
Joseph  Hf>scowifz  ])romised  that,  in  consideration  of  the  caie  and  at- 
tention of  the  said  Jann-s  Donyias  Warien  to  the  concerns  of  the  plain- 
tiff in  resi»(H't  of  the  said  sealing  adventure,  that  he,  the  said  plaintiff, 
W(mid  give  to  the  said  .Fames  Douglas  W^aireu  an  amount  ecpial  to 
one  half  of  the  net  profits  of  the  adventure. 

That  the  schooner  Thornton  was,  during  the  sealing  season  of  ISSti, 
seized  by  the  (Government  of  the  United  States  for  an  allege<l  infrac- 
tion of  inteinational  law,  together  the  cargo  of  sealskins,  but  that  the 
other  schooners  riiturned  in  safety,  and  the  said  floseph  lioscowitz,  in 
l)ursuance  of  his  ])romise,  allowed  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren  in 
account  an  amount  e(pial  to  one-half  of  the  profits  of  the  adventure. 

And  this  court  doth  fuitlM'i'  tind  that  the  remaining  vessels,  that  is  to 
say,  the  (i rave.  Dolphin,  Anna  lUck,  and  the  one  half  of  the  W.  P.  Say- 
ward,  were  offered  for  sale  and  were  sold  by  the  said  Joseph  Boacowitz 
in  the  month  of  October,  IS.Sti.  under  the  power  of  sale  in  the  mortgages^, 
to  the  defendant  Thomas  Henry  Coojter,  who  ])urcliase(l  them  as  a 
trustee  for  the  said  defendant  .lames  Donghis  Warren,  but  had  i.o 
beneficial  interest  in  tlu'  said  vessels  himself,  and  tliat  the  said  .loseph 
Bosco^^itz  chartered  or  liin'd  the  said  vessels,  and  also  the  scli(»oner 
Mart/  7(» »/?«>•,  from  the  said  Thomas  Henry  Cooper,  and  in  the  year  1887 
sent  them  ui)on  a  sealing  voyage  in  (rliaige  of  tlie  defendant, -lames 
Douglas  Warn.''!,  and  agreed  to  giv«'  to  the  said  James  Douglas  Warren, 
in  consideration  of  his  services  in  the  premises,  an  amount  e(puil  to  one- 
half  of  the  net  i»rolits  of  the  adventure;  and  that  the  vessels  Grace, 
Dolphin.  Anna  Heck,  and  W.  P.iSaynard  weie,  in  that  same  year,  1887, 
seized  by  the  (Tnited  States  aulhorities,  itgether  with  the  cargoes  o£ 
seals  on  board,  but  the  said  Mary  Taylor  returned  home  with  a  cargo 
of  seals  whi<!h  were  received  and  sold  by  the  said  .loseph  Boscowitz. 

And  thiti  court  doth  declare  and  adjudge  that  fur  supplies  aud 


WARREN    ET   AL.    VS.    BOSCOVVITZ    ET   AL. 


319 


at  tlie 
itz,  ill 
reii  in 

tare. 

it  is  t« 
.SV»»/- 

scowitz 
iiigea, 
as  51 
ad  i.o 

,I()sei)h 

iKMMier 

arlSH? 
.lauu'S 

Vaiivii, 
toone- 
Giace, 

r,  1S87, 
^oes  of 

a  cargo 

witz. 
■ies  aud 


moneys  paid  by  the  siud  James  Douglas  Warren  to  and  fur  and  on  Mt- 
count  ot  tlie  said  Joseph  Boscowifz  in  respect  of  the  said  sealing  ad- 
venture, and  for  and  in  respect  of  all  matters  which,  u])(»n  the  accounts 
between  them,  the  said  James  J)oi.«Ias  Wai  tcmi  is  entitled  to  claim  as 
against  the  said  Joseph  Hoscowit/,  lie  is  entitled  to  a  credit  of  *S(».7"J2..S7 
(eighty-six  thousand  seven  liundrcd  and  ninet\  two  dolhus  and  eighty- 
seven  cents)  to  be  deducted  frcnn  the  said  siiMi  of  .'?lliS.(;,74.sr>  imiic  hun- 
dred and  eijiliteeii  thousand  six  hundred  and  seventy  lour  dollars  and 
eighty-tive  rents)  due  to  the  sad  Joseph  Iloscowit/,  and  tliat  for  tlie 
balance  or  sum  of  !!!31,881.(IS  (thirty  one  thousand  ei^ihl  linndre<l  ami 
eiglity  one  dollars  and  niiietyeight  cents)  the  said  Josepli  iJoscowirjs 
is  «'ntiiled  to  Judgment  against  the  said  .lames  Douglas  Warren,  and 
whi(!h  Judjiinent  this  c(uirt  (h)th  pronounce  accoidingly : 

And  this  court  doth  furtlier  ord<a'  and  atljndg*^  that  tiie  powers  oi 
the  said  .James  Charles:!  I'levost,  as  recei\<i  under  the  orcler  of  riie 
19th  day  of  June,  188!),  be  continued  until  the  further  order  of  tliiis 
court. 

And  this  court  doth  further  order  that  the  receiver,  if  and  whenever 
he  shall  recover  or  receive  any  moneys  in  respect  of  the  claim  against 
the  United  States  Governinent  for  the  seizures  aforesaid,  shall  forth- 
with lile  an  account  in  (diambers  siiecilying  the  fi'lhiwing  partienlars: 

(rj)  What  ])ortioii  of  such  moneys  is  allowable  as  comitensation  for 
the  seizure  of  the  schooners,  including  theii'  wages  and  outfit,  but  not 
including  cargoes? 

(b)  What  sum  is  allowable  for  tlie  cargoes? 

And  this  court  doth  declare  that  sucli  moneys  ought  to  be  apidied, 
firstly,  in  jiayment  to  the  said  .Joseph  Uoscowit/  of  tlie  interest  moneys 
due  up  to  the  ;ird  day  of  March,  18!»<>,  secured  by  the  respective  mort 
gages  of  the  schooners;  secondly,  in  payniiMit  to  him  of  the  interest 
moneys  accrning  since  the  said  .'?rd  day  of  March,  18!K>;  thirdly,  in  pay- 
ment to  him.  the  said  .losepli  Boscowitz,  ol'  the  sum  of  ■'i<I7,(Mlo.(M»  (sev- 
enteen thousand  dollars),  being  the  inimapal  secured  by  the  said  mort- 
gages u])on  rht^  schooners  (irttcc.  Dolphiii,  and  Anna  Heck-  fourthly,  in 
payment  of  the  sum  of  !5;5 1.881. {>8  (thirty-(Uie  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  eighty  one dtdlars  and  niiicty-eijiht  cents),  after  deducting  thereout 
the  respective  moneys  firstly  and  seccnidly  hei'cinlietbie  mentioned; 
fifthly,  in  pnyment  to  the  said  .Joseph  iSoscowit/  of  the  interest  mon»>ys 
accrning  sinee  the  ."{rtl  day  of  Mar<'h.  isitu,  n|)on  •'^8,L'ilk00  (ei<>ht  thou- 
sand tw<»hiindre<l  and  nini'tyfoiir  dollars),  being  th«'diner«'nce  Itetweeii 
the  moneys  se«'aied  by  mortgage  upon  the  llnrhain  liosmirif:,  together 
with  interest,  and  the  amount,  clear  of  expenses,  realized  by  the 
said  .losei>li  lioscowitz  by  her  sale;  and  lastly,  in  payment  to  the  de- 
fendants Matthew  T.  Johnston,  Thomas  11.  'rye.  and  Aitiiur  K.  Helyea 
of  the  r«  inainder  (if  any)  of  the  said  moneys,  after  making  the  deduc- 
tion firstly,  secondly,  thirdly,  fourthly,  and  fifthly  hereinbefore  men- 
tioned. 

And  it  is  also  (U'dared  that  as  to  so  much  of  the  sai<l  compensation 
immeys  as  shall  be  aIIow<'d  in  respeet  of  c  rgoes,  the  said  re^^islrar 
shall  take  an  account  of  all  claims  (if  anv)  J'^ainst  the  said  earnoes  by 
hunters  or  other  parties  and  also  ot  the  anu.unt  already  reali/.etl  by  the 
said  .losepli  Moscowitz  on  account  c.l"  the  .■«aid  sealing  adventure,  and 
subject  to  his  accounting  for  one  half  of  what  shall  be  found  to  have 
been  so  received,  shall  then  allow  and  pay  to  the  said  .Joseph  Uos- 
cowitz  the  sum  of  •"ii<.'W,4l(l.,"»li  (thirty-eight  tiiousand  four  hiindied  and 
sixteen   dollars   and   fifty-two  cents)  in   repayment  of  his  advances 


I 


'  i 


'  If 


•*Mm 


1 


320 


OWNERSHIP    OP    CERTAIN    SEALING    VESSELS. 


|i! 


1  ; 


•  t 


i  '; 


(owiinU  tho  scaling  business,  ami  shall  tluMi  ]tay  one  halftlie  said  oom- 
pensation,  allowable  in  respect  of  the  eatch  of  seals,  to  the  said  Joseph 
bosct»\vitz,  tof^ether  with  an  amount  ('([ual  t<»  any  moneys  whieh  may 
remain  owin^  to  him.  the  said  .Iosei»ii  IJoscowitz,  in  respect  of  the  nnit- 
ters  hereinbefore  firstly,  seeondly.  thirdly,  fourthly,  and  ti ft hly  declared 
to  be  payable  t(t  him.  t)\e  sai'l  Joseph  lioseowitz;  and  as  to  the  other 
moiety  (subject  to  the  said  moneys  which  nmy  bt'due  tcitlie  said  Joseph 
Boscowitz)  shall  pav  the  same  to  the  said  Matthcv."  T.Johnston,  Thonms 
IJ.  Tye.  and  Arthur  L.  Helyea; 

And  this  court  doth  herel)y  award  a  ]ierpeiual  injunction  to  restrain 
the  parties  to  this  suit,  aiul  every  of  them,  and  eadi  and  every  of  their 
airt'nts.  attorney  ^,  and  s(dieitors,  from  receivinj;  from  the  Tnited  States 
(lovernm«'nt.  th  '  Canadian  Gi)\ernment,  or  tVom  any  minister  or  otUcer 
of  either  (iovei  anient,  or  other  minister,  otlicer,  (tr  person  whomsoever, 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  sum  of  .*L'0;>,(Kt(».O0  (t  wo  hundred  and  three 
thousand  dollars),  or  thereabouts,  or  any  moneys  whatsoever  which 
may  come  to  be  payable  by  the  I'nited  States  (i(»verriment  in  respect 
to  the  seizure  and  contiscation  of  the  schooners  Thornton.  Oraet',  Dol- 
phin, IV.  P.  iSdi/icard,  and  Anna  Beck,  and  the  carjjoes  there(»f,  and 
other  property  in  the  counter-claim  mentioned,  or  from  in  any  way 
negfotiatinj;  for  any  compensation  for,  ov  for  settlement  or  compromise 
of  the  said  claims,  or  any  of  them,  or  any  other  claim  in  res{)ect  of  the 
said  seizures  and  contiscatitm,  ami  from  makinj;  any  aiipli(  ation  to  the 
authorities  of  the  Fnited  States,  or  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  for 
payment  t(»  them,  or  any  or  either  of  them,  of  any  part  of  such  moneys; 

And  it  is  lastly  adjmljrcd  that  the  said  .loscph  Hoscowitz  do  recover 
his  costs  of  this  suit  as  ajiainst  the  said  .lames  l)ou<rlas  Warren,  and 
that  each  and  every  other  party  to  this  suit  do  bear  his  and  their  own 
costs  thereof 

Matt.  T.  Begiue,  C.  J. 


SPECIAL   PROCEEDING    INSTITUTED    IN    REGARD    TO     CERTAIN 
CLAIMS  AGAINST  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

DISTRICT   COURT   OF  THE    t'MTED    STATES  FOR   THE  NORTHERN  DIS- 
TRICT OF   CALIFORNIA. 

Ihi  the  matter  of  the  claims  of  certain  British  subjects  f(U'  compensa- 
tion from  the  United  Stales  (Government  on  account  of  seizures  ot 
Britisli  Canadian  sealers,  pending  in  the  State  Department  of  the 
United  States. 


1; 


W   :i' 


Sf    ■! 


Be  it  remembered  that  on  this  17th  day  of  November.  A.  D.  1892,  at 
my  office,  ro(un  01,  in  the  United  States  appraiser's  building,  in  the 
city  of  San  Francisco,  personally  aiipeared  before  me,  James  S.  Mauley, 
a  commissioner  to  take  acknowledgments  of  bail  and  artidavits,  et; ., 
duly  appointed  by  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  the  ninth 
circuit  and  northern  district  of  Cal''"ii  iiia.,  Thomas  H.  Cooper,  a  witness 
oi!  behalf  of  the  I'nited  States  in  the  above-entitled  nmtter, 

Robert  Lansing,  esij.,  and  Charles  A.  Shurtleft",  assistant  United 
States  att«u"tiey.  appeared  as  attorneys  foi  the  United  States. 

AuCi  the  said  witness,  having  been  by  me  first  cautioned  and  sworn 
to  testily  to  the  truth,  the  whole  tiuth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth  in 


il     - 


I 


DEPOSITION   OP   THOMAS   H.    COOPER. 


'621 


e  said  com- 
iiiid  Joseph 
which  may 
of  the  mat- 
ilydtchiied 
u  the  other 
said  Joseph 
on,  Tlioiuas 

1  to  restraiti 
ery  of  their 
lited  States 
ter  or  ottteer 
.homsoever, 
^d  and  tliree 
>evei'  wlueh 
:  in  respeet 

Grave.  Pol- 
thereof,  and 
in  any  way 
ooniproinise 
'spect  of  the 
•ation  to  the 

Canada,  for 
iieh  moneys; 
z  do  recover 
Warren,  and 
id  their  own 

HUE,  C.  J. 


CERTAIN 


iTUERN  DIS- 


fr  eompciisa- 
)\'  seizures  ot 
Ituient  of  the 


..  D.  1892.  at 
idinj?,  in  the 
[•s  S.Manley, 
idavits,  etc., 
kor  the  ninth 
[er.  a  witness 
I'r, 

It  ant  United 
fes. 

and  sworn 
Ithe  uuthiu 


the  ease  aforesaid,  did  thereupon  depose  and  say  as  follows,  that  is  to 
say: 

TiioMAb  H.  Cooper,  called  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  sworn. 

Mr.  Lansing:    Q.  What  is  your  name,  ixge,  residence,  and  occupa- 
tion ? — A.  My  name  is  Tliomas  H.  Cooper :  a jre,  ")(» ; 
residence,  northeast  corner  of  Laurel  and  Sacra-    Ejtpmmce. 
mento  streets,  San  Francisco;  occnpati(ni,  black- 
smith. 

Q.  Howlonghaveyoubeen  a  reside?»tof  San  Francisco! — A.  Thirty- 
three  years. 

Q.  Are  you  an  American  «'itizen? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  You  have  never  been  naturalized? — A.  Never. 

Q.  You  have  been  the  owner  of  several  vessels  which  have  been  en- 
gaged in  sealing?— A.  Yes,  sir;  they  are  in  my  .v„„„„„;  „„,„^^  „/  ih4, 
name,  I  presume.  '^  Sni/wani,"   "Thoniton," 

Q.  Tliev  were  in  vour  name? — A.  Yes,  sir.        "  inna  lievk,"  "  Dolphin," 

Q.  What  were  the  vessels  of  which  you  were" '''''"'■•■•"'""*  """"''"''•" 
the  owner? — A.  To  tell  you  the  truth,  1  know  very  little  about  them. 
They  were  sold  at  sherift^s  sale  up  there,  and  I  bought  them  for  one 
dollar.    1  was  advised  to  do  so  by  Captain  Warren. 

Q.  Up  where? — A,  Up  in  Victoria. 

Q.  What  were  the  names  of  the  vassels! — A.  I  really  couldn't  tell. 
There  was  the  Sai/irord  ami  one  was  called  the  Thornton, 

Q.  Can  you  give  the  names  of  the  other  vessels? — A.  I  can  not  give 
the  names. 

Q.  Would  you  know  them  if  they  were  repeated  to  you  t — A.  Yes, 
sir;  I  would  know  some  <>fthem. 

Q.  The  .1/1/1 ««  Becli? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  The  IMphinf—A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  The  Grave  OT  Graceyf — A.  Yes,  sir;  I  think  so. 

Q,  And  the  Onirard? — A.  I  was  only  up  there  a  week  or  two,  I 
know  very  little  about  them,  and  I  have  not  been  interested  in  thera 
since. 

Q.  Will  you  state  how  you  came  to  purchase  these  vessels? — A.  By 
the  advice  of  my  brother-in-law.  Captain  Warren. 
He  was  to  manage  them.    lie  had  my  ■     ver  of  How  owHtrskip  acquired, 
attorney  to  manage  them,  and  he  knows  ..     ibont 
them. 

Q.  And  yon  paid  one  dcdlar  for  themt — A.  No,  sir-  [  paid  one  dollar 
for  the  whole  lot. 

Q.  For  the  whole  lot? — A.  I  think  so. 

Q.  When  was  this?— A.  In  ISSl!. 

Q.  When  you  made  the  purchase  they  were  sold  under  a  mortgage? — 
A.  I  believe  so. 

Q.  Who  held  the  mortgage? — A.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Bosl^    witz. 

Q.  What  is  his  Urst  name? — A.  Joseph,  I  think;  Joseph  liosko- 
witz. 

Q.  How  many  vessels  did  j'ou  purchase  for  one  dollar? — A.  I  couldn't 
tell  you;  1  bought  them  all. 

Q.  Were  those  mortgages  ever  paid  on  those  vessels? — A.  1  .y 
couldn't  tell  you  tluit. 

Q.  Were  you  the  sole  owner  of  these  vessels? — A.  I  bought  them  for 
one  dollar,  I  believe. 

Q.  All  of  them? — A.  Yes,  sir.  I  supiwse  they  were  subject  to  a 
mortgage.    I  couldn't  tell  y(»u  that. 

Q.  Did  you  buy  these  vessels  for  yourself  ? — A.  I  was  advised  to  buy 

12304 21 


■  M 


I    ^ 


i 


/r^«;\;. 


■—■ 


i  II 


! 

1 
1 

I' 

1 

1 

t-: 


M       i 


J 


l:   t< 


'I  (V.J 


322 


OWNERSHIP    OF    CERTAIN   SEALING    VESSELS. 


tliom  by  Cai)tain  AVarreii,  and  he  was  to  manage  them,  and  I  have  paid 
very  little  attention  to  tliein. 

if..  Did  yon  i)ay  the  dollar? — A.  Yes,  sir;  I  anthorized  him  to  do  it. 
I  was  not  there. 

Q.  Subsoiinent  to  the  pnrchase  of  these  vessels  did  Boskowitz  hold 
a  mortjrage  on  them? — A.  I  believe  so. 

i).  For  the  fnll  valneT — A.  1  eouldn't  tell  yon  that.  I  really  don't 
know  whether  it  was  a  dollar  or  a  million  dollars. 

Q.  Ton  do  not  know  the  amount  of  the  mortjrage? — A,  No,  sir. 

Q.  ]>id  yon  give  the  mortgage  to  hini! — A.  I  believe  I  renewed  the 

Vem'h  ranorU,a,,ed  to  mortgage.  1  know  I  signed  ii  lot  of  papers.  I 
Joseph  hoskouutt. '  was  so  little  interested  tlnit  1  don't  know  what  I 

signed  exactly. 

Q.  If  you  purchased  these  vessi'ls  for  one  dollar  at  the  sheriffs  sale, 
and  those  mortgages  were  renewed  in  your  name  as  mortgagor,  they  were 
certainly  mortgaged,  were  they  not,  for  their  full  value! — A.  1  could 
not  tell  you  tliat, 

Mr,  SiiUHTLKFF:  Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact,  Mr.  Cooi)er,  that  you  purchased 
those  vessels  for  Hoskowitz? — A.  I  could  not  tell  you.  They  were  both 
there  and  they  tohl  me  it  was  a  matter  of  form,  and  1  would  lutt  bo 
troubled  any  more. 

Q.  You    just    did    as    they  directed    you    to 

Deponent  had  no  interest  ^^y^     Exactly. 

t  ft  Vl'88Vt )  *  t/ 

Q,.  You  had  no  interest  in  them  whatever? — 
A.  No,  sir;  none. 

Mr.  Lansing;  Q.  You  have  no  interest  in  the  vessels  now? — A.  No, 
sir. 

Q.  None  at  all? — A.  Only  they  are  in  my  name  and  I  was  told  to 
keep  them  in  my  name. 

Q.  For  what  purpose  was  that  done? — A.  I  could  not  tell  you. 

Q.  There  must  have  been  some  talk  about  it? — A.  Yes,  sir;  but  they 
did  not  tell  me  anything. 

Q.  You  had  some  conversation  in  relati(m  to  it? — A.  Not  with  them 
1  did  not. 

i).  With  whom  did  you  have  a  conversation? — A.  I  have  heard  from 
hearsay — I  have  heard  people  say  he  was  in  debt  to  some  one  else. 

Q.  Hoskowitzf — A.  No,  sir;  Warren, 

(.}.  Warren  did  not  advance  any  money  on  these  to  Boskowitz? — A. 
I  bought  them  for  one  dollar. 

Q.  Did  Warren  advance  any  money  to  Boskowitz  on  these  vessels? — 
A.  I  could  not  tell  you  that. 

Q.  Was  it  not  a  fact,  Mr.  Cooper,  that  those  were  taken  out  in  your 
name  for  Mr.  Boskowitz? — A.  No,  sir, 

Q.  Do  you  recollect  a  suit  that  took  place  in  Vii-toria  in  wliich  you 
were  <me  of  the  defendants  with  Mr.  Boskowitz? — A.  No,  sir;  there 
might  have  been  a  dozen  suits,  but  1  don't  know. 

Q.  In  which  Mr.  Warren  was  plaintitV  and  in  which  it  appeared  that 
Mr.  Boskowitz  was  the  real  owner  of  the  vessels,  and  that  Mr.  Warren 
was  paid  by  him  for  managing  those  vessels? — A.  I  doii'r  know  any- 
thing about  that. 

Q.  You  have  never  paid  any  money  for  the  management  of  those 
vessels? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  You  have  never  advanced  a  cent  other  than  that  dollar  which  ycm 
told  Warren  to  pay? — A.  Warren  has  my  power  of  attorney,  and  I 
dou't  know  what  he  has  advanced;  I  don't  know  anything  about  it. 


DEPOSITION    OF   THOMAS    H.    COOPER. 


323 


with  them 


it  of  those 


Q.  Ton  never  iulvauced  to  Warren  any  money  for  these  vessels? — 
A.  No,  sir;  1  have  never  advanced  to  Warren  any  money  for  these 
vessels,  bnt  1  don't  know  what  he  has  done. 

Q.  Did  you  ever  receive  any  remuneration  from  the  earnings  of  these 
vessels  f — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  You  have  never  ri-'ceived  any  share  or  any  kind? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Have  you  ever  beiMi  caUed  upon  to  advance  any  money? — A.  No, 
sir. 

Q.  For  the  payment  of  those  vessels? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Have  J' '1  ever  made  any  enquiries  as  to  the  earnings  of  those 
vessels? — A.  N(>,  sir. 

Q.  Or  whether  it  was  necessary  for  you  to  advance  any  money? — A. 
N«),  sir. 

i).  And  do  yon  now  claim  anv  interest  in  those 
vessels?— A.  No,  sir;  no  nu.re  "than  1  hohl  them    C'"]""^  no ii,tt,c,t  ii,  said 


That  was  the  agreement 


for  Mr.  Warren. 

Q.  For  what  purpose  do  you  hold  them? — A. 
between  Warren  and  the  otiier  num. 

Q.  That  you  were  to  hold  them? — A.  I  was  to  hold  them,  and  Mr. 
Warren  was  to  have  possession  of  them. 

Q.  And  have  the  management  of  tiiem? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  And  Mr.  Hoskowitz  was  to  be  the  moneyed  nnin? — A.  I  couldn't 
tell  you  that. 

i).  There  must  have  been  some  understanding? — A.  There  might 
have  been.  1  Just  signed  the  papers  and  that  is  all  1  know  about  it. 
I  was  told  to  keep  them. 

i).  Who  was  tiie  owner  prior  to  your  purchase  of  these  vessels? — A. 
I  c(Hdd  not  tell  yim  that.     I  think  Warren,  bnt  I  am  not  sure. 

Q.  Y(»u  are  not  sure  win)  was  the  owner? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Who  was  the  holder  of  the  mortgage? — A.  It  must  have  been 
Boskowitz. 

Q.  Boskowitz  was  the  holder  of  the  mortgage? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  Mr.  Warren  made  an  assignment  in  1880? — A. 
1  don't  know  that. 

Q.  You  do  not  know  that  he  was  in  financial  difliculties? — A.  No, 
sir.     I  heard  he  was,  afterwards,  but  1  did  not  know. 

Q.  When  was  it  that  he  got  into  financial  trouble? — A.  I  couldn't 
tell  y<m  that.     I  guess  he  is  in  them  yet.     i  don't  know. 

Q.  Was  there  any  arrangement  that  you  know  of  between  Mr.  War- 
ren and  Mr.  Boskowitz  as  to  these  vessels? — A.  1  don't  know  the  least 
thing  about  it  in  that  res|)ect.     1  simply  signed  the  i)apers. 

Mr.  SiiUKTLiOFF:  Q.  You  simply  ilid  as  Mr.      simiilii  acttd  as  iVarrcn 
Warren  told  you? — A.  Yes,  sir;  and  the  other  and  liumoiriti- requcxied. 
maji,  too. 

Q.  Who  is  the  other  man? — A.  Boskctwitz;  and  I  came  away,  and 
that  is  all  1  know  about  it.  I  have  heard  lots  of  things.  I  heard  I 
gave  a  unntgage  for  half  of  Victoria,  but  of  C(uuse  that  was  hearsay. 

Mr.  liANSiNii:  Q.  You  do  not  recoih'ct  the  amount  of  tliose  mort- 
gages?— A.  N»)t  at  all.     I  d(»n't  believe  1  read  them.    I  know  I  did  not. 

i).  Is  it  not  a  fact,  Mr.  Coo])er,  that  your  mime  was  used  in  this  mat- 
ter siini)ly  to  cover  "P  s<une  dealings  between  Mr.  IJoskowitz  and  Mr. 
Warren?— A.  I  couldn't  tell  you  wlmt  tlie arrangements  were. 

Q.  You  Dcver  knew  anything  about  it? — A.  1  never  1  new  anything 
about  it. 


I 


fail 


11 


i 


■I   t« 


324 


OWNERSHIP   OP   CERTAIN   SEALING   VESSELS. 


ir 


t      t 


Q.  You  simply  did  this  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Warren? — A.  I  simply 
did  it  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Warren. 

Q.  And  you  really  have  no  interest  in  these  vessels  at  all! — A.  No, 
sir. 

Q.  None  at  all  t — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Mr.  Cooper,  if  there  was  any  understanding  or  agreement  be- 
tween Mr.  Warren  and  Mr.  Boskowitz,  you  were  entirely  ignorant  ot' 
it? — A.  Yes,  sir;  exactly. 

Q.  You  simply  d id  this  at  the  request  of  these  gentlemen ! — A  Yes, 
sir. 

Q.  Withoiit  knowing  for  what  purpose  it  was  done? — A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Do  you  know  anything  about  a  claim  being    noesnotknounrhetherany 
put  in  for  you  against  the  Government  o(  the  claim  was  put  in  for  him. 
United  States? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  In  relation  to  the  seizure  of  these  vessels? — A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Have  you  any  such  claim?  Have  you  any  claim  against  the 
United  States  (lovernment  for  the  seizure  of  these  vessels? — A.  I  don't 
know.    They  are  in  my  name,  and  I  suppose  the  vessels  have  a  claim. 

Q.  Have  you  any  claim  yourself? — A.  No  further  than  they  are  in 
my  name. 

Q.  You  have  not  really  any  claim  against  the  Government? — A.  I 
couldn't  say. 

]Mr.  SiiURTLEFF:  Q.  Have  you  ever  signed  any  claim  yourself? — 
A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Or  ever  authorized  any  one  to  sign  one  for  you? — A.  Captain 
Warren  has  my  power  of  attorney.    I  don't  know  what  he  has  done. 

Q.  Did  you  ever  specifically  instruct  him  in  so  many  words  to  present 
a  claim? — A.  To  do  as  he  pleased.    I  don't  know  what  he  has  done. 

Mr.  Lansing:  Q.  Have  you  any  claim  against  the  Government  of 
the  United  States? — A.  I  don't  know.  Those  vessels  are  in  my  name, 
and  1  suppose  the  vessels  have  got  a  claim. 

Q.  A  vessel  can  not  well  have  a  claim. — A.  The  vessels  were  taken, 
I  suppose. 

Q.  Have  you  any  claim  from  which  you  expect  to  derive  any  money  ?— 
A.  I  expect  the  vessels  will  derive  the  money. 

Q.  You  cannot  pay  money  to  a  vessel.  The  vessels  have  gone  up — 
some  of  them? — A.  Captain  Warren  has  got  my  power  of  attorney, 
and  it  is  all  in  his  h  Mids,  and  I  leave  it  to  him.  I  am  not  a  lawyer  and 
not  a  ship  owner. 

Mr.  Shurtleff:  Q.  Do  you  expect,  in  the  event  of  any  claim  being 
allowed  by  the  Government,  that  you  will  receive  the  money? — A.  I 
suppose  I  would  get  paid  my  expense  for  my  trouble. 

Q.  For  the  use  of  your  name? — A.  Not  for  the  use  of  my  name;  for 
my  trouble. 

Q.  Have  you  ever  advanced  or  paid  out  any  money  for  legal  ex- 
penses in  connection  with  the  seizure  of  those 
vessels? — A.  No,  sn.    I  have  not  paid  any  out  of       -ff««  incurred  no  ex 
my  own  pocket.    I  paid  my  own  expenses  going 
up  and  down. 

Q.  Your  expenses  to  Victoria? — A.  Yes,  sir;  my  exi>eD8es  to  Victo- 
ria and  return.  I  never  kept  any  account  of  them,  as  I  did  not  expect 
to  get  them  back. 

Q.  Did  you  ever  pay  out,  or  authorize  to  be  paid  out,  any  money  for 


pentet  in  connection  xoith 
aeizurea. 


U  i 


'lii.    t 


?emont  be- 
giiorant  v,i 


DEPOSITION  OF  THOMAS  H.   COOPER. 


825 


tlie  transportation  of  the  crews  of  these  vessels  from  Sitka  down?— A 
No,  sir. 

1  further  certify  that  the  said  deposition  of  Thos.  H.  Cooper  was  taken 
down  in  sliort-liand  and  transcribed  into  tviA?- writing,  and  after  having 
been  - ..  transcribed  was  read  over  by  the  witness  and  by  him  nro- 
nounced  to  be  correct. 

In  witness  whereof  1  have  liereunto  set  my  hand  tliis  ISth  day  of 
November,  1892.  ^ 

[^^^H    .         „  „        (Signed)  j.  s.  Manley, 

Commmioner  U.  8.  Circuit  Court,  Northern  JMntrict  o/  Cal{fornia. 


\ 


m 


1 


'•  t.. 


LIBELS  FILED  AGAINST  SEALING  VESSELS. 


I  United  States  op  Amertoa,  [ 

I  Office  of  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury, 

Wa8hinflton,  December  SO,  1892. 
Pursuant  to  section  883  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States, 
I  herel).y  CGrtify  that  the  annexed  statement  contains  a  list  of  all  libels 
filed  under  section  195(5,  R.  S.,  in  U.  S.  courts,  in  the  Territory  of 
Alaska,  since  Aug.  27,  1880,  so  far  as  reported  by  V.  S.  attorney  to 
this  office.  1  also  certify  that  it  is  the  duty  of  U.  S.  attorneys  to  report 
such  suits  to  this  office. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caiisc^l  the  seal 
of  the  office  of  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury  to  be  affixed,  on  the  day 
and  year  first  above  written. 

[SEAL.]  W.   P.   IfEPnURN, 

Solicitor  of  the  Treasury. 
827 


m 


m 


328 


LIBELS  FILED  AOAINST  SEALING  VESSELS, 


a 


@_! 


0  a 


*,    °. 


Si 

e 

o 


«  «  > 

■/:S  a 

"    CO.S 


«j  a  2 


I 

e 

I 

8 


I 


II 
3>, 


^&& 


i< 


fefei 

"e"  •• 
•  •  "C 
p  e  " 

tittle 

»■  I.  » 


'■'i  at  35    .    .    .  ^    .  »5 

*  *     ^  -  -  »■§«» 

ttdaSsbwb 

22  «  — —  —  2— 2 

w  3      .1:  .1!  ,M  -  .2  O 


I-  h«     1 1''  >'  t* 


'■  ^   !  a>  ^    '.  Oi  M  p 
ooo'^o'^'^ol       Iocs      eo 

tS'O'C     ."a**     .  T?  *^     ■  ♦^  "^  "^  "^     -TS'a 


.  3C  .=  :i '-  $  ? 


X     -    T.    X     d    *)    X 

X  «  •  «  «  « 'p 


n 


■y;  •/.  •/.  r.  t;  x  a  <1  aj 


s 

a 
o 
o 


t^  00  A 


:  o  o  o  e 


oooosooeoooosoooo 


III 


60 


o  e  o   .  o  o  o 


CO 

(4 


o  o  c  o 


3338 


OOCOOOOO 


5 


o,..ooeoo       .       .03000 
■3  ^  ti  ^ 'O "O TS'O "O      ^  .••fr'S'CIS'CO 


V   ^   1^ 


^2 


•2* 


.£ta.=  -^  J'- S-a 


^l-^P 


X   B 


eieoeocosocseoo 
•c-s'e-C'S-C'S'o-c'o-3-s'C'O'O 


O    £    E  — 


«r    5  3 


I  =  « .5  ■ 
,  «  — ^- 
-    oa  EC 

eo  a  •• 

73  OB; 

.  O  . 


•o.g 


*«■«: 


,  •:    S 
>Ti  a  01 


«  p  M 

§11- 

W:   (5. 


Bx-j<5e  2 

ee-5  -—  '••  p^ 


IS  * 


ex 


■a>8 


^►^:ji^|5^^ 


•g 


.  B.S  e  .  ,  •"  t;  f 


■■?-=« 


.Bj:  <- 


EC  CO 


m    MW^««"<p;eo«-^-^"<l-^-<«<l       •<    ««pq-<««'^'<'^-< 


APPRAISEMENTS  OP  SEALING  VESSELS. 


District  of  Alaska,  Clkrk's  Office, 

Sitka,  Alanka,  October  15, 1892, 

To  the 

Honorable  Seobetary  of  State, 

W<inlii)t!fton,  7).  C: 
Dear  Sir:  Referring  to  your  tt'lc^'ram  of  Scptcinher  17, 1802,  to  the 
hon.  collector  of  cuHtoiiis,  Port  Towiisoiul,  VViisli,,  and  by  him  for- 
warded to  thiH»»ftire,  I  dt'siie  to  say  tliat  tlie  ci'ititicd  copy  of  tlie  ap- 
praisal values  of  vessels  seized,  188<i-l«!M>,  in  taltiiiatt'd  form,  forwarded 
to  your  ])ei)artment  October  .'J,  IHOLJ,  is  incorrect.  I  have  therefore  |»re- 
pared  certified  copies  in  full  of  all  the  ai)praisem»'nts  of  sudi  vessels  and 
cargoes  on  tile  and  of  re<'ord  in  my  ottice,  which,  together  with  a  cor- 
rect tabulated  statement  of  such  appraisal  values,  I  herewith  enclose. 
Vei-y  respectfully, 

N.  It.  PKCitlNPAUGH, 

Clerk. 


1^ 


To  the 

Hon.  Lafayette  Dawson, 

Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  District  of  Alaslca: 
We,  the  undersigned,  a]>pointed  and  sworn  tliis  KJth  day  of  August, 
A.  I).  1887,  to  appraise  and  value  the  sclntoner  San  Dieijo,  her  tjutkle, 
api)areJ,  furniture,  and  boats,  and  siu-li  jjorlion  of  her  cargo  as  may  be 
in  this  port  and  can  be  viewed,  report  as  follows: 

We  apjmiise  and  value  said  scluxuier,  her  tackle,  ligging,  and  ai)parel 
at  seven  hundred  and  sixty-six  dollars  (.f  7(>({.0(>) ;  her  furniture  at  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars  (.llon.OO);  jut  four  boats,  oars  and  oar- 
locks at  two  hundred  dollars  ($L'(K>.0(>);  her  salt  ten  dollars  (*1(>.00); 
in  all,  the  sum  of  eleven  hundred  an<l  forty-one  dollars  ($1,141.00). 
Dated  at  Sitka,  Alaska,  this  10th  day  of  August,  A.  1).  1887. 

John  (J.  liiiAUY, 
W.  K.  Mills, 
J.  M.  Vanukiibilt, 

Appraisers. 

The  United  States  of  Amerioa, 

District  of  Alaska,  ss: 
I,  N.  R.  Peckinpaugh,  clerk  of  the  United  States  district  court  for  the 
district  of  Alaska,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  forcg(tiiig  copy  of  the  ap- 
praisement of  the  schr.  San  liicijo,  her  tackle,  ajjparel,  furniture,  boats, 
and  cai'go  has  been  by  mc  (fom[>ared  with  the  original,  and  that  it  is  a 

829 


m 


H 


$: 


330 


APPRAISEMENTS  OF   SEALING   VESSELS. 


.4 


corroot  trnnsoriiit  tliorefrom  and  of  the  wliolo  of  such  original,  as  the 
same  ainx'iUH  of  it'cord  on  fllo  at  my  (tllice  and  in  niy  cnstcMly. 

In  testimony  wliereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  liaiul  and  aftixed  the 
seal  of  said  court  ut  Sitlia,  in  said  district,  tliis  15  day  of  ()(t<»l)er,  1892. 

Ibkal.]  N.  It.  rKCKiwrAion, 

Clerk. 


Sitka,  Alaska,  September  50,  1SS7. 
The  nndersignod  having  been  apiminted  aitjnaisers  by  the  Hem. 
I^afayette  Dawson,  Judtje  of  tiie  U.  S.  couit  for  tlie  district  of  Ahiska, 
to  a]>|>raise  tlie  value  of  the  sch.  Sylrin  Hotniif,  a])|>arel,  furniture,  and 
stores,  hep  to  state  that  we  vahie  the  said  vessel,  incliuling  a]>parel, 
furuituie,  uud  stores,  at  forty-three  hundred  an«l  llfty  d(»Ihir8  (!j!4,;{"»(».tM)). 

liKlllKN  ALUEIISTONB. 

'       W.R.Mills. 

J.  M.  VANDEUniLT. 

(Endorsed:)  In  the  TJnited  States  district  court  for  tlie  diet,  of 
Ahiska.  Appraisers'  report.  Filed  Sept.  22d,  1887.  11.  E.  Uaydon, 
clerk.    By  A.  A.  Meyer,  deputy  clerk. 

The  United  States  of  Ameuica, 

Diftrict  of  Alasl-a,  8s: 

I,  N.  R.  Peckinpaugh,  clerk  of  the  United  States  district  conrt  for 
the  district  of  Alaska,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  coi)y  of  the 
a])i»raisement  of  the  schr.  Siflria  Handy,  her  ai)parel,  furniture,  and 
stores  has  been  by  me  compared  with  the  original,  and  that  it  is  a  cor- 
rect transcript  therefrom  and  of  the  whole  of  such  original,  as  the  same 
appears  of  record  on  tile  at  my  ottice  and  in  my  custody. 

In  testimony  Avhereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  the 
seal  of  said  court  at  Sitka,  iu  said  district,  this  15  day  of  October,  1802. 

[SEAL.]  N.  R.  Peckinpaugh, 

Clerk. 


'i    i 


,  I 


I 


III    ! 


Sitka,  Alaska,  Septemher  10, 1887. 
The  undersigned  having  been  appointed    appraisers  by  the  Hon. 
Lafayette  Dawson,  judge  of  the  U.  S.  court  for  the  district  of  Alaska, 
to  appraise  the  value  of  certain  vessels,  together  with  their  apparel, 
ftirniture,  and  stores,  beg  to  submit  the  following  report: 

Sch.  Challenqe $3,600.00 

Sch.  W.  P.  Sayward 4,8!t4.50 

St.  sch.  Grace 10,4OL00 

St.  sch.  Dolphin 7,750.00 

St.  8ch.  Annielieck 2,600.00 

Sch.  Alice  J.  Alger 5,408.00 

Sch.  Annie 1,170.50 

B(ih.Ull]fL 1,784.80 

J.  M.  Vandebbilt. 
Eeuben  Alberstonb. 
J.  E.  Lennan. 

(Endor.sed:)  In  the  United  States  district  court,  district  of  Alaska. 
Appraisers'  report.  Filed  September  12, 1887.  H.  E.  Haydon,  clerk. 
By  A.  A.  Meyer,  deputy  clerk. 


v  1 


w:.:- 


APPRAISEMENTS   OP   SEALING   VESSELS. 


331 


The  United  States  of  America, 

Dintrict  of  Alaska,  na: 

I,  N.  R.  I'ockinp.iiifih,  clork  of  tlio  United  States  district  court  for 
the  tlistrict  of  Alasiia,  do  hereby  eertify  tliat  the  fore;;niii<;  copy  of 
tlie  a|)i)raiseiueiit  of  the  followiii};  vessels,  viz,  schr.  Vhtilleii;it\  schr.  W. 
r.  StiyicartI,  st.  sclir.  Gnur,  st.  sciir.  Dolphin,  st.  sehr.  Anna  Utrk,  sclir. 
Alliv  I.  Ahjar,  schr.  Annie,  schr.  l.illy  />.,  has  been  by  iin'  compared 
with  the  ori;;iiial,  and  tliat  it  is  a  correct  transcript  then'froni  and  of 
the  whoU'  of  such  original,  as  the  same  appears  td' record  on  lile  ut  my 
ortice  and  in  my  custody. 

In  testimony  wliercof  [  have  liereunto  set  my  hand  and  atlixed  the 
seal  of  said  court  at  Sitka,  iu  said  district,  tins  ir>  ihiy  of  ( ).'Niber,  18<.)2. 

[SEAX.J  N.  B.  i'EOikliSi'AUUII. 

Ckrk. 


Sitka,  Alaska,  September  13, 1S87. 

The  undersi<jned  haviuj?  been  appointed  appraisers  by  the  lion. 
Lafayette  Dawson,  Judjje  of  tiie  U.  8.  «',iturt  for  the  district  of  Alaska, 
to  appraise  the  value  of  certain  vessels,  toj^ether  with  their  ap])arel, 
furniture,  and  stores,  hvg  to  subnut  the  following  report: 

Sell.  Ada $2,000.00 

Sell,  Alpha X(H).  00 

St.  sell  K€t$  and  Annie 1,1.'50.00 

KkUIIKN   Al.nKUSTONE. 

J.  M.  Vandkkhilt. 
\V.  K.  Mills. 


Hi] 


(Endorsed:)  In  the  United  States  district  court  for  the  district  of 
Alaska.  Appraisers'  report.  Filed  September  13,  1867.  11.  E.  Uay- 
don,  clerk.    By  A.  A.  Meyer,  deputy  clerk. 

The  United  States  op  America, 

District  of  Alaska,  88 : 

I,  N.  R.  Peckinpaufjh,  clerk  of  the  United  States  district  court  for  the 
district  of  Alaska,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  copy  of  the 
ai)praisement  of  the  foUowing  vessels,  viz:  Schr.  Ada,  Schr.  Alpha,  st. 
Schr.  Kate  and  Annie  has  been  by  me  conipaied  witli  the  original,  and 
that  it  is  a  correct  transcript  therefrom  and  of  the  whole  of  such  original, 
as  the  same  appears  of  record  on  file  at  my  ottice  and  iu  my  custody. 

In  testimony  wheretd"  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  allixed  the 
seal  of  said  court  at  Sitka  in  said  district  this  l."i  day  of  October,  1892. 

[seal.]  N.  B.  rECKINPAUGH, 

Clerk, 


'  ! 


SiTKA,  Alaska,  April  19, 1888. 

To  the 

Honorable  District  Court  fob  the  District  of  Alaska: 

The  undersigned  appraisers  appointed  by  your  honorable  court 
and  sworn  to  appraise  the  value  of  the  fur  seal  skins  seized  from  cer- 
tain vessels  now  iu  the  custody  of  the  United  States  marshal,  ordered 


N.  y 


"  \  if 


iUi 


332         APPRAISEMENTS  OP  8EALIXG  VESSELS. 

to  be  sold  on  or  after  April  18tb,  18H8,  beg  to  stJite  that  they  have 
appraised  the  value  of  said  seal  skins  as  follows,  to  wit : 

Steam  schooner  Dolphin  : 

t>4  sai'i'H  HU]ipoHe(l  to  contain  618  nalttxl  aeaiHkins $3,049.  50 

Schooner  Aifre.d  Adamn: 

IIW  sucks  Htipposed  to ''ontain  1,379  salted  ««*al8kiii8 6,88i<.75 

Schooiitir  Alpha: 

39  sauks  sapposed  to  coutuiu  389  salted  si^aiskiiis 1,912.25 

Ste»in  sriiooner  Anna  Jievk  : 

:U  siM'ks  Hup]i<ised  to  contain  3!{<i  salttxl  seaittkins 1,  tioO.  :25 

Schooner  Lotlie  Fairfield  ; 

45  sacks  Hup])OHed  to  (contain  443  salted  sealnk ins 2,033.25 

Schooner  fV.  I',  Sufiirard  : 

50  sacks  su])]io.xed  to  contain  477  suited  sualttkins 2,374.25 

Steam  scliooner  Grace : 

78  sacks  supposed  to  contain  769  salted  sealskins 3,84?.  J5 

Schooner  Ada: 

191  sucks  supposed  to  conti:n  i,  STG^'alted  sealskins 9,394.00 

Making  a  total  of  640  sacks  supposed  to  contain  6,287  pelt.i,  and   total 
appraised  value  of  said  property  anionntiuK  to 31,  144.  50 

The  undersigned  iH)praisers  have  likewise  appraised  the  following 
arms  and  siinumnition  of  t'le  schooner  Al/reu  Adanm,  to  wit:  7  donl)le 
barreled  shot  guns,  3  rifles,  2  Muiskets,  .'U  Kegs  of  powder.  -'.")!>  Hhelis, 
loaded;  IDO  shells,  empty;  110  eariii;l;;tis  (44  cal.):  T!>  cartridges  (45 
cal.);  54  cartritlges,  small,  and  500  ))riiu**r.s,  the  total  appraised  valua- 
tion of  which  is  herewith  submitted  at  $ll'5.U0. 

All  of  whi(!h  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Dated  April  19,  1888. 

jEIfF  J.  KiTEHN. 

Gbwuoe  Kostuometinofp. 

BdWD.  ClIAMUKltLAlN. 

Endorsed:  Filed  in  open  court  April  19,  1888.     II.  E.  liuydou,  clerk. 

The  United  States  op  America, 

Dintrict  nf  Alaxka,  ««.• 

I,  N.  R.  Peckinpaugh,  clerk  of  the  United  States  distrirt  court  for 
the  district  of  Ala;>ka,  do  hereby  certify  tiiat  tlie  forcg(tiiig  copy  (  f  the 
appraisement  of  fnr-scalskins  an<l  arms  seizetl  from  the  following  veHsels, 
viz:  Str.  Schr.  Ihifphin,  Schr.  Alfred  Admnn,  Sclir.  Alpha,  St.  Schr. 
Anna  Beck,  Schr.  Lottie  Fairfield,  Schr.  W.  P.  Saificard.  St.  Schi»o;ier 
Grace,  Schr.  Ada,  has  been  by  me  comjtiired  with  the  orifjuia!  and  that 
it  is  a  correct  transcrii)t  therefrom  and  of  tiie  whole  of  su<;h  original^. 
as  the  same  appears  of  record  on  tile  at  my  othci-i  and  in  niy  cust;ody. 

In  testimony  wheieof  1  have  licreunto  net  my  hand  and  affixed  the 
seal  of  saidcoui't  at  Sitka,  in  said  district,  tins  15  day  of  ( N^tober,  1892. 

[SEAL.]  if.  fi.  PKCIONl'AUaH, 


^1 

SI 


In  the  United  States  district  court  in  and  &r  the  district  of  Alaska. 


The  United  States  ") 

VH.  [  No.  89. 

Steam  Schooner  i<:ATE  and  Anna.  > 


Stipulation. 


It  is  hereby  agreed  and  stipulated  Iwtwnen  W.  M.  Grant,  United 
States  district  attorney  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  United  States,  plain- 
tiff above  named,  aud  M.  P.  Berry,  [u-octor  for  claimant,  defeudaut, 


APPRAISEMENTS    OF   SEALING    VESSELS. 


333 


II 


tliey  haye 

..  $3,049.50 

..  6,88«.75 

■  1,  912.  25 

.  1,  (550.  25 

.  2, 033.  25 

.  2,374.25 

.  3, 84?.  .'5 

-  9,  394. 00 

,1 
31,144.50 

tollowing 

7  iloiible 

"»!>  Nliells, 

Ht},'«S  (45 

iMl  valuu- 


INOPP. 

I. 

m,  clerk. 


that  tho  appraiHement  heretofore  mmle  and  a(!cei)te(l  by  <lul.v  author- 
ized and  sworn  appraisers  of  this  court  of  certain  fur-sciil  skins,  at  tliis 
time  in  tlie  custody  of  this  court,  that  tlic  sunie  appraLscnient  of  value 
of  oTT  fur-seal  skins,  the  cargo  of  tlie  above  named  vessel  it  this  time 
in  custody  of  the  TJnited  States  niar.sjial  of  this  court,  be  tlie  same 
]>ei'  skin  in  valr.e  as  tiie  appraisement  formerly  made,  to  wit:  '>n  fur- 
seal  skins,  jippraised  at  two  thousaiwl  eight  hundred  and  eiarhty-live 
(2,S8.J.P!;)  d()l!ars. 
Uouc  at  iSii.ka,  March  23, 1888. 

Whit  M.  Guant, 

United  States  Atty. 
M.  P.  Beuky, 

I'roctor  for  Claimant. 

The  Fnited  States  of  AikiERicA, 

District  of  Alaska,  88  : 

I,  N.  .1.  Peckinjtaugh,  clerk  (yf  the  United  States  district  court  for 
the  district  of  Alaska,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  tbicj^oing  copy  of  the 
stipulation  for  the  appraised  value  of  the  cargo  of  tlie  St.  Sclir.  Kate 
and  Ann  has  be»'n  by  me  comjtared  with  the  oiiginal  and  that  it  is  a 
correct  tran.script  therefrom  and  of  the  wliole  of  such  original,  as  the 
same  api)ears  of  record  on  file  at  my  otlice  and  in  my  custody. 

In  testimony  wliere(»f  1  have  lu'reunto  set  my  hand  and  atlixed  the 
seal  of  said  coiut  at  bitka,  iu  said  district,  tliis  i  ."i  day  of  October.  1<S'.>2. 

[l.  aA  a,  a.  i'i::ciiiiM'AL(jii>. 

Clerk, 


i|! 


f  ii 


onrt  for 
y  <  f  tlie 
vessels, 
Schr. 
cliooner 
nd  that 

rigmaU 
tody. 

xed  the 
>r,  1892. 

)lerk. 


iaska. 


'iiited 

piain- 

iduut, 


334 


AiTRAISEMKNTS    OF    SEALING    VESSELS. 


I     , 


(t    V  > 


:'t 


2 

I 


e 

OS 

« 


f 


I  i       .  p  •>' 


£•1 


5  >- 


-1! 

^  •-* 

ot 

»  s 


I 


*    .H 
t5 


0 


o  S 


9  s  a 


r.jBT.-  f.~r~  -i-z^-i  ^.f-  f.  g 
.*  .-A  .J  .»a  '.<'^.tk  ." 

p    b    p    p      p    p    p 

S   3    ^   8      3    S   a 


■r.af.-r.2!''--tar.'n 

.■<  ."fl  .•'I  .y.^  .A 

P    P    &    P        P 
S    S    3    8      8~~ 


APPRAISEMENTS   OF    SEALING   VESSELS. 


335 


s 

a 

S 

1 

§ 

e 

3 

a 

N 

sf 

,4 

is 

f, 

a 

8      ^ 

a      a 

^ 

I 

•a 
fl 

wo 

i 

?| 

OS           at 

1 

a 

^ 

« 

1     ^ 

t 

i 

s 
1 

p. 

p.            Pi 

i> 

p.    p. 

p. 

P.           Pi 

K 

p.    p. 

e) 

H           at 

V 

«        IS 

o 

o        e 

o 

c 

o 

S«i 

t«;      » 

!«! 

!z 

>5 

ill 

g 

S      .S 

93 

org    x« 

2«" 
■/.So    - 

S     § 

^e    .  2 

Jd 

.^  —     ^-: 

*      -  fB    « 

t  ji   -   X 

■- 

m  5  = 

■  IS 

■^ 

-^            "to  ^  '«    -        Ifi  « 

0  *     = 

"■•o^  a 

?■" 

^ 

a  « 

m 

«             . 

_:  a;  .  -r  3 

—          IK   ^ 

-no: 

|ii 

-1 

1 

1  1' 

■1^  1" 

arc  ^Zy, 

-t^i        1 

♦i 

4J 

s 

S      ^ 

43           «a 

■ 

M       M 

a 

a 

0 

a        fl 

a     a        1 

e 

c 

CO 

O               V 

ij              4> 

» 

s 

1 

»     § 

a      a 
g      1 

1 

a 

■g 

1 

'?. 

2      'H 

i 

■j 

1 

p. 

B< 

p. 

p.           O) 

p« 

B.       P.           1 

A 

B. 

p< 

p.            Pi 

p< 

Oi       Pi            1 

W 

<■ 

M 

ff 

« 

« 

« 

n         1 

c 

O 

^ 

o         e> 

o 

C 

0 

t?! 

>^ 

fe! 

>5        iz! 

'A 

iz 

>5 

9 

^ 

^ 

u 

J3 

2 

c 

.a 

,c 

.a 

.§ 

fC 

,a 

0) 

OD 

a 

3 

a> 

a 

1 

e 

•c 

B 

£■ 

•c 

X 

•c 

x 

U 

^ 

n 

-< 

^        W 

|X 

« 

p: 

Pi 

8 

?5 

n 

gj 

S 

s 

M 

m 

^ 

. 

hi 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

6  QC 

C 

00   d 

1 

a 
s 

a    a 
p.  p. 

6 

5 

6 

•- 

,        c^ 

=? 

s, 

1 

^ 

« 

■* 

■^ 

a 

in 

^ 

•vl 

-* 

^ 

^ 

rt 

^ 

pH 

i-t 

IH 

1 

1 

i 

1 

s^ 

1 

1 

1 

h 

s 

Q 

1 

»a 

c 

a 

1 

E 

a 

■2 

ii 

2 

1-1  0) 

4 

s 

^ 

2 

pt 

p. 

»• 

c. 

e 

>.     p< 

(X 

p.     a        1 

ji 

^ 

^ 

« 

:? 

£ 

(g 

c^ 

:? 

e 

00 

ac 

1 

', 

; 

to 

D 

a 

>> 

"3 

0 

a 

6 

e 

IT 

n 

'     ^ 

a 

^     1 

B       =. 

4 

^ 

•< 

i 

-? 

•-: 

^s 

H» 

K; 

1 

2 

u. 

a 

i 

1 

c 

1 

•5 

n 

> 

I 

'        1 

S 

4 
1 

3 

1 

6 

{ 

^ 

i 

T 

lit 

i 

hi 

V 

a 

5  .• 

tl 
c 
1 

B 

S 

.    2 

*» 

3 

§ 

<i     "a  «  S  b 

I.  it 

h 

.s 

^ 

a  I-  = 

-1    ,?^ 

:»5SI 

B  ^ 

3 

Va 

^ 

*^.    -«. 

e«-i 

ri      tw  : 

V-  c 

C 

Um 

tl 

5 

> 

1  i^ 

1      S^ 

3             * 

51. 

tc 

Si  .■> 

.5  a   ..S-CT'^ 

*< 
■/ 

S2S 

0 

b 

p 

t9 

t> 

Lj 

u 

13 

t 

& 

a 

8 

8 

% 

■"^ 

"i 

S 

1  ' 

"g 

1 

"43  o 

h.  "  • 

^'^  U 

S  -  o 
ci  > 

.^^  OJ 

"<  o  3 


=     5 


If 

I 

«3 


^«5      iz; 

t,     -a 

o  i-  -  CO 

*-    a  =>      ^ 
fc-    S    '/3    fc- 

-^r  5  2 

«  o  rtO 

.S  --^  *  'ta 
2  =  =  * 
.■«  2  5  >. 

t»  s  x  e8 

a  ■^r  ♦"  *-' 
c  *  *  tS 

©  +j  .-  •'■' 

"S  5  22^ 


11 


m 


\i 

'  "i  m 

v4 


336 


APPRAKSEMENTS   OF    SEALING   VESSELS. 


j; 


To  the 

Honorable  Disthict  Court  of  the  District  of  Alaska: 

The  undersigned  appraisers  appointed  by  your  honorable  court,  and 
sworn  to  appraise  the  value  of  the  cargoes  of  the  schooners  Lilly  L., 
San  Jose,  Annie,  AUie  I.  Algar,  Ellen,  Sylria  Handy,  and  the  schooner 
Angel  Dolly,  her  small  boats,  tackle,  apparel,  furniture,  and  cargo,  beg 
to  submit : 

That  in  commencing  their  labors  of  appraising  the  fur-seal  skins 
stored  in  the  Government  warehouse,  tlicir  progress  was  greatly  im- 
peded by  the  unsystenuitic  manner  in  whicl)  they  were  stored,  the 
various  lots,  instead  of  having  been  sei)arately  stacked  and  labeled, 
had  been  promiscuously  thrown  in  heaps,  without  pretense  to  order  or 
system.  A  number  of  the  sacks  had  been  partially  destroyed  and  ren- 
dered useless,  having  been  gnawed  by  rats;  and  from  the  same  cause 
about  a  dozen  pelts  were  found  t)  have  been  damaged.  Many  of  the 
tags,  with  which  the  greater  part  of  the  sacks  had  been  marked,  were 
also  destroyed  by  rats  and  carried  oft'  by  them  to  build  nests  with,  as 
was  afterwards  ascertained.  In  order  to  bring  some  system  into  the 
chaos  and  to  enable  your  appraisers  to  proceed  with  their  duties,  your 
honorable  court  v»u.s  requested  to  enlarge  their  i)owers  by  intrusting 
them  to  assort  out  and  count  by  sacks  the  number  of  pelts  beh)nging 
to  the  other  vessels,  not  included  in  the  lists  to  be  appraised.  Under 
such  instructions  that  portion  of  the  pelts  were  removed  t<i  an  adjoin- 
ing room  in  the  wareho>'se,  and  after  ascertaining  the  number  of  pelts 
contained  in  each  sack  (i»y  opening  a  quantity  of  various  si/es)  to  be 
five  (5)  bundles  or  ten  (10;  pelts  to  a  sack.  Each  vessel's  lot  was  ap- 
proximated accordingly,  the  result  of  which  count  is  herewith  sub- 
mitted, to  wit: 

Schoonor  Urace:  Pelts. 

78  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 769 

Schooner  JJolphin : 

62  sacks,  supposed  to  i\  ntain 618 

Schooner  Annie  lievk: 

33  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 335 

Schooner  Ada: 

189  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 1, 873 

Scho<uu'r  Sayward: 

48  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 474 

Schooner  Alfred  Adams: 

139  sacks,  8Ui)po8(Ml  to  contain 1, 379 

Schooner  Lottie  Fairfield : 

44  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 443 

Schooner  Kate  and  Ann  : 

58  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 577 

Schooner  Alpha : 

39  sacks,  supposed  to  contain 387 

Making  a  total  of  690  sacks,  supposed  to  contain  6,8ft5  pelts. 

Besides  the  above  there  remains  an  excess  of  ten  (10)  sacks  and  three 
pelts  to  make  up  for  deficiencies  in  the  various  lots. 

The  appraisement  of  *'>e  property  to  be  appraised,  consisting  of  fur- 
seal  skins,  is  as  follows  by  actual  count  and  inspection,  to  wit: 

Schooner  Angel  Dolly : 

175  salted  fur-seal  skins , $873.00 

Schooner  Annie: 

304  salted  f\ir-seal  skins $1,475.50 

Schooner  San  Joti: 

891  salted  fur-seal  skins 4,601.25 

Schooner  Sylvia  Handy : 

1,678 Mat.dfur-aealtkiiu..... 8,323.26 


I       'V 


U'f. 


APPRAISEMENTS   OF    SEALING    VESSELS. 


337 


A: 

•urt,  and 
LiUy  />., 
schooner 
irgo,  beg 

cal akins 
?atly  im- 
ored, the 

hibeled, 
I  order  or 

and  ren- 
me  cause 
ly  of  the 
liod,  were 
<  with,  as 

int<>  the 
ties,  your 
ntriisting 
belonging 
I.  Under 
an  adjoin- 
r  of  pelts 
ces)  to  be 
>o  was  ap- 
with  sub- 

Pelw. 
[ 769 

,.      618 

..      3a5 

..  1,873 

..      474 

..  1,379 

..      443 

677 

..      387 

and  three 
ingof  fur- 

$873.00 
$1, 475. 50 
4, 601. 25 
1.    8,323.25 


Scliooiirr  Allic  T.  Ahjar: 

l,r.!tt  salted  Inr-Heal  Nkins $7,974.50 

SrliiHPiH'i-  h'.Urti : 

lit.')  siilti'il  t'iir-81'al  skiiLS 91)6.00 

Scliiioiicr  l.iUie  L: 

lit;!  salKil  liir-scal  skins 945.00 

Makiii;;  a  total  i>('.">,030  skins  at  an  a)iiir;iisc(l  valnation  nfii'J.^ilXS.rtO. 

Addinji  to  tliis  nundxM'  of  ."►,0;5(»  jM'Its  tlio  lot  not  iipitiiiisod.  but  ap- 
pr<»xiniat»'d  at  (».s,"),j  pi'lts,  results  in  ii  j;iiind  totiil  of  11, .SS.")  ]K>lt.s  on 
iiaml,  which  iiMnibcr  is  l.'(»7  in  excess  of  the  statement  liiinded  to  the 
ai)piaisers  by  the  V.  S.  niarshiiK  and  a;;rees  witii  tlie  iep«irts  of  the 
olliccrs  of  tin'  revenue  cutters  and  the  decrees  of  torfeitui'c,  a.s  far  as 
concluded,  within  lU  i)elts. 

The  a]>iir;nsi'MU'nt  of  tlio  srliooniT  .(»;/''   /'»",'/.  il'.'<  small  lioats,  tarklc,  np- 
parrl,  etc..  aci'oiMiin;;  to  tlie  lesliniony  olitainoil,  ami  its  arms  and  amninni- 


tion  IS  . 


1670 

79 

1)>6 


TIk'  arms  and  a  mm  unit  ion  of  tin-  scliooncr  Ullin , 

Tiio  arms  and  ammnnition  of  llir  sclioonrr  Sati  .loxo 

('o])ies  of  the  statenn-nts  of  the  IT.  S.  marshal  and  the  officers  of  the 
re.enue  cutters  are  herewith  appended  for  comparison. 
All  of  whicii  is  rcspeirtfully  submitted. 
Dated  February  I'O,  1888. 

Jeff.  J.  KuEHN. 

J.  M.  Vandkkimlt. 

Geokcje  Kostkometinoff. 

statement  of  the  U,  S.  mamhal. — Lht  of  pillx  jiiit  up  in  sacks. 
Vm.    AUio  I.  AlKar l,m\ 


Lilly  I. 

Anna  Ht'ck 

Grace 

Ellen 

Alpha  

Annie 

Kate  and  Anna. 
W.  P.  Savward 


1!« 

;!:«-) 

"Hit 
I'Xt 

:is7 
:t(u 

577 
474 


1873.    Ada l,7St 

1678.   Sylvia  Handy 1,  r>2{) 

liidjihiu 618 

Lotta  Fairtiold 448 

San  .lose SOI 

Alfr«Ml  Adams 1,  .'570 


(Error  in  footinj;) 11,  iWi 

Should  hv 11,  iVA 

Au){ul  Dolly  (not  ini'lniled  in  the  marshal's  list) 17.") 


11, 618 


Statement  of  officers  of  revenue  cutters  and  copies  of  decrees  of  court, 
Allio  I.  Alfjur \,rm  \  Ada 1,876 


Lilly  L 

Anna  Heck 

(irai-e 

Ellen 

Alpha  

Annie 

Kate  and  Anna. 
W.  P.  Say  ward 

12364- 


197     Sylvia  Handy I.(i7"t 

IVMi     lioljdiin  f,18 

7t;!»     Loita  I'airtield 443 

195      San  .lose Kill 

;{K9     Alfred  Adams 1,H79 

H04     AngelDolly 17S 

r>77  I 

477  I  11,902 


f 


tM 


■  if  i 


Is 


-22 


:  J  I'; 


338 


APPRAISEMENTS   OF   SEALING   VESSELS. 


The  United  States  of  Amektca, 

Distrk't  of  Alanka,  «».- 

I,  N.  R.  Peckinpangli,  tlerk  of  the  United  States  district  court  for 
the  district  of  Alaska,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  forefjoing  copy  of  the 
a]>i»rai8einent  of  tlie  cargoes,  etc.,  of  the  following  vessels,  viz :  d<;hooner 
Aufjel  Dolly,  8<!hr.  Annie,  schr.  Nan  Jose,  sdir.  Sylvia  //rtwrfy,  schr.  Allie 
I.  Algar,  schr.  Ellen,  schr.  Lilly  L,,  has  been  by  me  compared  with  the 
original  and  tliat  it  is  a  correct  transcript  therefrouj,  and  of  the  whole 
of  such  original,  as  the  same  api>ears  of  record  on  tile  at  my  ot!ice  and 
in  my  custody. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  atfixed  the 
seal  of  said  court  at  Sitka,  in  said  district,  this  lo  day  of  October,  1892. 

[L.  s.]  is,  R.  Peckinfauoh, 

Clerk, 


i   .f        )! 


PI- 


;f  >i 


TABLES  RELATING  TO  CLAIMS  OF  BRITISH  SUBJECTS 
AGAINST  THE.  UNITED  STATES. 

Conplled  ft-om  the  ichtdale  of  claims  Kulimlttpd  with  th»  Britiih  »»«  *nd  ttom  Uie  Mthorltlei 

cited  in  eacli  tablet 


Tablk  No.  l.—  raJue  of  ve$tel$. 


Names. 


CamlpiiB 

Tliiirntiin 

(Ill  ward 

W.  r.  .Say  ward 

•irnrr  

Dnlpliiii 

AUtt 


Tonnago  and  value  claimed. 


Tons  I   Viilu« 
rlaiiiifi).  claimedc 


32 

78 
94 

i:t5j 
18:; 

174 

m 


Valae  per  tou  vlainicd. 


Actual  tonnage  and  value. 


^,000  )  $125.00 


6,  (MH) 
4.011(1  I 

6,000  i 

12.  imii  I 

12,000 
7,000 


70.92"! 

42.  .15 

44.  2H 

05.  !»:i 
08  (Ml 

ion.  00 


Actual ' 

rpgislered 

tuns. 


.\veragp,  $59.  72 


31.90 

29.  :to 
35, 20 

59.  79 

70.87 
On.  Id 


lical 
value. 


Value 
per  ton. 


♦1.905.0«     »»59.72 


Built.' 


2,  2.58.  ;i7 
1.497,70 


*70.92 
«42.  55 


2,(H7. 5(1  ,     *44.28 


5.  (1(18.  (« 
4.  U(.  49 


56.95       3  401,(15 


(05.93 
( 08.  9(> 
<.5!l.  72 


No  Infor- 
nuitiun. 

1801. 

1871. 

Nil  infiir- 
unit  inn. 

1881. 

1882. 
1874, 


51.000    j  20.922.26 


I 


I  Ciillrrtiir  iif  oiistonis  at  Viitiiria.  Hritisli  Ciiliiniliia.     Sim-  p.  2!>8. 

'.Mrnanlili'  Navy  l.iHt  and   Maritime  Uiicvtury.    I'ublishvd   fur  tlit!  Committee  of  Uoyd'a. 

•Avf  iiinf  value  per  tun  claimed. 

*  Claimed  value  per  tun. 

Tabi-e  No.  2. —  Value  of  resucU. 


4 

! 


Numea. 


Value 
claimed. 


Aniiiiint 
Appniixdil    I'lali/i'il  at 
value.'        naif  at  I'nrt 
Tuwuaeud.* 


r.ra<-p '        $12,000 

.\iiiia  Hi'ck '  8.  iKNl 

])nl|illiu 12.  IIIKI 

Ada T.OCO 

39, 000 


»lll,41il 

♦1,.525 

2.  CidO 

007 

7.  7.'-iO 

1,225 

2,  iMIO 

1,900 

23,  654 


6,557 


The  iiwnem  clalnn'd  tliat  the  appraised  valucH  were  tmi  liiuli  and  liny  refii.teil  to  lioinl  the  vpr»(>1r  at 
tliii.ir  valiieK,'  Mr.  WeHl.  tlip  ItritJHli  iiiiiiiHter.  iiil'iirnieil  Mr.  Havaid  .Sci  niaiy  nf  Stale,  (litolier  12, 
1888.  iliat  llie  ap|iraiseiiienl  nf  llie  Anna  Itrck  waH  aciepted  and  HKked  that  a  reaiipraisenient  ut  tbe 
lirace  ui\i[  Doliihin  lid  aiillinrizcd.* 


'  Tlio  apiiralded  valup  is  from  tlie  nrlyiiinl  apiiniimiiienf  a(  Sitka,  oee  p.  :i29. 

•  Copy  of  the  reciirilH  nf  the  Inileil  SlaliH  niarxlial  I'm  the  dislrii  t  of  Wualiiu{;ton,  J)0«f  p.  421, 

'  S<'iiate  Kx.  Duo.,  ii'il'UetU  Couurtsaa,  se<H>ad  svsniuu,  No.  luti,  u.  74. 

838 


il 


\m 


*i 


ii 


]/* 


}    ll 


340   CLAIMS  OP  BRITISH  SUBTECT8  AGAINST  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Table  No.  3. — Claim$/oy  inturance. 


5 

i 

o 

5 

age. 

V 

5 

i 

•S2 

f 

W 

« 

■^1 

S 

n 

«2 

1 

KaiDM. 

1 

.2  J 

a 
o 

S 

i 

i 

■a 

51 

.sS. 

5a 

.is 

>    ■ 

8 

4* 

§ 

S9 

5  = 

il 

1 

1 

i 

P 

r 

IS 

s 

a 

s 

1^ 

S.       2 

53 

52 

5 

s 

n 

^ 

Si 

u 

<( 

o 

p.et. 

& 

M 

^ 

5 

p 

P.ct. 

P.et. 

p.et. 

P.eU 

p.et. 

Carolena 

1 ».'l.  500  »3,52.  50 

10  07 

30,  a 

l'li(triiti>ii 

£I,2()U 

XI.  0(10 
2,000 

»492.  8:i 
2tiO.  00 
410.  70 

8.4 
6.5 
8  4 

25.2        "8 
1».  5         8 
25. 2         8 

25. 21        8 

£1,000 

tS8.  80 

21        6 

1 

Onward 

W.  1'.  Say  ward  .. 
(irarc  

2,000     .514.50     5.3    15.9 
2,000      514.591     ,5.3    15.9 

821.40     R.4 



Anna  Hrik 

l,40t 

.574.  B«      8.4    25.21        8 

2,(HI0      514..50     .5.3    1.5.9 

2,000 

821.40      8.4   25.21        8 

2,000     514.59;    5. 3|  15.9 



3,381.31 

2, 150. 90 

352.  .50 

1 

Totjil  premium  claimed  to  liave  been  paid,  ♦5.890.77. 


'  Kate  on  bull,  outfit,  and  oarKO  tlie  sumo.  (W.  il.  C.  Fowler,  seciptary  Marine  IiiHiirnnce  Company, 
San  Fnini'iaeo,  p.  341  i  N.T..IamrH,  late  |>i'eHident  I'nion  limnranee  <,'oni|iany.  Sua  Kiuueiaco,  p.  342; 
Uuiry  b.  Smith,  marine  secretary  Sun  Inxurauee  Company,  Sun  FranciHco,  p.  348.) 

Table  No.  i.— Claims  for  outfits  and  cargoes. 


Nainoa. 


I    ronsiim- 
able  uuttit. 


Carolena I    $1,381.10 

'I'liornton 

Onward 

W.  I'.  Sa.vwurd. 

(irace  

Anna  Iteck 


2. 009. 58 
1.1:15.98 
2.  336.  87 
'3.  240.  tiO 
12,839.41 


No.  days 
out. 


Dolpbin i      3,47.5.22 


71 
75 
53 
54 

85 

103 

58 


Con- 
annied. 


/Vr  cent. 
60 
62.5 
44J 
45 
5I1| 
68} 
48j 


Amount     Amount  un-     Skins 
consumed,    consumed,     seized. 


I 


Amount  claimed 16, 424. 76 


41828.66  ' 
1,  2,55.  99  I 
.501.72  1 
1,051.69  i 
1,839.74  ; 
1.949.73 
1,079.69 


$552.44 

686 

753.  53 

403 

634.  26 

400 

I,  205.  28 

479 

1,  406.  86 

781 

889.  68 

334 

1,795.63 

618 

7, 327. 64 


3,701 


'Five  months'  voyage. 

The  ealciilations  are  based  on  the  length  of  a  voyage  as  stated  in  the  schedule  of  claims,  p.  6,  aoo.  4, 
appended,  tu  the  British  case. 

Table  No.  5. 


Kamea. 


Average  values  claimed  for  weapons,  boats,  and 
canoes. 


Rifles.  !  Shotguns.    Spears.      Boats.    !  Canoes. 


$26. 00 
2,5. 19 


.1 


Carolena 

Tliornton  

Onward 

W.V.  Say  ward 

Grace  . .' 

Anna  lieek   

llolpliiii   

AllV.d  Adams  

Juan  it  a  .   j 

I'atbliud.T 25.00 

Black  Diamond  !      25.00 

Lily 

Hinnie 


22.  50  , 

25.  83  i 

22.  .50  ! 

22.50  I 

25.00  i 


$50.  00 
35,  43 
15.25 
40.00 
40.00 
40.  00 
40.  ;XI 
50.00  i 
■  I 


$100.00 
153. 17J 


25. 00 


$4.00 
3.00  i 


124.  781 

140.  ,50 

75.00 


$62. 12i 

49. 50 
.56.  (K) 
57.  00 
,57. 00 
63.02 


Average  24.39 


65.00 


■  I 


4, 00  I 
4.00  I 
3.00  I 


39.07 


3.60  1     118.69 


67.59 


The  following  arc  the  mirkct  values:  rifles  > $12.50,  Rhotguna  < $25.00,  Iwats  > $100.00;  >$76  to  $100.00; 
•$100.00. 


I  John  A,  Hasee,  p.  348. 


'  A.  P.  Iiorentien,  p.  344. 


*  Coniul  L.  W.  Hy«ri,  p.  261. 


i 

s 

o" 

M 

> 

f     5      § 

* 

a    :    >> 

S    :    X 

9 

S  :  S. 

a 

^il 

P.ct^l'.et. 

.50 

10.07   30.2 

i 

i 

1 

.M 

lllll 

ncc  Compnny, 

uciaco,  p.  342; 

III) 

Skins 

led. 

seized. 

44 

686 

r.3 

4(13 

•J6  1              4(10 

.  28                 479 

.86                 781 

(18  i              3:i4 

53  i              618 

64  1          3,701 

i 

ns, 

p.  6, 

■00.4, 

TESTIMONY. 


A.-RELATING   TO     CLAIMS    OF   BRITISH    SUBJECTS 
AGAINST  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Deposition  of  Capt.  C.  A.  Abbey,  Uuited  States  Revenue  Marine. 

United  States  of  Amkbica, 

State,  County,  and  City  of  New  York,  ss: 

0.  A.  Abboy,  beiiifj  duly  sworn,  doposi^s  iind  says: 

I  was  ill  the  year  1880  aoaptaiii  in  the  revenue  service  of  tlio  United 
States,  and  in  the  month  of  August  of  the  same  year 
was  in  coiniiiand  of  tlie  United  States  revenue  steamer 
Corwin,  and  wliile  acting  in  that  cajiaeity,  on  or  aljout 
the  lirst  day  of  August  in  said  year,  seized  the  schooner 
Carolena,  a  vessel  sailing  under  the  Hiitish  Hag,  f(»r 
unlawfully  taking  fur-seals  in  the  waters  of  lieriiig  Sea. 

And  I  do  further  depose  and  say  that  no  money  was  taken  from  said 
schooner  nor  from  any  of  her  officers  or  crew  by  myself, 
and  none  was  so  taken  to  my  knowledge  or  information     ^'"  "'"ney  taken. 
by  any  of  my  officers  or  by  my  command  or  authority. 

C.  A.  Abbey. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  rao,  as  witness  my  hand  and  otlicial 
seai  [his  l.'JtL  day  of  December,  A.  D.  18!)1J. 
[seal.]  Arthur  M.  Wiener, 

Notary  Public,  New  York  County,  N.  T. 


Olliriul  position. 


Seizure 
lena. 


of    Oaro- 


■<   t 


n 


R.boatn.  and 


Deposition  of  W.  R.  C.  Foirler,  marine  necretary  of  California  Insur- 
ance Company. 

Statk  op  Caltfounta, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
W.  H.  (3.  Fowler,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  saya: 
J  am  forty-two  years  of  age,  and  reside  in  San  Fianci.sco,  California, 
and  am  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.    My  occupation 
is  tliat  of  insurance.     I  was  marine  secretary  of  the     "'""i'"""" 
California  Insurance  Company,  of  San   Francisco,  from  1S81  to  1886, 
and  was  secretary  of  said  <!oiiipaiiy  from  188(»  until  August,  J8{);i,  at 
which  time  I  r(!signed.     1  am  thoroughly  c(»nvcrsant  with  marine  in- 
surance.    The  eonipany  to  wiiich   I  belonged  carried  insurance  upon 
sealing  vessels.     TIk;  rate  of  insurance  on  a  vessel  de- 

1  •.  i-x-  I    I    i.-i.     1         II  1         IiiHuranuu  rate. 

pends  ujion  its  age,  condition,  and  latitude  allowed. 
The  usual  rate  ou  sealiuy;  vessels  at  preseut  is  seven  per  cent;  in  1886 

841 


fi'! 


!'!: 


ii 

Hi 


t  a 


I 


f 


h 


^ 


■.!^ 


,r  ! 


342 


TESTIMONY 


nnd  18S7  it  wns  some  more;  a  fairly  {food  vosacl  at  tliat  time  wonl«l  be 
insured  at  a  rate  from  ci^jlit  t()  nine  per  cent,  and  we  made  no  distinc- 
tion in  rate  lictween  sail  and  steam  vessi'ls  en}j;a<jcd   in   tliis  business. 
The  outfit  is  insured  at  tlie  sanu!  rates  as  tiie  liull,     Tlie  carj^o  to  tiie 
extent  of  tlie  outfit  is  usinilly  insured  under  tlie  outfit  policy,  and  tlie 
eatcli  as  taken  replaces  the  outfit.     Insurance  on  seal- 
in.nrance.iato.        ^^^^  yessels  is  usuully  taken  out  in   February  of  .'acii 
year,  althou^li  a  few  do  take  insurance  in  Novend)er  or  December  to 
seal  along;  the  coast.     On  return  to  home  i>ort  of  the  vessel  from  a 
spring  and  summer  sealing  voyage,  which  is  usually  in  August  or  Sep- 
tend)er,  the  owners  frecjuently  surrender  tiieir  policies 
*  ■  for  cancellation  and  receive  a  pro  rata  amount  of  the 

prendum  for  each  month  of  unexpired  time. 

In  insuring  a  sealing  vessel  the  premium  is  divided  into  four  i)arts; 

one  fourth  is  pai<l  in  cash,  the  other  three  fourths  in  notes  jtayable 

three,  six,  and  nine  months,  with  ])rivilege  of  canceling  the  policy  on 

return  of  vessel  to  i»ort  and  leceiving  the  unearned  ]>renMum.     In  case 

seizure voidH policy,  of  seizuie  the  i)olicy  becomes  void  from   that  date. 

The  ves.sels  eiigag<'d  in  the  sealing  business  now  are 

of  a  superior  <|Uality  to  those  usually  engage«l  in  the 

business  in  ISSfJ  and  1887.     The  cost  of  survey  is  from 

ten  to  twenty  dollars. 

Wm.  H.  C.  Fowler. 


Quality  of  vessels. 
Survey  fe«. 


Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  15th  day  of  October,  A.  D. 
18!)i;. 
[seal.]  Clement  P>knnktt, 

Notary  Fublic. 


Deposition  of  K.  T.  James,  president  of  Union  Insurance  Company  of 

San  Frunddco. 

State  of  California, 

(Jitif  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
N.  T.  James,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  forty  years  of  age;  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  reside  in 
occu)ation  San  Fraucisco,  California.    My  occnpaticm  is  that  of 

ccupa  on.  insurance.     Was  ])resident  of  the   Union  Insurance 

Company  of  San  Francisco  until  quite  recently,  and  was  marine  secre- 
tary of  tlie  Fireineii's  Fund  Insurance  Company  of  San  Fraucisco  for 
seven  years  previous  thereto,  both  companies  of  which  done  a  marine 
insurance  business,  and  I  am  thonmgbly  familiar  with  the  rates  i)aid 
by  sealing  vessels  now  as  well  as  those  paid  in  1880  and  1887.  In  those 
years  the  general  rate  was  eight  per  cent  for  total  loss 
on  Bering  Sea  sealers,  and  they  were  not  to  go  uoith 
of  St.  Lawrence  Island.  The  rates  on  outfit  was  the  same  as  on  the 
hull.  The  cargo  is  usually,  to  the  extent  of  the  outfit,  insured  under 
the  outfit  policy,  the  same  being  consumed  and  the  cargo  takes  its 
place.  We  made  no  difference  in  rates  of  insurance  between  steam 
and  sailing  vessels.  Insurance  last  year  was  about  seven  per  cent,  or 
about  one  per  cent  less  tiian  in  1886  and  1887.  The 
vessels  engaged  in  the  sealing  business  for  the  last 
year  or  two  are  a  better  class  of  vessels  than  those 
of  1886  and  1887.  Insurance  on  sealing  vessels  is 
asually  taken  out  in  February  of  each  year,  although  a  few  take  out 


Quality  of  vessels. 


Insaranco  date. 


RELATING   TO    BRITISH   CLAIMS. 


343 


iiisnranoe  in  November  and  Deconibor  to  seal  aloiijj  tho  coast.    Tlie 
total  piTiniuni  jh  divitled  into  four  ])artM;  on«>-tuuitli  is  paid  in  cash,  tlie 
otiicr  tlin'c  tomths  in  notes  i>ayal>le  in  tlircc,  six,  and  nine  months, 
with  tlie  piivilcfje  of  cancteiinj;  tiic  policy  on  return  of  vessel  to  port, 
and  \vlier(>  no  loss  is  elaiined  the  premium  on  each  entire  month,  not 
entered  uiurn,  is  retnined  t4»  the  owner.     The  cost  of 
survey  is  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars.     In  case  of  seiz- 
ure of  vessel  the  jtolicy  is  void  and  the  insured  usually     ^""cy  fee. 
do  not  pay  their  notes,  chundng  that  they  are  broken      s.Miiire  voiiu  pol- 
up.  '•■" 

N.  T.  James. 

Subscribed  and    worn  to  before  me  this  15th  day  of  October  A.  D. 

18!»2. 

[SEAL.]  Clement  Hennett, 

Notary  Public. 


Deposition  of  A.  P.  Lorentzen,  shipping  agent,  owner,  and  outfitter  of 

vessels. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
A.  P.  Lorentzen,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  fifty-four  years  of  ajje,  an  American  citizen,  and  reside  in  Ala- 
meda, Cal.     My  occupation  is  shipi»in}ra{jent  and  owner 
and  outHtter  of  vessels.     My  jjlace  of  business  is  lU     <""'i'""»"- 
Stewart  street,  San  Franciseo.    Have  l)een  engaged  in  the  business  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  since  18(5.'),  and  since  188.">  I  have  been  an  owner 
and  otherwise  interested  in  vessels  engaged  in  the  sealing  business. 
Have  fitted  out  vesscds  and  am  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  business. 
Vessels  going  on  a  sealing  crui.se  are  nsually  fitted  out 
for  an  eight  or  nine  months'  voyage  in  January  or  Ft  i>    g^^"'^^"'"*''  °'  '**'* 
ruary  of  each  year,  and  the  cost  of  a  complete  onttit  for 
a  fairly  good  vessel,  carrying  a  crew  of  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  men, 
is  about  three  thousand  dollars.    This  would  include  the  entire  (    st  of 
provisions  aiul  subsistence  of  a  crew  of  white  men,  including  insurance, 
as  well  as  all  other  expenses  for  a  c<miplete  outfit  of  a  sealing  vessel,  but 
would  not  include  advances  to  the  men.     In  estimr.Mng  the  cost  of  i>ro- 
visicms,  water,  etc.,  we  allow  fifty  cents  per  day  for  eacli  person  com- 
posing a  white  crew,  and  it  will  fully  cover  the  expense.     I   have  had 
no  experience  with   Indian  crews,  but,  as  they  largely  furnish  their 
own  subsistence  and  their  own  canoes,  it  woidd  cost  very  mucii  less  to 
tit  out  a  vessel  carrying  that  kind  of  a  crew.    The  cost 
of  (dnirtering  a  \essel  from  forty  to  a  hundred  tons,  geaierg."*^  <iiartering 
registered  burden,  engaged  in  sealing,  is  al)out  three 
dollars  per  ton,  depending  scunewhat  on  the  condition  of  the  vessel 
and  the  demand  at  the  time  of  charters.     The  coHt  of  ])r()visions  and 
outfit  at  present,  as  c<mi pared  with  Isst;  and  1887,  is  al)<»ut  the  same. 
The  cost  of  constructing  a  sealing  schooner  is  about  a 
hundred  dollars  per  registered  ton.     A  small  schooner  ^^^^^^^  "'   buUiiing 
might  cost  a  little  more  per  ton.    Tlie  sami'  would  cost 
about  eighty  dollars  per  registered  ton  to  build  it  in  Victoria.    Tho 


! 


\>A 


r  i 


I 


fi4H 


,)      • 


'(  ' 


61 1 ! 


■  V 

t 


■it ' '  ■ 


i 


344 


TEflTIMONT 


Cl>Rt 
iHlttlN. 


Victoria  vossela  are  roiiglior  and  not  as  woll  niado,  and  1  consider  tliera 
nincli  intVrior  totliosc  made  iii  San  Fraiirisco.  One  small  Itoat  helon};^ 
regularly  to  the  scalinj;  scliooncrs.    Tlic  iMintinj;  boats  an-  a  part  of  licr 

out  lit,  and  cost  I'roin  ninety  to  a  linndrcd  dollars  in  San 
of    iiuntiiiK   i.'ljiiK.iscd.     Tilt'  same  with  sails  cost  altoiit  a  hundred 

and  ten  dollars  wlien  new,  hut  tlioy  de|ir<'ciate  (|iiite 
rapidly  by  use.  I  w(»nld  not  <'onsider  a  Victoria  nuide  linntiiifj  boat 
worth  over  st'M'nty  live  dollars  when  new.  They  are  not  as  staunch 
and  well  constructed  as  those  made  ity  San  Francisco  builderH.  What 
is  known  as  nonconsunuible  supplies  depreciati^  veryrapiilly  by  use. 

A.  P.  Ij()1m;.nt/i:n. 

Sid>scribcd  and  sworu  to  betbro  mo  this  ISth  day  of  October,  A.  D. 

[SEAL.J  Clement  Bennett, 

Autary  Vublio. 


Deposition  of  Charles  Lutjens,  scaler  {master), 

Stattj  op  Califoijnia, 

Citi/  and  Coiinti/  of  San  Francisco,  ss.: 
Charles  Lutjens,  beinj.'  duly  sworn,  (lei)osos  and  sayflt 
I  am  o()  years  of  at?«>,  a  naturalized  citizen,  and  reside  in  San  Fran- 
„        ,,  Cisco,  Calilornia.     1  am  owner  and  masti-r  of  the  seal- 

ing  schoonei'  natc  and  Anna.  1  havt-  been  enj;aj,'ed  in 
the  sealiuf;  business  since  ISSiJ.  My  vessel  is  a  small  schooner  of  about 
30  tons  and  carries  three  sealiujjf  boats  and  a  crow  of  12  nuMi.  I  allow 
for  subsistence  for  an  S  or  !>  numths'  c.  iiise  a  hundred 
^^)»t(iui..«  of  «.-ai  ,|„||,jr,s  per  man  or  twelve  hundred  <lollars  for  the  en- 
tire «'ruise.  This  includes  the  wages  of  the  cook.  The 
rest  of  the  crew  go  on  a  "  lay."  The  cost  of  tin;  rest  <d"  the  outtit  is 
about  eight  hundred  dollars.  These  prii'cs  are  very  liberal  and  are  for 
tlu'  very  best  outfit  that  can  be  obtained,  lor  it  has  l)een  my  experience 
that  tlu!  best  out  lit  produce  the  best  results.  It  is  the  pra«;tice  of  sealers 
to  tit  out  in  -lanuaryand  leave  about  the  tirst  of  February  and  return 
to  i»ort  in  Septenil)er.  .Many  vessels  tit  out  less  expensively  than  I  do. 
This  is  i)articularly  so  with  Hritish  Cttlumbia  vessels  engaged  in  the 
business,  which  are  seldom  as  well  titt«'d  out  as  American  vessels.  The 
cost  of  tittingout  a  vessel  cariying  Indian  hunters  would  be  very  much 
less,  for  the  Indians  furnish  their  own  canoes  and  equipments  aiul  fur- 
nish their  own  sul>sistence  an<l  goon  a  "lay."  There  is  no  nniterial  dif- 
ference in  the  cost  of  outlitting  a  vessel  now  as  com- 
pared with  ISSti  and  18S7.  1  was  seized  in  1887  by  the 
IJnited  States  re\enue  cutter  li'iish  for  sealing  in  Ber- 
ing Sea.  About  the  same  time  the  \cssels  W.  P.  Say- 
icard,  (Jrace,  Anna  IScck,  Dolphin,  and  Ada  were  seized  by  the  (Jovern- 
nient.  I  had  been  abroad  of  these  vessels  and  was  well  acquainted 
with  their  condition  and  outtit  at  time  of  seizure.  I  »v;;r.l;l  value  the 
,   vessels  an«l  outfits  at  time  of  seizure,  excdusive  of  the 

Valuation  of  seized       i   ■  i.  i  -    i      i  ..^  i  v  ^^ 

,e»ior8.  skins,  to  a  i)erson   who  wished  to  i)urcliase,  as  lollows, 

although  if  tln'y  had  been   bold  at  forced  sale  they 
would  probably  have  brought  much  less. 


Wben  Belznd. 


Other  seizures. 


'    'I 


■m^^ 


BELATINO    TO    BRITISH    CLAIMS. 


845 


they 


Value  0/  ttitel  anA  ouljit. 

W.P.  Savwanl tV  <H)0 

(IriKf H,  (M;0 

A  una  H«<tk  (olil) «.  tHHl 

Dolpliiii 7.(Hiii 

A.lii r.,  tHK) 

Si'iilii)};  ill  IJcriiiit!:  S«'a  pracfit'iilly  (!los«'.s  tin*  Iiiftcp  jmrt  «»f'  August. 
The  Hcii  bocoMit's  X)  nuigli  ami  tlicic  arc  so  frw  diiys 
that  \v<'  can  lower  l»oats  tliat  it  docs  not  nav  to  remain  J'"'"'^  *^'"  *'"""*'' 
any  longer.  W  c  go  oin-ct  to  our  home  ports,  tor  thcr<^ 
arc  no  sciils  in  the  North  Pacific  to  hunt  at  that  time  of  the  year.  Tim 
number  of  seals  cuuglit  by  one  vessel,  or  tiic  average  number  caught 
bv  a  numlier  of  vessels,  has  no  particular  bearing  tm     „   ,, 

.,•  i   1       !■  ii  1  1     i  1  1       •    1  i       Spalliitt » venture. 

the  catcii  (»t  another  vessel  01   what  such  vessel  nnglit 
liave  caught  in  a  given  time.     One  vessel  nniy  be  lucky  and  another 
nnliH'ky.     Sealing,  like  whaling,  is  a  venture,  and  while  one  may  do 
exceptionally  well,  another  may  do  very  poorly.    This  has  always  been 
the  ease  in  the  sealing  business. 

CnAKLES   LlT.FKNS. 

Subscribed  aud  aworu  to  before  me  this  22nd  day  of  Octob«'r,  A.  D. 
18U2. 
[SEiii.]  Clement  Bennett, 

A'otuty  Vublic. 


OcriipAtiun. 


Drposithn  of  Alexander  MeLean,  sealer  {master). 

State  of  Caliiorma, 

City  ami  eoiniti/  <>/  San  Franciseo,  ss: 
Alexander  McLean,  being  duly  swoiii.  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  thirty-three  years  of  age,  and  a  master  mariner  by  jtrofossion. 
I  reside  at  San   Francisco,  and  am  a  citi/.en  of  the 
United  States.     I  have  l)een  engaged  in  hunting  the 
fur  seal  in  the  ISering  Sea  and  North   I'acitic  for  the 
last  ten  years.     Have  been  owner  and  part  owner  ot        »!>•"  «"ce. 
vessels  engaged  in  the  business.     Was  one  of  the  tirst  to«'nter  Bering 
Sea  and  engage  in  pelagic  hunting  of  seals.     Have  been  one  of  the  most 
successful  of  all  of  th«Kse  engaged  in  the  business.     Have  been  in  Ber- 
ing Sea  every  season,  except  the  last  three,  since  1882.     The  hunting 
season  begins  in  Jiering  Sea  the  fore  |>art  of  .July  and 
ends  the  last  of  August.    1  entered   Bering  Sea'three     n<'rii.«  s,.a  .oalinjf 
years  in  succession  on  July  4tli,  and  usi'ally  came  out 
August  2.')th,  at  which  time  the  season  practically  closes.    There  are 
so  few  days  after  that  when  the  weather  will  permit  successful  hunting 
that  it  does  not  pay  to  remain  in  the  sea  any  longer.     On  leaving  the 
sea  the  latter  part  of  August  all  vessels  make  for  their  home  port,  for 
there  is  no  seals  to  hunt  at  that  seas(ui  of  the  year  in  the  North  Pacitie. 
I  am  acquainted  with  nearly  every  vessel  engiiged  in 
the  business  of  catching  seals;  and  the  number  of  skins 
taken  by  one  vessel  or  a  certain  number  of  vessels  is  no  guide  to  the 
number  that  might  be  taken  by  anotlier  vessel.     So  much  depends 
on  finding  the  herd  and  keeping  with   it  in  its   journey  along  our 
coast  to  Bering  Sea  that  while  one  vessel  may  be  fortunate  in  this 
respect  another,  equally  well  manned  aud  with  the  same  number  ot 


Soaliiii:  a  venture. 


^J 


1:1 


I 

i. 

1 

1 

'1 

[  [t 


r 


\4 

1 ! 


^ilM 


■ 


[^ 


34G 


TESTIMONY 


^  Hml  III. TPiiHod  one    tl,j>  ].,^j  j,. 


Hiiiall  boats,  may  1»'  niifortiiiiatc  and  iiiiiy  not  hooiit.'  in  nninber  but  a 
small  |M'r  cent  (»1  the  skins  taivt*n  by  'in-  Ibrnicr.  ^  ■  ''trrcct  estimate 
can  1m' math' of  the  iinnil»«'r  o)  skins  -lnit  niijjlit  m  t;ik»Mi  in  a  ^iven 
time  by  what  otlifi-  voss«'ls  liavf  <b>nt  u-  by  what  tn*-  \-fSH«'l  itself  had 
i'oi'inerly  done,  tor  too  miicli  depen<i>  m  uood  bicU  m  this  preeaiious 
business.  The  >;ie;iu*v  jMntion  (d  iny  iiie  each  year  for 
years  iias  »f«'ii  spent  on  Ituaid  of  a  vessel 
as  a  master  hnntin;;  rtie  fur  seal  in  lie  IJeriiifj  Sea  or 
Noitli  Pa<*ilic,  and  I  know  from  a«'lii!ii  ;iHiwl»Mi;ie  tiuiT  there  is  not  one- 
lialf  as  many  seals  in  these  waters  thai  there  were  a  few  years  sin«*e, 
and  the  deeiease  in  numlier  has  bet'ii  so  rapid  in  the  last  four  or  hve 
years  that,  if  eontiniied  two  or  I liree  years  more,  they  will  be  so  near 
„  .  ^,    ,  ,„  killed  oil  th;it  ii  will  pav  no  one  to  hunt  them.     It   is 

Catch  ill  IMiia.  !•  X.  li  II  1  i-   •    1 

true  that  a  very  lew  ot  the  vessels  ha\e  mad*'  a  fairly 
good  ealeli  tliis  y«'ar,  but  that  was  bronjjht  about  by  tiiose  ve.s.svis  yo- 
in^  over  to  the  .la|)an  coast  and  lii.iiin<;  in  with  the  herds  there  that 
had  not  iieen  liiinttM!  to  any  jjreat  extent.  When  In- 
dian hunters  are  employed  on  a  .sealiiif;  cruise  they 
go  on  what  is  known  '"as  a  lay."  Tliry  furnish  their  own  canoes,  and 
ea<'h  canoe  ha-  a  boat  puller  and  huiit«'r.  The  riin'  is  for  the  hunter  to 
^et  one-third,  ilie  boat  puller  one  third,  and  thr  vessel  (uie  third  of  the 
catch  of  cacii  anoe.  The  vessel  tiirnishes  tli4'  supplies,  hut  it  costs 
(Uilyab«Mit  one  li,;!!'to  subsist  an  Indian  crew  that  it  does  a  white ciew, 
for  the  Indians  live  chielly  on  the  IIj^sIi  of  the  seal  ami  hard  bread.. 
Sealinj;-  vessels  are  liTied  out  in  February  tor  an  eifjht- 
montlis'  cruise,  but  t ney  sometiines  run  into  X'ictoria 
or  to  the  we.st  coast  of  Vancouver  Island  in  May  or 
oi  .I'lne  and  ship  their  skins,  preparalmy  to  entering 
liering  Sea. 

A.  MoLean. 


Iiidinii  liiintvn. 


DateofoiitUttiiiK 


Roahi  pmeiit 
•priiiK  rulcb. 


Snliseribeti  uuui  sworn  to  before  loe  this  7th  day  of  October,  A.  D. 

jrtffAI.^  Clkmemt  J{rnnktt, 

iiotury  L'ublio. 


DfwmmHnn  of  Daniel  McLean,  tealer  {maftter). 


Statk 

J)    ^11..   .1 
1  .1111  i-'itj"- 

OecuiDttlon- 
Ri)>i>rlenaa 

Been red  the  1 
tho.se  waters. 


r»<Tlnt'    Si-« 

■NUtOII. 


'in  FronfiMim.  *»: 

V iiiiy  sworn.  (b'tM>>es  and  .say.s: 

•  ytnm-n  t^ j^ee,  and  am  a  masier  iiniriner  by  profossion. 
I  itHside  ill  "San  I'ranciHeti.  and  uiii  a  naturali/ed  Ameri- 
ni!i'  eiti/f!  Ilavf  Iteen  eiigajie.l  in  jiela^'ic  hunting  of 
he  NortI  I'aciUe  and  Bering  S«'a  for  the 
>.  The  V  --.el  in  which  I  was  in  eoniniand 
of  seals  e  .-r  i-aught  in  any  one  .season  in 
i::lit  Ih- cailleii  a  pioneer  in  pehign-  hunting 
i:  Sea.     I  iisuallx  enter  the  lU'ring  Sea  diir 


fn     -.    I-. 
!a      ;.   is 
aiL'-    niiini' 
i  am  wiiai 
in  the  Mer 


"""''"•■'  ing  the  for    part  of  .Inly  and  leave  the  last  of  August. 
Tin-  sea  bi-omcs  too  rough   to  make  it   protitable  to 
Luut  seal  afttii-  Augu.,t,  i>;id  it  is  the  practice  for  nearly  all  veaselei  eu- 


^k 


RELATING    TO    lUMTISII    ri.ATMS. 


347 


S<'nliii|>  a  vi'iitiiro. 


papod  in  linntinfi  seal  to  leave  about  that  ti.iie.  A  fow  soinotiinos  rv- 
iiiiiiii  later  for  the  piirpcse  of  trying  to  raid  the  islands,  luit  tin-re  are 
HO  tew  (lay.s  that  the  sea  is  smooth  enough  to  hunt  after  September  1st 
that  it  does  not  jiay  to  remain  any  lonpj'r.  After  leaving  Herinp  Sea  tlie 
last  of  August  all  vessels  po  direct  to  their  inuiu'  port,  for  there  is  no 
seals  to  hunt  in  the  North  l'a<"illr  during  September. 
The  conditions  for  a  successful  catch  are  so  uniny  that 
while  (tn»  vessel  may  take  a  pieat  nniiiy  another  with  eipial  as  larpe  a 
crew  may  secure  only  a  small  number.  It  ropiiics  experience,  careful 
study  of  the  habits  of  the  seal,  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  their 
rcMite  of  tr.  vel  alonp  the  coast  to  IJciiup  Sea  to  secure  a  yood  <-atch. 
1  have  kuftwn  vessels  to  leave  port  on  the  same  day  that  I  did  with  the 
same  nundtcr  of  crew  and  boats,  and  at  »he  end  of  the 
season  1  had  al»out  two  skins  to  their  (.ne.  I  know  ....!'•,.'::',';.'''"'""'""* 
there  is  in)t  one  half  as  many  seals  in  the  waters  of  the 
Morth  I'acilic  ;ind  Herinp  Sea  that  there  were  a  few  years  apo.  At  the 
rate  they  have  been  decreasing  for  the  last  three  (»r  four  years  it  will 
take  oidy  about  two  years  more  to  use  them  up.  It  is  for  the  interest 
of  the  sealers  and  everybody  else  t'nit  somethiM};  be  done  at  »»nce  to 
stop  the  indiscriminate  slaughter  u\    the  fur  seal   in 

.,  ,  o        I-  1  .  1      i'4.       1  i.         Pall' ip(  MiilllllliiK. 

those  waters.     Sealing  vessels  weie  lormerly  titted  out 

in   l''ei)rnarv  for  an  eipht-months' cruise,  but  last  vcar  some  of  them 


IK'. hair 


Ki'ili  i  p  iiifU  t    of 
H|iriiit(  ciiti'Ii. 


Inilian  hiiiiliTit. 


fitted  out  earlier,  s*)  as  to  avoid  beinp  warned.  We 
usually  run  into  some  ])ort  or  phu-e  in  .May  or  .June, 
wlu're  we  can  ship  cuir  skins  before  poiiip  into  IW-riiifj 
Sea  in  .Inly. 

Indian  hunters  po  on  what  is  known  as  a  "lay,"  th('  vessel  getting 
one  third  of  the  catch  of  each  canoe,  and  the  two  In 
dians  (boat-puller  ami  hunter)  the  other  two  thiids. 
The  vessel  furnishes  the  subsistenci' ami  the  Indians  furnish  theircanoes, 
spears,  guns,  etc.  It  costs  oidy  alioiit  one  half  to  subsist  hii  Indian 
«'rcw  that  it  does  a  white  crew,  for  the  Indians  live  chietly  on  fish  and 
the  llesh  of  the  seal,  with  a  little  hard  bread  and  tea. 

Danikf.  McLkan. 

Subscribed  and  sworu  to  before  n>e  this  7th  day  of  Septendter,  A.  1). 

[SKAL..J  Clement  liKNNKTT, 

Mutary  I'uhlic. 


i 


DepoHiCion  of  John  A.  Mofjer,  jr.,  u\anaiji»(i  nirnrr  of  sraUny  vesidn  and 

xhipitiiKj  iiijnit. 

BTATK   ok  rAMI'dUNIA, 

Cilfl  and  ('oiiHly  of  San  Fraiirisro,  sn: 

.lohii  A.  Magee,  jr.,  being  <luly  Mworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  forty  three  years  of  ;i;;e.  and  an  American  cili/en.     Myocenpa- 
tion  is  nniiiaging  owner  and  shipping  agent.     I'lace  of     ^^^^^^  ^ 
business  .'Mtt  riay  street,  San  I-iancisco.     I  have  been 
engaged  in  the  business  since  ISS),  and  at  present  am 
managing  ownei' of  four  vessels.     Have  titted  out  whal         »i"T<'n<'0' 
ing  and  sealing  vessels  and  am  thoroughly  uuuversant   with  tUo  busi* 


H  f 


-4- 


V. 


III 


1   ' 

1 


li* 


'II 


I 


348 


TESTIMONY 


iif     huDtioti; 


ness.    Voasels  are  usually  fitted  out  for  a  soalinpf  voyajjo  in  the  montlx 

of  Jauuary  or  February  lor  a  cruise  of  »'i;;lif  luonthtior 

^^outflttinK  of  seni-  ^  y^..^,.     j^  ^j„  ^,^^^^  to  Outfit  a  vt'ssoi  of  (nrty  ton  rog- 

ist«'r,  with  tliree  sealing  hoats  ami  <'arryiii<;  a  crew  of 
twelve  or  thirteen  men  for  an  ei};iit  or  nine  niontiis'  n-ruise,  about  two 
thousand  four  hunilred  <lo!liir.s.  In  nnikin^-  my  estimate  I  allow  ei;{lit 
hundred  dnlhirs  to  each  sealiiifj  boat.  One  uf  ii  iiundredand  sixty  tons 
rej:is«- ,  usually  carries  six  boats  and  twenty  limr  ntcn,  and  it  winild 
cost  ..iitnit  forty  eitfht  hundred  dollars  to  oni lit  hei'.  'Hiese  estinnite.s 
an^  very  liberal  ones  and  ai'e  based  upon  I'vcrytliiny;  bciny  new  jind 
first  class  in  every  j»articular,  with  an  abundant  supply  of  everything. 
It  im*bides  cverytliiiijj  but  the  vessel  and  advanced  \  aj^es  to  tlie  sea- 
men. Il'thcsupplicsareofan  ordinaiy  <|iiality  and  portion  of  theamount 
seeoiul  hand,  havin;;'  been  in  use  in  fornu'i-  voya;;cs,  as   is  the  case  iu 

many  instances,  then  it  will  cost  verv  nnndi  less.     New 

coBtofHiiot-pii.m.      niiotijruns  cost  about  twenty  live  dol'lais  ajuece;  good 

8e<'oml  hand  ones  can  be  bouji'ht  iVom  ei.i;ht    to  ten  dollars  ea<di,  ami 

rifies  for  twelve  and  a  lialf  dollars,     tiood  new  sealin}^  boats  cost  about 

a  hundred  dollars  each,secon<l  lian<l  onescaii  belxnight 

for  forty  dollars,  and  a  lik«'  discount  should  b(>nnide(ui 

other  i»arts  of  her  outfit  if  it  is  m»t  new.  The  cost  of 
qiiinttintt  In  vir    outllttln;;  vessj-ls  in  Victoria  is  fully  twenty  per  cent 

h'ss  than  in  San  Francisc(»;  chietly  lucause  the  outfit 
is  inferior  in  quality  and  less  in  (piantity  than  those  fnridshed  Ameiican 
vessels  at  this  port.  Occasionally  a  N'ictoria  vessel  is  fitted  out  in  San 
Francisco,  and  I  have  noticed  that  tiiey  sciinip  in  their  snpplies,  and 
buy  much  cheaper  articles  than  Americans.  This  is  «'S])ecially  true  of 
old  vessels  that  are  s«'nt  out  on  sealinjji-  voyajies  from   that   port.     The 

usual  allowance  in  estimatinjf  for  snbsislence  is  fiftv 
n„9lll,.n^  *"''■''''*'""''"  *•<""<«  i>  ''i"V  for  each  nnin  on  board  the  vessel,  b>it  th'o 

aclnal  cost  is  only  about  twenty  live  cents  i»er  num.  l 
am  told  that  the  big  sti'ann'rs  running  l>etweeii  here  and  China  subsist 
their  crews  at  about  twelve  and  a  half  cents  a  day  for  each   nnm.     I 

have  never  had  any  experience  in  fitting  out  sessels 

with  Indian  hunters,  but  as  they  furnish  their  own 
canoes,  and  their  food  largely  consists  of  fresh  and  dried  fish  which 
they  themselves  furnish,  it  nuist  be  but  a  traction  of  the  c(tst  that  it 
takes  to  fit  out  a  crew  of  white  men.  There  is  but  Utile  ditU'reiice,  if 
any,  in  outfitting  vessels  now  and  what  it  was  in  l.*<S(;  and  ISST — a  few 
things  a  little  imue  and  some  things  less.     The   cost  of  chai  t«'riiig 


CoRt 

boatii. 


t«riu. 


Iixlinii  hiiiiti't'H. 


('I'lrluring  Rcalorit 


schooners  depends  on  the  demand,  but  usually  they  can 
be  had  from  two  to  three  dollars  a  ton  per  month.  I 
havejiist  chartered  a  good  vessel  of  seventy  tons  register  forahumlred 
and  fifty  d(dlars,  or  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  a  month  including 
wages,  of  the  captain.  All  estimates  are  based  iii»on  theregistered  ton- 
nage of  a  vessel. 

JouN  A.  Maoee,  Ju. 

Subscribod  uud  bworu  to  before  me  this  liOth  day  of  October,  A.  D. 
1892. 
[suAL.)  Clement  HENNiaT, 

Notary  Fublio, 


RELATIXCS    TO    BUITISH    CLAIMS.  349 

Di'jtoHHion  of  George  C.  Perkins,  general  agent  of  Pavific  Coast  Steam- 

fthij)  (Joinpaiuj. 

Statk  of  Camfornta, 

(Jity  and  Vountg  of  San  Francis*'n,  ss' 

George  (3,  reikius,  of  (iMrxlall,  IV'ikins  &  Co.,  {ronoral  asoiit  for  tlie 
Piicifi(!  Cuast  Stt'jimsliip  Coiiipaiiy,  of  fSaii  Fraiicisfo,  being  duly  sworn, 
deposes  ami  says: 

I  am  the  secretary  of  tho   I'aeilie  Coast  Steaiiislii|t  C(»inpaiiy;  that 
we  do  now  and  did  in  iSS<5  and   ISST,  run  regular  mail 
ixtats  between  San  I'ranciseo,  raliioiiiia,  and  \  n-lnria, 
B.C.     Also  between  Sitka,  Alaska,  and  Victoria,  B.C. 

The  regular  |»asseng«'r  rates  between  thesis  [toints  in 
18.S(;  and  1.SS7,  w.-re  as  iWIlows:  v^'^HZ.'"""'  °" 

San  KniiiciMco  to  Victoria — 

Ciil)iii ifL'O.(X) 

8tetrii«<' 10.  (KJ 

Sitkii  to  N'ictoriii: 

Ciiliin ,'•.0.  00 

SUi.niKi' 30.  00 

Port  WraiiKl''  to  Vidoriii  (whirli  nitis  would  u|i|il.v  to  piissfiintTH  from  Kort 
Hiiii])soii  til  \°irtoi'ia  ) : 

Cabin ;ii>.(K) 

Slf.rau<» l.-(.  00 

A  HrifiHli  ('oliiii.liia  traiiN|nirliitioii  ciiiiiiiaiiv  wliii-li  i  i;n.H  lict  wi'i  n  i'mt  Siniji- 
Him  and  '.'irtoria,  1  am  int'orini'd,  cliari^c.-.  Iiciwi'cn  tliuNC  two  poiiit.s  lor — 

Caliin L'o.  00 

StueragiJ Itt.  00 

(iKOUtJK   C.  I'KItKIN.S. 

Sulweribe.d  and  sworn  to  before  nie  (his  L'sth  day  of  October,  A.  D. 

[SKAL.]  OLE.MKNT    BkNNKTT, 

A'otanf  Public. 


Deposition  of  Tlarry  S.  Sn.ith,  marine  secretary  of  Sun  Insurance  Co. 


State  of  California, 

City  and  ('ountyof  San  Franeisen,  us: 
Harry  8.  Smith,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  forty  four  years  of  age;  reside  in  San  Kraiicisco;  am  an  Ameri- 
can citizen,  ant!  am  marine  .setirefaiy  of  the  Sun  Insur- 
ance Company  of  San  KranciHcit.  I  am  familiar  witii 
nuirine  insurance,  and  our  e<Mr.pany  has  carried  for  a 
nund)er  of  years  a  line  of  insiirince  on  sealing  vessels, 
.some  of  them  as  far  ba<'k  as  ISSd  and  ISST.  'fhe  rates 
of  instil  aiice  on  sut^ii  vessels  in  ISSd  and  ISST,  on  hull 
ami  outtit  was  eight  to  nine  jier  cent  per  annum.  .\t  present  it  is  less, 
being  alxnit  seven  per  ceiit  |k>1'  an  in,  and  we  make  no  distinction  as 
to  rates  b(!t  ween  sailing  and  steam  ncsscIs  engaged  in  the  sealing  busi- 
ness. The  cargo  to  the  extent  of  the  outllt  is  insured  under  the  outfit 
policy,  thecatch  taking  the  place  of  the  (oitlit  consmned. 
Sealing  vessels  usually  take  out  their  insurance  in 
rebruary  or  the  last  of  daniiary,  altinaigh  (»ccasiniially  (Uie  fakes  out 
insuraiKte  in  the  tall  of  the  year  for  sealing  along  the  coast  in  winter. 
Insurance  prciniuuis  are  paid  quarter  in  cash  at  time  of  insurance;  the 


OlM'll|llltillll. 

Expprlonce. 

Iimiirinirc  rut(«. 


Insiiriiiii')'  iliitu. 


1 


350 


TESTIMONY 


otlier  three-quarterB  are  in  notes,  payable  in  three,  six,  and  nine  months, 

witli  the  privilcfje  of  snrreiiderin}?  the  policy  on  return 

**'"'*'  of  the  vessel  to  port  and  reeeiviii}?  Itaek  the  unearned 

preiuiuins  of  such  months  as  hav<i  not  been  entered  upon,  but  no  frae- 

iional  part  of  a  iiioiith  is  eonsidered  in  returniiifj:  to  the  vessel's  owner 

any  unearned  preiiiiutn.     It  is  tiie  practice  for  tiie  vessel  on  i-eturn  to 

its  home  port,  wliieh  i.s  usually  in  Auj^ust  or  September,  to  surrender 

^,  ,11    its  p«)licy  and  apply  for  rebate  of  unearned  i)remium. 

The  conditH)ii  ot  tlie  policy  is  such  that  all  insurance 

ceases  at  the  time  of  seizure.     A  better  class  of  vessels 

are  engaf^cd  in  the  sealiii};  business  at  lu-esent  than  in 

188(»  ami  1887.    The  cost  of  survey  is  from  ten  to  twenty 

dollars. 

IlAiiRY  S.  Smith. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  17th  day  of  October,  A.  D. 
1891*. 
(SEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Autary  rublio. 


Icy. 

(juulit.v  <if  sohoou- 
er». 

Survey  foe. 


^  if  ll! 


i^ 


li  jti 


(■' 


I    i 


Deposition  of  Matthew  'Turner,  i<hi2)-builder. 

State  of  Califouma, 

(Utj/  mid  Coil nfif  <>/  San  FrnneiHoo,  88  : 
Mattiicw  Turner,  beiiifjfduly  sworn,  deposes  aiui  says: 
1  am  sixty-seven  years  of  ajje;  reside  in  San  Francisco,  and  am  an 
Anieiiciiii  citizen.     Mv  occupiitioi!  is  ship  builder,  and 
OocnpM.on.  ^^^^,  ^^„.^.^  j^  ,^,^,  Culil'/.niia  street,  San  Francisco,  Cali- 

Kx  icrionc  foMiia.     1  eiijia^Ted  in  ship  bnildin^j;  in   18(>S,  and  have 

xpcronce.  \}m^]\  continually  in  the  inisiness  since   IS73.     Dnriiifj 

this  time  1  have  built  a  hundred   and  sixty-seven  ves- 
tJaxtn.  "^  ^""'""«  sels,  some  of  which  are  known  as  sealing  seh(»oners, 
to  wit: 

Sclir.  Hi'iiii!<tt.i.  I.iiilt  ill  ISM.  40  tons  roj;.,  cost i^),  200 

Sclir.  Sail  .liisc,  liiiilt  in  lHS,"i,  Til.'  toiiH  rrff.,  <c>Mt f),  UOO 

Sthr.  Lvdiii,  liiiill  in  ISSlt,  ;is  tons  rcj;.,  rost 4,I{75 

Sihr.  Ili'rmuii,  Iniilt  in  1S!1().  l(l(»  Imis  ivjr.,  cortt it,  000 

S.lir.  olu'.i,  Imilt  in  IK'tO,  t)>  tons  r<'ii..vi,st n.CXK) 

S.Iir.  St.  I'liiil,  liiiil^  in  IS'Ht,  H)  toii.s  ll';;.,  icmt 5,500 

.Sclir.  Everett  llavM,  liuijt  in   ISKL'.  :!7i  tons  rey;.,  eost 3,  7.")0 

These  vessels  were  tirst  class  in  every  particular,  with  {galvanized 
iron  fastenin;js  and  triininiiiijs  and  brass  spikes,  and  were  comjilete  to 
iio  to  s«'a  with  the  excejttion  of  the  lu'ddinj;  and  cahin  fuiiiiture,  which 
would  «*ost  not  to  exceed  a  liniidred  and  (illy  dollars  to  each  vessel. 
The  averat-e  cost  oriiuildiu};  this  class  of  vessels,  compIet»>  with  every- 
tliiii};  ready  to  {;o  to  sea,  is  about  a  hundicd  dollars  per  reuisten'd  ton, 
tlios(M>v<'r  .seventy  the  tons  <'ostin}f  less,  and  those  under  ])erhaps  a 
tritle  more.  .V  vessel  of  a  hnndicd  and  lltty  tons  re;fister  would  cost 
ei;;hty  live  dollars  per  ton  to  iMiihl  in  San  Francisco.  All  calculations 
are  made  on  the  net  reyisfeied  tonna^re  as  made  by  the  eiistom-house 
ollicials,  with  this  exce|>tion.  that  fractional  parts  of  a  ton  are  omitted 
from  this  statement.  Tin' cost  of  huildiny-  the  .same  (!Ia.^-^  of  boats  in 
Victoria,  H.  ('.,  would  i»e  fiom  twenty  to  tliirty  dollars  less  jter  regis- 
tered ton  than  in  Siiii  Francisco.  Timber  is  mneh  less  ami  labor  a  little 
lower,  beside.s  the  construction  is  much  inferior  in  workmanship  and 
materials  to  tho.se  maile  hero,  which  is  the  main  cause  of  their  costing 


«        » 


RELATING    TO    BKITISII    CLAIMS. 


351 


less.  I  have  ropaiu'd  soiiK'of  the  scliooiiers  tlmt  were  Imilt  at  Vittoriji. 
iuxl  have  always  fomid  them  roiifflily  math^  and  hickiii^j  hi  j^ood  sea- 
poiiifj  (lualities  as  ('('iiii)aie<l  with  those  iiiiulc  at  tiiispoit,  iiltlioii^h 
those  built  in  the  last  two  or  three  yearj*are  better  in  this  respect  than 
those  built  previous  to  1880. 

MaTTIIKW   TtUNKH. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  mo  this  2Kh  dav  of  October,  A.  D. 
181L*. 

[SKAL.]  CLHMICNT    HI'.NNKTT, 

Aoturij  ruOlio. 

Deposition  of  Theoilor",  Thomas  WilliamSj  journalist. 

District  of  ('((li'miua, 

City  of  Washiiifitoii,  ss: 

Theodore  Tiioinas  VViiiiani.s,  beinjj  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 

I  am  a  resideiitof  S;n!  Frant'iseo.  (liilifornia.  I  know  \.  Frank,  of 
San  Fraueiseo,  of  tln'  li>t(^  firm  (/f  (iutniiin  Jy;  l"'riuik,of 
Vietoria.  A.  Frank  was  1' >ni  in  San  Fninrisco;  was  ,4:^'^.''"'''''''  "^  ^- 
a  citizen  of  tlie  Tnited  Stales;  never  thri'w  olV  liis  al 
legiance  to  the  United  States  <u"  became  a  citi/en  of  any  other  country, 
so  far  as  1  know  or  was  informed;  he  always  passed  ainonj::  liis  ae- 
(pmintances  a^^  an  Anieiican  citizen;  he  spoke  of  liimst  lias  an  Ameri- 
can, and  exercised  tln'  r';;lits  an«l  inivilejics  oi  American  citi/ensliip. 

1  know  Mr.  A.  J.  Hechtel,  of  the  firm  of  Cariie,  Mnnsie,  and  I5eclitel, 
of  Victoria,  15.  0.  He  was  intt'oduced  to  me  as  an 
American,  and  the  introduction  was  made  is  one  ,J;;i;;:',"''''''"'''^'^- 
American  to  another;  he  sjioke  of  America,  aud  spoke 
of  liimself  a.s  an  American.  It  was  undersfnodin  Victoria  tlsat  he  was 
an  American.  When  I  say  "Ameiican"  I  mean  a  «'iti/en  of  the  United 
States.  lie  universally  passed  in  Victmia  as  an  American;  he  was 
never  known  to  have  re<piesfe(l  !>ritish  citizenship  nor  to  liav(^  taken 
any  steps  t4)wards  obtaining  the  same. 

Joseph  Hoscowitz  became  an    American  citizen  by  naturalization, 
coming  to  the  United  States  from   Nortlieni  lOiunpe. 
He  was  well  known  on  the  Uacillc  coast  as  a  ciiizen  of  „/pi''n;r,',«'itr.*  '^"' 
the  United  Stat«'s  before  he  vreiit  to  N'ictoria  to  en;;a}je 
in  business.    !Ie  frequently  spokeof  iiis  American  citizenship  as  tliou^h 
he  were  proud  of  it,  and  si)oke  of  himself  as  an   Ameiican  in  Victoria 
whendoinjf  business  there;  he  always  passed  as  an  American  citizen  in 
Victoria.    He  had,  so  I  was  itiformed  l>y  the  late  U.S.  consul  at  Victoria, 
Mr.  Stevens,  business  with  the  ccuisulatc  there  as  an  American  citizen, 
and  was  universally  i-ej^aided  and  looked  upon,  so  fai'  as  I  am  informed 
and  believe,  as  an  American  «itizen  in  Victoria.     I  know  that  he  owned 
an  interest  in  the  schooners  which  stood  in  the  name  of 
Captain  VVarr«'u;  but  not  only  di<i  he  own  an  inlerest   .raJi"!"'",!."''''' "'"''* 
in  tliese  vessels,  but  furnished  Warren  money  tooittain 
his  share.     I  found  that  out  from  his  |)«>ople;  in  making  inquiiies  there 
I  used  aM  sorts  of  ways — not  dishonoial>le  ways — I  nu't  men  and  with 
out  statinj;  my  business  talked  to  tliem;  and  talked  to  jteople  wiio  were 
associated  with  Hoscowitz,  ami  jjot  from  them  such  stat«'ments  as  this: 
"Oh,  well,  Hoscowitz  put  up  the  money  for  Warren;  Warren  did  not 
have  any  money;  VVarren  was  a  ;;ood  man  t-o  havecliai';jc  of  that  Imsi- 
news;  Itoscowitz  put  up  the  money  and  chartjed  larfic  interest — ate  up 
lufl  (Wai-reu's),  shaa-o."    And  they  also  said  that  Hoscowitz  had  gotten 


1^ 
■jfc ; 


ii±: 


352 


TESTIM(1NY 


a  little  the  better  of  Warren  in  tlie  selling  of  skins.    I  never  talked  to 
Joe  lJ(tseowitz  alxtut  tliat.     I  was  workiii};  secretly. 
,,,,       ,  ,      .,  It  was  wliilo  I  was  in  \'i<toriaiii  ISHl),  that  I  learned 

When    inriiniiatlim    .,  ....  i   ,      ^i  ■  •         ,.  ,■  . 

w^is  .>i.tnin.(i.  these  (a«'ts  in  refj^an!  to  the  ownership  ot  these  vessels. 

Sub.seribcd  and  sworu  to  before  mo  this  12th  day  (»f  December,  18{)U. 
[SEAL.]  T.  T.  Wir.LlAMS, 


h     H 


U'i 


t  r 


m\ 


CitlzniHliip  of  A. 
Frank. 

Fnink'n  ini)rt!.'ni»(> 
on  M/irii  Ailaiiii  :iiiil 
Itlark  hiaiiiimil. 


Deposition  of  William  IT.    WilliatiiH,   United   States  Trcaa'y  agent  in 

charge  of  Vrihilof  Islands. 

District  op  Cotatmhia, 

Citji  of  Wdtiliington,  ss: 

William  II.  William.s,  beinft  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 

I  am  tiie  United  States  Treasury  agent  in  charge  of  the  seal  fisheries 

on  the  Pril)ilof  Islands. 

On  the  IStli  and  I'.tth  of  October,  1H92, 1  had  conversations  with  Mr.  A. 

Frank, at  Han  Franciscto.California,  in  the  h'afhcr  store 

A't-nm™'*'""   '^"''  of  Frank  &  Frank,  on   Mattciy  street.     Me  said  to  me 

that  he  was  the  I'rank  «>f  the  tirmof  (Jntma:;  ^S:  Fiank, 

of  Victiuia,  J>.  C  :  that  (iutman  died  atsea  April,  IHST;  that  he  (Frank) 

(lid  n(»t  own  any  pait  nt  the  Alfred  Adams  or  her  luitlit,  noi  was  li«^ 

„    ,  ,  ,.  ,  interested  in  iiei' catch;  that    he  had  no  claim  against 

the  liiiited  >ttales(iov<'rnmcnton  account  ot  thcs<'i/.ure 

of  any  v«'Nsel;that  he  (Frank)  wasan  American  citiz«'n 

and  wasi%)rn  in  San  Francisco,  ('aliforiiia;  that  he  In.d 

a  mortga.geon  the  .1 //>(</  Ailanisuwti  lllnrlc  hunimud 'I'ov 

about  oie  half  of  tlic  value  of  eacii  vessel  at  tlu'  time  of 

seizure,  and  that    he  got  a  decree  from   the  court  at 

liritisb  (Columbia  p«'itriitting  him  to  act  as  executor  of  (inlman  \\\  the 

time  of  his  dv'ath.and  that  he  icniained  cxccutoi'  until  (iiitman's  l)r')ther 

boi'unu^  of  a,:;e,  \vhi«li  was  about  thiee  years  ago;  that  he  then  turned 

over  the  attairs  ofl>iitman,de<'ea.<«'d.  to  his  ((Jutman's)  brother.     When 

questioned  as  to  his  iiiteiest  in  tiu'  Alfred  Adams  \\\\i\ 

lilavk  hiomnnil.  as  t(»  whether  he  was  n<»t   a  i»artner 

with  (iutman,  and  tliat  the  mortgage  was  only  a  blind 

toevatV  liritish  Columbia  laws,  he  laughingly  replied, 

"No;  1hi-,v  coidH  I  ?"     lie  linally  saitt,  "  My  interest  in 

the  vessels  was  the  same  as   l'.oscowitz's  in  Warren's 

vessels;  that  he  inn!  no  claim  against  the  United  States 

Frank    rtfn»..i   to  <iovernment  for  vessels,  outtit,  or  crateli;  and  that  he 

"'"'""""""■"'"  did  not  kiu>w  that  any  claim  had  been  made  lor  him." 

He  refu.sed  to  make  any  statenu'nt  in  writing. 

The  tbregoing  is  a  cojiy  of  the  notes  m.nle  by  me  October  I'Oth,  the 

ne.xt  (lav  atter  the  conversation  took  place,  and  states 

notes.  accurately  the  siutstance  ot  the  conversatKMi  between 

the  said  Frank  ami  myself  in  relation  to  his  interest  in 

1«.S7,  ISS.S,  and   I.S.Sit  in  the   liritish   (Columbia  sealing 

vessels  Alfred  Adams  (afterwards  the  Lily)  and  the  lihiek  Diamond. 

WM.    II.    WlLMAMS. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  ine,  a  notary  public,  ftu-  and  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  this  tenth  day  of  December,  1<S1>L'. 
[SEAL.]  Sevellon  a.  Brown, 

Notary  rublio. 


Frank  »  intcn-Ht   in 
in  the  cwu  Hooler*. 


Frank"        inliTi-st 
•iuiilurlM  lioBi'iiwiU  . 


Character  ot  notes. 


.'>^' 


RELATING   TO   FUU-SEAL8   AND   SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY.        353 


tallvod  to 

I  learned 
i>  vessels. 

rtS, 


agent  in 


\\  fislierica 

•ith  Mr.  A. 
itlicr  store 
said  to  mo 
!  \  FriUik, 
he  (Fnuik) 
nor  was  liti 
im  aniiiust 
tlu'Sfi/.iir«' 
icaii  ritizt'U 
liat  lir  li;.(l 
>/V( /««»'/ lor 
thf  tiiiH'of 
H'  court  at 
mail  iit  tlie 
ii's  t)r')thor 
KMi  tuni«'(l 
•r.     VVIieii 
*/(/»( ,s  and 
a  i>artner 
ily  a  blind 
;ly  n'plit'd, 
iiiti'rt'st  in 
WarnMi's 
li ted  States 
iid  tliat  lie 
V  lor  him." 

■r  LMUli,  tlio 
and  states 
)n  lM't\\«'i'ii 

lllt<M(*8t  ill 

ihia  scaling 

ILIJAMS. 
and  in  the 

OWN. 

ry  rublio. 


B.— RELATING  TO  FUR-SEALS  AND  TO  SEALSKIN  IN- 
DUSTRY. 

Dcpoaition  of  Mosch  S.  Barnnrd,  eooitcr. 

State  of  ('Ar.iidRNiA, 

City  nnii  Voiiiitj/  of  San  Fraucisco,  ss: 

Mosf's  S.  Hariiard,  Immii}>  (iiily  sworn,  dcjiosos  and  says: 
Thai  he  is  a   rt'sidciit  of  San   l''raiicis('«»,  Caliroriiia,  and  is  by  occu- 
pation a  cottpcr;  that  duiiiifr  the  jtast   twenty  yeais 
lie  lias  been  employed  by  tlie  Alaska Commereial  Coin        -vi"rpm«. 
]»aiiy  in  headinj;  the  casks  in  which  ar<5  jiackcd   tliC!  fur  seal  skins  re- 
ceived by  said  company  from  the  Piibilof  Islands;  that  up  to  l.S7!>  such 
sealskins  were  packed  at  the  coaii»any's  warehouse;  that  I   have  scimi 
such  sealskins  pack<'d,  and  lu'ver  saw  but  a   very  few   o|ieiied  at  the 
warehouse  to  examine  as  to  their  condition;  that  as 
soon  as  tiie  casks  had  been   packed  and  headed  thev      '^"    "i*'""    trnim- 
were  at  once  placed  on  drays  and  drawn  t<»  the  railroad    f,,.iii  sim  Kraiicimro. 
station;  that  since  1S7!>,  when  a  vessel  arrived  in  jiort 
with  a  consifiiinient  of  sealskins,  tlui^skiiis  wi'ie  iinictaded  and  packed 
ill  bundles  in  the  casks  at  the  wharf,  the  casks  bein;;'  there  headed  and 
thence  taken  in  drays  to  the  railroad  station  for  shipment. 

Moses  S.  Hai?nari). 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this   ITtli  day  of  November,  A. 
1).  !S1»2. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Hennktt, 

Notary  rublio. 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  BeMoio,  furrier. 

State  of  Califounia, 

('ity  ami  (bounty  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

Charles. I.  Hehlow,  beinji'  duly  sworn,  deposen  and  says: 

1  reside  in  San  Francisco,  State  of  ( -alitornia.  and  am  by  occupation 
a  t'lir   merchant,  and    have  been    so   eii;;aj;ed   perma- 
neiitly  h»r  the  last  .io  years,  (liirinj;  which  time   l   have 
been  constantly  handling  larji'c  ipiantities  of  raw  fur  seal  skins  from  all 
dillerent  locations,  and  can  readily  distinguish  the  respective  (pialitics, 
si/e,  ajjfc,  and  sex. 

On  the  L'L'd  iiisjant  I  examined  twenty  fur  seal  skins,  ex-American 
sclio(Uier  Man)  Hroirn,  from  the  l{eiiii<;  Sea,  and  found 
the  same  t(»  bi"  fresh  skins  taken  olV  the  animal  within    /,J,';;i;V7ti|t;.'u.  ""'^ 
three  months  last  past,  and  the  same  were  killed  in  the 
Ih'ring  Sea. 

On  exaii. illation  they  proved  to  be  the  skins  known  as  the  Northwest 
Coast  seals,  and  belonged  to  the  herd  which  have  tlu'ir  rookeries  <ui  the 
Tribilof  Islands.  The  lot  contained:  2  skins  of  the  fm  s -al,  male  (ma- 
tured); 4  skins  of  the  fur-seal,  t; ray  pup  about  tuie  year  of  aj:c,  sex 
doubtful;  14  skins  of  the  fur  seal  cow  (matured). 

Portion  ot'  the  14  cows  refern'd  to  must  have  been   very  heavy  with 
pup  when  killed,  and  some  few,  judginy  by  the  isliape  of  the  skin  aud 
V2Siii lid 


\ 


'.  \. 


hi 


1*!   :: 


Jw!l' 


t   1/ 


"i 


\.    f 


^h 


if)-! 


354 


TESTIMONY 


^ 


tlio  (lovolopinont  of  the  teat,  must  have  been  killed  very  shortly  after 
giving?  birth  to  its  youug. 

Chs.  J.  Behlow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  ine  this  27th  day  of  August,  A.  D. 
1892. 


[SEAL.] 


L.  Meininger, 

Notary  Fublio, 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  Bchloic,  furrier. 

State  of  Califoania, 

Vity  and  Vounty  of  San  Francisco,  sa: 
Charles  J.  IJohlow,  being  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  I  reside  in  San 
_      .  I'^rancisco,  State  of  Californlii,  and  am  by  occnuation 

Experience.  .,  11.111  1  1.1 

a  lur  niercliiint,  and  have  been  so  engaged  permanently 
for  the  last  35  years,  <lnring  which  time  I  have  been  t'onstantly  han- 
dling Iarg<'  (|nantities  of  raw  sealskins  from  all  dilVerent  locations,  and 
can  readily  distinguish  the  respective  (|nality,  si/e,  age,  and  sex. 

On  the  24th  instant  I  examined  !>41)  salted  fur-seal  skins,  ex- American 
steamer  (Uty  of  Puihio,  t'umi  Vict<u'ia,  and  found  the 
rnh Tor* 'iV!m/,f?/f    same  to  be  fresh  skins  taken  olV  tiie  animal  within  eight 
jiriiruitr.  Kute,  Fa-    months  liist  past,  aud  that  they  were  kille<l  in  the  North 
*""'''■  Pacific,  and  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief 

were  the  catches  of  four  British  seal  schooners,  Winifred,  Henrietta, 
J\'afe,  and  Farorile. 

On  examination  they  proved  to  be  the  skins  known  as  the  Northwest 
Coast  seals  and  behtnged  to  the  herd  wiiich  have  their  rookeries  on  the 
rribih>f  island. 

Tiie  !<»t  contained  73  skins  of  the  fur-seal,  male  (matured);  72  skins 
of  tlie  fur  seal,  gray  pup  under  one  year  of  age,  sex  doubtful ;  804  skins 
of  tiie  fur-seal  cow  (matured). 

Most  all  of  these  S()4  cow  skins  above  referred  to  must  have  been 
heavy  with  jnip,  and  the  same  cut  (»ut  of  them  when  captured. 

Ciis.  J.  IJeiilow. 

Subscribed  aud  oru  to  before  me  this  27th  day  of  August,  A.  D. 
1892. 

[SEAL.J  L.  Meinincer, 

JVotary  I'ublio. 


DcjMsition  of  Charles  J.  Behlow,  furrier. 

State  of  Cai,ifornia, 

City  and  County  of  San  Franciaco,  ss: 
Charles. I.  llehlow,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
Iresiilein  San  Francisco,  State  of  Oalilbrnia,  and  am  by  occupation  a 
Ei.t'rionce  *"'  nuM'cliant,  aud  have  been  so  engaged  jtermanently 

iptnonce.  ^^^^  ^^^^  j_^^^  ,j,.  y^,.^^^^  during  wliich  time  I  have  been 

constantly  handling  large  quantities  of  raw  fur-seal  skins  from  all  dif- 
feieut  h)cations,  and  can  readily  distinguish  the  respective  quality, 
size,  age,  aud  sex. 


tee 


i)' 


.-.I 


RELATING    TO    FrR-SEALS    ANT)    SEALSKIN    INDrSTKY.        355 

On  tlio  tr»th  instant  I  examined  1!U  salted  fnrseal  skins  ex- Anieri<'an 
barkentinef/.  .1.  Falkniherff,  fnmi  Sound  Point,  Alaska, 
and  found  the  same  to  be  fresli  skins  taken  ot!  the  ani-   A;«/o'j"»t!iiI""  ^ 
nial   witiiiu  M  months  last  ])ast,  ami   that  tliey  were 
killed  within  the  North  Paeitie,  and  as  I  am  intormed  arc  the  cati'h  of 
the  American  schooner  Ijit  Ninfa. 

On  cxaniiinition,  I  found  they  were  tlie  skins  known  as  tiic  Noitliwest 
Coast  st'als,  an<i  helonj;  to  the  herd  whicli  have  their  rookeries  on  the 
Priltilof  Is1an<ls.  The  lot  contained  .'{  skins  of  the  fur  seal  hull,  24 
skins  of  the  fur-seal  nuile  (matured),  7  skins  of  the  fur  seal  },'rey  pup 
loss  than  one  year  of  ap'  (sex  doubtful),  !<»(>  skins  of  the  fur  seal  cow 
(matured). 

From  tin'  shape  of  these  cowskins  most  all  of  them  must  have  been 
heavy  with  pup,  and  the  same  cut  out  of  them  when  captured. 

('lis.  .1.  Hkiilow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  mo  this  21st  «laN  of  September,  A.  D. 
1S!>L>. 
[SEAi..]  Clement  IJknnett, 

Notary  Publio. 


DepoftUion  of  Charles  J,  lichloiPj  furrier. 

State  of  Califoknia, 

Citjf  and  Countif  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

(yharles  ,1.  IJehlow,  belu};  (Inly  sw(»rn,deposes  and  says: 

I  reside  in  San  Krancisc«>,  State  of  California,  and  am  by  o<'cupation 
a  fur  merchant,  and  have  been  soeufyajjed  permanently 
tin-  the  last  .'{">  years,  durinj;  which  time  I  have  been  coii-     Exporienno. 
stantly  handling  lar}>;e  quantities  of  raw  fur-seal  skins  from  all  dittVrent 
locations,  and  can  readily  distin{:fuish  their  respective  (juality,  si/e, 
age,  and  sex. 

On  the  1-tth  instant  I  examined  3(12  waited  fur-seal  skins,  ex-Ameri- 
can barkentine  J.  A.  Falkenberg,  from  Sound  Point, 
Alaska,  and  found  the  same  to  be  fr«'sh  skins  taken  otV  ,,/i''.X','J'''""    ^*"' 
the  aninml  within  S  months  last  past,  and  that  they 
were  killed  within  the  North  Pacilic.    To  the  best  of  my  knowledfje 
and  belief  tlu'y  are  the  catch  of  the  Hritish  steam  schooner  Tliinth: 

On  exaniinati(Ui,  1  fimnd  they  were  the  skins  known  as  the  North- 
west Coast  seals,  and  belong  t()  the  herd  which  have  their  rookery  on 
the  Pribilof  Islands.  The  lot  contained:  1  skin  of  the  lar«e  fur-seal 
bull,  28  skins  of  the  fur  seal  male  (nuitnred),  20  skins  of  the  fur-seal 
jjrey  juip  less  than  one  year  of  age  (sex  doubtful),  'MU  skins  of  the  fur- 
seal  cow  (matured).  From  the  shape  of  these  cow-skins  most  all  of 
them  must  have  been  heavy  with  pup,  aiul  the  same  cut  out  of  them 
when  captured. 

Cns.  J.  Heiilow. 

Subscribed  aud  sworn  to  before  mo  this  21st  day  of  September,  A.  D. 
18!)2. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  liKNNETT, 

Notary  Publio, 


!lM(,l 


•!!' 


'•1  I 


r.!*..i 


|:IPNI 


356 


TESTIMONY 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  Behlotc,  furrier. 


State  op  CALiFOHNtA, 

€ity  and  County  of  San  Francinco,  sh: 

Charh'H  .1.  Rchlow,  briiijf  duly  sworn,  (1(>poReH  and  says: 

I  rcMidc  in  Hun  Fiancisfo,  8tate  of  Calilbrnia,  and  am  hy  occnpation 

V , a  fur  nirrcliant,  and   liave   l«'«'n   so  enijaL'ed  ix^rnia 

ncntly  for  tin*  last  .{;>  yt'ais,  during'  wiiifli  tinu'  1  liav«^ 

been  constantly  liandlinK  lar^e  tiuantitics  of  raw  fur-seal  skins,  from 

alldi(1('n'ntlo<-atious,and  can  readily  distinguish  the  respective  quality, 

size,  a>j«'i  and  sex. 

On  November  7tli,  1S<L*,  I  examined  lilO  fur-sealskins  ex-8<'liooner, 

City  of  I'lieblo,  from  Vi(!t(>ria.    I  beli<'ve  these  skins  were 

««wtch"'"°' '^"'"^  taken  by  the  IJritish  sealinj;  schooner  Favorite,  and 

are  the  skins  of  seals  known  as  the  Nortliw«'st  seals, 

whii'li  have  their  rookeries  on  the  I'ribyhd"  Islands. 

The  lot  (MMitains  .'J7  skins  of  the  fur  seal  male  (matured;,  1(»  skins  of 
the  fur-seal  pui>  (sex  doubtful),  \'u  skins  of  tlie  fur-seal  cow. 

From  the  shajie  of  these  cow  skins  the  animal  must  have  been  heavy 
with  pup,  an<l  the  same  cut  out  when  captured. 

Cns.  J.  Bkhlow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  17th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 

1S!L'. 


[SEAL.] 


Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  rublic. 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  Behloic,  furrier. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
Charles  J.  Behlow,  boin^  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  reside  in  San  Fraiu-isco,  State  of  California,  and  ambyoccnpation 
Ex  jorirme  ^  ^^^^  merchant,  and  have  been  so  eJigaged  iiermantly 

xporriKe.  for  the  last  .'{5  years,  durinj;  which  time  I  have  been 

oojistantly  handlinj;  large  (juantities  of  raw  fur-seal  skins  from  all  dif- 
ferent locations,  and  can  readily  distinguish  the  respective  quality,  size, 
age,  and  sex. 

On  September  26th,  1892,  I  examined  442  fur-seal 
^°"  skins,  ex-schooiuT  Rose  Sparks,  and  1  hnd  these  to  be 
Ncuthwest  skins,  [from  the  seals]   which  have  their 
rookeries  on  the  Pribilof  Islands. 

The  lot  contains  47  skins  of  the  fur-seal  male  (matured),  .'W  skins  of 
the  fur  seal  i)np  (sex  doubtful),  S'A't  skins  of  the  fur-seal  cow. 

From  the  shape  of  these  cow  skins  the  animal  must  have  been  heavy 
with  pup,  and  the  same  cut  out  when  captured. 

Cns.  J.  Beiilow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  17th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1892. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Notar  y  Public. 


(^lnl|)(>Hiti()n 
Spa rkt  I cutfh. 


i  i'l 


« 


>■.  H'r 


RELATINO   TO   FUR-SEALS    AND   SEALSKIN    IXni'STRY.        357 

DepoMitioH  of  CharlcH  tJ,  liehloir  J  furrier. 

State  of  California, 

Citif  and  County  oj  San  FrnnriMCo,  m; 

Chart's  ,1.  Hclilow,  Im'Jiij,'  duly  hwoiii,  lirposcs  and  says: 

I  rt'side  in  San  Fniiirisro,  Statr  uf  ('alit'ornja,  and  am  by  (XTupatiou 
a  fur  nicrcliant,  and  liavc  hren  so  cniraL'cd  ikm  inantMitlv      .. 
lor  tilt'  last  *»  years,  durinjf  wliich  tinn'  I  liavt»  im'«'Ii 
(•onstanfly  liandlin);  lar^'c  (|uantitii's  of  raw  fur  seal  skins  from  alldiflcr- 
(Mit  locations,  and  «'an  readily  distinjfuish  the  n'spt'ctivi'  quality,  si/e, 
ap',  and  s<>.\. 

On  Novt'inlttT  7tli,  IHIHJ,  I  cxaniini-d    llil   fur  seal  skins  exsj-liooncr 
Czoriiia,  and  I  find  tlu'sc  to  be  Northwest  skins  from     ,.        . .      ., 
tlie  iierd  winch  nave  tlieir  ro()keries  on  the  rribylov  i.mi . . aiiii. 
islands. 

The  lot  contains  27  skins  of  the  fur  seal  male  (nnitnred),  12  skins  of 
the  fur-seal  fjrey  pun  (sex  doubtful),  SL'  skins  of  the  fur  seal  cow. 

From  the  shape  of  these  »miw  skins  the  animal  must  hav«'  been  heavy 
with  pui>,  and  the  sanu'  cut  out  when  ca])tured. 

Clis.  ,1.  I'.KIII.OW. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  17th  «lav  of  Ns'vember,  A.  1). 
1892. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Hennktt, 

Motary  Vuldio. 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  Behlow,  furrier. 

State  of  CALiFctRNiA, 

City  011(1  county  of  San  Francisco,  ss  : 

Charles  J.  Hehlow,  beinp;  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  resi«le  in  Han  Francisco,  State  of  California,  and  am  by  occupation 
a  fur  merchant,  aiul  have  been  so  entjat'ed  permanently 
tor  the  last  .to  years,  durni;j  which  time  I  have  been 
constantly  handlin^r  lar^re  quantities  of  raw  lurseal  skins  from  all  the 
ditl'erent  Jocatioim,  and  have  examined  skins  taken  at  all  periods  of 
the  year. 

I  find  that  all  fur  seals  taken  both  in  the  Bcrinj;  Sea  and  on  the 
islands  theicin,  from  abimt  the  lOtli  of  Au^jnst  until 
the  end  of  October,  are  what  is  known  to  the  trade  as  „.^"'«''y    *'''"''    '* 
staj^cy,  meaning  the  animal  is  chan^inj;  its  coat,  dur- 
ing: which  period  its  skin  is  very  inferior  in  <{uality;  in  fact,  almost  un- 
merchantiible. 

Chs.  .].  Heiilow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  Xftvember,  A.  D. 
18»2. 
JBEAL.J  Clement  Hennett, 

liotary  I'ublic. 


m 


'ill 

:  tt 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


l^. 


{^/        /.^* 


:/. 


^ 


& 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


,.  lit  ■— 

iF  us    112.0 


1.8 


U    il.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  iMEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716    873-4503 


S. 


^^ 


-r^^ 

'<i> 


o 


% 


.V 


1.\<^ 


'^^ 


<'r''',u.j^T' 


.<  ■? 


\i  I 


li'  '  ;' 


tj:    li 


'I    '": 


"I ' 


Ifc  I  f  j 


858 


TESTIMONY 


Deposition  of  Charles  J.  Behloic,  furrier. 


CoinpoHition  of  pe- 
lagic catches. 


State  of  California, 

City  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
Charles  J.  Belilow,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  reside  in  San  Francisco  and  am  by  occupation  a  fur  merchant,  and 
Ex   rience  luive  been  thus  engaged  for  the  last  tliiity-flve  years, 

xpcnenc  .  handling  during  this  time  large  quantities  of  fur-seal 

skins  from  different  localities.  On  the  date  hereinafter  mentioned  I 
examined  the  following  salted  fur  seal  skins  with  the  following  results: 
(1)  August  lo,  1892,  1,294  skins,  ex-American 
schooner  Iranhoe. 

Result.  JOG  mjile  skins,  109  pup  skins  (sex  doubt- 
ful), 979  female  skins  (matured). 

(2)  August  11,  1892,  1,603  skins,  ex-American  schooner  Sophie  Suth- 
erland. 

liesult:  One  large  bull  skin,  18  small  bull  skins,  212  male  skins,  139 
pup  skins  (sex  doubtful),  1,233  fem.ale  skins  (matured). 

(3)  August  18,  1892,  1,335  skins,  ex- American  steam  schooner  Louis 
Olsen. 

Kesult:  187  male  skins,  1  bull  skin,  1  small  bull  skin,  75  puj)  skins 
(sex  doubtful),  1,000  female  skins  (matured). 

(4)  August  27,  1892,  2,009  skins,  ex- American  schooner  San  Diego. 
Eesult :  2  large  bull  skins,  2  small  bull  skins,  324  male  skins,  101 

pup  skins  (sex  doubtful),  1,040  I'emale  skins  (matured). 

(5)  September  28,  1892, 59  skins,  ex-schooner  Kate  and  Ann. 
Eesult:  12  male  skins,  2  pup  skins  (sex  doubtful),  45  female  skins 

(matured). 

(0)  November  7,  1892,  43  skins,  ex  Mary  H.  Thomas. 

Eesult:  G  bull  skins,  7  male  skins,  5  pup  skins,  25  female  skins 
(matured). 

1  believe  that  all  of  the  female  fur-seal  skins  above  mentioned  were 
taken  from  cows  heavy  with  pup.  All  sealskins  above  mentioned 
belonged  to  the  Eussian  herd  of  seals  which  have  their  rookeries  on  the 
Comniiiii'U'r  Islands,  and  I  am  informed  that  many  of  them  were  taken 
in  the  waters  ott"  the  coast  of  Jai)an. 

Chs.  J.  Behlow. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  23rd  day  of  December,  A.  D. 
1892. 

Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  I'ublie. 


Deposition  of  James  B.  Brown,  longshoreman. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  cotmty  of  San  Francisco,  ss  : 
James  B.Brown,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  a  resident  of  San  Francisco,  California,  and  am  by  occupation 
Eiperience  *  lougshoremau.     For  twenty  years  I  have  each  year 

been  employed  in  the  unloading  of  the  sealskins  re- 
ceived by  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company.  Since  1876  I  have  been 
foreman  of  the  longshoremen.  Up  to  the  time  and  for  a  year  or  so  after 
I  became  foreman  all  the  sealskins  received  were  put  into  drays  on  be- 
ing unloaded.  Since  1879,  however,  all  the  sealskins 
^^•«j3kingof  .kiDBiu  ^pj.^.  j,.j,,i^<.(j  i„to  ,.,^,,1.^  „„  ^in,  ^],.,rf  .;;,d  then  put  into 

-    drays  as  fastas  the  casks  were  headed.    The  sealskius 


EELATING  TO   FUR-SEALS   AND  SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


359 


Bundles   oontain 
only  two  skiui). 


were  always  in  bundles  and  none  were  opened  except  a  few  wliich  were 
opened  by  the  company's  officer  to  see  what  condition  the  skins  were 
in.  I  never  saw  more  than  two  skins  in  any  bundle  so 
opened,  nor  did  I  ever  see  a  bundle  I, judged  contained 
more  than  two  skins.  If  there  had  been  more  thai?  two 
skins  in  a  bundle  it  would  have  at  once  been  noticed  because  of  the 
size  and  shape  of  the  bundle.  If  more  tlian  two  skins  had  been  placed 
in  a  bundle  it  would  have  been  more  ditti(!ult  to  handle  the  (;argo,  and 
it  certainly  could  not  have  been  bandied  as  rapidly  as  it  was  by  us. 
As  we  brought  the  skins  up  from  the  hold  a  custom-house  officer  and 
the  first  officer  of  the  vessel  tallied  the  number  of  skins  before  v^e  i)ut 
them  on  the  wharf.  I  Jilso  superintended  the  unload- 
ing of  all  the  furs  received  by  the  Alaska  Commercial 
Company,  and  among  others  the  sealskins  received  from 
the  Commander  Islands.  The  bundles  received  from  the 
latter  were  of  much  the  same  shape  as  those  from  the  Pribilof  Islands. 
Among  those  bundles  which  were  opened  I  never  saw  one  that  con- 
tained more  than  two  skins,  or  a  bundle  I  thought  contained  more  than 
that  number.  The  same  rule  as  to  counting  and  paciking  in  casks  was 
followed  in  relation  to  the  skins  from  the  liussiau  side  as  was  followed 
in  relation  to  the  Alaska  skins. 

Jas.  B.  Brown. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  16th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1892. 
fsEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  Public, 


Same  witli  nkina 
from  Coiniuauder  Is- 
lauds. 


ii' 


Deposition  of  William  Redly  Ball,  scientist. 

District  of  Columbia, 
City  of  Washington,  ss : 

Personally  appeared  before  me  William  Healy  Dall,  of  Washington 
aforesaid,  who,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 

I  learn  that  I  have  been  quoted  in  the  report  of  the  British  Bering 
Sea  Commissioners  for  the  purpose  of  proving  that  co- 
ition at  sea  is  practiced  by  the  seals.  In  connection  "  ""  "  ***** 
therewith  I  have  to  say  that  my  statements  as  to  copulation  in  tbe 
water  rest  largely  upon  assumption.  Young  bachelor  seals  are  seen  to 
chase  females  leaving  the  rookeries  and  to  play  with  them  in  the  water  j 
pairs  of  seals  are  seen  engaged  in  a  sort  of  struggle  together  and  to  re- 
main caressing  each  other  or  apparentlyquiescent,  sometimes  for  as  much 
as  an  hour.  From  such  facts,  »vhich  1  myself  with  others  observed  and 
reported,  it  was  considered  not  unlikely  that  these  seals  were  of  oppo- 
site sexes,  and  that  they  were  engaged  in  citpulation,  and,  in  the 
absence  of  definite  information  to  the  contrary  at  tU»ittime,  I  so  stated 
to  Dr.  Allen,  who  made  use  of  the  note  on  j).  100,  Vol.  I,  of  the  Bulletin 
of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  But  it  would  be  dangerous 
to  rely  upon  these  observations  thus  casually  made,  at  a  time  when  seal 
life  was  not  so  well  understood  as  now,  to  prove  that  coition  in  the  wa- 
ter is  practiced.  I  never  had  an  opportunity  to  assure  myself  that  the 
pairs  of  seals  seen  playing  were  of  opposite  sexes,  or,  if  they  were,  that 
tiieir  play  was  of  a  sexual  nature,  or  if  it  was,  that  the  act  was  com- 
plete and  eifective.  There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  way  in  whiiih  any 
one  of  these  m  itter<  ca-i  be  <le(iidtely  proved.  Even  if  tliey  were  shown 
to  be  possible  and  to  occur  at  times,  the  general  belief  in  it  by  casual 
observers  at  one  time,  myself  aiuoug  the  number,  was  always,  as  far  a» 


!  1 


if 


<  { 


M 


m 


3G0 


TESTIMONY 


i:f 


If  ii 


H       ; 


♦■    !■! 


1'!  Hi     ^ 


Vi) 


I  '  f: 


f' 


I      ■     'i, 


1:"'  !J 


I  ■ 


I  know,  ooiiiilod  witli  the  opinion  that  it  was  an  exceptional  and  abnor- 
mal occurrence. 
Alliisi(»n  having  Hciiu  made  to  the  absence  ofexcreinentitious  matter 
„   „  .  uiiitn   the  breedini;  entunds,  I  nniy  observe  that  tlio 

rookorios.  excrcMU'iit  of  tile   seal  beinjj;  of  a  liquid  nature  and 

never  solid  as  in  allied  teirestrial  animals  it  sinks  into 
the  ground  or  is  otherwise  dissipated  by  the  seals  themselves  ])assing 
over  it,  but  its  existence  and  in  enormous  (piantities  is  evident  to  the 
most  casual  observer,  if  by  no  other  nutans,  ti"om  the  intense  ainino- 
niacal  odor  which  may  be  percicived  at  a  long  distance,  and  which 
remlers  a  stay  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rookery  most  uncomfortable  and 
offensive  for  any  one  having  a.  delicate  sense  of  smell.  I  have  on  many 
occasions  observed  pcrs(Hially  the  voiding  of  excrement  upon  the  bree«l- 
iiig  grounds,  and  it  seems  impossible  that  any  one  should  be  in  their 
vicinity  for  ten  minutes  without  detecting  the  jiresence  in  great  abun- 
dance of  excrementitious  matter,  which  is  mingled  with  and  fiUMus  part 
of  the  soil. 

Wm.  H.  Ball. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  this  14th  day  of  Deer.,  18!>2. 

[SEAL.j  SSKVELLON  A.  BUOWN, 

Notary  I'ublio. 

DepoitiUon  of  M.  0.  Erskine,  master  mariner. 

State  of  Califoknia, 

(Jitji  0)1(1  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

Captain  M.  (J.  lOrskiite,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  have  been  in  the  employ  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Comjjany  since 
^   .    ^  the  organization   thereof,   as  captain  of  the  sup])ly 

•-xpermiK e.  steamer  of  said  company,  which  carried  snpplies  t<>  the 

Pribilof  fslands  and  other  stations  of  the  comi)any  in  Alaska,  and  wiiich 
also  brought  down  annually  to  San  Francisco  the  fur-seal  skins  taken 
on  the  Pribilof  Islands  by  the  said  company  as  lessee  thereof.  From 
1870  to  ISVo,  inclusive,  1  was  ir  c()nnnand  of  the  company's  steamer 
Alc.vandcr,  and  sincc^  lS7o  I  have  been  in  (iommand  of  the  company's 
steamer  St.  I'diil.  The  Alc.randcr  was  nctt  large  enough  to  bring  down 
the  full  (pu>ta  of  one  hundred  tlumsand  sealskins  in  omi  cargo,  so  that 
it  was  at  that  time  customary  for  me  to  bring  down  from  forty  to  lifty 
thousand  skins  to  Lrnalaska,  where  they  were  transhipi»ed  by  am)ther 
vessel  to  San  Francisco;  I  then  used  to  return  to  the  l'ribih>f 
Ivslands,  take  on  the  renniining  skins,  and  i)roceed  directly  with 
them  to  San  Francisco;  since  1S75  I  have  witli  the  «SY.  I'uiil  brought 
down  to  San  Francisco  all  the  fur-seal  skins  taken  (m  the  Pribilof 
Islands  while  the  Alaska  Commer«'ial  Company  was 
frmnl'Zmis."''  ''''"*  ^^'^>^^^  thereof.  Ail  the  seal  skins  delivered  to  ine  on 
the  iSt.  Paul  from  the  Pribilof  Islands  wore  in  bundles, 
except  now  and  th(Mi  a  few  which  were  bundled  on  board  of  said  vessel, 
never  more  than  two  skins  being  placed  in  a  bundle.  When  the  bundles 
and  the  few  extra  skins  were  phiced  in  the  lighter  at  the  islands  to  be 
taken  on  board  of  n>y  vessel  the  Government  oflicer  always  (U)unted 
them,  and  when  they  were  hoisted  on  board  the  vessel  they  were  again 
counted  as  they  canm  over  the  side  by  my  lirst  othcer.  On  arriving  at 
San  Francisco  the  vessel  was  unh)a(led  at  the  wharf  and  the  bundles 
again  counted  by  a  custom  house  olheer  as  they  were  brought  up  from 
the  hold  and  also  by  an  employe  of  the  Alaska  (commercial  Company. 
All  the  buudleii  were,  siuce  1871),  packed  in  casks  at  thi)  wharf  where 


RELATING   TO   FUR-SKALS    AND   SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


aci 


tliey  wore  nnloaded.  Each  cask  was  thcri'  lieadcd,  marked  as  to  its 
w«'ifjlit  and  tlui  iminber  of  skins  it  contained  (two  skins  beiny'  allowed  to 
each  bundle),  and  then  taken  directly  to  the  railroad  station  and  shipped 
to  London. 

On  the  arrival  of  my  vessel  at  the  port  of  San   Francisco  several 
bundles  of  skins  were  rcfjularly  opened  to  inspect  the 
manner  in  which  they  were  packed,     I  nc^vcr  saw  more 


NintT     over      two 
sUiiiM  in  a  biiiiilliv 


than  two  skins  in  a  bundle,  nor  do  I  believe  that  it 
w<»uld  be  i)ossible  to  i)nt  more  than  tw<)  skins  in  a  bundle  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  fact  w<tuld  not  be  evident  to  the  most  casual  observer. 
I  never  saw  a  bundle  amoiij;  almost  two  millions  such,  whi<'h  my  vessel 
has  carried,  which  I  believe  contained  more  than  two  skins.  1  liave  in 
a  few  cases  seen  only  one  large  skin  in  a  bundle,  but  this  was  in  all 
cases  done  by  the  natives,  who  were  paid  so  mucii  for  (Mich  bundle  which 
they  tied  up,  and  thus  increased  their  jiay  slis'litly.  None  of  the  bun- 
dles were  ever  opened  on  board  ship,  except  in  a  few  instances  a  bundle 
beconung  loose  it  became  net^essaiy  to  rebnndle  them,  but  all  the  bun- 
dles so  opened  contained  only  two  skins,  and  only  two  skins  were  i)ut 
in  a  bundle  when  they  were  ajiain  I'ed  up. 

Prior  to  ISTtJ  all  skitis  were  ei;her  tiansferred  to  another  vessel  in 
the  harbor  of  !rnal:<ska,  landed  at  said  i)ort  ov  at  San      ,    , . 

-IT  .  tS.  .1         ■         .•  11  !•     /•  I  1  lilllsIlT     (if     HklllS 

Irancisco.  oince  that  time  all  my  carji'o  ot  tur  si^d  iiMm  (om  pan  >•  » 
skins  have  been  lan<led  at  the  wharf  in  San  i'^raticisco,  «'«■"'"«•■ 
and  in  all  cas^s  such  transfer  or  landiufj:  was  made  under  the  supervi- 
sion and  diiection  <»f  a  United  States  custom  Inmse  oHicer.  Xo  sealskin 
was  ever  transferred  to  any  other  vessel  from  my  vessel  anywliere,  ex- 
cei)tinff  in  the  port  of  Unalaska,  as  aforesaid.  No  seal-skin  was  ever 
landed  at  any  other  point  or  points  tlian  Unalaska  and  San  Francisco, 
as  abov<'  stated;  and  all  sealskins  (^vcr  transferred  or  landed  from  my 
vessel  were  so  transferred  or  landed  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
the  customs  authorities  of  the  United  States. 

I  would  further  state  that  nevei  during  any  one  year  of  the  period 
from  1870  to  ISSlh  inclusive,  did  I,  to  my  knowledge  or     -,     ,        ,.    , . 
beliet,  bring  away  trcnn  said  l'ru)nol   islands  over  one  i)ioii;;iii    away  tiom 
hundred  thousand  fur-seal  skins,  and  in  some  years  the  '"'""''* 
quota  was  short  several  thousands  of  n'aching  said  nund»er. 

M.  C.    FUSKINE. 

Subscribed  and  swiU'u  to  before  me  this   loth  dav  of  November,  A. 
D.  lS!)li. 
[«EAL.]  Clement  P>kisnett, 

Notary  Puhlic. 


DepoHitinn  of  Walter  H.  Fcrf/mon,  master  mariner. 

State  of  Califoknia, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francinco,  ss: 

(Japtain  Walter  U.  Ferguson,  of  San  Francisco,  being  duly  sworn, 
deposes  and  says: 

1  hav(^  followed  the  sea  as  a  profession  for  twenty  .vears 
and  have  been  master  of  a  vessel  for  seven  y«'ars.     I  have       "'""  *"'"' 
nuide  two  voyages  to  Alaskan  waters,  (me  on  the  IJussian  and  one  on 
the  American  side.     For  the  last  six  years  I  have  made  a  careful  study 
as  to  the  location  of  the  winter  resort  of  the  Alaskan  fur- 
seal  herd,  my  object  being  to  lit  out  a  vessel  and  make  a  Aial^'ani'ii'r'g.^*'''^ 
catch  of  seal  duriiig  the  winter  months.     In  order  t(»  lo- 
cate the  winter  resort  during  these  six  years  1  examined  several  logs 


■i, 


i 


•  ^ 

It 

1 

\m 

} 

1(1 

i 

i 

£ 

\ 

, 

J 

[^ 

i 

i 

;; 

3G2 


TESTIMONY 


•  I  •;' 


^f  i  :^  I 


of  shipH  on  voyajifps  from  Japan  and  China  to  the  northwest  coast  of 
Araeri(!a,  and  also  received  inCorination  from  others  in  San  Francisco 
and  New  York  who  questioned  masters  coming  over  the  same  route. 
I  further  studied  tlie  diarts  of  die  North  PaeiHe  Ocean  as  to  currents, 
winds,  etc.,  and  read  all  the  books  and  articles  which  had  any  bearing 
on  tlui  question  and  to  which  1  had  access. 

All  reports  tend  to  show  there  must  be  an  immense  feedins'ground 
between  latitude  40°  and  42°  north,  and  eytendiii<>'  tVonj  longitude  172° 
west  to  1.).")°  west.  All  vessels  reported  atdirt'erent  places  in  this  area 
discolored  water  with  the  ai)pearaiice  of  shoalwater,  but  upon  sounding 
no  bottom  has  been  found  except  at  a  great  depth.  The  reports  of  these 
vessels  all  show  for  tiie  months  of  November,  December,  and  January 
large  bodies  of  fur-seal  in  this  locality.  I,  myself,  passed  over  tliis  area 
in  the  latter  part  of  August,  1S!)1,  in  the  bvigantine  Tahiti,  and  fouiul 
at  various  points  from  172°  west  to  102°  west  on  the  41st  parallel  the 
appearan(;e  of  dis(!olored  water;  sounding,  I  <^ould  obtain  no  bottom  at 
200  fathoms;  the  appearance  of  the  water  being  of  a  very  liglit  color,  I 
am  convinced  that  these  patches  >f  discoloration  are  banks  of  floating 
feed,  which,  from  my  examination  of  the  currents  in  that  section,  are 
kept  in  that  i)ortion  of  the  ocean  by  branches  of  the  ocean  currents. 
At  the  time  1  passed  through  tliese  waters  there  were  no  seals  in  sight, 
it  being  too  enrly  in  the  season;  but  1  i'onnd  at  varicms  points  large 
flocks  of  sandpipers,  kingfishers,  and  other  birds;  this  is  further  evi- 
dence of  the  i)resence  of  fe(Hl  in  tliis  locality,  or  of  small  surface  flsh. 

My  opi)uon  is  that,  on  leaving  the  Bering  Sea,  the  Alaskan  herd  pro- 
ceeds due  south  until  it  reaches  this  feeding  ground,  and  then  by  de- 
grees works  eastward,  following  along  this  area  until  they  begin  to  ap- 
jjear  again  off  the  coast  of  North  America  in  January  and  February. 

The  only  reason  I  have  not  fitted  out  a  vessel  to  seal  in  these  waters 
is  tluxt  other  business  has  each  year  prevented  me;  but  I  am  certain 
that  if  I  had  been  able  to  embiirk  in  such  an  enterprise  1  should  have 
made  a  good  haul  of  seals  during  the  winter  months. 

In  the  latter  ]>art  ot  Ai)ril,  18.S4,  I  was  on  the  whaler  Caleb  Eaton, 
bound  from  Honolulu  for  the  Arctic  Ocean,  about  200  miles  south  of 
the  Aniukta  Pass.  In  this  locality  we  met  quite  a  number  of  large  fur- 
seals,  liaA'ing  tiie  aiq)earance  of  bulls,  which  appeared  to  be  travelling 
to  the  northward.  My  opinion  is  they  had  been  in  this  feeding  ground 
I  have  mentioned,  wintered  there,  and  were  returning  to  their  home  on 


the  breeding  islands. 


W.  H.  Ferguson. 


I' 


Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  November,  A. 
D.  1892. 

[SEAL.]  CLEJIENT   BeNNETT, 

Notary  Public. 


I  I 


Deposition  of  Nicholas  A,  Orebnitzlci,*  Russian  military  chief  of  the  Com- 
mander Islands. 

I,  Nicholas  A.  Grebnitzki,  Kussian  military  chief  of  the  Commander 
Islands  district  with  the  rank  of  Colonel,  make  the  following  state- 
ment: 
I  have  been  residing  on  the  Commander  Islands  and  have  directed 
all  sealing  operations  there  for  the  last  fifteen  years, 
and  during  this  whole  period  have  been  absent  from 


Experience. 


*  No  writttm  evidence  haviiifi  been  i)ro(luced  in  the  report  of  the  British  Coinmis- 
sioiKTM  in  snpiiort  n{'  tlie  vurioiis  views  attriliutcd  to  Mr.  Grebnitzlti,  the  United 
Stutefi  have  dfcmcd  it  desinilile  to  obtain  from  that  official  a  writtou  expressioa  of 
Lis  vi.uws  upuu  seal  life  iu  general. 


RELATING   TO   FUR-SEALS   AND   SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


SG3 


re  directed 


the  islands  but  very  little.  I  have  carefully  observed  seal  life,  the  con- 
dition of  the  rookeries,  and  the  method  of  takin^i'  seals  at  all  seas-ms 
and  under  all  conditions,  with  the  object  of  keejiinji  the  IJnssian  (iov- 
ernnient  thoronfjhly  informed  as  to  its  sealing  interests  and  the  i)ro]>er 
management  of  the  same. 

While  I  liave  never  had  the  o]>]>o]it unity  to  examine  the  Tribilof 
Islands  seals,  yet  I  do  not  hesitate  toex]U'ess  the  ojniiion 
that  that  herd  and  the  Commander  Island  herd  are  ,„.^,5'^'""'«""8"'''"'ai 
distinct  and  do  not  mingle  at  all.  There  are  some 
natives  on  the  islands  who  are  familiar  with  both,  and  who  stale  that 
there  is  a  nuirked  difference  in  the  animals.  IJesides,  my  studies  as  a 
naturalist  enable  me  to  state  that  it  would  be  contrary  to  all  reason  to 
suppose  that  they  mingle  witli  one  another.  Tlie  Commander  herd 
ai)proaches  very  ch>sely  to  the  l{obb»'n  Island  lierd  in  winter,  and  yet 
itdoe«  not  mingle  with  it.  Of  this  i  am  sure,  for  1  have  charge  of  I'ob- 
ben  Isiand  as  well  as  of  tiie  Commander  Islands,  and  know  tlie  skins  of 
the  two  herds  to  be  difll'erent.  Tiie  skin  of  the  Comnianih'r  seal  is 
thicker,  has  coarser  hair,  is  of  a  lighter  coh)r,  and  weighs  about  20  per 
cent  more  than  a  Eobben  skin  of  tlie  same  size. 

It  is  wholly  improbable  tiiat  tiie  seals  of  the  Commander  herd  visit 
any  land  other  tlian  the  Conunander  Islands,     1  believe      „    , 

.,   "  1   ,,  ii      •     1  ii  -111-  Minis  ri'woit  cxilu- 

they  regard  these  as  their  home,  tliese  ishinds  henig  pe-  she ly  t..  ..wu  bma- 
culiarly  adapted  to  their  needs  at  the  ])eriod  of  bringing  '"-  ''''"''*• 
forth  their  young  and  of  breeding.  The  fact  that  the  IJobbcn  Island  herd 
still  freqnents  liobben  Island  to  the  exclusion  of  any  other  land,  n(»t- 
withstanding  it  has  been  subje<'ted  there  to  the  utmost  persecution, 
shows  to  my  mind  conclusively  that  the  ])resence  of  man  will  not  jtre- 
vent  a  seal  herd  from  returning  to  the  same  hind  year  after  year.  Even 
'f  isolated  cases  have  occurred  (I  know  of  none)  in  which,  for  various 
causes,  a  few  of  the  Commander  Island  seals  reached  other  shores,  such 
exeepti(His  Avould  not  disprove  the  general  rule  above  stated.  I  <'an 
readily  understand  that  a  female  which  had  been  wounded  in  tlu'  water 
might  be  subject  (.s/c)  to  seek  the  nearest  land  aiul  there  give  birth  to 
her  pup. 

Annually,  at  almost  stated  periods,  they  arrive  at  the  islands  and  im- 
mediately proceed  to  occupy  tiie  same  grounds  which 
have  been  occupied  during  past  years  in  a  way  which  .^^J""'"^  arrivui  of 
makes  it  inii>ossible  to  d(mbt  that  they  are  familiar 
with  the  locality.  I  believe  that  at  some  time  during  the  year  every 
seal  comes  ashore.  There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  a  certain  num- 
ber of  any  class  remain  swimming  abimt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
islands  all  summer  witlumt  landing,  although  there  is  considerable  dif- 
ference in  the  time  at  which  ditt'erent  classes  arrive. 

Soor  ,  ♦ter  landing  at  the  Commander  Islands  those  cows  which  were 
fertilized  the  year  ])rcvious  give  birth  to  their  young. 
A  cow  does  iu)t,  excejit  in  very  rare  instances,  give 
birth  to  more  than  one  pu}*  in  a  season.  Tiie  birth  (  f  pups  can  only  take 
place  on  shore.  Cows  never  arrive  at  the  islands  with  new  horn  iiu]»s. 
But  the  impossibility  of  birth  in  the  water  is  best  i)roved  by  the  fact 
that  the  pup  when  liist  born  is  i)urely  a  land  animal  in  all  its  habits. 
It  does  not  voluntarily  aiiiiroach  the  water  till  it  is     ^.  .     . 

1  1  11  J  'li  -i     •  1  !•         1     i       1  i  Swiiiiiiiiiiit  of  pups. 

several  weeks  old,  and  then  it  is  obliged  to  learn  to 
swim.     A  surf  will  soinetinies  wash  tlie  young  pu[)s  olf  the  rocks,  wiien 
they  are  sure  to  be  drowned.     The  ])ui)s  cannot  swim  at  birth,  but 
must  be  taught  by  tlieir  mothers.     A  pui)  would  drown  if  thrown  into 
the  sea  before  learning  to  swim. 


B'rtli  of  young. 


-1 

■if 
"if? 


364 


TESTIMONY 


111  I       I 


\i] 


;i 


li 


Copulation  in  the  water  T  bciicve  to  bo  linpossiMc,  for  tlio  act  is  vio- 
Pcint'H'  roiiuiuti.m  '•^"''^  <*'  '""K  (luriitlttn,  uud  iu  ffciKMiil  cliuractcr similar 
jiniMwsliiif.  to  that  iX'rroriiRMl  by  land  animals. 

I  believe  that  the  seals  leave  tiie  vicinity  of  the  islands  mainly  oil 
ae<'ount  of  the  severity  of  the  winter.     Of  course  I  do 
cnl?r''Xm. '.'■'.  "'*~  "<*t  nu>an  to  say  that  they  would  remain  on  shore  all 
the  year  round,  as  many  of  them  do  thrim^^hout  the 
whole  ..f  the  summer,  for  they  would  be  oblijicd  to  take  to  the  water  to 
oiitain  focd.     Whatlmean  isthalthey  would  not  j:(»  so  faraway  as  they 
now  do,  but  would  remain  around  (he  islands  and  thus  ;;ivc  additional 
])roof  of  the  un(|uestionablc  fact  that  they  rej^ard  them  as  their  home. 
I  base  this  statement   ui>on  the  fact  that  diuinji'  mild   winters  I  hiivo 
myself  seen  them  in  lar^c  numbcisott'  the  Commander  Islands.     They 
are  otten  re])orted  about  "»(»  miles  south  of  the  westernmost  of  the  Aleu- 
tian Islands  and  the  Kamchatka  coast.     This  would  be  in  accord  with 
the  habitsof  the  sealsof  the  southern  hennsphere.  which,  I  am  infonned, 
are  tbuiid  in  the  sanu^  locality  more  or  less  at  all  seasons.     The  seals 
generally  leave  the  Commander  Islands  by  the  middle  of  >"ovend)ei',  by 
which  time  it  has  become  cold  and  stormy;  but  in  mild  winters  they 
have  been  on  the  islands  as  late  as  December. 
I  do  not  think  that  fur-seals  should  be  classed  with  wild  animals  any 
more  than  sheep  or  cattle  when  out  ou  larjic  pastur- 
soais  and  wild  nut-  lnj>' j^iouihIs.     Seals,  uulcss  needlessly  frijihtened,  be- 
come more  or  less  acciistonu'd  to  the  sijiht  of  man 
amoufjst  them  on  the  rookeries,  and  while  on  land  are  at  all  tinu'S  un- 
der his  comjdete  control.   A  few  men  can  drive  a  laijio  number  of  them 
without  dithculty.    They  are  intelligent  to  a  very  high  degree,  ami  can 
be  made  to  become  in  a  short  time  pets.     The  breeding  males,  or  bulls, 
are  alone  aggressive. 
Seals  are  polygamous,  and  the  powers  of  fertilization  of  the  m.ale  are 
very  great.     Since  the  births  are  abotit  ecpially  dis- 
h^Ti^J"^^uuZhV.   tribnted  between  nudes   and   leinalcs  it  follows  that 
under  imtuial  conditions  there  would  be  i;  great  excess 
of  male  life  over  that  actually  needed  for  the  ])roi)agation  ot  the  spe- 
cies; and  it  is,  as  in  the  case  of  so  many  other  aninuds,  for  the  positive 
benefit  of  the  herd  as  a  whole  that  a  portion  of  this  ex- 
n.S'miva«tT^e..,.s^  ccss  of  male  life  l)e  killed  olf  before  it  is  of  sutlieient 
age  to  go  on  the  rookeries.    If  not  killed  otf  the  ctmi- 
petition  by  the  bulls  upon  the  rookeries  for  females  would  be  destruct- 
ive of  much  life.     This  com])etition  is  already  tierce  enough. 
During  some  of  the  years  jnior  tothe  time  of  my  arrival  on  the  islands 
there  had  been  considerable  indiscriminate  killing  of 
Increase    followed  Seals  witlumt  regard  to  age  oi'  sex.     I5ut  during  the  tif- 
teen  yeais  of  my  management  ot  the  Commander  Is- 
lands rookeries  all  seals  whic  h  have  been  killed  consti- 
tuted a  portion  of  the  exc«'ss  of  males  ab(»ve  referred  to  and  known  as 
"bachelors"  or  "liolluschickie."    This  is  why  the  rookeries  are  to  day 
in  a  nuu'h  better  condition  than  when  I  lirst  went  to  the  Commander 
Islands,  notwithstanding  that  until  the  year  18!)1  a  gradually  increas- 
ing number  of  largeskins  has  been  taken.     From  KSS(i  to  18U(>  the  aver- 
age annual  catch  was  about  50,000,  the  skins  all  being  large.     Tlie  last 
two  years  I  have  reduced  the  catches,  because  I  now 
Peingic  spaiiiiRcom-  think  oO,00()  skius  somewhat  in  excess  of  what  the  rook- 
deis^dmtioniniand  ^^.j^^^  ^..^„  yj^.j^j  .^j,,^  tbr  other  causcs  wliicli  I  will  men- 
tion later.    1  feel  very  sure  that  the  great  cause  of  this 
diminution  is  pelagic  sealing. 


Introduction    of 
jiroved  iiit'tlioda 


RELATING    TO    I'UR-SKALS    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


3G5 


McIIkhIh    iiiiw 
pldM'd  prli'iTl. 


This  year  I  liave  counted  ovci'  ;{,ri(t()  skins  seized  on  pdiiciiiiifj  ves- 
sels and  liuve  found '.HJ  i)er  cent  t<»  Ik' skins  of  I'eiindes.      ... 
These  were  skins  taken  troni  <  nniniandt  "  Islnnd  seals.   .hi.Ii  ««  |,.r  .Viit  u- 

As  to  skins  taUeii  near  Pribih)!'  Island,  1  <(>nnted  tlie   '""''" 
skins  seized  in  liie  Ii<)S(i  Ohan  and  lound   two  tliirds  ;^)  of  tiieni  were 
skins  (dleniah's.     Tiiese  were  taken,  as  tlie  ioj;  book  of  t  lie  liosa  Olsvn 
shows,  over  SO  nnles  Ironi  shore. 

I  consider  it  a  false  ar«unu'nt  to  say  that  the  kil!in}>  of  a  proper  per- 
ti(»n  oi  the  excess  of  male  life  is  had,  ineicly  Itccaiise  it 
is  an  interfert'nce  with  the  order  of  nature.  If  not  in-  '<iiii»if'  <y<'«-<  '•' 
terlcred  with  luiture  will  i)rodu(!c  an  overpo])n!at!on  ot 
the  rookeries,  wliich  would,  of  <'ourse,  be  a  bad  thinj;.  I?y  the  present 
mode  of  killinj;'  a  certain  number  of  younn  males  popuhition  is  icyu- 
hitcd.  Mo  facts  can  be  broujiht  forward  to  show  tiiat  this  nietlnxl  is 
not  the  ri{>ht  one.     Past  experience  sliows  that  it  is  rifjht. 

The  method  is  not  proved  to  be  bad  by  showing  that  during  some 
years  too  nianv  males  mav  have  been  killed,  and  that 
the  rookeries  have  thereby  sulleied.     When  such  mis-   n/i.''ml'i'',,,'i''''^  '"""*' 
takes  liave  been  made  they  can  be  corrected  by  reduc- 
inj:;  the  nundier  of  males  to  be  killed  for  a  tew  years;  for  the  most 
absolute  con,  (d  can  be  exercised  over  the  herd  while  it  is  on  laiul. 
1  claim  that  tne  method  now  ])ursncd,  when  executed 
under    proper   rejiulations,  is  in   theory  and  practice 
the  only  t)ne  by  which  sealinj"'  can  be  cariied  on  com- 
mercially without  injuring  the  vitality  of  the  herd  and   its  ability  to 
maintain  its  numbers  at  the  juoper  limit.     It  does  not  cause  the  seals 
to  change  theii-  habits  in  any  way,  and  I  do  not  btdieve 
that  even  an  excessive  killing  of  young  males  on  the  iv^'.MUil'eluby""' '''^^ 
islands  would  Inive  the  effect  of  altering  the  habits  of 
the  female  seals  with  regard  to  landing,  and  cause  them  to  remain 
about  the  islands  instead  of  coming  on  shore. 

Cows,  exeejit,  i)erhaps,  in  rare  cases  of  accident  or  for  scientiHc  pur- 
poses, are  never  allowed  to  be  killed  on  the  islands, 
and  the  reason  for  this  is  that  all  cows  are  needed  for  ,„,^r"  ""' ''"'"'  "° 
breeding  purposes.  To  kill,  therefore,  any  cow  except 
a  barren  one  (and  there  are  few  barren  ones  excei>t  amongst  the  very 
(dd  cows)  indicts  a  much  greater  injury  on  the  herd  than  the  loss  of  a 
single  life.  Jt  is  not  true  that  because  it  is  i>roi»er  to  kill  a  certain 
number  of  males  it  is  also  juojH'r  to  kill  a  certain  number  of  females. 
But  assuming  that  it  might  at  some  time  beconu' desirable  to  kill  some 
females,  it  would  still  be  wholly  improper  to  kill  them  without  regard 
to  size  or  condition,  as  is  the  case  when  they  are  killed  in  the  water. 

There  is  at  the  present  time  upon  thet'ommandcr  Islands  an  abun- 
dance of  male  life  for  breeding  purposes,  and  thereisno 
fear  that  any  female  will  not  be  served  from  lack  of 
virile  males.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  undoubtedly  true 
that  there  were  in  1S!)2  relatively  fewer  females  than 
in  former  years,  and  1  attribute  this  to  two  causes, 
first,  to  killing  of  seals  in  the  water,and,  second,  raids  upon  the  Islands. 
The  first  of  these  causes  is  by  far  the  more  important. 

The  raids  have,  owing  to  the  great  amount  of  foggy  weather,  taken 
idace  to  a  certain  extent  notwithstanding  the  greatest  i>r(M'autions  to 
guard  against  them.  The  raiders  kill  males,  females,  and  pu])s  with- 
out discrimination.  But  however  injuriously  the  raids  have  affected 
the  rookeries,  still  they  are  of  much  less  importance  than  the  killing  of 


Virile  nialcH  uliiin- 
(laiit.. 

KciniilcH(liniiiiiHli(Ml 
by  pi'lii^ii'  kllliiif;  and 


raids. 


ii 


^  if 


\ 


fi 


l.i  4 


,.    r 


S  ^' 


t 


w, 


306 


tliri-ati'iiH 
III'  lurd. 


TESTIMONY 


('ommnndcr  Isliiiid  seals  in  the  wator, 


Sinkiiif;, 


Few 
killiMl 


liiiircii    cows 


Cow     HiickloM 
own  Jill  p. 


uniinK '■ During  the  past 

oxiiii.tidii  two  siiimiicrs,  and  especially  diiriny  the  last  one,  this 

killiii};'  in  the  water  has  beeonie  so  jfieat  that  if  allowed 

to  eontinue  in  future  years  the  herd  will  be  in  danger 

of  ultimate  extinction. 

1  <lo  not  know  exactly  how  wasteful  this  method  may  be  from  the 

fact  that  all   the  animals  wounded  oi'  killed  are  not 

wnl'tl-iu'i!    *'"""*  <"»]ttu red,  though  I  am   told  that  much  loss  occurs  in 

that  way  and  1   know  that  under  certain  coiidition8  a 

seal  shot  dead  will  sink  at  once.     I  can  state  positively, 

lH)wever,  fntm  actual  experience  and  i)ersonal  examiiui- 

_  ,    ,     ,  ,  „..       lion,  that  a  vast  i)roi)ortiou,  full v  ninety-six  iter  cent,  of 

cdii  rcimiUs,  tiie  skins  taken  by  this  metiiod  during  the  ])reseiit  year 

are  those  of  female  animals.     In  addition  a  certain 

number  of  the  skins  so  taken  are  those  of  very  ycmiig  seals,  probably  of 

both  sexes,  such  as  are  nc^ver  killed  on  land. 

Very  few  of  the  females  killed  are  barren,  no  matter  when  or  where 
they  are  killed.  Females  taken  early  in  the  season  are 
generally  heavy  with  young,  in  which  condition  they 
Two  (iiiitiis  for  ti'iivel  slowly  as  compared  with  the  other  seals.  The 
kTi',Mi  '"""''"*''  '"""'''  killing  of  such  a  female  involves,  of  course,  the  iiniiie- 
diaie  loss  of  two  lives.  IJut  even  when  the  female  is 
taken  after  she  has  been  on  shore  and  given  birth  to  her  young,  this 
same  result  follows  eventually,  for  a  seal  will  suckle 
""'>  only  her  own  i)up,  and  the  |>ups  are  for  the  first  three 
to  live  months  dependent  altogether  on  their  mothers 
for  food.  Conse(piently  when  the  mothers,  who  after  the  birth  of  their 
]m])s  leave  the  rookeries  in  search  of  food  (traveling  sometimes  con- 
siderabh'  distances,  I  do  not  know  exactly  how  tar),  fail  to  return  their 
pui)s  must  necessarily  «lie. 

There  are  always  a  few  dead  ])ui»st(»be  found  on  the  rookeries  whose 
,,    ,        .  ,  (leath  is  not  due  to  that  (»f  their  mothers:  but  during 

the  last  yearortwoa  greater  number  ol  dead  pups  have 
been  actually  noticed  than  heretolbre  and  have  attracted  the  attention 
of  all  persons  on  the  islands  who  are  at  all  familiar  with  seal  life.  It 
can  not  be  successfully  contended  that  they  all  died  of  natural  causes. 
There  is  no  disease  among  the  Commander  Island  seals;  and  while  a 
certain  number  of  young  pups  an^  always  ex])osed  to  the  danger  of 
being  crushed  to  death  (but  not  as  a  result  of  the  drives  which  are 
made  to  collect  seals  for  killing),  or  of  being  drowned  by  the  surf,  yet 
these  causes  of  death  will  not  account  for  the  greater  mortality  of  ])up8 
which  took  place  during  the  i)ast  summer.  Besides,  the  bodies  of  the 
dead  pups  1  refer  to  are  those  of  starved  animals,  being  greatly  ema- 
eiated. 

It  is  chiefly  during  the  next  few  years  that  the  effects  of  the  recent 
killing  oi  females  will  beccme  most  noticeable,  because 
kiliing*"  "'    '"^^'"*'''''  many  of  the  ])ui>s  which  in  those  years  would  have  be- 
come bachelors,  or  "holluschickie,"  hfive  never  been 
born,  or  died  soon  after  birth. 

With  regard  to  the  driving  of  the  seals  from  the  beaches  to  the  places 
of  slaughter,  while  it  does  not  benefit  them,  yet  I  believe 
'^'^'"*'  that  there  are  very  few  cases  in  which  it  (h»es  them  any 

liarm,  even  if  they  are  redriven.  I  am  sure  it  does  not  render  them 
impotent.  It  should  l)e  remembered  that,  unlike  the  hair  seals,  they 
are  fairly  adapted  to  movement  on  land,  as  is  proved  by  the  fact  that 
they  are  in  some  cases  actually  driven  considerable  distances  over 
ground  that  is  both  rough  and  steep. 


RELATING    TO    FUR-SEALS    AND    SEALSKIN    INUl'STKY. 


367 


Since  the  killing;  of  seals  in  the  wafer  is  wastefnl  and  in  every  scnso 
contrary  to  tlie  laws  of  natnie  (wliicii  lennire  that  spe- 
cial protection  be  atlbrded  to  tln^  feniides  and  yonn;-'  of  ,,J,\';'!,';l;i!!:,T  '"''"''"' 
all  animals),  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  should  Ikmmi 
tirely  forbidden,  if  it  is  only  i»artly  snppresseil  or  |)rohil»ited  within 
a  certain  distance  from  the  islands  the  evil  would  not  ln'  ciiumI,  althonf;li 
its  etlects  might  be  less  noticeable;  i\>\'  tlu^  kiliiiif;  of  I'einales,  many  of 
them  heavy  with  younj;',  wonld  necessarily  continne.  since  all  exjie- 
rienco  shows  that  fennile  animals  always  constitnte  the  thief  catch  ot 
the  open -sea  sealer. 

Nicholas  A.  GuKnMTZKi, 
District  Chit  f  of  the  ('imiiunuitcr  lnhnuls, 

Dintrivt  iSt.  I'detfiburyh. 
20  November-8  December,  18!>2. 

United  States  Consulate  (Ienioral, 

St.  P(t<rsl>iirjili,  IhrniilHr  S,  lSf)2. 
I,  J.  M.  Crawford,  consnl-fjeneral  of  the  United  States  at  St.  i'eters- 
bnrf-h,  do  hereby  certify  that  Nichola  A.  'rcbnitzki,  military  ciiief  of 
of  the  Conunandei'  Islands,  appeared  before  nu'  this  day  and  deelared, 
under  oath,  that  all  the  statements  contained  in  the  Ibrcjioin^'  article, 
consistinfj  of  twenty  tive  (I'.'t)  pa^cs,  are,  to  tlic  Itest  of  liis  knowledjie 
and  belief,  strictly  true,  inclnding  the  snbiititution  of  the  woni  "nmies" 
for  "seals,"  on  i)ajie  14,  line  18;  the  snbstitntion  of  the  word  "males" 
for  "seals"  on  i)a}.'e  1(5,  line  10;  the  snbsrtution  of  the  word  "  males" 
for  "  seals,"  on  paj^e  17,  line  8;  the  omission  of  the  word  ••  to"  on  pas:e 
19,  line  18,  and  the  addition  of  the  words  "consideral)le  distances"  to 
line  0  of  page  li4. 

[seal.]  J.  M.  CUAWl'OUD, 

U.  .'J.  Consul- General, 
December  8, 1892. 


Deposition  of  Max   Heilbronner,  Secretary  of  the  Alaska   Commercial 

Company, 

State  of  California, 

City  and  comity  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

Max  Heilbronner,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says :  I  am  a  resident 
of  San  Francisco,  California,  and  am  secretary  of  tlie 
Alaska  Commercial  Company,  which  i)osition  1  hav«^ 
held  siin;e  1882,  ]H-ior  to  which  time  1  acted  as  Assistant  Secretary  for 
said  Company.  1  am  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  books  of  said  (Com- 
pany and  the  methods  employed  in  counting  the  sealskins  received  by 
said  Company  from  the  l*ri))ilof  Islands  during  the  term  of  the  lease  of 
said  islands  to  said  Company. 

1  hereto  append  a  comi)arative  statement  of  the  various  eountsof  fur- 
seal  skins  taken  on  the  Pribilof  Islands  bv  said  Com- 
pany for  each  year  from  1870  to  18S9,  im-lusive,  as  the  „„'i7'.TllH',Mrs'''of 
same  apjiearsonthebooksof  said(jonipany;  thecolnmn   ^Jj''!'"   •"""   '«"•*  '» 
entitled  "Island Count,"  represents  thennmber  of  skins 
appearing  in  the  invoice  nuide  out  by  the  Company's  Superintendent  on 
the  Pribilof  Islands  and  d<'livered  to  us  on   the  arrival  of  the  vessel 
transporting  the  skins  to  San  Francisco;  it  gives  tJie  count  of  each 
season's  catch  as  made  by  the  Govennnent  othcials  and  Company's 
agents  on  the  Priloilof  Island;  the  second  colunni  entitled  "Inspector's 
Count "  represents  the  number  of  skins  reported  to  the  Collector  of  Cus- 
toms of  the  United  States  by  the  Inspectors  of  Customs  who  counted 


.Itii 


J  t 

'  I  H  1 


■   :hi 


\ 


'  i  'I 


ta 


!r     ' 


1 

(I 

i-' 

!■ 

i 

1 

m^- 

ill 

368 


TKHTI.MONY 


tlu'  .skins  ii.s  tlioy  wt^o  luilomled  from  the  vessel  nt  flie  wluirf  in  San 
Francisco;  (lii|)liciites  of  .said  reports  lieiiif;  j;iven  to  tlie  Aliinka  Coin- 
inereial  (joinpany ;  tiie  tliird  coliiiiin  entitled  "  Packing  Count"  repre- 
sents tlie  number  of  skins  reported  by  tlie  employes  of  said  Company 
as  the  saiiH^  were  counted  when  bi'inj,;'  packe<l  in  casks  tor  shipment  to 
London;  and  the  fourth  column  entitled  ''London  Sales"  rcpr(>sent8 
the  number  of  skins,  as  counted  by  (7.  M.  Lamp.son  iS:  Company  aixl  so 
accounted  to  us  after  the  sale  and  delivery  of  the  same  for  said  Alaska 
Commercial  Company;  all  reference  herein  made  to  skins  refer  tothe 
fur  seal  skins  taken  ou  the  I'ribilof  Islands  under  the  lease  of  said 
Islands  to  the  Alaska  (Commercial  Company. 

And  deponent  further  says: 

That  the  seals  killed  between  Aufiust  1st  and  the  first  to  the  tetitli  day 
of  dune  following'  were  for  food;  that  the  skins  of  such 
for  rooi'i!''^ "''''' "*'''''''  ''^<'"J''*  killed  which  w«'rc  received  were  counted  in  the 
cpiota  for  the  year  Iblhmin;;  said  lirst  day  of  vXnjjust; 
that  is,  the  tiscal  year  of  the  Alaska  C;;miiiercial  Comjiany  for  sealinf; 
bejiiiM  on  or  about  the  tirst  day  of  Aufjust  in  each  and  every  year  of  their 
lease  of  the  Pribilof  Islands,  and  the  column  entitled  "Island  Count" 
therefore  represents  the  skins  received  dunnj;  such  fi.seal  year  and 
shipjicd  from  said  I.slands;  that  the  tables  of  seal  killinfjs  attached  to  my 
allidavits  date<l,  respectively.  May  11  and  May  12, 1. SOU,  represent  llio 
number  of  seals  killed  and  received  by  said  Com])any  durinjjj  each  cab'U- 
dar  year  from  ISTl  to  18.S!>,  inclusive;  that  the  ;{,4-l<S  skins  put  down  in 
the '' Island  Count"  for  the  year  1870  do  not  a|)i)ei.'/  in  the  aforesaid 
tables,  as  they  were  taken  before  the  eonuneiieeinentof  the  actual  work- 
ings of  the  lease  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  to  the  said  Alaska  t'ommercial 
Company. 

Comparative  statement  of  different  counts  of  Alaslca  sealskins  from  1870  to  1889,  inclusive. 


Tear. 

Islniul 
nmiit. 

Inspoctors' 
count. 

rucking 
count. 

LoiHliin 
sali'H. 

Koinnrks. 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1M9 

3,448 

KID.  000 

100,  000 
99,  037 
99,  024 
90, 95« 
90.  000 
75.  52(1 
99,  064 

100,  000 

100, 000 

90,915 

100,000 

75,  000 

99.  962 

99,  990 

99,  980 

100, 000 

100,  000 

100,  000 

3,148 
99,841 

99,  975 
99,  744 
99, 098 
99,  070 

89,  064 
75.  .52(1 
99,  080 
99,  962 

100,  03(1 
99,  76(1 

90,  922 
7.5,  Olio 
99,  960 
99,  850 
99,  982 
99,  9,54 

100,012 
100,  000 

3,480 
101,316 

90.  099 

103,  755 

100,  015 

100,  140 

90,  283 

75.419 

99,  908 

99,  960 

100,  162 

99,  754 

99,  986 

75,  (170 

99,  942 

99,  990 

99,  872 

99,  877 

1(10,  020 

100,  002 

3,474 
101,425 

96,  280 

103.724 

99,  991 

100,  134 

90,  271 

7,5,410 

100,  (137 

100, 030 

100,  161 

90,  921 

100,099 

75, 061 

99,  993 

99,  924 

99,  947 

99.  950 

11)0,  037 

100,031 

101.'f2:>  iiic'liiiloH  flkinH    retained   frnm 

Iircvious  years. 
3,900  skliiH  ri'taincd  anil  Hold  in  1873. 
lucludun  above  uotoU  3,906  akins. 

1 

1,845, 110  !     1,845,000 

1 

1,400  1             1  400      SVlnfl  annnnntnil  fnr  In  1R71. 

1, 843, 608  j     1, 842, 896 
1 

1,843,716 

1,844,500 

Max  Heilbronneb. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1892. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  Puhlio. 


irf  In  San 
iiska  Corn- 
Ill  t"  rcprc- 
(\»ini)imy 
ii|>ni(>iit  t«> 
represents 
my  aiul  ho 
lid  Alaska 
ofor  to  til e 
ise  of  saijl 


I  tenth  (lay 
ins  of  such 
ed  ill  tlui 
f  August; 
"or  seal  ill};' 
sar  of  their 
1(1  Count" 

year  and 
•lied  to  my 
resent  the 
laeli  calen- 
it  down  ill 

aforesaid 
tual  work- 
onimercial 


S9,  inclusive. 


retained   from 

ii)l<)  in  1873, 
1)6  skins. 


7L 
ONNER. 

ber,  A.  D. 

TT, 

Fublio,  ■ 


I 


Comparative  statement  of  assortment,  iveight,  ami -prices  realk 


;  Cat(^li  as 

Year.       pcrC  II. 

iiM  I'ipt.-*. 


A  vi'i-     Average 
aiif       i>riri'  in  | 
\vt;i;;llt.     I.iilitloll.  I 


AVigs. 


El   I'gf  mul(lliii!,'s. 


1874. 


0!),  998 


Piei'iis.    j  Wglit. 
lh».  oz. 


Middling!). 


I'rifC.    I'icii'.s.    Wglit.     rWcc.    Pieces.    Wght.     rrici- 


1875 '     KM),  032 


1S70. 


1877. 


70,  ,')11G 


I 


1878. 


1879. 


1880. 


98,  981) 


99, 902 


100. 036 


1881. 


ISS'.". 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


1880 99,872 

1887 j  99,940 

1888 !  100.000 

1889 1  100,000 


81 


8i 


89, 904         8 


83 


81 


99, 760        8.J 


99, 922 


75, 076        8 


90.942 


09,992       la^a 


27 


10/10 


155 
46 


( 

lh».  oz. 

1 
3,334  ; 

22    7 

71/— 


1,469  1 
1,110 

1,918 

1 

1 

ri4/o 

IhK.  oz. 

16    3 
13  10 


16    1       .il/— 


(2d  and  3d 
sak'.s.)    I 

8  I. 


12/0 


3 ; \  101/- 

44  i    22  —  !    90/— 


54/5 

*m  — 


112 

46  j. 
212  \ 
100  i. 

33  i. 

78  , 


10    2 


18  12 


10  11 


91/- 

100/— 
09/6 
60/— 
71/- 
52/- 


Sound 


*56,0 
50  0 


80  10    8 

60  I  18    7 

133  18  10 

29  19    3 


(15/ 


1,  563 

074 

1,038 

1,.'J37 

535  I 
022  I 

396  i 

I 

90  I 
1,738  j 

340  ! 
2,030 

379  j 
3,277 

500 

I 
902  ! 

557  i 


11  4 
11  7 
11  11 

11  14 

12  3 
12  4 
12  14 
12  10 


57/9 
50.4 
60.4 
57.— 
53. 8 
.50/— 
40  2 
54/- 
73/7 
87/3 
106/2 
118/— 


17  5 
13  6  J 
13  10 
13  14 
14 

12  n 

13  0 


270  !     11  15 
137  !     12    0 


12  14j!  116/10 

125/— 

113/5 

116/11 

02/9 

94/9 

104/10 

100/7 

87,  3 

70/ 


to/0 


1,316  I 

495  I 

30  I 

j 

1,132  ' 
696  I 
170  j 

222  ! 


14  15 

15  — 

14  9 

15  5 
14  4 
1,5.  — 

14  15 


67/ 

73/6 

68/ 

07/ 

68/6 

88/— 

82/- 


rii'ccs. 

11,155  j 
6,  262  ! 
9, 360 
7.784 
!l,  819 
8, 027 
3, 374 
9,491 

14, 979 
4, 563 

15, 854 
3, 656 

17,311 
.5, 198 

12,  2.54 
2,758 
0,070 
2, 355 
8,486 
2, 505 
6,501 
553 
2,308 

16,658 
3,089 
2,890 
9,  636 
8,950 
9, 302 


Smalls. 
Wght. 
Ihg.  nz. 

10    3 
0    7 


Price. 


Large  pups. 


Pieces.  I  Wght.  ;  Priee. 


Piecei 


7,023 


8  12 
8  11 
8  8 
8  K 
8    0 


5,>/0 
62/1 
60/4 
53/4 
46/1 
42 '8 
40/9 
47/7 
71/— 


lbs.  oz.  I 
13.877    1     57/7       14,09 


8  104  82/4 

8  lOi  06/4 

8  13  lOS  3 

8  14  I  100/7 


8  15 

9  1 
9  2 
9  o 
9  4 
8  14 
8  13 
8  9 
8  12 

8  11 
10  1 
10    4 

g  15 
10 
10 

9  11 

0    3 


95/6 

06  1 

00/4 

80/— 

87/10 

90/2 

105/3 
80/8 
76/— 
59/1 
67/6 
71/2 
77/3 
78/6 
83/6 

113,8 

09 


8,004  I 

13,799  j 
1 
9,018 

13.298 

9. 198 

0, 451 
10.  822 
20, 470 

5,551 
18,767 

5,218 
16, 300 

4.484 
15, 970 

3, 922 
14, 688 

4,065 


I 


I 


14,147  I 


18, 302 
11, 082 


8    7 
7  11 


7       8    ; 

7  3 
7  3 
7  5 
7  7i 
7  10 
7  9 
7  11 


03.9  10,   3 

01/—  17, 49 

45/4  8, 37 

i 

37/5  13,70 

3.5/1  y.  Si) 

33/10  0, 8S1 
41/8 


70/8 
70,9 
87/2 
93/7 


7  12ii     03/9 
7  10       A'./IO 


7  11 
7  13 
7  14 
7  14 

7    8 


3,778 

7 

8 

15, 917 

7 

5 

1,075 

7 

8 

5,852 

7 

8 

27, 154 

8 

3 

7,113 

8 

9 

5,000 

8 

21, 096 

8 

1 

23, 138 

8 

4 

8    3 


89/8 

80/- 

66/7 

71/6 

05/2 

96  3 

71/6 

61/2 

45  8 

55 

6:)/ 

60/6 

73 

67/3 

80/10 

87/- 


8,  Hil 
10,  8J 

6,  IS 
21,02 

6,  55 
17,  21 

4.  3i 
21, 7f 

5, 6'J 
23,  K 

5, 0: 
10,  U 

5,  !.• 
24, 4( 

1,6^ 

8.31 
20.  It 

5,1! 

5.  .5< 
22,  4( 
35, 5( 
,:0,  0( 

26,51 


123C4- 


Note. — Tlio  ujiper  figures  [those  preceded  by  oil  asterisk]  in  the  column  of  "Average  price  in  London"  are  from  iireliniinary  telegraphic  repoi 
[XoTK.— Twelve  additional  columns  showing  percentagts  and  based  on  tlie  foregoing  tables  hove  been  omitted  for  the  sake  of  brevity.] 

-Face  page  309. 


Ight,  ami  prices  realized  on  Alaska  sealskins,  1874  to  1889. 


La 

rgc  pupp 

\V«ht.  ; 

lbs.  oz. 

. 

1 
Mirtdlg.  pups. 

.^iiiall  pups. 

Middlings  and  s 

uiinlls. 

Price. 

-  -      1 

Yearlings. 

Damaged  .skins. 

PU'cea. 

Price. 

Pieces. 

Wglit. 
lb».  ill. 

1 

1 
Price. 

PieecH.  1 

1 

1 

1 

11,2.59  • 

— — I 

Wght.    Price. 

Pieces. 

Wj;lit. 

Pieces. 

Wglit. 

1 
lbs.  oz.  1 

Price,  i 

Low. 

Cut. 

1,880 

PinUtt. 

1 

57/7 

14,009 

i 
50/1 

1 

1                            , 

lh%,  OZ.  ' 
■     IW/ 

! 

lb».  oz. 

(      r.r.ia 

1 
1 

13.877 

....,.,    , 

j                1 

j 

8    7 

03.9 

10,   30 

7    5 

50/-  j 

9,  418  ■ 

2.875 

11  14 

07/11 

1 

\     3.733  i 

1                1 

1,387 

8.904  1 

»!/•» 

1 

7  11 

01/- 

17,499 

6  12  1 

51/8    ! 

15,968 

5  11 

43/2 

2,691 

11  10 

73/3    ' 

1 

2, 975 

2,175 

82 

13,799  j 

1 

45/4 

8.372 

1 

3.5/7 

0,59il 



28/3 

4,824 

.54/10    ; 

2,967 

1,037 

9,018 

i:!.  298 

7    8 

37/5 

i:i.  7110 

6    9 

32/1     , 

11,911 

5  10 

25/10 

1, 146 

9  11 

51/9    1 

2.074  ' 

2.  346 

7     3 

3.5/1 

y,  sd2 

6    5 

29/11 

9, 025  ' 

5    9       26/7     j 

1,647 

9  10 

48,2 

1,  792  i 

2, 688 

167 

i).  1!)8 

7    3 

33/10 

0,  893 

(i    5 

28/11 

2,  810  ; 

5  10  '    27/1 

3,949 

9  11 

48/5 

2, 386  : 

1,117 

' 

9,  451 

] 

7    5 

41/8 

8,  895 

0    7 

38/— 

6, 538 

5    8       34/9 

1 

4,593 

9  13 

.57/9 

1 

1,919 

505  ; 

10.  822 

7  7i 

70/8 

19, 859 

C    7i 

00/8 

12,544 

5  12 

56/11 

5, 252 

9  14 

83/10 

;           1 

i 

2,242 

1,783 

20, 479 

1           1 

7  10 

79/9 

6,183 

0    9 

72,'- 

7,130 

5  13 

50/4 

2,027 

10    7 

89/3 

1,090 

443 

203 

5,5^)1 

7    9 

87/2 

21,029 

6  12i 

80/4 

14, 744 

5  15 

05  8 

4,623 

10    4 

109/1 

1,044 

1,  945 

18,767 

1           1 

5,218 

7  11 

93/7 

6, 523 

6    4 

83/10 

7,7,37 

6  -  '    69/7 

1,240 

10    5 

119/8 

j           1 

\        769 

574 

7  I2i 

'93/0 

17,247 

6  12.J 

88/8 

16,543 

5  13i     74/7 

10,783 

10    6 

114,11 

2,211 

A,  107 

10. 39C 

7  10 

85/10 

4. 327 

6  14 

80/9 

3,632 

5  15       CO  5 

2,340 

10    7  ;     98  8 

721 

721 

4.484 

15,  970 

7  11 

H9/8 

21,762 

6  14 

83  3 

22, 139 

5  14  '    01/9 

5, 577 

10    8 

110/9 

4,740 

2.409 

10  j 

7  13 

80/— 

5,629 

C  15 

6.5/5 

5, 682 

5  14 

50/5 

1,490 

10  10  1  111/ 

085 

696 

190 

1 

14.  688 

7  14 

60/7 

23, 926 

0  15J 

46/6 

20, 51(1 

0    2 

35,9 

5,  300 

11  1.5i:     85,5 

2,577  '      5  - 

31/1         3, 7,57 

2.017 

748  1 

4,  005 
14. 147 

7  14 

7    8 

71/6 
95/2 

5, 938 
19, 182 

0  14 
0    8J 

47,1 
79/1 

5, 252 
13, 379 

6    2 
5  14i 

36/- 
66  5 

1  ill 

11     i 

92/8 
112/3 

;!87  i      5  _ 

31  6            900 

645 

1,721  ' 

2, 223 

10    7 

833  t      5    1 

1 

50/8     ;     2,135 

550 

1, 937 

3,  778 

7    8 

90  3 

5,155 

6    9 

70/3 

2,432 

5  15 

61  8 

1,104 

10    7 

115/11 

130  '       5    1 

54,'—           598 

2.50 

692 

15, 917 

7    5 

71/6 

24,467 

6    6 

52/1 

21,69.-1 

5  11 

44/6 

1,794 

10    2 

106/10 

1,292  :      4  15 

1 

39/8         ;i,  580 

1.095 

11,493 

1,075 
5,852 

7    8 
7    8 

61/2 
45  8 

1,049 
8. 311 

6    8 
6    8 

46  6 
35/2 

1,208 
6.004 

5  14 
5  13 

40/2 

28,7 

179 

10    0 

103/— 
57/- 

144 

5    3 

33/                71 

247 

282 

10    8 

344 

5    2 

27/—  1        729 

408 

23, 091 

27.  1,54 
7,113 
5,000 

21, 690 

8    3 
8    9 

v-. 

20. 194 
5,190 
5  590 

7    1 
7    0 

51,6 
55/1 
67/— 
68/— 

9, 392 
1  584 

fi    6 

50/6 
50  3 

4  094 

12    3 

78  — 

1,080 

5  11 

4g/_       2.910 

348 

171 

«:)/ 

09/6 

73 

6    7 

1  196 

1     12 

79/- 

81/- 

:    82/- 

205 

5  10 

!.:;98 

108 

38 

3  514 

6     - 

04/- 
07  6 

645 

!     11  15 

867 

5    7 

62/— 

6(1 

00 

8, 400 

8    1 

22, 405 

7 

11,300 

6    2 

1    4,099 

12    2 

2,405 

5    9 

62  3 

910 

1,028 

777 

52  feniiiles. 

23, 138 

8    4 

67/3 

35, 585 

0  13 

51/3 

24, 820 

6 

43/6 

2, 254 

1 

11  14 

82  — 

1            4,464 

5    4 

41  6 

1.148 

2.277 

1,398 

18,  302 
11,082 

8    3 

89/10 
87/- 

,!0, 686 
26.  507 

7    1 
7    1 

75/4 
73/- 

29,242 
.J3,811 

6    2 

6    1 

1 

03  10 

01/- 

1 

2,  313 

V2     fi 

'  118,5 
86  6 

1            3,092 

18.731 
Ex.Ex.5J2 

\      5    3 

1      4    « 

1 

01/7 
51/0 

2.503 
5, 716 

3,  7.50 
3,813 

2, 129  were 
dresstMl  lie- 
fore  tliesale. 
977 

i 
2,  133        12    4 

1 

I  preliminary  telegrapliic  reports,  wliile  tbe  lower  ones  represent,  respectively,  the  netnal  average  price  as  ascertaiucil  from  account  of  sales, 
'or  the  saltP  of  Ijrevity.] 


Oc 


hf  m: 


:/ 


it) 


Year. 


(.'iitcli  as    Avj'i'-     Avcrngo 


Wigs. 


per(,'.  II.       n'^r      jiiicf  in 

riMciptd.   »(;if;lit.     l.oiicldii.      pj,.,.,,^       \V"lit. 


I  I  Li.  itz. 

1874 '      9ft,9U8  I     9  ;i/4 

! 

1875 '     Ulll,0a2  i      8i 


21 


19/10 


1870. 


••)4/0     I 
89, 904  1       8         \l     Ji/'" 


IJ/U 


1877 75,  .120         85 


1878. 


1879. 


188U. 


98, 989 


99,902 


8i       { 


1881. 


ino.  o:iO       85 


99, 760        8i 


I 


1882 99,922 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


,076 


90.942 


09, 092       10,1, 


:i9/- 
'.•iO.O 
,")(!  9 

lio'lO 

1S80 j      99.872  ^      0§      ,■)      2'\ 

1887 \      99.940  |       8ij        J     '?[{  ~ 

18H8 100.  IHHI         8J        \     ^'Jt  3" 

i         M    8 

1H89 '     100.000  :       7,Vo    \     *%\l\ 


Iht.  <(^. 
'.lO/O      ' 

.'■io/9   ; 
*n,v_  ' 

RS/;!      :  1 

*r>5/B   I 
:..-./!  1  i 

•42/0     ■ 

42/7 

'    *;i.")/—  (2(1  fiiiii  ;)(i 

15/—       saK's.) 
*35/—  '  8 

;i;t/i   : 

&30/— 
.V41/10 

*4;v- 

411/8 

*07/6 

67  11 

*7;i  a 

72/4 
*84 

S     *K(i;_  I  ;t 

I       85/11  I 

■93/—  I  44       22  —       99/ 

93 '—  I  '  I 

80/-   I ' I 

85  1 
•82/-  112  :     19     2       91/ 

82  1 
*70/0 

70  11 
-.54'  6 

54/5 

.">5, 1 1 
t  '82  U 
)  «2,7 
)  *83  0 
I  83/4 
*.-.«/- 

.i5/ll 
*53  Siiuiid  . 

53  fi 

38/3     I  I'liikcy 


;     Kx.  I'gu  iniiliUiii; 

1 
I'rice.    TifctH.    Wglit.  ,  1' 

Ibi.  oz. 
81  I     22    7 


155    

48       10     1 


101/- 


I 

40  ' UK)/— 

212       18  12  00/0 

100    00/— 

33    71/- 

78  I     10  11  52/— 


89  '  19    8  j     C... 

60  i  18    7    ...... 

133  18  10        tVs. 

20  19     3    ...... 


Note Tlii>  iiiM"'''  11^'"'''"  [tlioso  preceilcd  by  aii  astcrisl 

(XoTK. — Twi'lvo  adilitioiial  lolniiiim  ftliowhiir  pprccntnge 

123G4 Face  page  \\m. 


-•'-n 


RELATING    TO    FUR-SEALS    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


369 


Deposition  of  Max  Heilbronurr,  Ncrn'tdry  of  the  Alanka   Commercial 

VomjuDuj. 

I,  lS\i\\  ircilbroinior,  aec'vctary  of  tlie  Alaska  Coiiiinercial  Company, 
sok'iniily  swear  that  tlic  tor('j;'oinfi'  "Comparative  statement  of  assort- 
ment, weiglits,  and  prices  '•'alized  on  Alaska  sealskins  1S74  to  LS.SD," 
was  compiled  and  formulated  by  me  from  the  records  of  the  Alaska 
Connnereial  Comi)anj'  now  in  my  custody,  and  is  correct  and  true,  ac- 
cording' to  my  best  knowledge  and  belief. 

Max   llEILlJHONNER, 

Sed'y  of  Alaska  Com  mircitil  Co. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me,  at  San  Francisco,  this  4th  day  of 
May,  A.  D.  ISOli. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Benniott, 

Notary  Public. 


■I 


1*1 


Deposition  of  N.  Hodt/son,  sealer. 

Personally  appeared  before  me  X.  Hodgson,  who  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  twenty-four  years  old.     1  am  a  native  of  Ontario,  Canada,  and 
at  present  a  resident  of  I'ort  Townsend,  Washington. 
I  am  a  seal  hunter  by  o('cu])atn)n  and  have  nnide  hve 
sealing  voyages  to  the  North  Pacific  0<'ean  and  Bering  Sea.     I  have 
handled  a  great  many  sealskins  and  can  upon  examination  of  the  pelt 
distinguish  the  sex  of  the  animal,  except  in  the  case  of  animals  under 
two  years  of  age;  these  can  not  always  be  distinguished.     I  exandned 
carefully  this  day  four  hundred  and  twenty  sealskins 
on  board  the  Ilri'tish  sealing  schooner  Henrietta,  which   J/;;";''",",''.,';;"    ""'■ 
skins,  according  to  log  and  scidingbnok  of  said  vessel 
were  taken  in  IJering  Sea  during  the  month  of  August,  ISUL',  and  find  to 
the  best  of  my  knowledge  ami  belief  the  proportion  of  t!ie  sexes  to  be 
as  follows:    Females,  three  hundred  and  sixty-one;  males,  thirty  three; 
young,  the  sex  of  whu-h  could  not  be  distinguished,  twenty-six. 

N.  Hodgson. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  at  Sitka,  Alaska,  this  21st  day  ot 
Septend)er,  1892. 
[SEAL.]  C.  L.  IJoorER, 

Notary  Fublic,  District  of'  Alaska. 


'M 


>  iti 


'  M 


'isl 
ige 


Deposition  of  C.  L.  TTooper^  captain,  United  States  Revenue  Marine. 

District  of  Columbia, 

City  of  Washint/ton,  ss.: 

Persomdly  ai)peared  before  mo  C.  L.  Hooper,  Avho  deposes  and  sjvys: 
From  the  investigations  concerning  seal  life  at  sea,  ])ersonally  con- 
ducted by  me.  in  tiie  Nortii  Pacific  during  th(>  months  of  March,  April, 
IMay,  and  June;  in  Hering  Sea  during  th(!  montii  of 
August  and  ])art  of  September;  in  the  vicinity  of  the  JrdnaiwTtntcd""^ 
Aleutian  Chain  during  tlie  niontii  of  October  and  part 
of  November,  as  well  as  from  the  experience  obtained  in  six  other 
12304 24 


{    ' 


lit   'I 


'!  I 


Sn^    I 


imm 


I.  i 


PMi 


370 


TESTIMONY 


citiiscs  in  Alaskan  waters  and  in  T3<'riMg  Sea,  I  draw  the  following  con* 
elusions: 

There  were  I'ewer  seals  to  be  seen  in  the  water  in  the  vieinity  of  the 
Tribilof  Islands  during  the  summer  of  1892  than  in  181M. 

At  least  7i>  per  cent  and  probably  80  or  90  per  cent  of  the  seals  in 
Eernig  Sea,  outside  of  a  narrow  zone  around  the  seal  islands,  are  fe- 
males, 7.J  i»er  cent  of  which  are  nursing  niotliers  and  the  remaining  25 
per  cent  virgin  cows,  too  immature  for  bearing. 

If  barren  cows  exist  at  all  they  are  rare.  I  have  never  known  or 
heard  «)f  but  one  instance. 

In  IJering  Sea  mothers  go  long  distances,  as  far  as  200  miles  from  the 
islands,  to  feed,  eodlish  furnishing  the  bulk  of  their  food. 

Tiiey  sleep  much  in  the  water,  are  not  timid,  and  are  readily  taken; 
and  their  death  means  the  destruction  of  three  lives — the  mother,  the 
fu'tus,  and  the  pup  on  tlie  breeding  grounds.  The  past  season  is  the 
tirst  in  several  years  that  such  deaths  among  the  pups  have  not  oc- 
curred from  this  source. 

At  least  70  per  cent  and  probably  80  or  90  per  cent  of  any  catch  in 
Bering  Sea  will  be  females,  either  actually  bearing  or  capable  of  bear- 
ing at  no  distant  day.  This  is  borne  out  by  the  rdiaracter  of  the  skins 
of  the  Jlcnrietta  seized  last  summer  for  the  violation  of  the  modus  Vi- 
vendi. The  captain  infitrmed  nte  that  nearly  all  the  skins  taken  weie 
tiiose  of  male  seals.  I'nder  my  direction  an  examination  was  made  of 
these  skins  by  N.  Hodgson,  a  man  of  exi)erience,  in  whom  I  have  entiie 
confidence.  The  catch,  as  shown  by  the  log  and  sealing  book  of  this 
vessel,  was  made  in  Bering  Sea  and  c(»nsists  of  420  skins,  301  of  whi«'li 
were  found  to  be  females,  33  males,  and  2(»  those  of  seals  too  yimng  to 
determine  the  sex. 

ror  every  100  seals,  the  death  of  which  results  from  pelagic  hunting, 
not  more  than  0")  or  75  skins  are  secured. 

The  female  seals  are  widely  'distributed  over  the  sea,  and  hence  the 
establishment  of  zonal  areas  woiild  afford  no  jaotection,  while  the  main- 
tenance of  such  areas  M'ould  be  rendered  impossible  by  climatic  condi- 
tions. 

There  is  a  wide  belt  of  200  or  300  miles  between  the  Commander  and 
rribih)f  groups  of  islands  which  are  devoid  of  seals,  and  hence  no  com- 
mingling of  the  herds  occur. 

Tiiere  is  no  fouiulation  for  the  statement  that,  during  the  summer 
months,  there  are  found  in  Bering  Sea  bodies  of  seals  which  are  inde- 
pendent of,  unattached  to,  or  do  not  visit  the  Pribilof  islands. 

The  annual  migration  is  caused  by  climatic  conditions  and  feed  sup- 
ply. 

T'he  old  bulls  are  the  first  to  leave  the  islands,  and  most  of  them,  to- 
getlier  with  many  half  bulls  and  large  bachelors,  remain  in  the  waters 
of  Bering  Sea  and  off  the  coast  of  Alaska  during  the  entire  winter,  in- 
dividuals rarely  being  found  south  of  the  55th  parallel. 

The  major  part  of  the  herd,  consisting  of  females  and  their  pups  and 
young  males,  begin  to  migrate  abcmt  the  end  of  October,  and  by  .lanu- 
ary  1st  all  of  them  have  begun  their  migration.  These  dates  are  snme- 
what  earlier  or  later,  according  to  the  season. 

Those  that  leave  earliest  go  furthest  South,  arriving  on  the  coast  of 
California,  and  tiiose  leaving  later  reach  the  coast  further  uj*.  Their 
ariival  is  coincident  with  thecomingof  the  smelt,  herring,  aiul  «>ulichan, 
upon  which  they  feed. 

On  reaching  the  coast  their  migration  route  is  continually  towards 
the  islands,  but  following  the  general  trend  of  the  coast,  the  inner 


RELATING    TO   FUR-SEALS    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


371 


limit  being  about  tweiity-flve  inilos  oft"  .shore  and  the  outer  limit  from 
75  to  !()(». 

As  this  nii}>ration  progresses,  tliere  is  a  bundling  nj)  of  tliehenl,  but 
tlu' seals  tritvel  independently  and  not  in  bands  or  scliools, 

Tlie  migration  route  is  from  tlu'  I'ribilof  Isliinds  tlirongli  the  passes 
across  to  the  coast,  ui>  tiu'  coast  and  iier(»ss  the  northern  sweep  of  the 
North  I'aeilie  to  the  Aleutian  (!hain,  and  thiongii  tiu',  passes  again  to 
the  ishinds. 

Tliere  is  no  foundation  in  tin*  statement  that  the  Piibi!<»f  fur-seals 
which  migrate  have  a  winter  liomeoft'  any  coast.  Tliey  nppear  at  about 
the  sanu>  time  oft"  a  hmg  line  of  coast,  rea<'hing  from  Calilornia  to  Wash- 
ington. Wiien  they  are  so  found  they  are  known  always  to  be  moving 
northward  up  the  coast. 

Tiie  herd,  by  reason  of  hunting  at  sea,  has  steadily  diniinished,  and 
such  hunting  will  nltinmtely  destroy  the  herd  unless  |)roliibited  in  tlie 
North  I'acilic  and  Bering  Sea,  for,  no  matter  how  small  the  annual 
catch  nujy  be.  there  is  a  possibility  that  the  hunt  will  always  be  en- 
couraged by  the  higher  prices  resulting  from  the  decreased  catch,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  sea  otter. 

C.  L.  Hooper. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  VMh  diiy  of  I)ecend>er,  1892. 
[seal.]  Sevellon  a.  liUOWN, 

Notary  Vahlic. 


BcposHion  of  II.  R.  Mclntyre,  superintendent  of  the  Pribilof  Islands. 

DlSTllIOT   OF  COLITMJUA, 

City  of  ]y(isliin(/ton,  ss. 

II.  II.  Mclntyre,  of  West  Randolph,  Vt.,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes 
and  says: 

1  have  stated  in  former  dei»ositions  my  connection  with  the  sealeries 
of  Alaska  and  opi)ortunities  for  knowledge  concerning  tiiem. 

When  the  breeding  male  seals  tirst  arrive  ujton  the  ishuids  in  the 
spring  they  are  much  more  timid  and  easily  disturbed  .,  ,  ,  , 
than  at  a  later  period,  aiui  might  perhaps  be  then 
driven  from  their  chosen  places  ni)on  the  rookeries,  but  at  a  later  diite, 
when  their  relation  to  their  neighbors  are  fairly  established  and  the 
cows  begin  to  arrive,  no  anutunt  of  force  will  dislodge  them,  and  they 
will  die  in  defense  of  their  harems  rather  than  desert  them. 

In  rlune,  I.S72, 1  carried  a  i)hotographer'8  camera  near  the  I\'eef  Ifook- 
ery  on  St.  Taul  Island,  and  while  focusing  the  instrument  with  my  head 
under  the  black  idoth,  and  the  attcMition  of  my  attendant  was  diverted, 
two  old  bulls  made  a  'avage  assault  uiton  me,  whi<'h  I  avoided  itydodg- 

•  and  running.  The  camera  was  left  where  I  had  jtlactd  it  and  could 
not  be  recovered  until  seal  clubs  had  been  sent  for  anihnieof  the  bulls 
killedand  the  other  knocked  down  and  stunned.  The  thr(»wing(»f  stones 
and  noisy  demonstrations  had  noeftect  whatever  ujion  them.  This  ex- 
perience only  emidiasized  what  1  have  observed  on  many  occasions  upon 
the  islands.  The  fenuile  seals  are  nutre  timid,  and  ui)on  the  near  ap- 
proach of  man  show  signs  of  fear  aiul  generally  move  towards  the  water, 
but  their  Higlit  is  resisted  by  the  bulls,  and  before  impregnation  they 
rarely  succeed  in  escaping.  Aft'  '■  this  occurs  the  discipline  of  the  ha- 
rem is  relaxed  and  the  females  go  and  come  at  will. 


i 


4  ^ 


II.  >* 


^  \ 


»5 


m  ^^ 


i 


;  r 

WWi 

m 

la 

i'l 

I 
\ 

' 


372 


TKS'IIMONY 


!'■      1 


lifi' 


I  \h 


I  iii'iduM"  saw  nor  lioiird,  in  tny  twcMity  yciirs' oxpcrii'iu'c  ;ks  siinor- 
iiit(>ii(l('iil  of  tilt'  .s»>;il('iit's,  «»('  nii.v  (lest ruction  of  pups  hy  rt'iisoii  of 
stMinpcdcs  of  seals.  Uiit  I  liavr  oi'ciisioiuUIy  witut'sscd  the  deatli  (tf 
pups  iVoui  l)eiii<;  tiiiiiipled  U|)on  Ity  the  old  bulls  duriu;:'  their  battles 
ibi'  supii'iuaey.  'I'liis  is,  howevei',  •»!'  rare  oeeiureuee.  I-'veu  il'  stam- 
pedes oeeuned,  the  li;;ht  bodies  of  the  females,  aveiaj;iuji'  only  SO  oi'  \W 
poiiuds,  would  pass  over  a  lot  of  jtups  witl'.wut  seriously  iiijuiin.u them. 

Later  in  the  season,  after  the  old  male:<  have  been  superseded  on  the 
rookeries  by  the  youuf;er  «»nes,  the  pups  an>  already  aide  to  avoid bein^j; 
lun  ov«'r,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  «U'ath  of  pups  upon  the  rookeries 
from  any  cause  whatever  pri(»r  to  the  advent  ofpelajiic  Mealei-*  in  IJcrinj^ 
Sea  was  so  rare  as  to  occasion  no  comment. 

It  was  not  custonuiry  to  drive  from  any  points  near  enouf^h  to  the 
bieediufi'  rookeries  to  cause  stampedes,  and  even  if  this  had  been  done, 
1  do  not  think  any  injury  to  the  rookeries  would  have  l»een  oi-casioiu'd 
by  it.  It  mijiht  «'ause  some  of  the  c«)ws  to  nu>vt^  away,  but  (hey  would 
soon  n'turn  aj^ain. 

It  is  very  tlitli«ult  to  detennino  the  avcrap'  nund)er  ot  fenmlos  i)rop- 
erlv  assijiuable  to  a  sin"le  male,  and  ditlieult   «'veii  to 

Siz(>  111  liiin'iiiH.  '       .      •        ,  ,,  .  ■  r         •!        1 

ascertain  how  nuiny  there  are  in  any  j;iven  tainily,  ln'- 
eause  the  boundaries  of  the  };i(»ups  are  never  well  delliied,  and  such  as 
would  be  said  by  one  observer  to  beloiifi'  to  a  »'ertain  bull  would  be  de- 
dared  by  aiiol  her  to  be  in  a  dilVerent  harem.  The  surface  of  the  jironnd 
mainly  occui)ied  as  breedinj^  rookeries  is  very  irrcfiiilar.  Harems  some- 
times run  to<i(ther.  licdjues,  bowlders,  and  lava  rocks  hinder  the  uni- 
form niapi>iii^(»f  the  family  jironps,  and  it  is  not  dilhcult,  therefore,  to  se- 
lect t'crtaiii  spots  and  count  a  number  of  teinale  seals  which  ajtpear  to  be 
unattached  to  any  male.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  often  found  fiiU- 
{ii'own  iiialcs  upiMi  the  rookeries  at  all  seasons  with  no  families,  and  a 
still  larj^cr  nunibei'  with  from  one  to  live  females  each.  Such  variations 
liave  always  occurred. 

W"\\\\  our  present  knowledjic  of  seal  life,  it  is  impossible  (o  Jud;;e 
V  ith  any  dcjirce  of  accuracy  how  many  females  may  safely  be  referred 
(o  a  siuiile  male.  Ibit,  by  analojiy,  it  is  a  very  much  larmM-  number 
than  has  fi«'(|uently  been  named  as  a  fair  average.  1 1  oise  breeders  re- 
j;ai(l  a  healthy  stallion  as  capable  of  servinj;'  from  forty  to  titty  mares 
in  a  siiijjle  season;  cattle  breeders  apportion  at  h'ast  forty  cows  to  a 
bull,  and  sheep  raisers  refi'ard  fr(»m  thirty  to  forty  ewes  as  not  too 
nmny  for  a  single  ram,  and  in  the  latter  ease,  at  least,  the  season  of 
servii'(>  is  no  loufier  than  that  permitted  to  the  male  seal.  I  think  it 
Vdidd  be  safe  to  place  an  averaj^o  of  forty  to  titty  seals  to  a  liareni  as 
not  excessive. 

It  is  not  ■iiisnal  diirinj;  the  early  years  of  the  Alaska  Commercial 
Company's  lease  to  tind  exceptionally  lar};(>  harems  contaiiiinj;'  from 
lifty  to  a  hundred  t'eiiiales  eacli,  but  we  saw  no  reason  to  doubt  tiiat 
they  were  fully  served  by  the  male. 

The  erroneous  idea  set'ins  to  have  jjained  lodj;nient  that  dnriiifj'  the 

tirst  decade  of  the  lease  a  reserve  of  breeding'  seals  was 

Ext.Misioii  of  iiriv    i;,.pt  „„  (.eitain  rooki'ries,  and  that  towards  the  end  of 

ill);  uri'iiH.  .  1  •       1  1      •!   1  i        I  ,1  1 

this  decade  it  became  uecessaiy  to  drawiui  llies(>  rook- 
eries because  killin*;  l(tO,(KH>seaIs  ])er  annum  had  been  t<)o  much  of  a  drain 
upon  the  herd.  This  has  no  foundation  in  fact.  In  the  early  years 
of  the  lease  the  transpoitation  facilities  \\\)o\\  the  islands,  both  l»y  land 
and  water,  were  very  limited,  and,  as  the  (lovernment  ajjeiit  in  chaifio 
(Captain  IJryiint)  did  not  object,  we  etuisulted  our  convenience  and 
drove  more  lietiueatly  IVom  iiear-by  rookeries,  but  at  all  times  worked 


KKLATINO    TO    VrH-SKALS    AND    SKALSKIN    TNDrSTHY.         '^l'^ 


\Vrii;lil  III'  liiiliilli's. 


tlic  more  distiiiit  ntolu'iirs  more  or  loss  rrciiiiciitly,  as  appciirs  by  tlio 
iSfiil  Isliiiitl  records.  Mis  sinccssors  in  ollicc  llicoii/.cd  tliat  all  tlio 
rookeries  onjilil  to  be  \vork«Ml  in  regular  rotation,  and  so  directed.  Wo 
tlierelbre  increased  one  nninltei'  of  boats  an<i  nnilc  teams  in  order  to 
transpoit  tliesiiins  from  distant  points,  and  «-ompii(Ml  witli  Ids  iird(>ivs. 
Hut  we  «lid  n«)t  do  this  because  t»f  any  scarcity  of  Uiliable  seals;  no 
scarcity  occurred  until  pelajjic  sealin^i  bad  abeady  made  serious  in- 
roads. Tliere  was  no  such  tliiuii ever  tliou^lil  of  u\n)\\  the  islands  as 
'Mcseives  of  seals,''  nor  was  any  dilleient  i»raclice  jjiiisucd  in  rcspcti  to 
driviufi  from  year  to  year,  except  that  all  rookeries  weri'  wtukctl  un)re 
systematically  alter  the  tirst  few  years  of  the  lease. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  first  lease  a  few  oft  he  bundles  ot"  sealskins 
8hipp«'d  from  the  I'ribilof  Islands  mny  haxc  weij^hed  as 
inncli  as  (iO  pounds,  but  I  would  not  undertake  to  sa> 
tuat  I  have  seen  any  wei^hiuji' as  much,  if  there  weic  any  the  explana- 
tion is  as  ftdlows:  The  skins  in  such  bundles  were  tin  sc  of  small  wi^^s, 
ami  such  skins  weic  bundled  toj;cth«'r  so  that  the  tiesh  sides  should  be 
covered  completely  and  no  overlapping;  edji«'s  left. 

lOxcrement  is  voided  by  the  seals  upon  tin'  lookeries  as  otten,  1  think, 
as  by  other  «'arnivorous  animals.     Tliosi'  who  assert 
the  c(udrarv  appareutlv  expect  such  disclnn -it's  as  thev      iA>i'imMii  on  mok 
were  accustomed  to  see  in  the  track  of  the  lierbivora. 
TIh'  excrement  of  the  seals  is  of  very  soft,  often  semitluid  consistcu<'y, 
and  in  the  porous  soil,  ov  on  the  smooth  rocks,  is  easily  brushed  about, 
by  the  tiailini;   llippers  of  the  seals  ami   lost   sij^ht  of.     Their  food  is 
ehielly  lish,  winch   is  highly  orjiani/.e<l  and   «'«uitains  very  little  tissuti 
that  is  not  absorbed  an<l  assimilated.     Thet-xcrement,  therefoio,  is  lim- 
ited in  (|mintity,  even  when  the  aniunir  is  full  fed,  ami  from  itsnaturo 
and  surnuindiufjseasilv  overlooked. 

n.    H.   MiMNTYKK. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  uw  this  l(>tli  dav  of  December,  ISDL'. 


[SKAL.] 


SlOVKl.l.ON    .\.    lllJOWN, 

J^'otaiuf  ruhlic. 


DcposHion  of  John  ^^(tlolrausl■j/,  (Hjcnt  of  lessees  of  Coiiiituuidcr  rshiiids. 

District  of  (/<»!, i':mima, 

('it If  of  \\'t(sh))uiton,  ss: 

.loliii  Malowansky,  beinjj^  duly  sw(umi,  (b'poses  ami  says,  with  refor- 
euce  to  the  s»'ctions  of  the  IJeport  of  the  Ibitish  I'.eiin};;  Sea  Counuis- 
sioners  lu'reinaft«'r  named,  as  follows: 

8k«'.  J.S.'{.  The  seals  whi«'h  are  killed  lor  skins  on  the  islands  have 
been  arrivin*;-  later  during'  tin*  last  two  years.  The  killin;;'  tinu'  has 
been  extemU'd  two  to  three  weeks.  Nc;  alteiation  in  the  date  of  arrival 
of  females  or  of  birth  of  younji'  has  bi'cn  noticed. 

Skc.  L".M(.  No  one  on  tlu' Commander  islamis  believes  that  coition 
ever  takes  place  in  the  water. 

Si;c.  I.'U.  I  have  never  heanl  the  natives  or  anyom^  else  on  the  Coiu- 
luander  Ishimla  repoit  that  there  were  barren  females  (»!•  females  with- 
out youuj;'. 


.loiiN  Mai.owanskv. 
(Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me,  this  l.tth  (biv  of  Deceud>er,  ISDl; 


:;ka.l.J 


JSkvkli.on  a.  Hijown. 

Notary  I'ltblic. 


jT^'oJWi: 


374 


TKSI'IMOW 


'•  '  i 


^i 


I    t 

I 


Ml 


Kxjiiri  Miic. 


DepoHitlon  of  John  MaJoirannlaj,  aijvnt  of  h'ssecs  of  Commander  IslaniU. 

State  of  Nkw  Yoijk. 

Villi  tiiul  Coiiiiti/  of  Xcir  Yorl',  ss: 

.loliii  Miilowaiisky,  hciiij;  duly  sworn,  doiioses  and  aays: 
I  liiivi'  been  on  tlif  Coinniandcr  islands  every  year  since  18f»!).  I 
served  for  many  years  as  the  aj;enf  tlieic  of  llutciiin 
son,  Kold,  IMiiiipens  «S:  Co..  the  former  lessees  of  the 
rijiht  to  hike  fur  seal  skins  on  tliose  islands,  and  1  am  now  the  a^cnt 
of  the  K'ussian  Sealskin  Company,  tiie  present  lessees.  My  winter  res- 
idenee  is  in  San  I'ranciseo;  I  am  now  on  my  way  to  Kussia  to  report 
to  tiie  CK»vernment  and  to  my  pii'ieipals. 

Wiienever  tliere  lias  been  a  lieavy  storm  an<l  swell  abtiut  tlu'  islands 

ill  the  fall  of  the  year,  /.  <■..  in  October  or  November,  after  the  jmits 

have  learni'd  to  swim,  a  munber  of  dead  i)ups  have 

i).a.iimim.m(<m.    ]„.,., ,  reported  killed  alon«-  tlie  shore  bv  t  he  surf,  but  the 

m:iii(li'r  IsliimlK.  ,       '  ,  •  .  ,  ,  ,  ,,,, 

nnmirer  was  always  inconsiderable.  1  liese  pups  wery 
always  <irey  pups;  their  bodies  were  always  near  the  water's  edfje, 
and  never  back  on  the  rookeries.  Within  the  last  two  years  the 
natives  noticed,  however,  another  class  of  dead  pui)s  on  the  islands; 
these  were  always  black  pups,  which  were  too  small  to  have  learned  to 
swim,  and  were  found  on  the  brecdiii};  {^rounds  li()(»  yards  from  the 
water.  Such  dead  pups  have  only  been  observed  since  the  s<'alinjf 
vessels  be;;aii  to  take  seals  about  the  islands.  This  year  the  numbers 
became  so  jiieat  that  the  matter  was  commonly  talked  about  on  the 
islands  and  the  natives  made  complaint  to  the  j>overnor.  It  was  my 
oi)inion  and  the  universal  opinion  of  all  on  the  islands  that  thesi>  deaths 
were  caused  by  starvation,  which  resulted  from  the  m(»thers  having 
been  killed  by  the  sealin<i'  s«'hooners  while  out  fccdinfi.  This  was  also 
the  opinion  of  the  natives  and  others  on  the  islands  <lurin<«'  all  of  last 
season  (IS'.M).  The  matter  was  discussed  with  the  liritish  Mering  Sea 
Commissioners  who  were  at  Uerinj;-  island  for  about  a  day  and  a  half  in 
Sei»tcmbcr  of  that  year.  Snijicrof  told  them  about  it,  and  I  acted  as 
the  interpreter  at  the  time.  Tiie  }>rey  ]»ups  her«'tofore  mentioned  as 
havinji'  been  killed  were  always  plump  and  in  good  condition,  while 
tlicse  Itlack  ]>ui»s  were  in  all  cases  very  thin  and  emaciated,  showiiij;- 
evident  sij;iis  of  starvation. 

Seven  vessels  were  seized  this  seas(»n  (ISMl')  by  the  Eussian  (Jovern- 
^      .    ,.  inent  for  sealiii};   in    the  waters   suriduiidini>'  the  Coiii- 

a  latL'  peUitji.'  niaudcr  Islands.  They  had  on  board  al)out  2,  AM  skins, 
"■'''''•  all  of  which,  as  ai)i»eared  from  the  bullet  holes  in  them, 

had  obviously  been  shot  in  the  water.  It  was  evident  from  the  fresli 
appearance  of  the  skins  and  from  the  information  I  obtained  from  the 
captains  of  the  seized  vessels  that  they  were  not  taken  in  the  si>riii{i-, 
but  throujihout  tlie  summer.  1  was  present  at  the  <'.\amination  of  all 
of  them  at  IN'tropaulovski,  and  I(M»ke(l  at  almost  every  one  of  them  care- 
fully, because  I  intciidcd  to  ]uirchase  and  did  jjurchase  a  lar<>e  number 
of  them  for  the  IJnssian  Seal  skin  C(»nipaiiy.  They  were  also  examined 
at  the  same  time  by  JMr.  Grebnitski.  jMr.  Tillman,  and  a  Copjx'r  Island 
native  named  Ivan  Chabarof.  The  latter  is  an  expert  in  handliuj;  seal- 
skins. He  looked  them  all  over  and  threw  the  males  into  one  lot  and 
the  females  into  another.  He  had  no  ditliculty  iii  telliny  them  ai)art. 
1  have  not  the  exact  tij>nres  of  the  result  with  lue,  but  1  know  that  over 
ninety  per  cent  of  the  skins  were  females. 


TT^m,     -f 


RELATING   TO    FUU-Sr,Al,S   AND    SEAI-SKIN   INDUSTRY. 


375 


On  o\w  of  tlio  boats  of  a  scizotl  sdiooiicr  (here  woro  tlie  ciiri'iissos  of 
1.'}  st'iils.    I  was  idcsi'ut  wliilt'  these  woiv  li«'iii}^  skiiiiicd 
on  our  stcanu'i's  (tlu'.  /r«*/(A'\)  (lock;  allot  tlicni  wciv  NuiHinK  fi-maies. 
mnsinfj  t'iMnah's,  and  tlio  tU'ck  was  Hooded  with  milk 
when  the  skins  wei»'  Wiua  lenioveil.     All  the  captains  of  these  sei/od 
vessels  informed  me  that  they  took  a  yi«'af   many  seals  L'(M)  or  more 
mih's  from  the  islands,  and  it  is  my  belief  that  the  female  seals  jjo  as 
far  as  tliat  from  the  rookeries  to  feed.     The  eajttains  ais(«  knew  and 
adndtted  they  were  gettin};'  mostly  females,    'I  he  caittain  of  tiu'  Mdria 
told  me  he  lost  two  or  three  out  of  tive  wonnded  or  killed. 

Diirin};'  the  last  year  or  two  tliere  has  been  an  enormous  decrease  in 
the  nnnd)or  of  seals  on  Ct»i>i)er  Island;  on  IJerinj; 
Island  the  decrease  was  not  so  marked.  The  si'als  on  '"'""x'-- 
the  Coi)per  Island  rookeries  feed  nniinly  to  the  east  and  southeast 
of  the  island,  while  those  on  IJerinj;  Island  feed  to  the  northwest  and 
west  thereof,  where  the  sealinj;'  schooners  have  not  ^i'one  so  much  as 
yet;  the  two  islands  are  about  thiily  (.'{())  miles  apart.  All  the  sealinfj 
schooneis  seized  were  to  the  south  or  soutlieast  of  ('»»ppcr  Island  ex- 
cept one,  which  was  seized  to  the  northwest  of  Herinjj  Island.  I 
noticed  one  rookery  in  i)articular  on  (.'opper  Island  which  two  years 
ano  was  covered  with  breedinj;'  seals  and  which  now  is  bare.  No  ono 
on  the  islands  doubts  that  the  sealiii};  schooners  have  done  it.  The 
natives  have  become  {jreatly  alarnuMl  and  they  bewail  the  condition  ot 
the  rookeries,  claiminff  they  will  starve  if  the  seals <'oiitinue  to  de<'iease. 
This  {jfreat  decrease  is  noticeable  in  the  female  seals;  there  are  enou}ili 
vigorous  male  seals  to  serve  all  the  femalescominj;  to  the  islands.  The 
natives  have  reported  in  the  last  tw«»  years  that  the  number  of  females 
to  a  bull  is  pfrowinj;'  less.  This  is  the  natural  n'sidt  of  the  sealers  kill- 
ing priiu'ipally  females.  1  am  convinced  that  unless  sea  sealing  is  ab- 
solutely prohibited  the  Commander  seal  hoitlwill  become  juacticaily 
exterminated. 

Among  the  seal-skins  taken  from  one  of  the  vessels  seized  were  some 
which  were  lighter  in  color  and  ditVerent  in  shape  from 
the  rest  of  the  catch.  Snigerof,  the  native  who  has  "^•■•'•'"'"■"'t""»gi.'. 
been  on  the  Tribilof  Islands,  at  once  pointed  these  out  to  me  and  said 
they  were  Pribilof  seals.  I  spoke  to  the  cai>tain  of  the  vessel  ab(»ut 
tliem,  and  lie  told  me  that  those  skins  came  from  tlie  eastern  side  of 
])ering  Sea  and  weie  skins  of  the  Pribilof  seal  herd.  I  ;im,  therefore, 
jtositive  there  is  a  marked  ditt'erence  in  the  two  seal  herds  and  that  they 
do  not  intermingle. 

I  have  already  stated  that  the  seized  vessels  had  on  board  about  2,700 
skins.  These  were eonlisca ted  by  the  (lovernment  and 
taken  to  IVtropaulovski.  They  were  there  sold  at  aue-  J]'l!TXl,nlm^'''^'' 
ti<tn  and  I  i)urcimsed  l.lL't  of  them;  l,02Sof  them  weie 
held  by  the  (Jovei  lunent  tor  its  own  account.  The  two  lots  above  men- 
tioned, namely,  that  purchased  for  the  Hussian  (lovernment.were  jtlacid 
in  my  charge  at  retroi>aui(»vski  and  were  brought  to  San  Krancisco  by 
me  upon  the  steamer  KotiJ;  the  chartered  vessel  of  the  Knssian  Seal- 
skin Company.  At  San  Francisco  I  was  present  when  these  two  lots 
were  shipped  to  Alfr«'d  Fraser,  of  New  York,  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
C.  M.  Lampson  &  Comj)any,  for  transshipment  to  London,  in  casks 
which  were  nnukcd  and  nundiered  as  follows: 

The  casks  containing  the  lirst  lot  were  nund)ered  22  to  40  and  nuvrked 
»Ii.  S.  S.  Co.,  A." 

The  casks  c<Hitaining  the  second  lot  were  numbered  1  to  21  and  were 
marked  '*  R.  S.  *S,  Co.,  G." 


1  !;-'■ 


( 


\U 


'^: 


I    i 


^T^'.u.T^^ 


T\]'\ 

\  n 

y^ 


'W 


V\%A 


i!;,    : 


!. 


370 


TESTIMOXy 


The  mark  "A" stood  for  "auction  skins."  Tiic  maik  "  G"  stootl  for 
'Mi(»\('iiiin('nt  skins." 

Tlicy  were  sliipiicd  iVoni  Sun  l-'ranciscu  in  tiie  lattci  part  of  Scptcni- 
l)<'r  or  tlic  first  pait  (it  ( Jctohcr,  IS'.H'.  and  1  nndiMstand  tlicy  wen' to  Ix' 
sold  in  liondon  in  NovcniixT  to]!o\vin;;>'. 

In   l.S!(()  1   went    in   tiic  stoanuM-  Alcitaidcr  tioni  Hciing  Island  to  a 
place  on  the  (loast  about   twelve  miles  north  ot  the 
rookiii's/''""  "*'"''''    Kiiinchatka  Hiver,  where  I  had   heard,  on  what  I  ••on 
sidcred    <;dod    auihorily,    that    there   were    I'ur  seals. 
"When  I  jn'ot  there  1  only  lonnd  sea  lions. 

Conimandci'  Island  skins  are  always  handled  with  the  {>reatest  care. 
On  several  occasions,  and  esi»cciallv  this  xcar,  C  M. 
hmiXr'u'w'uUy'^^  iV:<'o.  have  praised   the  condition  in  which 

they  were  forwarded  to  market. 

John  .Malowansky. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  Kith  day  of  December,  ISUli. 
[«KAL.J  ICnwiiN  15.  NNOoDS, 

Notary  rublir,  Kings  Co.,  certijicatr  Jiled  in  M.  Y.  Co. 


Slil^'^^v  Hkiiis  at  si'ii. 


Deposition  of  Walter  J^.  Martin,  furrier. 

State  of  New  Yoijk, 

Citj/  and  County  of  Kcw  YorTc,  ss: 
Walter  10.  Martin,  beinji<lnly  sworn,  says: 

1  am  the  person  described  in  ,ind  w  iio  verilied  au  afiidavit  in  London. 
Knj>land,  on  tlu'  L'.'h'd  day  ot  April,  1SJ»l',  in  relation  to  the  sealskin 
industry  as  carried  on  in  that  city. 
J  iiave,  as  therein  stated,  handled  lar}:e  numbers  of  fur-seal  skins  of 
all  idnds.  inclndinj;  Korthwcst  Coast  skins,  or  those  of 
animals  taken  in  the  water,  and  I  know  from  personal 
expeiience  that  a  certain  nund)er  of  ''staf^ey"  skins  are  always  found 
amonf>'st  them.  Whether  or  no  skins  taken  in  the  water  are  "stajiey'' 
will  de[)en(l  on  the  month  in  which  tiiey  aie  taken.  The  staji'iness  does 
not  be<iin  until  after  the  middle  of  Anjjnst,  and  as  m<»st  of  the  skins 
secured  betbre  the  seals  enter  Iierinj>'  Sea  are  taken  ]>revi(ms  to  that 
date  the  percentage  of  ''stagey"  skins  amongsf  this  class  is  insigniti- 
caut.  IJut  auu)ng-  the  skins  taken  in  Bering  Sea  alter  August  lath  will 
always  be  Ibund  a  certain  per  cent  of  "  stagey"  ones. 

Walter  E.  Mar  tin. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  2nd  day  of  November,  1S92. 

[seal.]  Edwin  15.  Woods, 

Notary  Public,  Klnyn  Co.,  certljicate  Jtled  in  N.  Y.  Co. 


Deposition  of  Thomas  F.  Morgan,  agent  of  lessees  of  Fribllof  and  Com- 
mander Islands, 

State  of  Connectiout, 

New  London  County,  ss: 

Thomas  F.  Morgan,  being  duly  sworn,  de])oses  and  saya: 
I  am  the  person  described  in  and  who  veritied  two  certain  affidavits 
on  the  5tii  day  of  April,  1S!»1',  belbre  Sevellon  A.  Brown,  notary  public, 
in  reliktiou  to  the  habits,  management,  etc.,  of  the  fur-seals. 


RELATING    TO    FrTR-aEAT,S    ANH    SEAT.SKIX    INDUSTRY.         .'577 


IIiiri'mK. 


TIio  liiiiciiiH  on  tlic  Pril)il(»r  Isliiiids  liiivc  at  nil  tiiiu's  varioil  wvy  iimcli 
ill  size.  Ill  llic  years  wlicii  I  was  mi  the  islands,  Iks 
twiM'ii  IS74  and  ISST,  it  was  always  itnssihic  to  llnd  in- 
dividual liarcnis  with  ."K)  or  pcrliaps  Sd  tciiialcs,  while  otluMS  would  only 
have  lour  or  live  I'eiiiales,  iiotwithstandiii;;-  theavera;;e  harem  would,  per- 
haps, contain  Ironi  lij  to  .'»(>  t'eiiiah's.  Lar;;e  harems,  tliou;;h  in  smaller 
nnmbers,  continued  to  exist  <'ven  in  the  \<'ars  ISS.j  and  t(»  l.ss7,when, 
as  I  have  already  .stated  in  a  toniier  atlidavit,  the  nnniher  of  t'emales 
bcfiiin  to  decrease. 

While  1  was  on  the  Islands  there  was  no  such  tiling'  known  asdistiirb- 
inis'the  breeders  or  stampediii"  the  rookeries.    The  herd      .,,  ,         ,, 

IS  driven  from  the  rookerv.  if<  kei)t  awav  Iroin  tilth  as  .irivin;,'  ov.r  putini 


liiiri'i'ii 
IrlillllrH. 


Ill    sirrllo 


much  as  oossible,  for  the  reason  that  the  skins  which  '""'' 
are  taken,  if  clean,  take  salt  bettei'.  cure  in  belter  condition,  and  brin;; 
better  prices.  I'llth,  yrease.  and  oil  iiiaki^  skins  c(»iiie(tiit  of  k<'iicli  tiat, 
and  such  skins  are  classed  as  low  when  sold.  Mud  spoils  the  salt  for 
(plickwork;  so  the  cleaner  the  skins  are  the  better.  As  the  rejected 
seals  are  only  to  be  fiot  away  from  the  killin;;'  jirouiid  the  (juickest  way 
to  the  sea  is  the  route  chosen,  and  I  hey  often  ]iass  over  decayin;^'  car- 
casses, but  not  of  necessity,  as  they  are  allowi'd  to  choose  their  own  yait 
and  routes  to  the  sea.  They  do  not  seem  to  (.bject  to  this  anymore  than 
to  the  tilth  caused  by  the  excrement  and  decaying  placentas  on  the 
breediii}''  {i'rounds. 

1  was  on  th(^  Commander  Islands  in  1S!)I  as  Aficnt  of  the  Hussian 
Sealskin  Company.  I  never  heard  any  one  state  that 
barren  females  (I  mean  females  without  yonn^i)  were  no 
ticed  there  and  I  don't  believe  that  any  jiersoii  whoseopinion  would  be 
entitled  to  consitlciation  noticed  this  fact.  It  soon  would  have  Ix'como 
a  matter  of  common  knowledf;e  on  the  Islands  if  there  had  been  any 
number  of  adult  females  witlauit  youiiji-.  The  only  sure  way  to  deter- 
mine whether  an  adult  female  is  bar'cn  is  to  examine  her  as  to  whether 
she  is  fjiviiifj;  milk  or  dry.  As  the  youn<^'  seals  do  not  follow  the  mother 
<'ontiiiU(>usly,  the  fact  of  seeing'  females  without  i)iips  with  them  does 
not  i)rove  that  they  have  not  one  somewhere  on  the  breedinji'  f;rounds, 
and  no  person  havin;^'  any  kiiowledfi'c  of  rookery  life  could  draw  such 
an  inference  and  claim  that  the  females  were  therelore  barren. 

\\hile  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands  I  don't  know  that  I  ever  saw  a  sterile 
fi'inale  seal.  It  is  impossible  to  reeo^iiize  the  same  seal  from  year  to 
year  nnless  as  in  the  ease  of  a  few  old  bulls  which  have  lar^io  scars,  a 
torn  lip,  a  while  blind  eye,  the  nose  split,  or  sanu'  nnnatural  mark. 
And  althoujih  I  have  seen  old  females  witlKuitmilk,  very  fat,  associating 
with  the  younj?  males,  I  could  not  say  that  they  had  not  been  fertilized, 
and  not  haviiifi"  an  olfs])rin};'  to  care  for  were  associatinj;  with  the  male.s 
until  the  season  arrived  tor  the  lieid  to  leave.  At  one  time  the  sng- 
gestion  was  made  that  it  W(mld  be  a  good  ))lan  to  kill  these  females. 
J  denied  that  it  was  jxtssible  for  any  one  to  know  that  they  would  not 
bear  ycmng,  and  that  if  the  killing  of  one  female  was  authorized  it 


w<» 


uld  open  the  way  to  do  great  injury  to  the  herd.     For.  when  it  1 


)e- 


caiiie  desirable  to  market  a  large  nnmlier  of  skins,  tlie  clubber  would 
.see  large  numbers  of  females  nntit  for  breeding. 

Itisdillicult  to  discover  fresh  excrement  on  the  rookeries,  for  the 
seals'  flippers  soon  wipe  out  the  evidence  looked  for. 
Still  1  have  often  seen  it.     in  ccdor  it  is  orange,  light      '-'"•■'""■"'• 
yellow  to  almost  eolorless,  ami  in  consistency  soft,  almost  li(iuid.     At 
jjimes  it  is  very  ott'eusive,  and  at  others  nearly  odorless.    But  the  soil 


ki 


'"^.,0 


h'}-  <■ 


378 


TESTINfONY 


of  tlif  l)i'«>o(liii>,'ffronn<]  rslmprojjiiatt'd  with  it,  wliirli  gives  totho  rook. 
«'iv;i  iiiost(Us;ijii«'r;il»k'  tidnr  tliiit  is  iiicrt'iisi'dhy  tilt'  (Iwiiyiii};  pliu'ontiis. 
i  iiiri  (|U()t('(l  by  liic  ISiitisli  ('tiiiiinissiunors  (Section  SL'5  nrtlicir  I(e- 
irr.«iii,iiii.v  ill  hill.    p<»it)tn  siiow  tluif  ill  ISSl  ail  irn'jjfiiiaiity  in  tiic  liahits 
"*•  of  tlic  st'als  to(»li  plat'f  at  tilt' l'rii»ilof  Islands,    'riiisir- 

I'ci;  iilari  I  y  consist  CI  1  in  I  lie  to]  li  twin  j;':  In  pic  vioiis  years  the  seals  tliat  ar- 
ii\eil  ill  .Iniiei'iiriiislied  nearly  all  eiyiil  pound  skins  and  over;  v»'ry  few 
of  tliese  seals  were  let  {^o  or  rejected,  and  wlicn  any  weio  rejected  it  was 
principally  because  I liey  were  too  larjic  lint  this  year  the  two  year 
old  seals  coiiiineiiccd  to  land  iiiiicli  earlier,  and  the  run  of  larjjc  half 
bulls  arrived  in  more  scatlered  bunches,  just  as  if  the  herd  had  been 
turned  back  in  jilaccs  and  hurried  ahead  in  others,  thus  Imrryinj;  tins 
smaller  seals,  so  that  they  came  on  with  the  head  of  the  tlock,  and  tiirii- 
inji'  back  some  of  the  lar{;e  seals,  so  that  they  came  to  the  islands  with 
the  one  and  two  .\t'ar  old  seals,  which  formerly  had  arrived  later.  No 
irregularity  was  observed  in  the  habits  of  the  female  seals. 

Thomas  V.  Morgan. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  11th  <lay  of  December,  1892« 
[seal.]  U.  L.   I5A1LEY, 

Motary  L'ublio. 


\i\  ■( 


ill; 


;:l    It 


! 


Deposition  of  Joseph  Murray,  Treasury  Agent. 

District  ov  Coi,MrniA, 

Citji  of  Washiiijiton,  ss: 

Joseph  Murray,  being  (hily  sworn,  says:  T  am  the  person  de?  bed 
in  and  who  veiilied  an  allidavit  (Ui  the  l!Hli  day  of  March,  IS!>2  was 
lirst  assistant  special  Treasury  Agent  on  St.  (Jeorge  Island  in  b^  and 
until  fliily  L'O,  ISIK).  and  1  have  since  oecui)ied  and  still  occupy  this 
IKisitutn  (Ml  the  island  of  St.  Paul. 

1  have  stated  in  a  former  allidavit  that  in  ISDl  the  rookeries  were  nt 
i)isiiii,Miii/.aii(m  of  tlicir  best  fi'om  d uly  Ttli  to  L'.'hid.    At  the  time  wlien  the 
'■""'^'''•'' "•  r.i  itish  Commissioners  reached  the  island  (.lulyL'Sth)  the 

])rocess  of  disorgaiii/ation  had  already  been  in  ])r(tgress  tor  a  w<'ek  or 
ten  days,  and  the  seals  were  scattered  about  the  breeding  grounds. 
Safe  and  correct  conclusions  as  to  the  facts  of  rookery  life  can  cuily  be 
drawn  after  systematic  observation  during  the  growth  of  the  rookeries, 
and  during  the  brief  period  when  they  are  compact  and  orderly.  For 
instance,  after  -Inly  L'-nd,  there  is  no  time  when  all  the  females  were  oil 
shore;  many  of  them  are  at  sea  feeding;  the  i)ups  are  wandering  here 
and  there,  and  the  bulls  having  ceasctl  to  exercise  strict  control  over 
their  harems  generally  are  giving  attention  to  the  few  cows  still  tin- 
served.  JCveii  the  observations  carried  on  after  this  date  over  a  series 
of  years  nnist  be  applied  with  caution,  for  on  the  same  <lay  of  diU'erent 
years  the  breeding  gnmnds  may  present  a  totally  different  appearance 
by  reason  of  climatic  conditions.  For  instance,  if  August  lath,  181>1, 
had  been  a  hot  or  sunny  day,  and  August  15th,  1802,  a  cool  or  chnidy 
day,  the  rookeries  would  not  be  similar  in  apiiearauceon  these  two  days, 
even  if  the  general  condition  of  the  herd  in  the  two  years  were  thesame. 

I  went  over  the  rookeries  carefully  looking  for  dead  j)ups.    The  largest 
number  on  any  rookery  occurred  on  Tolstoi,  but  here, 
as  on  the  rookeries  generally,  but  fe^v  of  thein  Avere  to 
be  seen  as  compared  with  last  year.    This  was  the  first  time  in  my  four 


D(-nd  pups. 


^!-  •.,...,^    ijl 


nELATIMJ    TO    KrU-HKALS    ANH    .  '■  \I,SK1N    INDISTKY. 


:m 


Rpasoiis'  rcsidt  m-c  on  the  islainls  (Imt  tlic  iimiiltci'  n\'  (l«';itl  piij)?*  was  not 
};i'«'iit«-i'  than  <-(>ul(l  Im>  arioiintftl  t'oi'  liy  iiatiiial  taiiscs. 

It  is  my  opinion  tliat  tlic  brt'cdin;;  fjionnds  wrw  worse  ofl"  in  1S!»J 
than  in  IS'.ll  :is  it'};ai<ls  the  iiiimiImt  of  ifMialcs  tn)in<l 
on  thrni.  Tills  opinion  is  hasod  on  niv  olisci Mitjons  iWn'fv.-  .omliiion 
niadt*  at  the  same  periods  in  eaeli  year  prior  to  disor- 
^aiii/ation.  Tlie  l)i-eediiii>'  ;;ioiintls  are  now  in  worse  eoiiditioii  niinier- 
ieally  tlian  at  any  time  tliirin;;  my  aeipiaiiitaiiee  with  tln'iii,  and  tliis  too 
in  tile  t'aee  of  tlie  small  killin^^s  of  males  upon  the  ishinds  diiriii;;'  ls<l() 
and  IS'.M. 

In  ISt>!  and  IStti.'  I  saw  a  iiiiinlier  of  liareins  witli  U)  or  oO  females; 
on  tlie  other  hand  I  saw  a  still  ;;reater  niinil)er  with 
from  one  to  six.  If  it  were  possible  to  ascertain  the  """""■ 
average  nnmher  of  females  to  a  Itiill  it  woiihl  l»e  found  to  lie  very  low, 
especially  if  all  the  idle  Inills  w«-re  t.ikcii  into  accmitit.  In  ls!)|  |  \  isiteil 
ever  rookery  on  tln'ishind  of  St.  I'aul  lietwet'ii  the  7th  and  I'lM  of  .Inly, 
and  1  counted  I/JoO  idle  hulls. 

I  deny  that  the  statement  attributed  to  ine  in  See.  ToS  of  the  lirit- 
ish  Commissioners'  K'eport  was  ever  made  l)y  me: 
"Colonel  Murray,  the  cautions  Treasury  a;;(Mit  on  St.  '"''''"' 
(Jeoiffe,  informed  ns  that  In'  had  examined  the  traces  reinainiii};  of 
many  rai<ls  that  had  taken  ])lace  iinknown  to  the  authorities."  I  ui  llier- 
iiiore  the  two  occasions  referred  to  in  this  section  relate  to  one  anil 
the  same  raid  which  is  «)ii  record  in  the  Treasury  Department. 

I  liav«'  read  over  section  ~'>\K     I  did  j;o  to  the  sti'a  iu>r  of  IJritish 
neriii";  Sea  Commissioners,  not  only  as  a   matter  of 

i  1       A    I  1  1       '     1.      1  1       II  Si'i't ioiiM  T.tS  jiihI  751) 

courtesy,  but  because  w«'  have  orders  to  board  all  ves  ,,|  \u\ti^\,  (■.,„„„iA- 
sels  inu'lioriiiff  at  the  islands.  1  then  su^jicsted  that  xi"!."'-;'  urpiMt  .x- 
the  Uritish  vessel  sail  around  St.  I'aul  Island  to  see  if 
any  schooners  were  otl'  Northeast  Point.  The  impression  conveyod  Is 
that  raids  were  I'ontinually  imminent  and  of  fie(picnt  occurrence,  and 
that  there  were  no  means  at  hand  to  prcM'iit  them  if  they  did  occur.  Only 
two  I  ,ids  were  made  in  IS'.M.  The  liist  occurred  on  St.  (ieor^e  Island, 
November  17th.  by  the  VhaUniiiv,  the  other,  November  27tli,  on  St.  Paul 
Island,  by  the  lii>rtnlis.  In  the  lirst  ease  tlu'  ollicer  and  crew  weie  ar- 
rested and  sent  to  Sitka,  co  victed  and  sent  to  jail,  and  the  v«'ssel 
conliscat«'d.  In  the  secMind  ca«ie  the  vessel  succeeded  in  makin^i'  her 
escape,  but  the  captain  was  alteiwards  arrested  and  is  now  awaiting 
trial  in  Sitka, jail. 

One  of  the  secretaries  of  the  I'.ritish  I>erinji  Sea  Commissioners  had 
access  to  an<l  idoselv  examined  in    ISitl  while  on  St. 


kill.d. 


tii'd    II  t'    K  t'  uld 


Paul  Island  the  records  in  which  every  seal  which 
died  on  that  island  either  directly  or  indiicctly  by  the 
hand  of  man  is  recorded.  Tlie  Conimissioiiers  were  at  liberty  to  ex- 
amine the  same  records  on  St.  Ceorf^e.  1  do  not  know  whether  they 
did  so  or  not. 

.lOSKlMI    MlUlJAY. 

Subscribed  and  sworu  to  before  lue  this  20th  day  of  December,  1S!»2. 


[SEAL.] 


Bkvellon  a.  IJkown, 

Autarj  Vublic. 


w 


H 


llHi' 


-fe 


•f1^'i,M 


»       _^«IM 


380 


TESTIMONY 


ft!   i'' 


'&  m 


\\ 


r-  u 


Deposition  of  Martin  Mijcr,  handler  andpaclccr  of  raw  fura. 

State  of  (3alifohnia, 

(ytt)i  and  Count!/  of  San  Francisco,  8S,: 

jVIiirtiii  Alycr,  oftlio  city  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  State  of  California, 
bcin}>-  (inly  sworn,  (lci)os('s  and  says: 
That  lie  is  by  occupation  a  iiandlcr  and  ])aci{cr  of  raw  fnrs;  that  in 
sucli  capacity  he  has  been  for  tlie  past  twenty  years, 
Kx|„n.i,.M..  ,^11^1  ^^j,,  j^^  ;.,„,, loycd  by  the  Alaslia  Coniinercial' (Com- 

pany; that  whih'  said  (Mtnipany  was  the  lessee  of  the  I'ribilof  Islands 
he  was  piesent  at  tiie  wharf  in  San  Francisco  on  nearlyeyeiy  oecasioii 
Aviicn  the  coinitany's  yessels  nnloaded  thesiiins  of  the  fur  sea!  taivcnon 
the  I'ribilof  Islands  by  said  company's  a,u«'nt8;  that  said  skins,  of 
wliicli  lie  lias  inindlcd  and  i)acked  in  casks  hundreds 
earb  immii.'.'.'' ''''''"'"  <>f  tiumsan.ls.  are  packed  in  bundles,  each  of  which 
contains  two  skins;  tinit  it  woidd  be  impossible  to  put 
three  skins  m  one  bundh'  and  roll  tlicni  in  such  a  way  that  the  tlesh 
side  of  one  of  tlie  skins  would  not  be  exposed  and  the  fact  at  once  be- 
come ai>i)arent  to  any  person  examiniufi' the  skins  so  bundled;  that  it 
\vonId  be  impossible  to  roll  four  skins  into  one  bundle,  as  the  sides  of 
the  skins  could  not  be  turned  in  and  the  bundle  then  rolled  and  tied 
up. 

And  dep(ment  further  says : 

That  when  a  vessel  arrives  from  the  Pribilof  Islands  with  a  consign- 
ment of  skins   the  bundles,  as  tliey  were  unlo.ided, 
si.ipni.7it  01  skhiR  ^.^.j.,.  counted  by  an  olliccr  of  the  Tnited  States  custoni- 
honst-  and  also  i'.n  employe  ol  the  Alaska  Lomniercnil 
Company;  that  i>crhai)s  a  dozen  oi'  twenty  bundles  were  oi»ened  to  ex 
amine  their  condition  and  the  aniount  of  blubber  and  salt  with  which 
they  were  ])acked;  but  that  not  over  one  hundred  such  bundles  were 
ever  oi)ened  in  any  one  year:  that  since  1S7!>  after  said  fnr-seals  were 
counted,  as  above  stated,  in  bundles,  the  bundles  were  packed  on  the 
wharf  in  casks,  from  twenty-fivi'  to  thirty  bundles  bein}>'  i>laced  in  each 
cask;  that  as  fast  as  each  cask  was  lillcd  it  was  at  once  taken  to  the 
railroad  station  and  shipjted  directly  to  C.  ]\I.  Lanipson  &  Comi)any, 
London. 
And  deponent  further  says: 

That  never  durinjj-  his  ex])erience  of  twenty  years  has  he  seen  a 

bundle  of  Alaska  fur  seal  skins  opened  which  contained 

Xover«nw  over  two  jnore  than  two  skins,  and  that  he  never  saw  a  bundle 

that  iu'  ,)udji«(l  to  contain  more  than  two  skr.is;  that 

if  such  bundles  had  been  seen  by  him  he  would  at  once  have  recognized 

the  fact  from  the  shape  of  such  bundle. 

ISlARTlN   ]MyER. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  14th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1802. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Kotary  Fiiblic. 


Deposition  of  Rudolph  yeumann  agent  of  Alaska  Commercial  Company. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

Eudolph  Xcumann,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  saya: 
That  he  is  the  resident  agent  Mf  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  at 
Tnalaska  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  and  that  for  the 
past  twenty  years  lie  has  been  employed  iu  the  piu> 


Bxpcrieuce. 


furs. 


■  California, 

us;  that  in 
(Mity  years, 
icrcial  Coni- 
)il<>t'  Islands 
>iy  occasi")!) 
L'al  taken  on 
id  skins,  of 
s  hundreds 
'h  of  whicli 
^sihle  to  put 
lat  the  tlesh 
at  onee  be- 
lled; that  it 
tlie  sides  of 
ed  and  tied 


:li  aconsign- 

e  unloaded, 

atescustoni- 

Coininercial 

jtened  to  ex 

with  wliieli 

Mindles  were 

u-seals  were 

ked  on  the 

aced  in  each 

taken  to  the 

&  Company, 


s  he  seen  a 
ch  contained 
iw  a  bundle 
skins;  that 
e  recognized 

IN   MyEB. 

ember,  A.  D. 

NEXT, 

iry  Fublic. 
ial  Company. 


Comiiany  at 

that  tor  tlie 

I  in  the  pur- 


RELATING    TO    FlIR-SKAI-S    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


381 


I'riit'  111'  impskiiis. 


chase  of  skins  of  vari(mskin<ls  for  said  coni])any  in  tlie  Aleutian  Islands 
and  Alaska;  that  he  never  knew  or  heard  of  the  .said  cnmpany  ha\in<j 
fitted  out,  eni])loyed,  or  been  directly  or  iiidiicctly  con- 
nected with  anv   vessels  etifiayed  in  takiii;i; m^uii"' fui'-      Aiiiskn  fMininemai 
seals  or  any   other  class  oi   fur  seals   witii   nets  while   priVmi..  siiiiiir-." 
{•'oinji' throufih  the  Aleutian  passes  or  anywiiei'c  else; 
tlnif  if  tl",  said  company  Inul  been  in  any  way  interested  in  any  such 
venture  dejtonent  is  convinced  he  would  have  known  tiiercof,  as  such 
skins  so  taken  woidd  doubtU'ss  liave  been  delivered  to  him  f(U'  trans- 
sh.    inent  to  San  Francisco. 

Deponent  fuither  says: 

That  the  jtrice  |)aid  for  the  skins  of  yonnj;  i»u])  seals  is  now  about 
one  dollar;  that  formerly,  when  more  sealskins  were 
taken  from  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  the  jtrice  for  such 
skins,  that  is,  yray  p-ij)  skins,  was  from  severity  live  to  eij>hty-five  cents; 
that  up  to  witliin  live  or  S'x  years  from  l.oUd  to  2.."»tl(»  such  skins  were 
annually  i)urchased  at  the  last-mentioned  prices  from  the  native  hun- 
ters on  the  Aleutian  Ishuids,  but  that  since  that  time  the  number  so 
taken  and  sold  had  decreased  yearly. 

And  deponent  further  says: 

That  neverdnrinji'  his  exjierience has  he  jturchased  at  one  tinu'  as  nuuiy 
as  seven  hundred  ituj)  sealskins  or  any  numlier  approxi- 
nnitin;;',  and  that  he  has  lu'ver  ]r.\u\  as  much 
and  one-half  dollars  for  a  jtuj)  sealskin,  nor  has  hee\('r 
heard,  nor  (l(»es  he  believe  any  siu-h  sum  was  ever  paid  for  such  seal- 
skins by  anypersim  in  the  employ  of  tlit  A'i^^^ka  Commercial  ('omi»any. 

liuJ)<)LiMi  ^'l:^■^IAN^'.' 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  14th  day  of  November,  A. 
I).  1.S02. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  P.ionnett, 

A'o/«/'M  Pttblic. 


,1S    I  wo     skins  ipiinluisid. 


Deposition  of  Oustavc  Xichaum,  riee-prcsidcut  of  the  Alasla  Commercial 

ComjKDijf. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Fra)iciKC(>,  ss : 

Gustave  Niebaum,  beinjf  duly  sworn,  dejioses  and  says: 

That  he  is  a  resident  of  San  Francisco, Caifornia :  that  he  has  t)een 
a  mend)er  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Comjiany  since      ,,,.,, 
its  or;>ani/ation;  and  that  he  is  now  the  vice  president       -^i'"""""- 
of  said  com])any. 

Tinit  it  has  been  his  custom  for  the  ]»ast  twenty  years  to  examine  a 
few  bun('les  of  each  varji'o  of  sealskins  received  by  said  comjiany  from 
the  Pribilof  and  Commander  Ishinds.  in  order  to  find  out  in  what  con- 
diti»»n  they  had  been  packed  and  whether  any  impiovement  could  be 
made  in  thenu'thods  emjtloyed.  Foi'  this  purpose  from  lilteen  to  twenty 
bundles  of  each  car;;(»  were  opened  and  an  examination  made. 

And  depoiu'nt  further  says: 

That  dnrinfj-  his  entire  connection  with  said  comjtany  h»^  has  never 
seen  or  heard  of  more  than  two  sealskins  bein^  phucd 
in   one  bundle;  that  to  ]nd  three  skins  in  a  bundle  „„'!"!,'n*iu.'"'''"'" '° 
would  be  not  only  very  injurious  to  the  fur,  but  could 
at  onee  be  detected,  because  it  would  be  impossible  to  fold  and  I'oll  the 
skius  together  without  exposing  st)me  portion  of  the  bare  side  of  tho 


Si  1 


!,i; 


f^ 


i: 


,k: 


:jyj 


■n.:^ 


^mmmmmmm 


3S2 


TESTIMONY 


(  ! 


skin  on  tlic  outside  of  the  bundle;  tliiit  to  roll  fouror  more  skins  in  one 
Inindlc  in  tiie  manner  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  skins  is  an 
iin|io,ssibility. 

i)e]>oneiit  further  aays: 

That  inuneiliately  on  landinp  the  Alaska  sealskins  at  San  Francisco 

^,  .  ,    ,.  tlu'v  v.ere  i)acke(l  in  casks,  tiie  bundles  beinij  tlu'  same 

HkiiiH  ticmsiin  as  whcu  takeii  from  the  vessel  winch  broiifjht  them  trom 
immis,„.  ^|„.  i.,.ii,ji„f  Islands;  that  since  the  year  1    7!)  the  casks 

were  lieaded  at  the  wliaif  and  taken  directly  to  the  railroad  freight 
dep(»t  for  sliipment  to  London,  each  cask  being-  marked  with  the  num- 
ber of  skins  it  contained,  which  nund)er  was  obtained  by  nmltiidyiiifr 
the  number  of  bundh's  jtut  into  the  cask  by  two;  that  to  1871)  the 
bundles  weic  jilaced  on  diays  after  liavinj;'  been  counted  by  the  cns- 
tom-house  ollicer  and  taken  to  the  wareiiouse  of  tlie  Alaska  ("omnier- 
cial  ('omi)any,  whcie  they  were  at  once  i)acked  in  casks  and  taken  to 
the  railroad  station;  that  wlieii  such  i)ackinf>'  in  casks  was  done  at  the 
wareiiouse  all  the  skins  had  been  resiiij)pe(l  witliin  five  days  aftei-  the 
arrival  of  the  vessel,  and  that  since  IST!)  all  skins  have  been  shii>ped 
by  rail  witiiin  tliree  days  after  such  arrival;  that  all  sealskins  received 
by  the  Alaska  ("onimercial  ('oini»any  from  the  Pribilof  Islands  were 
consijuncd  to  Messrs.  ('.  M.  Lampson  (Jt  Comi)any,  of  Londori,  and  no 
sales  of  said  sealskins  were  ma<le  by  the  Alaska  Connnercial  Comi)any 
diuiuj;  the  term  of  its  lease  of  the  I'ribilof  Islands  except  through 
the  said  (irm  of  C  M.  Lampson  &  Company. 
l)ep(»nent  further  says: 
That  he  is  familiar  with  every  action  and  i)roceeding  of  the  Alaska 

AiiisUi.  cciiiinri  Co  <"<>"""^'i"^''iil  Conii)any  since  its  orj^auization;  that  said' 
HON c'r <ii;:;i«i ii  in  pi-  Company  ucvcr  titled  out.  em])loye<l,  or  in  any  nniniUT 
lii^i,  s.'iiiiii).'.  ^^.,j^  directly  or  indirectly  enjiuj^'ed  in  the  fitting  out  or 

emjdoynu'nt  of  any  vessel  or  vessels  for  the  pur]>ose  of  netting  or  tak- 
ing of  fall  grown  or  pup  seals  wliile  the  sanu'  were  in  the  passes  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands  or  anywhere  else,  but  that  said  company  has 
always  i)urchased  a  certain  number  of  gray  imjtskins  from  the  native 
Aleut  hunters,  which  in  sonu'  years  reached  as  nniny  as  15,(>00;  but 
whether  sucli  gray  pups,  or  any  of  them,  were  taken  with  nets,  depo- 
nent is  unable  to  state;  that  if  such  netting  of  seals  ever  occurred  it 
took  place  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the  members  of  said 
company. 

G.  NiEBAUM. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  lOth  dayof  November,  A.  D. 
18U2. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Bennett, 

Notary  Publie. 


I    '         ! 


Deposition  of  Gustave  Nicbaiim,  rice-president  of  the  Alaska  Commercial 

Company. 

State  of  California, 

City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 

Captain  (lustave  Niebaum,  of  the  city  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  State 

of  California,  being  duly  sworn,  de])()ses  and  says: 

I  am  the  vice  president  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  and  have 

been  a  member  of  said  comi)any  since  its  organization. 

.xpereuce.  j  jj.jyj.  i,(,^,„  j^j;  .,|i  tinu's  thoHuighfy  familiar  with  the 

actions  of  said  company  and  with  all  the  persons  employed  by  said 


ll^ 


r  ' 


RELATING    TO    FUK-SEAL8   AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


383 


Commercial 


\  the  State 


company  at  .any  time.  From  my  knowledge  al)ove  sot  forth  I  make  the 
following  statements  as  tocertain  eaiploycs  ot'said  coiripany  wlio,  prior 
or  subsequent  to  their  connection  with  our  comitany. 


of 


)lilll\ 


com- 
iiucntu     will 


were  in  any  way  eonneeted  witii  the  United  States 

Government;  and  said  peisons.  hereinafter  mimed,  are  MiV'sVcpir'nTirbrcmi'io 

all  that  have  been  soem ployed  by  tlieCJoveniment  and   '^^'^l^'^^^a!'^'''^*' 

by  the  c(mipany,  to  the  best  of  mj^  recolleftion  and 

belief. 

Dr.  H.  U.  Melntyre,  special  Treasury  aju'ent  of  the  Tnited  States, 
some  time  jtrevious  t(»  ISTO,  when  he  entered  our  ('nii)loy  as  superin- 
tendent of  tlie  Prii)ilof  Islands  and  so  remained  until  tlie  expiration  of 
our  lease  of  said  islands. 

William  Kapus  was  for  ab(mt  two  years  (l.S71-7.'5)  our  assistant 
superintendent  cm  said  islands,  and  who,  at  some  time  before  or  after, 
1  believe,  became  a  dejjuty  collector  of  (tustnms  at  some  port  in  the 
United  States,  but  what  port  1  can  not  rei'oliect. 

John  M.  IVIorton  was  in  our  employ  for  several  years  and  subse- 
quently has  held  various  jmsitions  in  the  Government  service. 

Charles  T.  Wa;i'ner  has  been  tor  several  yenrs  and  is  now  in  tiie  em- 
ploy of  our  company,  prior  to  which  time  he  hits  been  deputy  collector 
of  customs  at  Unalaska,  but  never  in  anyway  connected  witli  tiie  I'rib- 
ih)f  Islands. 

Fred  ]\I.  Smith,  who  has  liveiT  at  Alaska  for  twenty-live  years,  has 
at  various  times  been  and  now  is  in  our  emi)loy.  He  was  for  about  four 
years  deputy  collector  at  Unalaska,  but  at  no  time  has  he  been  in  any 
way  connected  with  the  Pribilof  Lslands. 

Three  or  tour  of  the  jdiysicians  we  employed  as  resident  jdiysicians 
on  the  islands  were,  before  or  after  such  employment  by  us,  physicians 
on  some  of  the  United  States  revenue  cutters. 

There  were  no  doubt  some  of  the  emidoyes  of  the  company  who  were, 
either  before  or  after  such  emph>yment,  in  the  United  States  Army  or 
Navy, 

There  were  so  few  coi'ipetent  and  experienced  men  in  Alaska  wiio 
could  fill  the  ]>ositi()ns  in  the  coni]>any,  or  in  tlie  serv- 
ice of  the  United  States,  that  it  naturally  followed  «'"«"" ""■"'"' • 
when  chanjjes  were  nmde  by  a  new  administration  in  the  oflicer^s  of  the 
Territ(uy  tliat  they  should  either  draw  from  the  exjierienced  Men  in  the 
company's  employ  or  that  when  a  Government  emidoye,  wIk.  had  had 
several  years'  exi>erience  with  Alaskan  atlaiis,  was  removed  lie  should 
be  emphtyed  by  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company. 

G.  NlEIJAFM. 

Subscribed  and  sworu  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1892. 
[SEAL.]  Clement  Dennett, 

Notary  I'ublic. 


Deposition  of  C.  W,  Preiss,  assortcr  of  furs. 

State  of  Cai.ifornia, 

City  and  County  of  ISan  Francisco,  ss: 

C  W.  I'reiss,  being-  duly  sworn,  dejxtses  and  says: 
1  reside  in  Saii  Francisco,  State  of  Californin,  and  am  by  occupation 
a  fur-skin  assorter,  and  have  been  so  encau'ed  perma- 

.,,.,,,,'  ,  ,        .  ■'•    1      .■  I         ixpi'iii  lire. 

nently  t(>r  the  last  twenty  years,  during  which  time  I 

have  been  constiintly  handling  large  quantities  of  raw  fur-seai  skina 

from  all  the  dill'ercut  locations. 


r  I 


ir  ■ 


■,f,  ,  ■ 


"T— ylp^ 


I^^^TT^^^SOmBHi 


k 


M>i 


:'  ■\ 


n 


l<         I       ! 


in'' 


if' 


; 

li 

' 

If' 


(« 


■  I 


384 


TESTIMONY 


I  have  been  present  at  tlio  capturiiij;  of  seals  in  tlie  Horing  Soa  and 

on  tlic  riihilol' Jslands,  and  lind  tliat  all  I'ur-si'als taken 

stap.v.kinHHts™,   ^^^^,1  ill  jii^,  lieiin-i-  Sea  and  on  the  islands  therein  from 

abont  tlu'  lOtli  of  Anj^nst  nntil  tlie  end  of  Oetobei  are  what  is  known 
to  the  trade  as  stayey,  meaniiif^'  tlie  animal  isehan^iinji' its  eoat,  dnrinji 
which  ])eriod  its  skiu  is  very  inferior  in  qnality;  i'lfaet,  almost  nnmer- 
cliantable. 

C.  W.  PUKISS. 

Snbseribcd  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
181>2. 
[»EAL,.]  ClemEiNT  15enm:tt, 

Notary  Fublic. 


DcposiiUm  of  Louis  Slossjr.,  member  of  the  Alaslca  Commercial  Company. 

State  of  Califouma, 

Citji  a)i<l  ('(Unify  of  San  Francisco,  ss: 
L(»uis  8I0SS,  jr.,  beinji'  duly  sworn,  de|)oses  and  says: 
That  he  is  a  resident  of  San  Francisco,  California,  and  memberof  the 
Alaska    Commercial  Com])aiiy;  that   for   four  ov  five 
Exiiirirnco.  ycars,  durinji'  the  time  tiiat  said  company  was   the 

lessee  of  the  Pribilof  Islands,  it  was  his  duty  to  be  pies- 
ent  durinjr  the  uiiloadinji:  of  the  vessel   brins'in^'  into  port   sealskins 
from  the  rribil(»f  Islands  and  to  oversee  the  conntinjj  and  lepackinj; 
into  casks  of  all  such  sealskins;  that  when  such  vessel  arrived  it   was 
customary  to'oi)en  twelve  or  litteenbuiullesof  the  skins 
troin's!In 'Framiw''  toexaiuiuc  tlicir  ciMulitiou, but  tliut  nctbuudlcs  Were cvcr 
opeiM'd  for  any  other  i»urposes;  that,  exce|)ting'  the  few 
thus  opened,  all  the  bundles,  after  beiuj;  counted  by  the  customhouse 
oflicer  and  a  comjjany  emjiloye  and  since  lS7i»,  were  packed  in  casks  on 
the  wharf;  that  sai(l  casks  were  taken  directly  from  the  wharf  to  the 
railroad  station  and  shi])i)ed  to  C.  M.  Lampson  iS:  Company,  London. 
And  deponent  further  says: 

That  ilurinff  his  entire  experience  he  never  saw  a  bundle  of  sealskins 

which  <'ontained  more  than  two  skins;  that  he  believes 

b.maVe.'" ""''""""'  tliat  more  than  that  nuud)er  in  a  bundle  would  be 

readily  det<'cted  by  even  an  unexperienced  observer; 

that  he  further  believes  it  imiMissible  to  i)ack  three  skins  in  a  bundle 

in  such  a  manner  that  the  extra  skin  w(udd  not  easily  be  detected,  and 

that  four  skins  could  nctt  be  rolled  into  one  bundle  in  the  customary 

way  under  any  circuuistances. 

And  dei»onent  further  says: 

That  he  has  seen  bundles  contaim'nfj,"  two  larjje  sealskins  each  which 
WdKiit  ofimmUis.  "^^o"'*!  Weigh,  including  salt,  blubber,  and  the  moisture 
collected,  over  fifty  pounds,  and  that  bundles  contain- 
ing two  yearlings  or  gray  pup-skins  in  the  same  raw  condition  will 
weigh  about  ten  pounds. 

Louis  Sloss,  Jr. 

Subscribed  aud  sworn  to  before  me  this  14th  dav  of  Novend)er,  A.D 
18!)2. 

[SEAL.]  ClEJIENT  BeNNETT, 

Notary  Fublio. 


.»-^_>-.^i -    •!  .^-La£H^f.ti 


ng  Son,  and 
■seiils  taken 
herein  from 
t  is  known 
•oat,  (luring 
lost  unnier- 

.  PR151SS. 

mber,  A.l). 

lOTT, 

'•(/  Public. 


il  Company. 


niber  of  the 
3ur  or  five 
y  was   tiie 

to  be  pres- 
t  sealskins 
[  repatking 
ved  it  was 
>f  the  skins 
's  were  ever 
ing  the  few 
stoni  liouse 
in  easks  on 
harf  to  the 

London. 

f  sealskins 
he  believes 
!  would  be 
I  observer; 
in  a  bundle 
tected,  and 
customary 


'aeh  which 
H'  moisture 
es  contain- 
iditiou  will 

LiOSS,  Jr. 
id)er.  A.D. 


r  , 


m   ' 


§m 


v;i 


ETT, 


y  Fublio. 


if  1 


P| 


ll:l| 


'f%}'  *J^' 


I        ! 


i  'S 


■!     !< 


''(■  if 


d^Sk 


'■**' 


-*<?.. 


mjMr, 


''    V^    .i^.  F^*^'     •-'^*^'.    Hfe^Jf^ 


1  mmm   "^ 


fi4 


'%.^.  -y^ 


..>^ 


RELATING    TO    FUR-SEALS    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY.        385 


Deposition  of  Joseph  Stanley-Brown,  Treasury  Agent. 

DiSTRTOT  OF  Columbia, 

City  of  Wasliiiujton,  ss  : 

Joseph  Stiiitley-Rrown,  beinfjf  (Inly  sworn,  doposoa  and  says: 

I  am  37  yeaivs  of  age;  am  a  citizen  of  the  United  States;  reside  at 
Mentor,  Oliio,  and  am  by  itrofession  a  {j'eol(»<iist. 

I  spent  the  entire  season  of  181)1  npon  tlie  Pribilof  Islands,  and  dur- 
ing the  snmmer  of  1S!>2  again  visited  them  and  8i)ent  ^ . 
tlie  period  between  Jnne  !>th  and  August  14th  upon  "P^nence. 
the  islands  of  St.  I'aul  and  St.  (ieorge  in  eontinuiiticm  of  my  investi- 
gations eoneerning  seal  life.  This  season,  in  a(hlition  to  the  continu- 
ous general  examination  of  all  the  rookeries  and  the  plottiiigs  of  the 
breeding  ground  areas  upon  charts,  <'('rtain  speeial  stations  were  .se- 
lected at  points  within  easy  reach  of  the  village  and  daily  visits  made 
thereto.  This  method  of  work  gave  me  an  excellent  oi)portunity  to 
make  comparisons  between  the  breeding  areas  of  18i>l  and  those  of 
18<>2. 

As  the  result  of  my  observations  during  the  past  season  it  is  my  oinn- 
ion  that  there  was  uo  increase  among  the  females — the 
producing  clas.s — but  on  the  contrary  that  there  was  a       "'^^  mggroun  s. 
per(!eptible  falling  oft".    This  decrease  was  the  more  noticeable  at  points 
on  the  rookeries  where  the  smaller  groups  of  breeding  seals  are  to  be 
found. 

There  was  .so  little  driving  during  t\w  season  of  1892  that  an  excel- 
lent opportunity  was  given  to  observe  life  npon  the  hauling  grounds, 
.-several  of  which  were  not  disturbed  during  the  entire  season.  There 
seemed  to  be  a  slight  increase  of  the  ycmng  baclu^lor  seals,  although 
this  may  have  been  more  ai>i)arent  than  real  from  the  fact  that  being 
unmolested  they  accumulated  in  large  bands. 

It  is  quite  certain  that  the  normal  hai)it  of  the  <'holluschuckie"  is  to 
remain  nu)st  of  their  time  upon  shore,  and  if  left  tt)  themselves  would 
spend  more  time  there  than  in  the  water.  I  have  kept  a  close  daily 
watch  upon  groups  of  young  males,  the  members  of  which  did  not  go 
into  the  water  for  a  week  or  ten  days  at  a  time. 

Any  statement  to  the  eftect  that  the  occasional  occurrence  of  large 
harems  indicates  a  decrease  in  the  available  number  of 
virile  males  and  hence  deterioration  of  the  rookeries, 
should  be  received  with  great  caution,  if  not  entirely  ignored.  The  bulls 
play  only  secondary  part  in  the  formation  of  harems.  It  is  the  cow  which 
takes  the  initiative.  She  is  in  the  water  beyond  the  reach  or  control  of 
the  male  and  can  select  her  own  point  of  landing.  Her  manner  on  coming 
ashore  is  rea  lily  distinguished  from  that  t)f  the  young  males  which  con- 
tinuously pltiy  along  the  sea  margin  of  thcbreeding  grounds.  She  comes 
out  of  the  water;  carefully  noses  or  smells  the  rocks  here  or  there  like  a 
dog,  and  then  m:ikes  her  way  to  the  bull  of  her  own  selecting.  In  this 
incii)ient  stage  of  her  career  on  shores  there  is  but  little  interference  on 
the  pait  of  the  nude,  but  once  well  away  from  the  water  and  near  the 
bull  she  has  chosen,  he  approaches  her,  manifests  his  pleasure,  and 
greetings  are  exchanged.  She  then  joins  the  other  cows  and  as  soon  as 
dry  lies  down  and  goes  comfortably  to  sleep.  1  have  seen  this  selec- 
tive power  exercised  repeatedly  and  the  result  is  that  one  bull  will  be 
especially  favored  while  those  within  lifteen  or  twenty  feet  will  be  ig- 
nored. 

The  size  of  harems,  therefore,  has  of  itself  but  little  to  do  with  the 
question  of  lack  of  virile  males,  but  indicates  only  the  selective  power 
12364 25 


llaroing. 


4 


fi  t: 


M       I 


'    il 


j  ;■ ' 


# 


386 


TESTIMONY 


-' 

i  1 

1 

1 " 

1 

i 

r 

', 

! 

j 

1 

I 

1 

of'tlH>  femalos.  Tf  100  Imlls  repri'sciited  tlio  iiccossnry  supply  of  virile 
inali's  \\'{K  inifilit,  by  icasoii  of  tlii.s  fact,  tiiul  10  mills  wiMi  vrry  larjjo 
liaicms,  10  witli  still  less,  .")(»  with  a  rcasoiiahlo  miinber,  L'O  with  a  few, 
and  10  with  iioiic.  An  onlooker  would  not,  therefore,  he  justihed  in 
starin;--  that  by  reason  of  these  few  laij?e  harems  there  is  ji  lack  of  vir- 
ile males. 

In  the  very  nature  of  things  it  seems  impossible  that  any  method 
other  than  this  one  of  selection  on  the  part  of  the  female  could  ever 
have  existed. 

Large  harems  are  frequently  due  to  topographic  conditions,  the  con- 
figuration of  the  land  being  such  that  the  feuiales  can  only  reach  the 
breeding  grounds  through  narrow  i>assage  ways  between  tile  rocks  and 
arouud  the  terminations  of  which  tlM\v  collect. 

ilarems  often  coalesce;  then  boundaries  become  indefinite,  and  when 
their  size  and  i)ositi(Ui  make  them  too  large  for  control  cows  pass  to  the 
rear  and  are  approi)riatcd  by  the  bulls  there. 

AVhen  once  the  fennile  is  located,  the  bull  exercises  rigid  control  and 
permits  no  leaving  of  the  land  until  she  has  been  served.  1  never  saw 
a  harem  so  large  that  the  vigilaiu-e  of  the  bull  in  this  rcs])ect  was  ever 
relaxed.  His  consorts  may  escape  to  another  harem,  but  they  aie 
never  i)ermitted  to  go  to  sea  until  an  insiicctiini  convinces  the  bull  that 
they  are  entitled  to  do  so.  No  intelligent  observer  w(mld  be  so  bohl  as 
to  assert  that  during  the  season  of  l.S!»:2  there  was  not  an  abundan(;e  of 
males  of  competent  virility,  despite  tlu'  occurrence  of  occasional  large 
harems.  The  accompanying  photograjths '  show  that  even  at  tlie 
height  of  the  season,  and  Just  ]>revious  to  the  disintegration  of  the 
breeding  grounds,  theie  were,  unsui)i)lied  with  cows,  old  nuiles  which 
had  taken  their  stand  and  from  which  I  was  unable  to  drive  them  with 
stones. 

1  should  have  been  extremely  glad  to  have  been  able  to  note  a  great 
many  more  of  these  large  harems,  but  tlic  work  of  the  pelagic  hunrer 
anu)ng  the  females  has  been  so  etfective  that  the  average  size  of  the 
harems  is  glowing  smaller  and  smaller,  while  the  number  of  idle  bulls 
is  steadily  increasing.  The  rookeries  of  the  Pribilof  Ishunls  will  never 
be  <lestroyed  by  a  superabundance  of  large  hai'ems. 

1  arrived  on  the  islands  this  year  a  few  days  after  the  coming  of 
Feinnips  iind  tiieir  the  tirst  COWS,  and  by  sele(!tiug  a  small  harem  composed 
nioveiucnts.  Qf  seals  the  arrival  of  which  I  had  seen,  and  giving  it 

daily  observation,  I  was  able  to  satisfy  myself  that  fenuiles  begin  to 
go  into  the  water  from  14  to  17  days  after  tirst  landing.  On  tirst  en- 
tering the  sea  they  make  a  straight  line  for  the  outer  waters,  and  as  far 
as  the  eye  can  follow  them  they  seem  still  to  be  travelling.  The  first 
cows  to  arrive  are  the  lirst  to  depart  in  search  of  food,  and  by  the  tirst 
week  in  July  the  cows  are  coming  and  going  with  such  frequency  as  to 
be  readily  seen  at  any  time.  The  accompanying  photograph  (taken  on 
July  S,  1892,  fnmi  the  same  position  as,  but  one  day  earlier  than,  the  one 
of  last  year  which  faces  page  13  of  Vol.  11  of  the  Case)  shows  pups  the 
mothers  of  which  are  already  at  sea.     [Photograph  faces  r  385]. 

The  fact  that  the  coat  of  the  cow  assumes,  from  residence  on  the 
shore,  a  rusty  or  sunburnt  aspect,  gives  a  ready  means  of  observing  her 
movements.    The  rustiness  is  quickly  lost  by  life  in  the  sea. 

The  movements  of  females  can  also  to  a  certain  extent  be  well  ob- 
served by  their  appearance  after  giving  birjth  to  their  pups,  after  fast- 

'The  United  States  will  lay  before  the  Tribniiiil  a  scries  of  pliotoj^raphs  taken  by 
Mr.  Stanley-Hrown  (Inriii^  tlie  seasons  of  1891  uud  1892,  in  illustration  of  seal  life 
in  general  upon  the  Pribilof  Islands. 


r" 


'-    -  i 


X 
J 


— * 

T 


I 


imtrol  and 
ncvor  saw 
t  was  ever 
t  thcv  iii(* 
e  bull  that 
so  bold  as 
iiiidaiiceof 
ioiial  larfje 
en  at  tlie 
ion  of  the 
iiles  which 
them  with 

ote  a  gr«Mit 

gi(!  hunter 

size  of  the 

idle  bulls 

will  never 


hs  taken  by 
of  seal  lite 


f' 

•^ 


(i 


f 


m. 


ifyo 


.  '  '>V.,'.-Ij:.V-.«?i      » 


* 


■<''.,,    :*'''i-»     ■■■',}.'  ^  ki  ;-v;  ,,  V  .■-■ '.  ■    V 


;,■■,« 


•'(i' 


ri?.^* 


.>,u'i;. 


<:'.  »■. 


^0 


'  ■',>,• 


■v.'y>f. 


y-Tf' 


4  i  t-« 


VV^>/ 


'  Ui 


t     f 

'          i 

s 


■1 

j 

^iH 

kI 

III 

1  . 

''j^'vi  :■::■' ::'-'"^-3rs 


II  r 


I 


i 


H 


1 


n  ^ 


firt 


jl 


^*     !     1: 


f   . 


! 


'    ( 


yi,. 


«.! 


yi 


'.il 


II  * 

5  s 


33- 


';! 


if 


\]\ 


y~  -7  •} 


^■•'^MtCta^H*.;.'>'Y.rJ^,:^.,- 


"fmmimiv^afm^K 


-''/■^»>tr.v' 


-i 


"f-itiWr^.. 


"•*•♦««, 


11 


h  ,?i 


[( 


'  I 


i  ■:' 


i..,  t 


1 1 


-  --.(m*  1  itt  q 


li 


RELATING    TO    FUR-SEALS    AND    SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


387 


iiig,  and  after  gorgting  themselves  witli  food.  After  the  birth  of  the 
pu]),  and  after  remaining  npon  the  rookeries  even  for  a  (gw  days  when 
the  period  of  coming  from  and  going  into  the  water  has  been  entered 
upon,tlie  mother  1ms  a  very  decidedly  gaunt  appearance,  in  strong  con- 
trast to  the  plumi)ness  of  pregnancy  or  full  feeding.  After  feeding  at 
sea  they  come  ashore  again  well  rounded  out.  So  marked  is  this  that 
1  have  rei)eatcd]y  been  misled  by  mothers  in  sui^li  \  condition,  mistak- 
ing them  for  pregnant  cows,  and  have  discctvered  my  error  by  seeing 
her  call  her  pup  and  suckle  it.  If  I  had  any  doubt  in  my  mind  as  to 
cows  feeding  at  sea  it  was  dispelled  by  an  examination  of  three  cows  I 
shotatNcntheast  Poin  ton  July  L*">Mi.  1S02.  Two"  suid)urnt"cows  wore 
tirst  killed  and  their  stomachs  were  found  to  be  empty.  Another  was 
shot  just  as  she  came  aslioie  and  her  stomach  was  gorged  with  half- 
digested  codfish,  which  was  identiKed  by  IMr.  0.  Il.Townscnd,  an  ex- 
pert of  the  II.  S.  Fish  Commission.  A  dissection  was  made  of  tliis 
seal,  and  the  udder,  which  extends  as  a  broad  thick  sheet  ai  (he  center, 
but  thinnii  .  out  towards  the  edges,  over  the  entire  abdominal  portion 
of  the  cow  and  well  up  to  tlie  fore  Hippers,  was  so  charged  with  milk 
that  on  removing  the  skin  the  milk  freely  tlowed  out  in  all  directions, 
and  previous  to  skinning  it  was  possible  with  but  little  effort  to  ex- 
tract a  sulticient  amount  to  enable  nu'  to  determine  its  taste  and  con- 
sistency. A  large  supply  of  food  is  necessary  to  fuinisli  such  an 
abundant  amount  of  milk.  1  have  no  doubt  that  a  welldeveloped 
mother  seal  could  yield  between  a  pint  and  a  quart  of  milk  in  tiie  first 
24  hours  after  landing  from  a  feeding  expedition,  and  with  such  rich 
fountains  to  draw  upon  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  voracious  pu])s  increase 
during  their  resid<'.ice  upon  t!ie  island  not  less  tlian  four  times  their 
weight  at  birth.  And  it  is  e(jually  certain  that  without  such  a  constant 
supply  of  nourishment  it  could  not  make  such  a  rapid  growth  as  it 
does. 

The  presence  of  excrenientitious  matter  upon  the  breeding  i"ook- 
eries  is  recognized  both  by  sight  :\\h\  snu'll.  It  is  of  a  Kxrmneniitiou* 
yellowish  color,  and  though  much  of  it  is  excreted  it  is  "'!"''■'■ 
of  such  a  liquid  consistency  tliat  it  is  quickly  rubbed  into  and  mingled 
with  the  soil,  and  thereafter  its  existence  can  only  be  notiv-cd  through 
the  discoloration  of  the  soil  and  tlu'  oHensive  odor.  The  latter  is  readily 
detected  at  a  distance  of  miles  when  the  wind  is  in  the  right  direction, 
for  (lie  soil  on  the  breeding  rookeries  is  completely  impregnated  with  it. 
The  odor  bears  no  rcseujblance  t'>  that  which  arises  from  the  bodies  of 
a  large  number  of  assembled  animals. 

The  quantity  of  excrenieniitious  matter  present  is  influeiu'cd  by  the 
nature  of  their  diet,  wiii'h,  being  fisii,  is  laigely  assimilated,  wiiile  in 
their  coming  and  going  inuch  of  it  may  be  depositeil  in  the  water,  to 
say  nothing  of  dren(!liing  from  rain  to  which  the  rookeries  (many  of 
which  are  solid  rock)  are  subjected. 

On  the  hauling  groumls,  on  the  otlierhand,  it  is  almost  inqtossible  to 
detect  such  nuitter,  either  through  its  presence,  the  ai)pearance  of  the 
soil,  or  its  odor.  This  is  a  well-known  fact  to  anyone  who  has  even 
casually  inspected  such  hauling  grounds  as  Middle  Hill,  i)arts  of  Zap- 
adiiie,  western  end  of  English  Hay,  western  end  of  North  Kookery, 
Starry  Arteel, (4reat  Kast  Hookeiy,  and  others. 

This  difference  between  the  l)rc(Mliiig  grounds  an<l  the  true  hauling 
grounds  is  explained  by  the  tact  that  the  former  are  occupietl  by  nurs- 
ing females,  wliicharec(Mistantly  feeding,  while  the  latter  are  ti'e<iuented 
cliieHj  by  young  males,  which  take  but  little  food  during  tiie  summer. 
This  abstoutiuu  li-om  food  ou  tlieir  part  i?  further  indicated  by  the  fact; 


i 


-M 


I 


ll 


m 


M 


w 

K 

1  -— 

1 

1 

li 

f 

f! 

il 

^      r 

1 

^ 
\ 

'li  f 


!  I    t    V': 


»'■     « 


388 


TESTIMONY 


Dead  pui)8. 


that,  witli  oxcoptions  now  and  tlion  observed  on  the  killiiig  grounds, 
they  grow  tliinner  and  thinner  as  the  season  advances. 

The  pup  at  birth  is  received  by  tlie  mother  with  an  atl'eetionate  re- 
Attitu.ieoiiiKitii.™  gardtliat  is  unmistakable;  a  sound  not  unlike  that  nmde 
'"'"''•''■  by  an  ewe,  but  not  so  loud,  can  be  heard,  and  care  is 

exercised  by  the  motlier  for  the  pup's  i>rotection.  I  have  repeatedly 
seen  a  motlier  when  her  offspring  was  still  so  young  as  to  be  lieli)less, 
remove  it  beyond  the  reach  of  the  surf,  or  gently  lift  it  from  a  hole 
between  the  bowlders  into  which  it  had  fallen.  1  have  seen  them  often 
idacethe  udder  in  the  most  available  position  for  the  pui)tosuck,  and 
jnove  themselves  sutliciently  close  for  it  to  be  within  easy  reach.  After 
an  absence  in  the  sea,  the  motlier  invariably  callsto  her  young  repeatedly 
and  manifests  jdeasure  on  finding  it.  bater  on  the  pup  is  able  to  rec- 
ognize its  mother,  and  as  the  female  will  suckle  only  lier  own  pup  the 
pleasure  and  contentment  which  the  meeting  gives  both  is  evident  to 
the  most  careless  observer. 

Dead  pups  were  as  conspicmms  by  their  infrecpiency  in  1892  as  by 
their  nnmerousness  in  1S!>1.  In  no  instance  was  there 
to  be  noted  an  unusual  number  of  dead  pups  except  on 
the  breeding  giounds  of  Tolstoi,  the  position,  character,  and  size  of 
which  gave  prominence  to  the  caicasses.  Here  the  nurtality,  while  in 
no  way  ai)])roaching  that  of  the  previous  season,  was  still  beyond  the 
normal,  as  indicated  by  the  deaths  upcni  the  other  breeding  grounds. 

Any  surrejititious  killing  of  the  mothers  can  not  be  chaiged  with  it, 
for  such  killing  either  there  or  anywhere  else  on  the  island  would  have 
become  the  gossip  of  the  village  and  leadily  detected  by  the  attempt 
to  dispose  of  the  skins.  Disease  or  epidemics  are  not  known  among 
the  seals;  and  I  have  never  seen  cows  dead  from  sickness  upon  the 
islands.  There  are  no  hiiuling  grounds  so  close  to  the  breeding  areas 
that  the  driving  of  the  young  males  could  cause  consternation  among 
the  females  during  the  breeding  season.  Stampedes  or  disturbances 
can  not  account  for  it,  for  not  only  are  the  breeding  grounds  in  this 
particular  case  of  Tolstoi  one  t'onitii  of  a  mile  away  from  the  hayling 
grounds,  namely,  at  Middle  llill  (the  neaiest  jyoint  to  that  breeding 
ground  IVoin  Avliich  seals  were  driven  in  LS!U  and  189li,  see  chart),  but 
it  would  be  practically  impossible  to  stampede  this  breeding  ground  by 
any  disturbing  cause  save  of  su(!h  magnitude  as  to  be  the  subject  of 
common  knowledge  on  the  islands,  and  I  know  that  no  cause  for  such 
a  conunotion  occurred. 

Seals  will  stand  a  large  amount  of  annoyance  before  leaving  their 
harems,  or  indeed  being  permitted  to  do  so  by  the  bulls,  and  the  man 
does  not  live  who  can  stampede  rookery  bulls.  Xo  smoke  of  vessels  or 
l)resence  of  ships  ever  cause  the  stampede  of  an  entire  breeding  ground. 
Such  things  have  been  r*  portc<l,  hut  no  one  has  ever  seen  it,  and  it 
would  require  persistent  effort  to  ac('onii)lisli  such  a  result.  I  have  had 
cause  to  send  natives  on  several  occasions  entirely  across  a  rookery, 
and  no  stam|)e(le  ensued.  I  have  thrown  eggshells  filled  with  blue 
l)aint  at  fennde  seals  for  the  purjiose  of  marking  them  until  locks  and 
seals  were  a  mass  of  blue  color,  but  with  no  disturbing  effect.  In  the 
prosecution  of  my  investigations  I  have  shot  female  seals  with  a  noise- 
less rifle  ui)on  a  small  detached  breeding  ground,  have  era"  led  in^  and 
dragged  (uit  the  seals  killed  without  causing  the  other  mothers  to  re 
ce<le  more  than  twenty  feet,  and  in  fifteen  minutes  i/iereafter  the  breed- 
ing grounds  ])resented  their  wonted  ap])earance. 

After  two  seasons  observation  I  unhesitatingly  state  that  I  do  not 
believe  there  Uas  ever  been  breetling  grounds  8taui]>eded  in  such  a 


I 


RELATING   TO    FUR-SKALS   AND    SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY.        389 

wholesale  iiianiier  as  to  cause  tlie  dcatli  of  pni)s.  li'sucli  occurred  in 
ISiM  and  1892  it  is  certainly  extraordinary  that  only  tlio  starvlings  met 
death. 

The  true  explanation  of  th(Mleathsupoii  Tolstoi  this  year  is  not  readily 
found,  and  must  he  sonj^ht  in  local  caii.>-es  other  tlian  those  indicated 
ahove,  and  1  am  conlidciit  that  to  none  of  those  causes  can  he  Justly 
attributed  the  dead  pups  '>f  IS'.tl  and  181t2.  Tlie  following  explanation, 
based  upon  my  ac(pniintance  with  the  facts,  is  oti'ered  in  a  tentative 
way : 

A  ji'lance  at  the  map  will  show  that  tiu";  htcation  and  topoj>raphic 
character  of  this  rookery  have  no  counter))art  elsewhere  on  the  island. 
The  rookeries  upon  which  deatiis  are  infrc(pu'nt  arc  those  which  are 
nari'ow  and  ui)oii  the  rear  of  which  are  precipitous  blutls  tiiat  i>reveiit 
the  wandering  of  the  jjups  backward.  The  iaiger  i)arf  of  Tolstoi,  as 
will  be  seen  from  tlie  inaj»,  extends  far  back  and  has  great  lateral  di- 
mensions— nnicli  of  it  is  composed  of  drilting  sands  and  it  has  rather 
a  stee])  inclination  down  to  the  sea.  The  sIku'c  is  an  npi'ii  one,  and  the 
surf,  either  gentle  or  violent,  is  almost  constantly  i»reseiht.  As  the 
time  for  learning  to  sw  ini  approaches  the  pups  find  it  easy  to  come 
down  the  incline.  They  congregare  in  large  nninttcrs  upon  tlie  sandy 
shore  and  begin  their  swimming  lessons.  This  is  at  a  period  when 
they  are  still  imniatun  and  not  very  strong.  The  butfcting  of  the 
waves  exhaust  thcin  and  coming  ashore  they  cither  wandei'otf,  or  sti'ug- 
gling  a  certain  distance  nj)  the  incliiu',  made  more  diilicult  of  ascent  by 
tlie  loose  sand  of  which  it  is  composed,  lie  down  to  rest  and  slcej)  and 
are  overlooked  by  their  mothers  retuming  from  the  sea.  1  have  seen 
mother  seals  go  up  tlie  entire  incline  seeking  their  pujis. 

1  find  nothing  in  the  hi>'.to'y  ',>f  dead  pups  upon  the  island  this  year 
which  does  not  eontirm  my  belief  i '.!!••  the  great  mortality  of  the  S'iuoO.i 
of  1S!)1  was  due  to  pelagic  sealing  in  Uering  Sea.  Mad  it  not  ben  so 
there  is  no  reason  why  the  deaths  in  IS'.L'  should  not  have  been  as 
widely  distributed  and  as  great  as  tiiey  were  the  previous  year. 

During  the  past  summer  particular  care  was   taken    to  have  the 
drives  ccuiducted  in  the  same  manner  as  in  ju'evious 
years  in    order  that   the  elfect  of  driving  uitoii    the 
young  males  might  be  noted. 

From  .June  loth  (the  day  alter  my  arrival)  to  the  close  of  the  season 
on  August  !lth,  there  were  eleven  (11)  drives  made — the  longest  one 
^)i  ii!g  t'rom  Middle  Hill,  about  two  miles  from  the  village  killing  ground. 
Wit!,  two  exeei»tions  no  dri\es  were  made  from  the  same  hauling 
j;r'»v>nds  excejit  at  intervals  of  two  weeks.  As  the  killing  this  year 
v,,i>5  'limited  to  7,000  there  could  be  but  few  seals  taken  eacli  week,  and 
t"'i  iiecessitatcd  turning  back  to  the  Wiiter,  about  two  hundred  (2(M)) 
yiu'd."  distant  from  the  killing  ground,  t'rom  7."»  to  sr»  per  cent  of  those 
::  ivc'.:  ui>  and  gave  an  excellent  opiiortunity  to  observe  the  ett'ect  ot 
dri<;ng  upon  large  bands  of  seals. 

In  driving,  it  is  true  that  it  the  weather  is  unfavorable  a  few  may  die 
en  route,  <»i  in  anfici|)atiMi  of  their  death  are  clubbed,  skinned,  and 
their  pelts  ad<led  to  the  quota.  It  is  ulso  true  that  sometimes  there 
are  inanifestiitions  of  wcarinessand  <'xlianstion  among  the  dii\en  seals; 
that  driving  causes  some  excitement;  that  occasionally  smothering  oc- 
curs, and  that  there  are  other  episodes  liap|»eniiig  on  and  about  the 
killing  field  which  are  necessaril.N  incident  to  and  must  always  form 
part  of  the  killing  ol  seals  cm  land,  and  which  aie  likely  toobscure  the 
indgiiienf  of  tlu'  observer  or  be  allowed  to  assume  undue  prominence 
'u  his  mind.    liut  the  chief  question  is  the  potency  of  these  episodes  us 


Driving. 


||J 


'  ?n"l 


1 1  i 


1 .. 

j 

;4 

I 

390 


TESTIMONY 


'i ; 


destructivo  ajjoiits.  To  wlint  ».'xteiit  do  thoy  occur  and  to  what  extent 
do  t'lcy  cB'cct  the  licrd  at  large,  are  the  points  to  be  fairly  considered, 
and  tlicir  c(»nsideriitioii  must  not  be  iiiHuenced  by  any  exiiggeration 
due  to  the  sensibilities  of  the  observer.  Care  should  be  and  is  at  all 
times  exercised  to  avoid  needless  waste,  but  after  giving  the  greatest 
l)roniin('iice  possible  to  the  injurious  methods  which  are  alleged  to  have 
been  employed  at  different  times  since  the  American  occupancy  of  the 
islands,  my  observations  lead  me  to  believe  that  the  loss  of  life  fnmi 
the  causes  indicated  ab(»ve  would  be  but  a  fraction  of  one  per  cent  of 
the  seals  driven;  and  I  also  believe  that  it  '.-annot,  with  any  show  of 
justice,  be  made  to  account  for  or  jday  other  than  a  very  iusignitii'ant 
part  in  the  diminution  of  seal  life.  After  my  observations  of  two  sea- 
sons I  cannot  believe  that  creatures  which  in  their  nuiturity  possess 
sulli<'ient  vitality  'o  live  for  80  or  1)0  <lays  without  food  or  water,  and 
which  in  their  fo'tal  life  can  be  cut  from  the  mother  and  still  live  for 
days,  are  as  bachelor  seals  injured  in  their  virility  or  to  any  extent  dis- 
abled ])hysically  by  the  driving  to  which  they  are  subjected  on  the 
Pribilof  islands. 

Joseph  Stanley-Brown. 

Subscribed  and  svorn  to  before  me  this  IGth  day  of  December,  1892. 
[SEAL.J  Sevellon  A.  Bbown, 

Notary  Public. 


■\'i 


■  t'' 


r  ]\\ 


Deposition  of  James  O.  Sican,  former  inspeetor  of  customs,  employee  of 
Indian  Bureau  and  of  Fish  Commission  of  United  states. 

State  of  Washington, 
Jefferson  County,  ss: 
JamesG.  Swan,  havingbeen  duly  sworn,  deposesauffsav" :  Tam  seventy- 
four  yearsold,  a  residentof  rortTo\vnsend,Washingt<m, 
■  xperience.  ^^^^^  ^^y.  ()(.(.,, p-j^j^jj  jj  lawyer.     I  am  also  U.  S.  commis- 

sioner, Hawaian  consul,  commissicmer  for  the  State  of  Oregon,  and  a 
notary  public,  i  came  to  the  Pacitic  Coast  in  1850  and  to  Tort  Town- 
send  in  1851),  where  I  have  siiu-e  held  my  residence  the  greater  part  of 
the  time  to  the  ])iesent  date,  l-'rom  18«5U  to  1800  I  M'aa  employed  in  the 
Indian  Hureau  of  the  Interior  Department  and  stationed  at  Neah  Bay, 
and  again  from  1878  to  1881  1  was  insi)ector  of  customs  at  the  same 
place.  In  1883  1  also  visited  there  in  tlie  employ  of  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion. 

In  1880,  at  the  request  of  the  late  Prof.  Baird,  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institute  at  Washington,  I  made  a  careful  study  of  the  habits  of  the 
fur-seal  (Callorhinus  Ursinus)  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Flattery 
and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  the  result  of  my  observations  is 
embodied  in  the  tenth  IT.  S.  Census  (Rejxirt  of  U.  S.  Fish  and  Fisher- 
ies, Se(^  5,  V(d.  2,  i»ag<^  21)3.  Fur-seal  of  Cape  Flattery  and  vicinity) 
and  in  the  rejxnt  of  the  IJ.  S.  Fish  Commission,  (bulletin  of  U.S. 
Fish  Commission,  Vol.  3,  p]).  201  to  207.) 
The  observations  upon  which  these  reports  are  based  were  mostly 
confined  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Cape  Flattery, 
on"cuiH'nuUcrv  '*'"^  I  '""'  ^^  that  time  no  oi)portunity  for  extended  in 
c;,..^t  of  'iiiimli  quiry  as  to  the  pelagic  habits  of  the  aninuils.  The 
"  '"■  natural  history  of  the  seal  herd  of  the  Pribilof  Islands, 

when  upon  or  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  land,  had  been  minutely, 
and  1  have  uo  doubt  accurately,  described  by  11.  W.  Elliott  in  his  mou- 


CliarnetcristlCH 
Brals 
mill  c 
Cdluiiibia. 


lit:- : 


m 


HELATING  TO   FUR-SEALS  AND   SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


391 


^-Brown. 


ojrrapl)  published  in  lS7r>,  Tlicre  hiul  been  up  t(»  that  date  uo  series  of 
observations  nor  good  evidence  on  whieh  to  base  tlu'  liyi)otliesi8  that 
the  Pribilof  herd  and  the  huge  mass  of  seals  annually  seen  on  the  lati- 
tude of  Cape  Flattery  were  identieai.  On  the  eontrary,  there  seemed 
then  to  be  Miany  evidenees  that  some  otiier  rttokeiies  tiian  those  of  the 
Pribilof  Islands  were  located  at  some  point  on  the  Oregcm,  VVasiiiiigton, 
or  British  Columbia  coast.  Young  seals  were  occa- 
sionally found  by  the  Indians  n|)on  or  near  the  beaches,  "''""  ''"''*' 
and  pregnant  females  were  often  cai)tured  by  them  so  lieavy  with  pup, 
and  a])])arent!y  so  near  their  fidl  term  of  i»regnancy,  as  to  wariant  the 
belief  that  the  young  must  be  either  Ixn-n  in  the  water.  u])on  bunclu's 
of  kelp,  or  upon  the  rocks  and  beaches  on  or  near  the  coast.  Young 
seals  were  often  brought  to  the  Indian  villages,  and  the  testimony  ot 
botii  Indian  and  white  hunters  at  that  time  pointed  strongly  to  the 
eoudusion  that  the  breeding  grounds  of  tlie  animals  with  which  we 
were  familiar  could  not  be  far  distant.  I  have  myself  seen  the  black 
pups  in  the  water  when  they  ai)peare<l  to  be  but  a  few  weeks  old,  and 
others  have  assured  me  that  a  considerable  number  were  fcmnd  trom 
time  to  time  swimming  with  their  mothers.  Tliis  phenomenon  of  con- 
stant occurrence  year  after  year,  and  in  the  absence  of  a  wider  range 
of  observations,  we  were  naturally  confirmed  by  them  in  the  conclusion 
to  whieh  I  have  above  refeired. 

In  recent  years  it  has  been  demonstrated  by  the  large  catches  ob- 
tained off  the  coast  by  i)elagic  hunters,  and  by  the  testimony  of  a  great 
number  of  peojjle  whose  attention  has  been  directe<l  to  tlie  matter,  that 
the  herd  of  seals,  of  which  we  saw  only  a  very  limited  portion  from  the 
Neah  Bay  station,  is  a  very  large  one;  and  it  now  seems  beyond  a 
doubt  that  the  eomi)aratively  few  authentic;  cases  in  which  i)ui)s  were 
seen  upon  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast  were  anomahuis,  for  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  in  so  large  a  mass  of  pregnant  females  an 
occasional  one  would  be  prematurely  overtaken  by  tlie  pains  of  ])ar- 
turition,  and  that  the  ofllsi)ring  brought  fortii  under  favorable  condi- 
tions, as  upon  a  bumth  of  kelp  or  some  rock,  should  survive  at  least  a 
few  days  and  be  brought  in  and  kei)t  by  the  Indians,  as  1  have 
occasionally  seen  thorn.  1  have  also  seen  at  the  villages  late  in  the 
season,  in  the  hands  of  the  Indian  boys,  live  pups  which  had  been  re- 
cently lemoved  from  their  speared  mothers,  and  whose  vitality  was 
such  that  they  continued  to  live  for  several  days ;  but  it  is  a  well  known 
fact  that  young  mannnalia  may  be  born  several  days,  or  possibly  even 
a  month  or  two.  before  full  term  and  still  survive.  It  is  possible,  too, 
tiiat  as  a  source  of  error  the  hunters  may  have  mistaken  grey  pups, 
whose  coats  had  been  darkened  by  wetting,  or  those  a  few  months  (dd, 
born  the  jtreceding  summer,  for  the  so  called  "black  pujts." 

At  the  Neah  Bay  station  large  bull  seals  are  sehhun  seen,  and  the 
major  part  of  those  killed  are  piegnaiit  females  having  in  tliem  small 
fetuses  early  in  the  season,  say  about  January  or  February,  and  later 
full  grown  young.  From  all  the  evidence  I  am  able  to  gather,  I  be- 
lieve the  dillerent  classes  of  seals  remain  apart  when  upon  the  British 
Columbia  coast,  the  old  bulls  and  immature  young  ...  .. 
nniles  being  chiefly  found  at  a  considerable  (listan(!e  '  " 
from  the  land,  while  the  inegnant  females  and  young  males  travel 
close  ah)ng  the  shore,  and  are  f're(|uently  seen  in  limited  numbers  in  the 
straits  and  inlets. 

In  the  light  of  investigation  and  research  had  since  the  date  of  ;.  ■/ 
observations,  tlu' most  of  whicii  were  nuide  more  than  ten  years  ago, 
1  am  satisfied  that  the  mass  of  the  herd  from  which  the  British  Co- 


ii  til-' 


1    • 


tf^.uM 


■       ^  !>■  " 


1.  !, 


i  I! 


,h' 


!  : 


I,        t 


': 


392 


TESTIMONY 


lumbia  or  Victoria  catch  is  obtained  arc  horn  ncitlier  in  the  water  nor 
npon  tlic  land  in  tlic  vicinity  where  tiiey  are  canj;lit:  and  it  appears 
most  i)rohahle  t'niin  tiie  rontes  upon  wiiich   they  are  lollowed,  and  the 
k)cation  in  wluch  they  ar<^  fouiKl   l>y  pelaj;ic  linntcrs  between   Marcli 
and  An},nist,  that  tlicy  orijj;inate  in,  niij^rate  from,  and  annually  return 
to  Jierinp;  Sea. 
It  has  been  stated  in  print  that  [  said  I  had  seen  pups  born  on  the 
kelp  in  the  water.     This  is  a  jjross  misrepresentation. 
a.iuaMr''birti""'""'     ^  uicrcly  sald  that  it  had  been  reported  to  nu-tiiat  such 
birth  had  be(  n  witnessed,  and  quoted  as  my  authority 
(!ai>t.  K.  II.  ^fcAlincmd,  of  the  schr.   Champion  {]).  L'(K5,  vol'.  1,  of  U.  S. 
Fisii  Coinnussion's  |{epoit). 
relagic  sealing;  was  carried  oi:  '-y  the  Indians  at  Neah  Bay  lonjj  be- 
fore I  first  went  amonj--  them,  but  tliey  were  then,  and 
DainuKi;  to  luni  by  until  Within  a  few  vcars,  provided  onlv  with  their  ca- 
noes,  spears,  and  otner  native  implements,  eonstitutinj;' 
the  necessary  outfit  for  an  al»ori};inal  seal-hunter.    The  destruction 
wroiifjht  by  them  ui)on  the  seal  herd  was,  c(;mpared  with  the  vast  num- 
ber of  which  it  was  conii)osed,  very  slight,  and  did  little  harm  to  any 
one,  while  the  result  to  tiie  Indians  was  tiien  and  is  still  of  great  im- 
portance.    Now,  ])elagic  seal-hunting  is  carried  on  in  quite  a  dilferent 
manner.     Nunu>roiis  exi)editions  are  fitted  out  in  well-e(piii)])ed  vessels, 
some  of  them  under  ln>tli  steam  and  sail,  manned  by  whites  and  Indi- 
ans, and  armed  with  guns  and  sjjcars.     I  am  informed 
I'oia-ic  siaiin);  a\n\  l)elieve  that  the  herd  has  gieatlv  decreased  witiiiii 

must  1)0  rlicckcd.  j.i       i       j.   -  .,  tj.il.  -i.  i        •  i- 

the  last  two  or  three  years,  and  tiiat  it  pelagu^  sealing 
is  not  soon  chet-ked  the  herd  will  be  driven  hither  and  thither  and  so 
decimated  as  to  render  it  commercially  valueless.  This  would  be  a 
great  wrong  to  the  Indians,  who  are  dependent  in  a  great  measure  u]»on 
the  seals  for  a  livelihood,  as  well  as  a  needless,  wanton  waste,  which 
civilized  nations  ought  not  to  permit.  It  can  not  be  denied  that  the 
natives,  who  have  utilized  the  seal  lisheries  adjacent  to  their  settlemeuts 
,     ,,,,    ,      frtmi  their  earliest  iiistorv  au(l  i»rolited  by  tiiem.  (b'scrve 

Illtrl('.st.H  (it  111(^11-  .,  ,.  1    i"     1-  '.I       .•  '  1         4. 

.liaiis  NiMMiid  iHxoii  some  consideration.  1  believe  that  in  order  to  preserve 
"'''''''■''  the  rookeries  upon  the  islands  and  build  them  up  to 

their  former  productiveness,  it  is  only  necessary  to  restrict  pelagic  seal- 
hunting  to  the/coast  south  of  il^o  40' and  coiiliiu!  it  to  the  use  of  the 
primitive  methods  formerly  employed  by  the  natives. 

James  G.  Swan. 

Subscribed  an<l  sworn  to  before  me  this  27th  day  of  May,  1<S!)2. 

|SEAL.j  ClIAS.  L.  IlAILKV, 

Is otnnj  public  in  and/or  the  tStatc  of  Wanhintjton,  residing  at  Port 
Townscnd. 


Deposition  of  Charles  If.  Toirnscnd,  naturalist. 

City  of  Washington,  Dintriet  of  Columbia,  ss: 
Charles  II.  Townsend,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  thirty-three  years  of  age,  and  my  profession  is  that  of  a  natural- 
ist.    I  am   attat'hed    to  the  U.  S.  Fish    (Commission 
steamer  Albatross,  witii  which  ("(mimission  I  liavebeeu 
connected  for  uiueyears.    Occupying  the  position  of  resident  naturalist 
on  that  vessel,  as  1  did,  I  have  collected  constantly  durlny  this  period 


j 

: 

r 

,           ' 

t  ' 

'     a 
I      't 

'         li 

c    -- 

l'\ 

RELATING   TO   FUR-SEALS   AND   SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


393 


and  have  liunted  with  all  kinds  of  ftrearnia  and  under  various  condi- 
tions.    I  have  made  seven  voyages  to  Alaska, 

I  visited  the  Pribilof  Ishinds  for  the  first  time  in  1885,  spending  the 
months  of  June  and  September  thereon  in  makingeolleetions  of  natural- 
history  speeimens,  including  those  of  the  fur  seal,  of  which  I  brought 
down  twenty.  In  the  year  18!>1  I  again  visited  the  Island  of  St.  Paul, 
arriving  there  July  28tli  and  remaining  there  about  ten  days.  The 
British  Commissioners  were  on  the  Island  at  that  time.  1  made  frequent 
observations  as  to  the  conditions  of  the  rookeries  during  fiiis  period. 
Early  in  the  suuuner  of  1802  I  visited,  at  the  request  of  the  IT.  S.  Gov- 
ernnuMit,  (iuadeloupe  Island,  for  tlie  puipose  of  a<'<]uainting  myself 
with  seal  life  there  and  of  obtaining  skuhs  of  the  fur  seals  whii-h  for- 
merly fre<iuented  those  regions.  Later  in  LSIL'  I  once  nu)re  visited  the 
Island  of  St.  Paul,  arriving  tiiere  June.'iOth.  I  was  there  on  the  Island 
and  on  the  U.  S.  Kcvenne  steamer  (!<>riri)i,  cruising  to  tlie  west  of  the 
Islands,  continuously  until  about  August  ir»th,an<l  wasengnged  during 
.all  of  this  time  in  the  study  of  seal  life  either  on  land  or  in  the  waters 
of  liering  Sea,  and  have  siiot  seals  from  a  snnill  boat. 

I  carefully  noted  the  fact  this  year  thiit  the  young  seal  is  at  birth  at- 
tached to  a  large  placenta,  e(iual  jjcrhaps  to  one  third 
of  its  weight  and  of  a  bright  red  coh)r.  It  is  sometimes  i"'"' "n'"i'»- 
not  exjjt-lled  until  an  hour  or  so  after  birth,  remaining  atta^'hed  in  the 
nu'anwhile  by  the  umbilical  cord  to  the  i)up.  It  freiiuently  remains 
attached  to  the  pup  for  a  day  or  more.  After  ])arturiti<»n  the  female 
takes  an  immediate  interest  in  her  young,  and  if  it  has  fjillen  into  some 
slight  rock  cievice  she  gently  draws  it  towards  her,  taking  its  nai)e  in 
her  teeth.     She  repeatedly  turns  to  it  with  manifestations  of  aftection. 

Prior  to  .luly  27th,  18!)2,  many  of  the  females  had  taken  to  water  to 
feed  iind  could  thereafter  be  seen  returning  at  all  times 
to  suckle  their  young.  I  quote  the  following  written  J-^''<''"k '«""•>«"• 
memorandum  made  by  meat  St.  Paul  on  that  date:  "  Bulls  on  rookeries 
getting  exhausted  iiiul  (piict,  mostly  sleeping.  Cows  hirgely  at  sea. 
Some  bulls  have  hauled  outon  sund  beac^lies  that  so  far  have  been  bare. 
Fourtiftiis  of  the  seals  on  rookeries  to-day  are  pups." 

.Inly  28th  I  made  the  following  note:  "  Many  females  coming  from 
the  water  bleating  for  their  yonng." 

I  have  killed  sea  lions  at  the  following  localities,  where  they  breed  in 
considerabh'nun)bers,and  fouiul  their  breeding  grounds 
impregnated  with  thesame  rank,(lisagreeablesnu>ll  that  „,:'j;^"'''''''" ''''""" 
is  so  noticeable  a  feature  of  the  breeding  grouiuls  of  the 
Pribilof  fur-seal:  Light  house  Bock,  Alaska  Peninsula,  Farallone  Islands 
and  Monterey  liock,  California,  San  Benit(>  Islands,  Lower  California, 
and  San  Luis  Islands  in  the  Cnlf  of  California. 

The  soil  and  rocks  at  tln'se  places  is  as  foul  with  seal  excrement  as 
at  the  Pribilofs,  where  urine,  excrement,  decaying  placentas,  and  other 
tilth  rubbed  and  trodden  into  tiie  soil  and  rock  dei)ressions  cause  the 
odors  so  characteristic  of  this  vicinity.  The,  rocks  at  Monterey  nniy  be 
used  in  illustration:  They  lie  near  <'y|)ress  Point,  four  or  five  huiulred 
yards  ott"  the  shore  which  the  carriage  drive  follows,  and  are  covered 
with  hair  seals,  which  breed  there.  They  are  conspicuously  staiiu'd 
with  excrement,  and  where  the  animals  lie  thickest  the  ground  is 
smeared  and  slippery  with  it.  I  collected  sea-lions  there  in  .January  of 
the  present  year,  and  after  my  shooting  had  frightened  all  the  aninuils 
otf  t^)  sea  the  rank  smell  of  tlie  place  itself  drifted  across  the  channel 
into  the  nostrils  of  tlie  tourists  of  ILttel  del  Mont«s  who  witnessed  our 
operations.    It  would  indeed  be  an  extraordinary  occurrence  if  fur-seaJs 


1^ 


M 


■  V( 


■f^..;^. 


if  11 


394 


TESTIMONY 


'I,, 


■,| 


\ 


did  not  deposit  oxcremeiit  upon  thoir  breeding  grounds  in  the  same  way 
that  all  other  aninials  of  this  class  do. 

As  already  stated  above,  I  was  attached  to  the  steamer  Conrin  during 
„  ,  ,.  ,  the  ]»ast  suninier,  and  I  made  all  the  examinations  oj 
the  Stomachs  ol  tlie  seals  reterred  to  in  Cai)taiii  Iloo])er  s 
report,  covering,  in  all,  thirty  tliree  sj'als.  I  annex  iu'reto  photographs  of 
two  of  the  seals  which  were  dissected  ami  examined  by  nu'  on  the  deck 
of  the  steanu'r  i'orwin.  These  seals  were  taken  on  the  L'nd  day  of  Au- 
gust, ISKL',  at  a  distance  of  ab(»ut  17")  miles  from  tiie  islamls.  The  pho- 
tographs exhibit  the  mammary  glands  and  convey  a  good  idea  of  the 
considerable  size  of  these  glands,  which  in  all  cases  were  filled  with 
milk.  The  inference  is  unavoidable  that  tiie  jtup  is  a  voracious  feeder, 
and  this  inference  is  in  keeping  witli  the  observations  I  have  made  on 
the  rookeries  where  I  have  repeatedly  seen  i)nps  suckle  for  half  an  hour 
at  a  time.  The  nmmmary  gland  is  very  widely  sjtread  over  the  lower 
surface  of  the  animal;  beginning  between  the  fore  flippers,  in  fact  at 
the  anterior  of  the  siernum,  it  extends  well  ujt  under  the  armpits  .and 
back  to  the  ]mbic  bones.  The  milk  glands  are  (juite  thick  and  (!oin- 
pletely  charged  with  milk.  The  photographs,  especially  the  tirst  one, 
exhibit  the  nulk  streaming  from  tlie  glands  on  to  the  deck. 

Annexed  to  the  report  of  Captain  Hooi)er  is  a  table  giving  the  results 
of  the  examination  of  forty-one  (41)  seals  which  were  killed  in  IJering 
Sea  in  18!>2.  It  appears  that  of  this  number  twenty-two  (22)  were 
nursing  seals.  The  i)hotographs  hereto  annexed  show  exactly  the 
way  all  of  these  nursing  female  seals  looked  when  cut  open  on  the  deck 
of  the  Concin. 

From  the  fact  that  among  the  females  thus  taken  and  examined  there 
were  found  nn)stly  nursing  cows,  with  a  snndl  ninnber 
of  virgin  cows,  it  is  reasonable  toconclude  that  there  are 
practically  no  barren  fennUes  swimming  about  in  the  sea  unattached  to 
the  islands,  or  that  at  any  rate,  if  such  seals  exist,  they  are  rarely,  if 
ever,  taken.  In  all  my  experience  I  never  saw  anytliing  t(»  lead  me  to 
the  conclusion  that  there  is  such  a  thiiig  as  a  "barren"  female.  In 
the  ease  of  the  virgin  cows  a  carefid  examination  of  the  uterus  proved 
them  to  be  too  imnndure  for  conception. 

In  the  stomachs  of  many  of  the  seals  examined  as  above  stated  there 
were  found  Large  (pnintities  of  fish,  mainly  codfish. 
Tliere  is  nothing  suri)rising  in  this  fact,  that  codfish 
should  be  found  in  the  stomachs  of  surface  feeders  such  as  seals  are. 
While  taken  at  the  bottom,  the  codfish  is  not  restricted  to  deep  water. 
It  is  found  from  the  shallows  along  the  shore  out  to  the  banks  where 
fishermen  usually  take  them.  They  are  often  taken  at  intermediate 
dei)ths,  but  fish  taken  at  the  bottom  are,  as  a  rule,  larger. 

The  cod  is  a  voracious  feeder  upon  squid  which  abound  at  the  surface. 
In  Alaskan  waters  I  have  taken  hundreds  with  the  dip  net,  after 
attracting  them  with  the  eh^ctric  light  of  the  Albatrosn,*  In  its 
frequent  migrations  from  baidv  to  bank  tlu^  cod  passes  over  tracts  of 
ocean  where  the  water  is  of  profound  deptli.  It  is  a  regular  feeder 
upon  herring  and  many  other  fishes  which  school  at  the  surface,  and 
in  Maskan  waters  fre(piently  follows  tlie  fisherman's  bait  from  the 
bottom  to  the  surface. 

Asa  result  of  my  ccmibined  observati<uis  upon  land  and  water,  as 
hereinbefore  detailed,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  stating  positively  that 
soon  after  a  female  gives  birth  to  her  young  she  leaves  the  island  in 

'See  Report  of  Work  of  Albalrosn,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  1888. 


Barrpii  females. 


Food  of  females. 


[» same  way 

iriii  duiiii}? 
iiiiitioiis  ol 

ill  IItl(»l)Ol's 

rojiraplisol 
II  tlie  (h'l'k 
il;iy  of  An- 
Tilt'  plio- 
idi'ii  of  the 
lilh'd  witli 
ous  feeder, 
I'e  made  on 
lalfaii  hour 
■  tlie  lower 
,  ill  faet  at 
■inpits  and 
i  and  eoni- 
e  first  one, 

the  results 
1  in  IJering 
o  (22)  were 
'xactly  the 
)n  the  deck 


"•s  ■♦ 


I 


i  -ii 


p 


nined  there 
lall  number 
at  there  are 
I tt ached  to 
le  rarely,  if 
lead  me  to 
'male.  In 
us  proved 

fated  there 
y  codfish, 
at  codlish 
s  seals  are. 
ct'P  water. 
11  Us  where 
termediate 

he  surface, 
net,  after 
*  In  its 
■r  tracts  of 
ular  feeder 
rface,  and 
from  the 

d  water,  as 
tively  that 
e  island  in 


•Lt- 


in 


*• 


»M 


.L 


n 


\     A 

.A 


■'    ""•'^" 


m 


;t 


^m^ 


Ii 


C    A 


jT^-u.fP'- 


i   ' 


1 


I- 


i.fi 


I, 


f  i 


)i 


i 


'h 


'i  ' 


,;,i 


1^       \ 


s  w 


UELATINO   TO   FUR-SEALS   AND   SEALSKIN   INDUSTRY. 


305 


qiM'St  <>t'f(M»(l,  that  hIio  travels  {jn'at  distiuioes  in  soan-li  of  it,  ami  that 
hIio  ictiintH  to  the  islands  heavily  laden  with  milk. 

While  hunting;'  in  the  6V*/'/r/«',v  boats  many  seals  \ver»'  tired  upon  when 
ash'i'p.     TJH'v  usually  sleep  with  their  head  to  leeward      ,  ,    , 

II  -A.  ■  -t       !•  •  1      i  •  1       1       i.       -i-i  rcliii{lr  nciililii;. 

and  keep  it  moving  uneasily  from  side  to  side,  but  witli 
ihe  nose  held  clear  (tf  the  water.     A  sleopinj;'  seal  lias  his  vital  parts 
pretty  well  .submeifjfed — the  nose,  lower  Jaw,  and  llippers  bcinji' usually 
held  above  tlu'  surface,  aIthou};li  a  little  more  ai>pears  at  tiiin's  acc(Uii- 
tiy  to  the  condition  of  tlie  sea  and  the  movements  of  the  animal. 


—      ^H>. 


One  has  to  be  very  close  to  fjet  a  shot  at  the  head  that  will  kill  it. 
Manv  times  the  animal  is  wounded  sutlicieiitlv  to  ijret  .„ 
out  of  reach  ot  the  hunter  before  it  dies.  1  had  very 
little  dithculty  in  a])proachin{i  sleepiiifj  seals  chnse  enouffh  for  a  fair 
shot,  but  much  in  killing-  tiiem.  Fair  shots  that  scattered  the  charge 
all  about  them,  hitting  the  flippers,  1  firmly  believe,  and  in  some  (ia.ses 
drawing  plenty  of  blood,  were  usually  witlnmt  result,  niifil  I  learned  to 
Are  directly  at  the  head.  Then  the  siiots  began  to  i)rove  fatal,  but  even 
then,  unless  hit  in  a  vital  part  the  animals  got  away,  though  bleeding 
freely.  At  first  I  blamed  the  inettectual  tiring  on  the  cartridges,  but 
the  cartridges  proved  all  right  as  soon  as  I  learned  to  aim  at  the  liead 
and  not  at  the  animal  as  a  whole. 

I  learned  after  some  experiment  that  seals  which  dashed  away  ap- 
parently uninjured  were  usually  hurt,  and  after  following  them  persist- 
ently, at  great  labor  to  the  boat  i»nllers,  found  that  they  were  Veiling. 

I  believe  that  the  majority  of  sleeping  seals  fired  at  are  struck,  The 
number  killed  at  the  islands  with  buckshot  in  them 
bears  (mt  this  claim  to  a  considerable  extent, 
see  how  an  ordinary  marksman  can  shoot  at  so  large  a 
target  as  a  seal  at  short  range  with  a  double-barrel  gun  loaded  with  21 
buckshot  without  striking  .some  of  the  exi)osed  i>ortions  of  the  animal. 

It  is  from  the  instantly  killed,  that  seals  are  secured;  the  wounded 
animal  uses  its  death  struggle  to  get  out  of  reach.    What  proportiou 


I  <1<i  iwit        Mcist  sU'opinp  seals 
1  uo  IMM,  ,,r,i,.k. 


<ll 


V.  i 


p* 


3!)6 


TESTIMONY 


f  f 


tlic  seals  rcix'liiiip;  the  Pribilolk  with  sliot  in  tliriii  1)Pnr  to  tlioso  wliicli 
are  liivd  at  ami  cscaiK'  (woiiiidcd,  as  I  state  ahovc)  is  not  known.  l)ut  I 
believe  that  liillyas  many  iM'iish  leaving;'  iiotiaco  as  recover  sulliciently 
to  reaeli  tlie  ishnids. 

I'Vedin;;  seals  shot  when  raisinj;  their  heads  about  the   boats  tVoni 

eniin,>,ity  are  more  likely  to  lie  killed  instantly  than  sleep- 

""■  iny  seals,  but  they  sink   more  <|ni(kly.     A  clear  sh(»t   at 

the  head  is  atlbrded,  which  knocks  the  lite  completely  out  of  them,  and 

tln^  rest  ol'  the  body  bein*;  under  water  at  the  time  it  would  seem  that 

the  jMcssure  uixm  the  limp  body  Ibices  the  air  from  it.     .\sarule  seals 

killed  instantly,  when  the  head  is  entirely  clear  of  the  water,  ;;'o  down 

(piickly,  sinkin}:^  stern  tbremost.     Sleeping  seals  killed  when  the  head 

is  low  in  the  water  float  for  a   time,  the  liead  settlinj;'  into  the  water 

first,  the  air  is  retained   in  the   i»ody   and   it   tloats.     I  shot  a  seal  otV 

(luadeloupe  Island  in  May  when  it   raised   its  liead  close  to  the  boat, 

killing'  it  instantly.     It  sank  l»efore  we  could  reach  it  with  the  {•all"  and 

eontinuj'd  siiduny,  xtmi/irnt,  as  we  could  plainly  see  far  below  in  the 

clear  water. 

"Another  illustraticm  of  the  wastefulness  of  ])ela;iie  sealinji  mi;;ht  be 

_   ,    ,„,  found  in  the  number  of  cartridges  expended.      Durinu; 

WllBtO  of  Ufl).  .,  1  i.,!         /I  •  1        r^i    •        1    •        1  1  r 

the  work  ot  the  Corwin  no  reconl  ot  this  kind  was  kei)t. 
The  hunter  usually  carried  two  or  three  do/en  cartrid;;es,  which  were  as 
a  rule  exi»eiided  befbri^  they  returned  to  the  ship.  The  number  of  seals 
lost  l>y  siukinj:',  number  wounded,  and  number  secured  were  recorded. 
Itejteated  tiring  from  the  boats  was  often  heard  on  board  ship  and  a 
,  larg(Minmber  (»f  eniptv  shells  would  be  returned,  when 
com](ai!ilively  lew  seals  were  deliiiitely  rei)orted  as  se- 
cured, lost,  or  woumled.  allotiier  shots  l»eiii;i  suppctsed  to  be  misses.  1 
do  not  think  tliis  feature  has  received  proper  consideration.  The  hunt 
ers  were  certainly  averaji'c  marksmen,  audit  is  my  belief  that  the  ;;reat 
majority  of  the  sleepinj;  seals  tired  at  were  struck.  The  f;uns  use" 
were  l()-b(»re  I'aikeis,  loaded  with  lil  bu<'kshot.  Time  after  tinu^ 
have  sei'ii  the  heavy  charj^c  strike  aixuit  the  sleepiiij;-  seal,  fidly  expeet- 
iiifjto  see  it  killed,  when,  to  my  utter  surprise,  it  would  dive  and  come 
up  beyond  our  reacli.  It  is  iiu  rcdible  that  the  f^reat  number  of  seals 
thus  eseajtiny-  were  uuinjuied.  Ik<)w  can  one  always  Und  traces  of 
blood  or  sij^ns  of  injury  when  the  tVijihtened  animal  is  retreatiii};-  at  a 
rate  so  rajjid  that  it  is  soon  out  of  si;«ht,  and  es])ecially  as  its  course  is 
mainly  under  water,  aiul  it  only  appears  at  the  surface  with  a  porpoise- 
like leap  to  catch  its  breath  and  then  dives  af^aiii, 

CiIAUI:KS    11.   TOWNSEND, 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  10th  day  of  December,  A.  D. 
1892. 
[seal.]  Jno.  B.  Kanuoli  u, 

Notary  Vublic. 


[   I- 


Deposition  of  William  11.  Williams,   United  8taten  Treasury  Agent  in 

charge  of  Vribilof  Islands. 

District  of  Columbia, 

City  of  Washinyton,  ss  : 

William  II.  Williams,  being  duly  sworn,  saya: 

The  British  Ccuumissioners,  uixui  their  arrival  at  the  Pribilof  I.-^iands 
in  1891,  presented  me  a  letter  signed  by  Chas.  Foster,  Secretary  of  the 


If    M' 


RELATING    TO    Fl'U-SKALS    AND    8KAI.SKIN    INDUSTRY. 


31)7 


(t  thnso  wliicli 

known,  Itut  I 

:cr  sunU'iently 

H'  Iwiiits  from 
tly  tliiin  sl«'<'i)- 

clcar  sli(»t  at 
It  of  tlicin,  and 
mid  st'cni  tliat 
As  a  rule  seals 
inter,  no  d»»\vn 
ivlieii  the  head 
into  the  water 

shot  a  s«'al  off 
^t'  to  the  boat, 
ith  the  naif  iind 
,r  Ih'Iow  in  the 

alinp;  nii^ht  be 
iidect.      Diuinj,' 
I  kind  was  kei)t. 
»,  which  were  as 
iiunber  of  seals 
were  r«'eorded. 
)ar<l  ship  and  a 
returned,  when 
reportetl  us  se- 
to  be  misses.     I 
ion.     Thehnnt- 
•f  tliai  theK»'''i>f' 
'I'lie  yniif*    "^*'' 
le  after   time 
d,  fidly  exi>e<'t- 
dive  and  eonio 
iindier  (tf  seals 
lind   traces  of 
retreatinj"'  at  a 
as  its  conrse  is 
with  a  porpoise- 

ToWNHEND, 
)ecend»ei,  A.  D. 

VNDOLIU, 

Xatary  I'nhlic. 


•eamry  Agent  in 


Treasury,  wherein  \  was  directed  to  extend  every  eonrtesy  to  them, 
lie  [)nrsuanee  of  such  instructions  f  did  everylhinji  pos 
sible  to  aid  them  in  i>ettin}i'  inforination  on  the  seal  ,,  .'■'"iii'ii''  (vi.ncini 
islands.  1  had  tiie  natives  come  to  the  (lovernmcnt 
House  whenever  they  desired,  that  tiiey  iniylil  (iiiestinii  tliein  in  regard 
to  the  habits  and  conditions  of  seal  lite.  I  also  };ave  them  tree  access 
to  all  records  on  th(>  Islands,  inclndiii;:  the  daily  .loiiinals,  showing 
what  transpired  on  every  day  of  the  year,  and  their  secretaries  spent 
several  days  noiii};'  throiiyh  these  records  by  theiiisehcs,  inakinj;  such 
notes  and  extracts  liiun  them  as  they  pleased.  They  wcie  invited  to 
visit  the  rookeries. observe  the  drives  and  killin;:s.  to  note  the  methods 
of  eountiii};  the  skins  into  the  salt-house,  and  to  make  any  examinations 
they  j)leased  on  the  Islands. 

\Vm.  H.  Williams. 

Subscribed  and  sworu  to  before  me  this  L'Oth  day  of  December,  1892. 

[SEAL.J  CUAB.   L.   Hi  UIIKS, 

Notary  rublic. 


Pribilof  I.^iands 
Secretary  of  the 


Deposition  of  William  If.   Williains,  Unitvtl  States  Treasury  Agent  in 

charge  of  Vribilof  Islands. 

District  of  Columuia, 

(Jity  of  Washington,  ss : 
William  Jl.  Williams,  beiii}'  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 
I  am  the  LF.  S.  Treasury  Aycnt  in  ehar<;(' o   the  Tribilof  Islands;  I 
was  in  eliarp'  of  the  Ciovernment  interests  mi  those 
Ishmds  in  KS'.H,  and  was  present  (ui  St.  Paul  Island.     ''•M"'"""'- 
Alaska,  duly  LiTth,  ISDl,  the  date  ot  arrival  of  the  l']nfilish  Commission- 
ers, to  wit,  Sir  CJeorj^c   IJadeiil'owell  and   Dr.  (ieorjiie  M.  J)awson.     I 
apiin  went  to  these  Islands  in  the  same  caitacity  in  1S!I2. 

At  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  IJritish  Commissioners  in  1S91  the 
breedinj;  grounds  did  not  luesent  t  he  c()m]»act  I'oi  in  they 
didaboutthe  IL'thof  July,  for  disintegration  and  spread-  p,,]!;;"":;;;,,';;-,!;!^^^^^^ '" 
iiifi'  had  been  yoiii};'  on  for  several  days,  thus  makin^j 
their  ai)pearance  as  to  size  very  misleadinji.  In  1S!»1  1  instituted  the 
luactice  of  fi  e(juent  visits  to  the  breedinji  rookeries  by  myself  and  Assist- 
ant Afjfciits  Murray  and  Nettlet(ni,  and  from  about  the  1st  to  the  2(»th  of 
July  I  required  these  visits  to  the  rookeries  to  be  made  daily.  Each 
ajjent  made  careful  note  of  his  observations  and  rejiorted  to  me  the  resxdt 
at  the  close  of  his  day's  work.  United  States  Treasury  A^ent  d.  Stanley- 
Jlrown  also  coiiperated  with  me  in  this  work,  and  his  statements  con- 
firmed the  reports  of  the  other  aj;ents.  One  of  the  objects  of  these  visits 
to  the  rcxdveries  was  to  determine  the  eoiidition  of  the  harems  and  at 
what  date  in  that  yeartlie  cow  seals  ajipeared  in  the  {greatest  numbers 
on  the  breedinji'  rookeries.  It  was  the  unaniiiKms  opinion  of  all  the 
Government  Ajjents  tliat  the  breeding  rookeries  were  at  their  fullest 
July  12th,  and  the  foUowinji'  entry  was  made  at  the  time  in  the  Covern- 
nient  Journal  on  St.  Paul  Island,  to  wit:  "Sunday,  July  12. — Duriiifi' 
the  past  five  or  six  days  the  rookeries  have  been  carefully  scanned,  and 
it  is  believed  that  a+  this  date  they  are  at  their  very  best  for  this  year. 
To  all  appearances  it  may  with  safety  be  luesunied  that  the  pups  are 
fully  95  per  cent  of  the  cows,"  thus  leaving  only  5  per  cent  of  the  cowh 


flii    > 


<  h 


1:1*1 


I) 


I 


398 


TESTIMONY 


•     I 


to  briiif:  forth  tlieir  youufr  after  tliivS  dsite.  I  presiiino  that  by  the  25tli 
of  July  not  over  1  per  »'i'iit  of  them  were  left. 
On  July  IL'th  the  eows,  having  nearly  all  given  birth  to  tlieir  young, 
were  going  to  and  eoming  from  the  sea.  The  English 
commL'ioiierH!''*''  Commissioners  arrived  at  the  Islands  about  noon  of 
July  27th  and  remained  on  and  abont  St.  Paul  Island 
until  the  morning  of  the  ;Ust  of  July,  at  which  time  they  sailed  for  St. 
(ieorge  Island,  about  forty  miles  distant,  retnrning  to  8t.  Paul  on  the 
evening  of  August  2nd  and  remaining  untilthe  morning  of  August  0th. 
They  next  returned  to  the  Islands  August  IDtli  and  1  .t  August  20th, 
again  returidngon  the  morning  ()fthel.")th  of  iSe])leinbei',  aid  took  their 
tinal  departure  September  Kith.  The  foregoing  dates  cover  all  the  time 
that  the  Kngiish  Comnussioners  were  on  or  aliout  the  Islaiuls,  and  as 
they  had  tlifir  quarters  on  boanl  the  S.  S.  Ihatxhc,  anchored  from  a  half 
to  a  mile  off  sliore.  they  spent  but  a  jiortion  of  their  time  eaeli  day  on 
the  Islands.  Durifg  the  time  included  in  the  foregoing  dates  tliere 
were  but  three  small  drives  of  seals  made  .md  they  were  for  food,  to  wit: 

St.  Piuil  Inland: 

Auf^ust    3r(l.   KiM'f  Hookt-ry,  killed 118  sciils 

Au{;iist  lltli.  Nortlicast  I'oiiit  Hookery,  killed 4()7  sciils 

St.  Cieorjje  iKlaiid : 
August    Ist.  Ni,i i  li  mid  Zapaduie  HDokerien.  killed 28  seals 

The  seal  drives  take  place  verye.arly  in  the  morning,  and  to  the  best 

of  my  I'ecollection  the  Kngiish  Coinmissicuiers  did  not 

British   conin.is-   s^e  a  drivc  nor  were  thev  present  at  anv  of  tlie  killings 

sioiitrs  invscnt  at  but  ,     ,,        ,  ..  ..i      .."'    1-    »  .    .>     i '      m  ■        ■        i 

one  killing.  Oil  M.  Taul  cxcejtt  that  ot  August  Jrd.     1  nc  i)rinei])al 

drives  had  taken  place  tli.it  year,  as  in  all  previous 
years,  prior  to  tliily  27th,  and  between  July  27tli  and  August  11th  only 
a  few  seals  were  killed,  and  those  were  for  tood.  From  August  11th 
to  October  1st  no  seals  were  taken  for  any  pur])ose,  ex<'ept  that  during 
this  period  17S  were  killed  for  (bod  on  St.  (Icoige. 

I  visited  Southwest  and  Kngiish  Hays  about  tlic  middle  of  July,  18!)1, 
when  the  harems  were  at  tlieir  fullest,  in  a  small  sail 
boat  and  sailed  close  in  shore  near  the  rookeries;  while 
the  seals  were  somewliat  disturbed,  yet  they  would  only 
retreat  a  few  feet  from  the  iiarem  when  they  would  turn  and  show  fight, 
and  as  soon  as  we  had  i)assed  them  a  short  distance  they  would  resume 
their  usual  position  ttn  the  rookeries. 
In  the  fore  part  of  July,  IS'.U .  I  saw  a  cow  seal  give  birth  to  her  young 
on  Lukaniion  IJookery.  and  watciitMl  her  for  a  hmg time; 
after  giving  birth  to  her  young  she  fondled  and  ca- 
ressed it;  jilacing  herself  in  a  good  jiositiou  she  gei*ly 
jmshed  it  to  her  breast  tiiat  it  niiglit  suckle  licr.  showing  all  the  care 
and  affection  for  her  young  that  isexiiibited  in  other  animals;  a  few 
days  thereafter  while  visiting  tlie  samerotikery  I  cameu])on  a  cow  seal 
with  her  young  sheltered  behind  a  rock  Jrst  back  of  the  rookery;  she 
atonee  showed  figiit  and  refused  to  leave  lier young,  but  stayed  with  it, 
and  I  went  away  leaving  her  there.  Also  in  t.ie  latter  jiart  of  .Inly  I 
went  out  on  the  \lv('\'  just  back  of  the  rookeries  on  the  west  side,  and 
as  I  came  near  one  of  the  rookeries  there  were  a  few  cow  seals  that  were 
scattered  some  little  distance  from  their  harems;  one  of  the  cow  seals 
that  had  her  young  by  her  side  picked  it  up  in  hei' mouth  and  carried  it 
some  distance  an<l  then,  jilacing  it  on  the  ground  by  her  side,  prepared 
to  defend  it,  and  showed  the  greatest  solicitude  for  its  safety. 


Soiils  not  »>  .T  8  i  1  y 
frijjhttncd. 


Affeotion    of  c  o  w 
for  ptip. 


RELATING   TO    FUH-SEAI.S    AND    SEALSKIN    INDUSTRY. 


31)9 


\Vci;ilit  (if  Imndlcs. 


In  tbe  yeiir  1S91  tliore  Avero  no  bachelor  soals  (Irivcii  from  Tolstoi 
hauling  grouiuls  on  St,  Paul  Island;  since  ISltO  ina«'ti- 
cally  no  haciiclor  seals  have  hanU'd  out  i-n  Tolstoi,  hut  T,^,;;„i"|;:?\J,"f    '"^"^ 
the  seals  (irivi'u  IVoii:  this  part  of  the  island  were  taikeu 
from  a  hauling  ground  known  as  .Middle  Hill,  \vhit;h  is  at  least  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  iVoin  the  nearest  breeding  seals. 

On  or  about  the  10th  of  Xovend)er,  IS'.H',  when  at  the  office  of  the 
Alaska  ('oniinei(  ial  ('onipany  in  San  I''  ancisco,  I  asked 
and  received  permission  to  examine  and  weigii  S(tine  of 
the  fur-seal  skins  from  their  warehouse  where  they  had  stored  several 
hundred  bundles.  1  weighed  one  of  the  largest  and  one  of  the  smallest 
bundles.  The  tirst  weiglied  six'^v-<'iglit  and  tiie  latter  twenty  pounds; 
1  then  had  the  bundles  cut  open  and  peisonally  examined  them.  Kach 
bundle  contained  bnt  two  skins.  Those  from  the  first  l)uudle  were 
what  are  known  as  wigs,  and  tliose  from  the  second  what  are  known  as 
yearling  pups;  in  both  oundles  there  was  the  usual  amount  of  salt, 
but  in  the  case  of  the  smaller  bundle  the  skins  had  quite  an  amount  of 
blubber  left  on  them,  which  aided  in  absorbing  the  salt,  and  thus  added 
very  materially  to  the  weight  of  the  skins.  In  my  Jinlgnunt,  the  year- 
ling skins  when  <irst  rem(tve<l  from  the  seals  would  not  have  weiglied 
more  than  ti\e  ]»onnds  to  the  skni. 

I  als<>  had  the  porter  who  handles  and  cares  for  the  furs  of  the 
Alaska  Commercial  Companv  trv  to  bundle  the  two      „.,.    , 

1  1  11       1   •        i  ii  1        lii  11  Dillh  lilt     to     iilaoo 

large  and  one  small  skin  together,  and  although  he  i.k.i.- umn  two  skins 
was  an  expert  at  handling  skins,  anyone  familiar  '"  "''""'ii'' 
with  the  business  would  have  (puckly  discovered  that  there  was  sonuv 
thing  unusual  in  the  appearance  of  the  Itnndle.  I  also  had  him  try  to 
bundle  the  four  skins  together,  but  t!ie  I'ailnre  was  much  more  marked 
than  in  the  former  case;  and  I  am  of  the  oi»ini(  n  that  not  more  than 
two  skins  can  be  'nindlcd  together  without  leaving  marked  character- 
istics easy  obsers  able  to  anyone  of  ordinary  iiitellig«'nce.  and  which 
would  have  been  instantly  detected  by  the  (iovernment  ollicers  oil  tiui 
island  and  by  tlie  inspector  at  San  Francisco  who  examines  them  as 
they  are  removeti  from  the  vessel. 

I  have  read  se<rion  T.")'.*  of  the  Knglish  Commissioners'  leport.     The 

facts,  so  far  as tliev  relate  to  UK',  were  as  follows:    On       .         ,,,  ,.  „  , 
.,        '  .  .      ;       ,..,1        i-    I    1       ii  i   1  1       siMiioiiTrv.t  of  lii-lt- 

the  morning   oi  tiie  liah   oi  July   the    watchmen    at  i»ii     .■..nitnissiimciH 

Northeast  Point  telephoned  to  the  village  that  they  "'"""'• 
tlumght  they  could  hear  gunshots  out  at  sea  (it  being  too  foggy  to  see 
the  l)()ats,  if  an>  ;.  Mr.  Kedpath  and  mysell' drove  over  ti»  Northeast 
Point  and  had  ;i  Mlk  there  with  j\Ir.  Fctwler  and  the  watc'imeii.  and  also 
started  b»  itc-.sonally  insitect  the  rookeries.  A  little  later  1  was  in- 
formed that  1  was  wanted  at  the  telephone  by  Mr.  Tingle.  Vw  all  I 
know,  Mr.  Tingle  may  have  woiked  tlie  telephone  (piite  haid  betbro 
getting  me  to  answer,  because  1  was  on  the  rookery.  What  he  had  to 
say  to  me  was  diat  tiie  Fiiiglisli  C<»mniissioners  had  arrived  at  the  vil- 
lage and  were  very  desirous  of  seeing  me  person,  !y.  1  rei|Uested  .Mr. 
Tingle  to  say  to  the  English  Coinmissio  lers  that  i  wcuild  return  t()  the 
village  at  once,  if  anything  was  said  abora  S'  iiooners  or  pnachersby 
me  it  was  to  the  elfe^'f  that  1  had  seen  none,  for  tiiere  were  none  to  see. 
jMr.  Tingle,  of  course,  couhl  not  notify  me  of  sehooners  about  North- 
east Point,  for  1  was  on  the  ground  and  he  was  IL'  miles  distant. 

A  whaling  biigantine  passed  near  the  villagi'  July  li!»  and  had  a  per- 
fect right  to  do  so  without  interference.  It  is  a  very  cominim  oecur- 
reiico  for  the  watchman  to  report  sails  from  tou  to  lifteen  miles  off 


I  ;i!. 


!       i 


;  ' 


I     \l 


400 


TESTIMONY 


Nortlu'ast  Point,  ami  I  have  known  several  to  bo  so  reported  in  one 
day.  It  is  a  noted  tiaelv  tor  wiialers,  and  it  wonld  be  absnrd  to  (U'tain 
every  vessel  that  sailed  past  the  islands.  Sus])iei()us  looking  schoon- 
ers are  watehed  witii  sutlicient  care.  If  tiie  vessel  the  Coniniissiouers 
saw  had  und;'rtaken  to  raid  a  rtxtkery  it  wonld  liave  met  with  a  warm 
reception.  1  do  not  pretend  to  say  that  the  Hritish.  Coramissioners 
were  not  vi\idly  impressed  with  the  events  th.-y  record.  1  merely 
state  the  tacts  as  they  were,  so  that  everyone  can  form  his  own  im- 
l»ressions  of  them. 

Wm.  H.  Williams. 

Subscribed  and  *worn  to  before  me  this  20th  day  of  December,  1892. 
[SEAii.J  Sevkllon  a.  BK(»\\N, 

Ifotary  rublie  in  and  for  tlie  Uintrict  of  Columbia. 


'<:     '        I 


m 


f'lLLlAMS. 


OBSERVATIONS  OF  SEALS  AT  SEA. 


Beport  No.  1  of  seals  seen  by  U.  S,  S.  Jdama. 


Date,  1802. 

Hour. 

;M    a.  Ill . 
4-5      " 
/V-O      " 
0-7      " 
7-8      " 
8::i0-!)" 
11 

12 :20  p.  111. 
12:45  " 
1:20  " 

1  ::to  " 

1:115  " 

;t::«i  " 

5:20  " 

5:24  " 

5:27  " 

0:45  " 

7:00  '■ 
4      p.  111. 
5.45     " 
0.25     " 
5 
6 
O.IIO     " 

4.:ioi',.iii 

8-0      " 
12-1  p.m 
4-5      " 
0-7      " 

7-8      " 
12  1      " 

2-:i     " 
a-i    " 

4-7      " 
4     a.  Ill 

roHitiim ;  Latitude  and  longl 
tilde. 

Seals  seen. 

Q 

O 

Q 

ti; 

a 

5' 

0 

1 

a 
>-) 

1 

'3 
3 
4 

2 
U 

27 

21 

14 

1 

a 
■J} 

2 

ii" 
2 

6 

DlBtance 
from 
islauds. 

July 

20 

It 
It 
tl 
II 

it 

tl 

11 
11 

11 
kt 

It 

22 
25 

20 

" 

Lat.5.5o      N.,Iong.lfi7'45'\V. 

"    5,^1'  10   "      "      108'       " 
II      ,.     >     II      II        II          II 

"    r,r.'20    "     "     lOK^-  ]0"' 
II   ri5c  :iii' "     "     lOH' 15"' 

"     .■).-.•' 50' '•       "       10.-<'50'' 
"     ,5(P         "       "       10!)'       " 
II       II          II       tl         II          II 
1.       II          II       It         tl          II 

II       II          i>       II         It          tl 
II       II          II       It         II          II 

St.  (iciirso 

5 
11 

41 
20 
24 

1 

T 

1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
a 
•J 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
5 

1 

20 
4 
3 

40 
5 

1 

0 

12 

14 

14 

1 

"l 
1 

... 

4 

NK.  5  . . 
NK.25  .. 

NK.  a  .. 

4 

10 

3 
3 

3 

0 

1 

1 

1 
1 

i' 
1 

'2' 
'i' 

■  •  • 

•  •  • 

S\V 

tt 

wxw'.! 

NW  .... 
NK 

2.4 

4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 

.;! 
i> 
•J 

:i 

'2" 

... 

i' 

1 

... 

i 

'3' 

i' 
2 

1.      II 

1.      It 

II      II 

Lai. 57"  N.,  long.  170          \V. 
'•    650  45'"       "      171- .W" 

... 

.■;.■ 
2 
2 

SW     . . . 
F 

s 
SW 

4 

4 
4 

i 

... 

... 

1 
1 

1 
1 

Lilt.  ,105  20'  N.,  limj,'  1 70 '  .■)(»  \V. 
"     .'lO'liH'"       "       17(1' 57'" 
1,     -,tp27/i'       11       171 ':iH'" 
"     5tPI)7"'       "       171 '45'" 
"     5n:',-.(l'"       "      17h'4l)'" 
"     .■!,■)'' 45'"       "       171 '40'" 
II    nri'Il'"      "      17117'" 
"     ,5,-,' 117'"       "       171 
"     .55'05"'       "       1711:45'" 
"     5."r'       "       "       170' :tO"' 
"     50'        "       "       170' 40'" 

.;i::'  ■" 

3    .. 

8 

3 
'2' 

I    2 

4 

2 

1 

NW 

4 

1 

2 

3  ... 

2    .- 

1 

20 

N 

4 

40 
2 

'2' 

3         5 

1 

1 

Tiios.  Neison, 
Comma7ider,  IT.  S.  Navy,  Commanding 

Phai.aska,  Alaska,  Jtily  Si,  189i. 
I'orwardcd  for  tlu'  iiifiiiMialion  of  tlio  Sti.Jp  Department. 

K.  D.  KVAN8, 
OomJr.,   IT.  8.  Xavy,  Gorndg.  IT.  S.  yaral  Force,  Brrimj  Stu 

True  copy  from  the  records  of  the  Iluioauof  Navigatiou,  Navy  Dei>artr.ieiit,  Ileceinlier  22.  1WI2. 

F.  M.  Kamhat, 
C'Ait/  «/  Jiiireau. 


12364- 


-26 


401 


j^ 


I 


1^ 


8! 


^i' 


v.? 


IP  I 


i 


Ill 


I'i/,. 


:  ii 


'.■■    .     :i'»* 


lii 


i*     i  I 


I: 


Mi' 


'  1 ' 


i  • 


I 


402 


OBSERVATIONS  OF   SEALS  AT   SEA 
Report  No.  2  o/neala  seen  by  U,  S.  S,  Adams. 


Date 

,  1802. 

FoBltion:  Latitude  and  longi- 
tude. 

Seal 

Bsoen. 

i 

u. 
<a 

n 

7 
10 
1.1 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 

II 

16 
17 
17 
17 

Hour. 

1" 

S 
a 
'A 

10 
3 

2 

X. 

2 
3 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
8 
1 
2 
1 
2 
4 
1 

til 

a 

t 

Traveling. 

P. 
09 

a 
'S. 
I 

3 

a 

Distance 

from 
islands. 

A..S. 

2-3  a.m. 
r-  0    " 
7-8    " 
0-10    " 
9.40     " 
10.45    " 
11. 

11.15     " 
11., 50     " 

4.10     " 
11    II      II 

4.30     " 
5. 

,5.25     " 
5. 45     " 
5:45     " 
0:30     " 

10:30     " 
5:00  p.m. 
0:40     " 

10 

11            " 

Lat.5.5°  20'  N„  lonK.1030 ,50'  W. 
"    55°  30'  "       "     105°  20'    " 
"     ,55°  4H'  "       "     10.5°  40'   " 
"    .5,50,50'  "       "     ltiU°         " 
"     ,5:'.°  .50'  "       "     1««°00'    " 
"     ,5,5°  55'  "       "     100°  05'   " 
II     5U0         11       11     ](ic,o20'    " 
11     r,^p        11       11     I6«o20'   " 

I  r,(jo         11       II     1G0°20'    " 

"     .50°  15'  "       "     173°  50'    " 

II  II      II  II       II       11      II     II 

II       11      11  II       II       11      11     II 
II       11      II  II       11       11      11     11 
11       11      11  11       II       11      11     11 
11       11      II  11       11       11      11     11 
11      11     11  .1       11     172O50'    " 
11      11     11  11       11       II      II    11 

"     5,5°  30'  "       "     174°  15'     " 
"     ,50- ,50'  "       "     17O°30'     " 
"     50"  20'  "       "     109^15'     " 
11     55045/  II       ■      i,,so 

It        li          tl       II            41            -t           11        II 

10 
2 
•> 

(Night) 

3 

220  miles. 
100     " 
140      " 

1 

WNW.. 

6 

'2' 

'2" 

1 
■3' 

130      " 
130      " 

3 

1 

_ 

i 

"'i 

H 

1 
2 

'2 

i 

125      " 

125      " 

SK 

K 

4 

3 

1 

120      " 

1 

120      " 
133      " 

NE 



5 

t  ; 

II        II 

VI 

'7' 
2 

11        II 

1 

'i' 
2 
1 

II        11 

150     " 

II       II 

S  W 

s\v 

8K 

7 
7 

... 

1,33     " 

... 

i' 
0 

4  .  150 

...'     10 

6    a 

1 

:i      :in 

2 

1 

N 

N 

(Dark  and  foggy) 
'1      1      1    '1 

«0 
60 

Very  respectfully,  Thos.  Nelson, 

Commanitr,  JJ.  S.  A'.,  Commanding. 

Dutch  Harbob,  Ala.ska,  August  IS,  ISOS. 
Forwarded  for  the  informatiuu  of  the  State  Department. 

E.  D.  KVAN8, 

Comdr.,  V.  8.  If.,  Comdg.  V.  8.  Kaval  Force,  lleriitg  Sea. 

True  copy  from  the  records  of  the  Iliiroau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department,  DecpmliiT  22,  1892. 

i".  M.  ItAMsxy, 
CAiV  <if  Jiureau. 

Report  of  seals  seen  by  U.  S.  S.  Ranger. 


Date. 

I^atitiide  and  longitude. 

Numlier 

Month. 

Day. 

Hour. 

seen. 

July... 

24     2 :30  a.  m  . . 

24      3:30     "    .. 
27  1  ''•:ill  11-  m- 

Lat.57oiO'N. 
"    570  14'  ■' 
"    50"  27'  " 
II     5flooi'" 
Alioiit  20  sritls 
Lat..570  48'  N. 
"     ,58''  (10'  " 
"     .5li°  ."i3'  " 
II     570  1(1'  .1 

"     .5.50  42'  " 
"     ,5.5°  31'  " 
11     550  11' 11 

"     540  08'  " 

long.  109°  26'  W 

One. 

"       10!)°  31'   "    

One. 

11 

"       100°  ,50'  "   

One, 

11 
II 

28 

30 
30 
31 
1 
2 
2 
2 
3 

0:00  a.m.. 

10:30  "    .. 
12:40  p.m. 
2:(K)       " 
12:00  111  ... 
12:30p.m. 
2:30       " 
5  ;40       " 
6:30       " 

"       108°  18'  "    

Hct'n  fiiim  10  til  15  milc.H  SK. of  Kt. Paul  iHlaiid... 
long.  107°  38'  W 

One. 
Two. 

II 

107°  3(1'  "    

One. 

11 

'•       10,50  19'"    

One. 

Aug ... 

"       10(1°  :i8'  "    

Two, 

"       1(1.5°  13'  "    

One. 

II 

"       10,5020'"    

Two. 

11 

"       10.5°42'"    

One. 

II 

"      100038'"   

One. 

True  oopy  trom  the  records  of  the  Oureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department,  Deeemher  31,  1892. 

J;'.  M.  Uambav, 
Cliu;/ ojliurtau. 


BY  U.  8.  8.  RANGER. 


403 


Distance 

from 
iglauds. 


2 
4 

'3' 

sy) 


220  miles. 

ItlO  " 

140  " 

VM  " 

i;io  '» 

125  " 

125  " 

120  '• 

120  '• 

i:t3  " 


150 

133 

ii 

150 
10 
30 
(10 
60 


1.  NKL8ON, 
Commanding. 


D.  KVANS, 

re,  He  ring  Sta. 

1i).t22,  1«»2. 
lUMSAY, 


Numlier 

»cim. 

One. 

One. 

One. 

One. 

luid ...  1 

1  wo. 

One. 

( )nu. 

Two. 

One. 

Two. 

On«. 



Uuo. 

iutiir:tl,  1H92. 

1.  Uamsay, 

hU^oj 

liuitav. 

o 

I 

s 

tj 


a. 


« 


K  ■ 

03^ 


.2  a 


OCCr'<r-iphOi6C>'.^Cr<t«COHr-i^r-riC^/'.r'riwCW^iriCHCH 


.3 

03 


a 


>-  o 


.a 
H 


(4  S 

S3 


Sif 

a  a  X  fl 

A   5  ♦J—; 
.«    2    00  ^30 


« 

B 


i-I 


I 


H 


S'^  -jc  r-  M  '^  ri  TO  o  »ft  00    .  c-s  r-  r-  r?  1^  r-  x  i??  x  t-  r^  >«  •'t  -t  to  t-  lO  f"  to    ■  n  r-  w  -*•  n 
-r  rt  Ti  ri  —  o  1.1  r;  ciN    .  o  t-  i-  ri  i*  »  i-  •£  o  -.  ri  «*.  ri  ri  Tirt  i-  <-■  »-i    •  ti  —  w  o  q 


cd- 


00  CI  c;  ifi  -0  10  o  c^  -t «  "30  «•!  ri  Q  o  OS  ift    .  ^  — '  in 
I  ri  rt  M  .-n  «  -^  ^  ro  r-  •!  --  «  ^  5i  -I  r^  -f  *.  -  -r  - 

'2  *i  *r  ^  '"•'"''■''■•-''■  ''O  «  «■':  *  '-0  «ri  '-S  '•  .^  *■  *) 

"O  o  ic  »ft  lo  u^  tc  *rt  10  iO  in  >?i  lii  in  »rt  o  »fi  u  '-^  o  *n 

y^A 


K  in  A  to 


e  = 


-oa-ia      ssa      SB    ':aS" 


Bsa. 


B.  e. 

5."    <<■ 


;assps 


2? 

MS 

B 

la 


iAu)kOtntf»tou)cD<otocotot^aQaos<-(C4dn»^«f'^»oinmio^«fin^ot^ccOf-i 


».«. 


SS33:;t3333S3S3S 


SSS3t3S>3« 


5  85 

V.  o 

o  J3 

.2  o 

2  -3 


« 

.a  5 
^  i 

•3       B. 


I 


ill 


-  s 
1      1^ 


J 


•  If 


404 


OBSERVATIONS   OF   SEALS   AT   SEA 


'.    f 


u 


Mi 


3.1 


•')!     1 


.? 


'.' 


'  V 


o 
a. 


a 

00 

e 


(>4 


.a 
H 


P 


P 


[^ 


Q      a 


Pi^P^eUP^AiCWP^'AiP^pH&Hp^P^P^P^aipLipt^PaPifli''' 


'A,pL,PHPb| 


CUPhAiPi 


puftlPl^pL^ 


p, -^  s.  "     P.*  - 

ftS^  ft  "ft 


■*        « 


«  «N 


^■^rt-^COMCOWi-tr-NW^WOOOOOOOOOOOOO     O     Oi-lrHlHiHfHiHO':jOOOO 


d... 


d  d    6^6^      d 


0=  : 


6 


d 


fe^^tstj 


«5  'j5  to  -x  'J 

F-t  ,-H   —   «  f^ 

S?;  ^  th  ^ 
o  Cl  -T  ?i 

O   O   n   n   o 

SO  ifs  t.-;  » 


^^^ 


^.^,><; 


O    O    (^ 
in  lA  lO 


?:ps 


1-0 


^^.I^ 


mm 


^1 


II 


J  5  ci  gi  o  o 


f-<  r*  r-«  ^  I-  ?i  rH  35  r:  w  o  ■<»■  o  tft  t  c-i  ^  M  ?»  ?i  -4  ir.  1^  ?.  ^.  *?  v.    ^    "?!  T*!  '(^  5  -7-  ?:  5  7;  -7: 


1"^* 
►» 


mf^ 


BY  U.  8.  S.  YOUKTOWN. 


405 


in  1-1 N  "H  "I  * 


sssssss 

533§-3Si 

?;ss?isaa 

4-.::: 

6 

;;:::::! 

!  c;  OS  2  s  s  oo 


<)<) 


<(<)-.l 


<]-<) 


^"^'S'^^ 


frlA<PHA4pL|PHpLl04p1 


hAlPLlpHPHP^hPH 


A<pMfrl 


■-IMN^iHiHflrlMMiar-tlHM';^      iliHiHf-ini-li-li-liHfHf-INmMMmN^iHMiHCI^e^iH 


I 


OOOOOOOr 


iC^eOOOrHC^iHC^Mdr 


C4 


^*  «  «  «  ^  ^    .-  "-    .    »*4  .^  ,  -  -  -  ^i 


lAtntnknif^icininiAOioininoinkhtoOirtin 


2  -5  -5  3 -x.  5  (5  «  3  55  w  ©  (O  to  to  »  S  ci  1-1  •-<  ci  c>4  Ti  c-ici  55  fi  Ti  CI  ?i  ri  rt  Ti  --*  « •-" -^  —  ^ '^ 


;  X  X  00  X  e>  5J  o  ?i  .-^  «*  'J'  ift  r-  c  s:  ^:  r:  o  .-:  o  I'l  *t  i*  :o  "O  t^  i:^  ^  ^  r:  ti  s  : 
-  ^  — •  --« f-i  1-t  F-<  n  w  ?^  M  w  ?t  ro  X  X  X  c  «  c  > .  —  r-  3  A  c-  3i  3i  r.  ^.  c.  31  r. : 

,pHf-li-irHri.-*i-if-i'-'M.—  i-li-lrirH:CM^-fri?lriTI'-t--«i-i.-.»-«i-H.-,,—  ^f 


ift  c  ■-»  X  o  I"  t-  3  ift  ifs  o  tft  M  '^  o  ©  t^  If:  ri  ^r  m  ic  ^ 
^mmiAmiAin*t>iAu)io<ot 


I-  o  i"t  5  3  Iff  c  ?i 
^  ^  ^  I*  ji  jS  ij^  r^ 

o  n  o  2.  "  '■>  '2  o 
cii;^  ..•;  X  X  X  r:  -n- 
I-  I-  i,  I-  t-  I-  t-  |. 

/;  V'i  xi  /]  'A  /i  :*'!  xi 

r  X  '"h  ri  i^  P-  c  ?i 

-^  —  '--'i-"Ori-t 

O  o  O  O  O  O  O  rj 
if£  i.t  t?S  tA  uS  tn  i.'t  in 


lO  Q  9  ' 


-t-tot*«-''-HaOr-'rooocc»-'C'icii-t^'-'p^cir^eor5'V^V4ft 


(D»<OCD<0«tD<DetO«0«OtOtDt*r-AOO^<M«^9ICI<Me'1^^MS^?1S^C^S^)C1ClC1'MMf>N 


tS9S333S433333333333 


334333333333333S3 


w7. 


.a 


^^^   a 


oa 


a 


"2 


I 


!3 

« 

i« 

k5 

a 

o 

I 

s 

IM 

o 


a 


I     t 


!  I  I 


P 


;  " '   i 


^n 


I 

J 


"4 


n; 


^  I 


); 


V^: 


k 

if 
I 


\w 


y    1 


i, 


t      s 


•  J 


^  ;hl  'III 

' '  •  i         '  '' 


{ 


li    ! 


7rr:r 


(M 


^f' the  Stat^ 


I' S  CoaMt  and 


ti^*^ 


•jfo 


rfi" 


U.  S.  S.MohLcun. 
Btrini)    Sta^ 
3'^OTiue  August  I90i  tu  August  JSIK 
ISHZ. 
Total  no  of  mdes  run  IJJO 
,   ...    Seala  ubaei'ved S7 

Ifo.  ofSiiUa  t^atrvtd^  wnUun-  the  distance  ff  ZO  nuit«  frnm.  hianj-i  6 


.  20  toiO  . 

.  it>  .  60  , 

.60  .80.  .. 

.ao.m  . 

.loc.isd  . 


2 

w 

IS 
00 

J 


Total  no  of  Seah  ob  YntdS7 


fbrm i£jt^fpTihr  InJorrriAtion  of  Ifte  Stmt< 
Drpartjnfnl  hy  I  omUr  KV  f\aJV.  i'  .•*  A',  conu 
V  -S  a  J I  tf  /  thria  tn  }Ui-ing  .Sea 


CofttfJ  ml  Ov  Orfii-f  <J'thf  V  s  ritual  and.  CtodtAf 
Stau   ttr^rlni. 


'f.C.  Tyututt 


ill 


<1 


m 


i    f\ 


If 


t:^ 


il     I 


I'll     I 


U 


I 


1  f^ 


>   1 ;.    I 


I      I 


!  ^ 


v\ 


!i    ' 


!fi' 


( 


;^'i 


.1 


I 


,..|! 


*!' 


(I 


i 


il;  f 


i 


V. 


r'' 


SEALING  FLEET  AND  PELAGIC  CATCH  OF  i893. 


AMERICAN  VESSELS. 


^ame  of  Toaiiel. 


1 
2 
8 
4 

6 

6 

7 

§ 

9 
10 
11 
12 
i:i 
u 

15 
16 
17 
18 
1» 

20  I 

21  I 

22  I 

23  ; 

24  I 

25  I 

26  I 
27 
28 


Active 

Alli.rl  \VnlktT 

AIi'XiiikIit* 

Allii-  I,.  AlKi>r 

AlllKlllllIlt 

Ili'NMic  itiiltor 

ilowlii'iiil 

ClIMCO 

(,',('.  I'dklim 

CO.  \Vliit« , 

Clliilli'liut't 

c.n.whitu; 

City  of  San  Ilirgo.. 

('Iii'ra 

CS.  White 

('/.iirlno 

Dikwn 

K.  E.  \Vt'l(8tt>r 

Kiiiina  mill  I.oiiIhs  . 

Kintiiet  Felix 

(iiiniu 

(in..  R.White...... 

Il.'ll.ii 

Ililli'ii  liliiin 

Ilriiry  DciiiiIh 

Ilcniiiiu 

Idlnr 

Ivuiilioe 


Tot»l 
catrhoa. 


Cati'heH 

on  Aalut' 

lidi 


41 
4 


1,713 
1,250 


1.815 
1 

130 

988 

30 


658 


987 
121 
128 
2,  200 
1,  342 
400 


1,S00 
(») 


1.815 

(tl 


700 


(t) 


2,200 


60 


2 

2,400 


1,800 


550 

i.'soo 


Name  of  vpitseU 


iThm. <i.  Swan... 

Kuillak    

Knii'  nnil  Ann. 

I.a  .Niiila  

I.rwia  Wliite  .. 

I.illv  I. 

I.oiti 


I.iiiiIm  OUrn 

Mary  llmwn 

Marv  I'aiki'i'  . . . 
Marv  'riiiiiiNiM  .. 

Maria  lil 

Mai  lie  '1'.  Itycr  . 

Mh\  llciwcr 

Mint 


L'l.t. 


Miiiiiil:;i 

I'earl  

Itn.sit-  .Spaika 

Saint  Paul 

San  Diriri) 

Snpliii^  SiitliKiluntl... 

TeaaiT 

t'nilannlutl 

Tnca 

Willard  AinHwui'llit. 


Total. 


•  Wrecked. 


t  TiHitod  Aniutic  side  of  tlie  Pnciflo. 
BRITISH  VESSELS. 


>  Seized. 


t  Wrecked. 


Total 

CUtchfM. 


Cntt'lie* 

iin  ANintic 

kI<Iu. 


440 

350 
1,431 

318 
1,(111(1 

580 

100 

1,:>42 

20 


43 

150 

1,187 


SO 


30 
442 

2. (KHI 

1,003 

122 

328 


880 


28,037 


1,372 

'i,'666 


(1) 


0) 


I  Seized. 


1,511 


11,948 


1 

AcnPH  McDonald 

Ainokii         

964! 
740 
900  1 
1,019  ' 
208 

873  ' 

447' 

421 


37  1 
38 

Maseot 

446 

1,  702 

524 

4(12 

5 

5(10 

001 

118 

1,401 

472 

203 

119 

f 

Madil  S       

748 

R 

39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

Mav  r.elle 

230 

4 

Annie  K   I'uint    

Mermaid                 .     .... 

238 

(S 

Ariel  (I) 

Xiiimie  II) 

« 

Ariel*  (2) 

Minnie  (2) 

7 

ArietUH   ..•..•.. 

1, 1.56  1 
378  ' 
078 
570 
507 
921 
27 
870 
28 

2,  737 

1,817 
H97 

2,  045 
507 
O.W 
480 

1,200 
1,52 
270 
433 
275 

738, 

MiMeliief       

R 

44 

45 
46 

47 

48 

Minintain  ("liief* 

Oeean  Itelle            

9 

Heal  rioB  (Vancouver) . . . 

IJeal rice  ( V  ictoria) 

llnrealiH        ..         ...... 

646 

10 
11 

j 

(laearand  Ilaltiu* 

Otto                            .     ... 

261 

IV 

ItrciiHA 

512 

I'atlitinder 

13 

41) 
SO 
51 
.'-.2 
53 
'>4 

1,707 
429 

L362 

14 

Canntlit*'* 

C.  1>.  Kiiiid 

I'liineer                  

15 

16 

Charloflo  (i.  Cux 

('.  ll.'rnp)M*r 

696 

512 
673  i 
430 
507 
202 

005 

070 
1, 934 

505 
83 

541 
1,  473 
1,300 

105 

581 
1,748 
1,800 

380 

ia7 

93 

100 

416 

1,080 

244 

17 

Sapphire 

18 

833 

19 

K.  It   Marvin 

50 
57 

5R 

Teresa 

175 

?0 

Thintle 

4 

?.l 

257 

?? 

Kuwii 

Uinltria 

623 

?3 

600 

50 

VniicMHiviT  Belle 

Vehtdre 

?4 

Ilrnrietta* 

00 
61 
0'> 

?5 

Kiitp 

S58 

?fl 

Hut huriiie 

11'.'.'.'.!]!. 

Viva                       

?7 

03 
64 
05 
i  66 
67 
08 
69 

Walter  A.  Earle 

Walter  L.  Rich 

541 

?8 

204 

?fl 

Letitia 

Wanderer  ..         ........ 

30 

Libliie 

39 

Willie  MctJowan* 

Wiiinit'red*            

81 

Lilv 

i»? 

Lyilift 

W.  P.  Hull 

4IS 

33 

W.P.  Sayward 

900 

34 

MariYi* 

27 
840 
942 

Total 

35 

Marv  KUen 

304 

45,357 

14,804 

R6 

Marv  Trtvlor  ........... 

407 


I  ! 


(,  M 


408  SEALING   FLEET   AND    PELAGIC    CATCH   OF  1892. 

RECAi'ITULATION. 


By  American  vcsrcIb  , 
By  BritlHli  veHaeln 


Total . 


Total 
niimbur  of 

HkinH taken 


28, 037 
45,357 


73.304 


Skins  talcec 

ou  Afliatio 

side. 


11,94a 
14,  8U4 


20,752 


One  tiiiiiilri'il  iinil  twriitytwo  vchhi-Is  tiink  in  all  7^,394  Hkiiw:  ftrprage  cati'li  per  vessel,  001.50  skins. 

Niiiily  li\  ■•  vessels  timli  oil  llie  eiisl  side  nC  tlic  raiillc  Oe«uii  4(i,042  skins  (tViim  tile  I'rihilof  Iienl); 
BVeniye  ealeli  per  vessel.  4!lll.!in  skins. 

I'orly  vessels  t(ii>k  on  I  lie  wist  side  of  the  I'ai'iUc  Uceon  :!ti,752  skins  (from  the  Commander  herd)- 
average  cateli  jier  vessi'l.  OOH.H  skins. 

DlSTUK'T   OF   (yOLITMlUA, 

City  of  WdsliitHfUni,  ss: 
Goor<i('  L.  Scarboioiinrh,  heiiifr  diilv  «worr.,  doyioaes  and  says:  I  am  a 
clerk  in  tlic  Departineni  ;>f  State.  Tlie  annexe. 1  table,  ('(unpiled  by  me, 
i'ei»i('sents  tlie  vessels  enjia^s'il  in  pela^jie,  .sepiiii};  and  tlie  nali(»naltie.s 
and  eatelies  of  the  same  dniinj;  ♦lie  year  ISDii,  Tlie  data  from  which 
the  table  has  been  coiiipiled  are  reports  oi  oHicialsof  the  Htate,  Treasury, 
and  Navy  Departineiils  of  the  Inited  State.s,  .statistics  obtained  from 
jHMsons  eiijia^'cd  in  the  fur  trade  and  by  tiie  press,  ami  information 
obtained  from  competent  and  reliable  iiersons. 

Geo.  L.  ScAEBORoi  on. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  24th  day  of  Dectember,  189L'. 
[seal.]  Sevkllois'  a.  IJnowN, 

notary  Public  in  and  for  the  Distn-ict  of  Columbia,  U.  S.  A, 


:i    ' 


i 

1 

i 

, 

1 

k  .,• 

1 

mmmfm 


inuudur  bord)- 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


SEALSKINS    FROM    THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS   ENTERED    AT    SAN 

FRANCISCO,  1872  TO  1889. 

Stafement  of  the  iiiiviher  of  fur-seal  nhhiH  nrciirrf  bif  the  AJanka  Commn-cial  Compan)/ 
from  portu  in  the  Territory  of  Alanka,  and  entered  at  the  port  of  IStiii  Francisco,  Cali- 
furnia. 


jRoran. 


Year. 

Xii.of 
HonlHkiiia. 

Year. 

Nil.  of 
HeiilHkinH. 

1872  

99, 97r) 
99,  744 
99.  998 
99.  97(1 
C9.  9(i4 
7.'i.  'af> 
99.  9811 
99.  9t)i; 
190.  o;iti 

1881 

99,  7(in 

lH7;i           .            

18S'>            ..      .                            

99  9''2 

1874         

1  8h:i  

7,')  IHHI 

187,5  

\Xit\  

99,  iHH) 

1870           

18K'>                      ..                    

!)9  8.'>0 

1877  

1S8()   

99  982 

1878 

1887 

IHI,  9&4 

1879     

1888     

K'll.  (112 

1880 

1 SH9 

100,000 

t  i 


I    I 


I,  the  uiMlcrsisnol,  licrchy  cortify  that  the  foiPfjoiu};  stntonieiit  is 
coini)ih'(l  from  the  (  rij;iniil  Kctiini  Maiiitt'st.'^  of  the  ve.sscl.s  conveyiiif? 
so:<l  sealskins,  iios'  on  lilc  in  tlicCn.stoni  IIoii.se  in  tlie  city  of  San  Fran- 
ci.seo;  tinit  such  siatcmcnt  is  conipih'd  I'ntni  tlie  count  nia(h' at  the  said 
l)ort  of  San  I'-paucisco  by  tlic  Tiiitcd  States  customs  otticns  when  said 
ves.sels  were  uniouied,  as  appears  in  the  aforesaid  iictuni  Manifests. 
Said  statt'ment  1ms  alsn  been  com|)ared  with  the  duplicate  rccei|)ts  to 
tlie  Alaska  <%>mnu'rcial  Company  from  the  United  States  Treasury, 
now  on  tile  in  this  ("nstom  House,  which  said  receijits  were  yiven  on 
payment  of  tlie  ajireed  tax  i)er  skin  on  all  skins  taken  by  said  Coin- 
])any  on  the  Piibilof  Islands,  said  recei|)ts  also  cold. lining  the  mimlKT 
ol'  skins  on  which  said  tax  was  ])aid;  and  that  said  statetnciit  and  s;dd 
receipts,  so  comjiared,  practically  a<rree  as  to  nnnd'er  of  skins  receiveQ 
at  this  ])(H't  by  the  said  Alaska  ("omniercial  Compi.ny  and  the  nundier 
on  wiiicii  .sai<l  ('(impany  paid  the  tax  hxed  by  the  lease  of  tiie  Pribilof 
Islands  to  said  Company. 

I>one  at  the  Custom  House  in  the  city  of  San  Kranci.sco,  California, 
this  IHtli  day  ol  .November,  iau:i. 

[SEAL,.]  E.  B.  Jkroml, 

Hj^l.  JJy.  Coll. 


♦  ■-i 


I 


410 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


/      tS 


Mi      ' 


J  ^i 


BALES  OP  SEALING  SCHOONERS. 

No.  243. 

United  States  Consulatb, 

British  Columbta, 
Victoria,  B.  C,  September  3?,  1889. 
I,  Robert  J.  Stevens,  consul  of  tlio  United  States  at  Victoria,  B.  0., 
do  Iieieby  certify  that  the  sijinatiiie  of  Tiieodore  T.  Williams  at  the 
foot  of  the  writinf>'  lieieunto  attached  is  his  true  and  jjenuine  signature 
made  and  acknowledged  in  my  presence,  and  that  tlie  said  Theodore 
T.  Williams  is  personally  knoAvn  to  nie;  and  I  do  further  eei'tify  that 
the  said  Williams  has  sworn  before  me  to  the  truth  of  the  statement,  to 
wit:  Statement  setting'  forth  the  record  of  sealing  schooners  sold  at 
public  auction  by  .1.  1'.  Davis,  auctioiu'er,  Sei)t.  2<lth,  188"). 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  n)y  hand  and  aflixed  the  seal 
of  the  c(»nsulate  at  Victoria,  B.  (\,  this  day  and  year  next  above  writ- 
ten, and  of  the  indepeudeu.ee  of  the  United  States  the  one  hundred 
and  fourteenth. 
fsEAi..]  Rout.  J.  Stevens, 

Consul  of  the  United  States. 


I  'i. 


,ui 


Victoria,  B.  C,  September  39th,  1889. 

Record  of  sales  of  sealing  schooners  at  public  auction,  made  by  J.  P.  Davis  ^  Co.,  Vic- 
toria, B.  C. 

Copy  made  from  \mgo  410  nf  the  sale  book  of  J.  P.  DaviR  St,  Co.,  Victoria,  B.  C— T.  T.  WUHams. 


Septemukii  26T1I,  188i5 — J.  A.  Sayward. 
Lien.  Selling  price. 

$1.00 


....  $4,513.33 


Stenm  scliooncr  Thornton: 

MortKiifTf,  $»,0()0;  interest,  $.513.33 , 

St<'iiin  Hcliooiier  .hiiiit  Jleck: 

M(irtnii}j;<'.  $t».<HM);  interest,  $490 

Steam  sehodner  Urair: 

MortpiKe.  *12,(MM);  interest,  $1,4.57.77 

Stcuni  HcliooniT  Dolplnti: 

Mort-iiifre,  $11.',(M)0;  interest,  $1,4.57.77 

One-liiiiC  intercut  scliooner  lUtnnma: 

MortKane,  $3,<MM);  interest,  $.110 

One-liiilf  intcu'est  selidouer  Win.  I'.  Saiiu-ard  : 

MortjraK*',  $:J,000;  interest,  $385.' 3,385.00 

Schooner  Unlter: 
'     Moitgage,  $1,500.00;  interest,  $72.50 1,572.50 


6, 490. 00 

1.00 

13,  4.57. 77 

1.00 

13, 457. 77 

1.00 

3,440. 00 

1.00 

3,385.00 

1.00 

1,572.50 

LOO 

46,316.37 

7.00 

T.  T.  WiLLIAMB. 

I        s 


•A   ( 


ji  m 


m^mmi^mmm^^''^^^^^^^ 


TABLES  OF  CATCHE3. 


411 


"I'll 


1 


w 


:e(l  the  seal 
ibove  writ- 
16  hundred 


T.  ■WlUlame. 


TABLES  OF  CATCHES. 

Spring  and  Coast  Catches  of  seaUni)  vesselx,  nnnhhied  and  compiled  from  the  British  Com- 

missioiars'  Report  {pp.  J(>'>,  211,  3 IS). 

[Periml  occupied  tii  aealiii);,  four  and  one  half  moiitlis.] 


Year. 


1889. 
1800. 
1891. 


^::^ss"^"'^r^:"^^^""'"-"^-- 


21 

30 
45 


12, 371 
21.;i»0 
20, 727 


Average  for  the  year. 


vessel. 

589 
713 
4(H) 


587 


day. 


4.2 
5.2 
3.3 


4.3 


Note— rHiir  to  18H9  tlio  so  diUml  "Count  Catch"  of  that  voar  was  cotiihimvl  with  tlin  lieriii;;  Sen 
Catch,  NO  that  it  is  iiniHissililc  to  tell  how  many  seals  wire  taken  in  the  North  I'aeille  alone.  (See  Br. 
Coinrs.  Kepnrt,  p.  211,  note.) 

Bering  Sea  Catches^  compiled  from  the.  Hrilimh  Commissioners'  Report  (pp,  205,  211,  SIS). 
[Period  occupied  in  soaliug,  two  months. 


Year. 


1R89. 
1800. 
1891. 


Number  of 
vessels. 


10 
24 
40 


Xiiml.erofl    Averaco    |    AvoraRO 
Bkius        niimlier  per  luiinlier  per 


15. 497 
18,  1H5 

28,  H88 


Average  for  three  years  . 


▼eSBol. 


OOg 

7.M1 
020 


day. 


36.1 
12.0 
10.4 


783 


13.0 


NoTK. — Until  1880  nmny  skins  counted  In  the  l!erln)<;  Sen  Catches  were  taken  in  the  North  l'a<'i(lc, 
Bothat  no  data  can  heeompiled  as  to  tlie  UoringSt<a  I'atclies  prior  to  that  year.  (.Sea  Itr.  (Jomr.  Koporl, 
p.  211,  note.) 

Average  catch  per  vessel  and  per  boat  or  canoe  in  the  Spring  catch'  of  the  Victoria  scal- 
ing fleet,     {lir.  Comr.  Report,  })p.  SOS,  SIO,  211,  SIS.) 


Year. 

Number 
of  vessels. 

16 
10 
18 
10 
27 
28 

Spring 
catch. 

Average 
per  vet.sel. 

Numt)er  of     Average 

lioats  and  '    per  boat 

canoes.        or  canoe. 

1886 

11.921 
8.  502 
7, 070 
0,  129 
4,  (Kg 
3,  ,')0.-> 

745 
631 
420 
322* 

101 
117 

147 
151 
226 
229 

118  0 

1887 

72  fl 

1888 

52  3 

18H9 

40  0 

IfllH) 

21  6 

1801 

10.6 

•Prior  to  18S9  tlio  so-cnlled  "Const  Cntch"  did  not  incltido  skins  tnken  north  of 
Vanc()iiv<Ar  Islmul  cNofc  |i.  211,  Hr.  f'oiiir.  Iieimrf )  and  it  tlii'it^ron!  corrcspuuds  to  the 
"Bpring  Cutcli"  in  tlio  table  lor  18S;t  uiul  following  yiitirs. 


I 
,1 

-  !1 


,1  , 


M 


I 

t 

r 

1 

j 

{ 

1, 

! 

412 


mSCELLANEOUB 


'  J 


i.t! 


''   ! 


1)         ! 


H 


'  M 


w 


U    ( 


%  III 


TITLE-PAGE  OF  A  LONDON  CATALOGUE  OF  FUR-SEAL  SKINS. 

0.  M.  Lampson  ^C  Oo. 

London,  3Ut  March,  1802. 

AT  THE  SALES  OF  SALTED  FUR-SEAL  SKINS- 

THIS  DAY. 


C.  M.  LAMPSON  &  CO. 

Skins 

032  N.  W.  COAST,  &c,  part  stagy  (low) ....^  g^^,^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  .^ 
2,472  CAPE  UoBN 5     Jauuaiylast. 

GOAD,  RTGG  &  CO. 

1,519  N.  W.  Co.*  .T,  part  stagy  (low) .......  ^  j,^^,^  ^,,^  ^^^^  ^^  .^^ 

1,969  Cape  Good  Uope \     Jauuaiy  last. 


^VPVBP^ 


^iji  injji-ufii.w  ,j^ 


LETTERS    FROM   DR.    ALI^EN   AND    CAI'T.    BRYANT. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 


413 


[American  MiHciim  of  Niitiirnl  Historv,  Ci'iitnil    I'lirk  ("Tlh  St.    &  8th  livo.)     Di'partinpnt   nf  Mam- 
muliigy  aud  Oruithulugy.  J.  A.  Alluu,  curator.    Frank  M.  C'liapiiian,  u.s.st.  iiiialur  ] 

New  York  City,  Dec.  7,  1801. 
Hon.  John  W.  Fostku, 

iSccntary  of  IState,  Washiuf/tou,  I).  C: 

Dear  Sir:  Your  letter  of  yestcnliiy  is  ln-tnre  ino.  Tii  tlio  letfcr  of 
Ciiptiiiii  Hiviiiit,  (lilted  -hine  14,  l.S7(»,  iiiitl  jmIiHsIkm!  l)y  iiic  (IJull.  Miis. 
Coiiip.  Zool.,  V(»l.  II,  No.  1,  All;;-.  1S70,  |».  SS),  tlie  plirii.>^i'  ''  tlio  pn's- 
ent  year"  refers  to  the  year  IS70  and  not  to  the  year  IHU'J. 

The  words  "  ill  liSOi) '' on  p.  332  of  the  '  inonofi'raph  '  slioiild  read  i» 
1870. 

In  this  connection  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  we  liav  no  deliniti^  infor- 
mation as  to  the  number  of  seiMs  occni  riii;;'  <»IV  the  roust  of  Orefioii, 
Wasl'in^ton,  and  Uritish  ('oiuial>ia  diuiiij;- the  yeais  iiiiiiiedii'ilely  pre- 
cedin};'  the  year  lS(i!>,  and  we  only  know  of  tlieir  niimhers  there  in  l.S(5() 
in  conseipienee  of  the  fact  that  it  was  dnriiij;  tiiis  year  *•  that  the  first 
practical  essays  were  made  in  takiiif^'  .seals  iit  sea  "  otf  this  coast.  (See 
Jiritisli  KciMtrt,  8ec.  04,  and  .Jiid};e  Swan's  letter,  p.  171.',  and  lirst  para- 
{jiapli  of  p.  174.)  Probably  seals  would  have  been  found  here  in  Just  as 
great  abundance  in  previous  years  had  any  one  had  occasion  to  especially 
look  for  them. 

Very  truly,  yours, 

J.  A.  Allen. 


MATTAroisr.TT,  Mass.,  Dec.  ir>th,  180.2. 
Hon.  John  "W.  Foster, 

.     Secretary  of  /State,   Washiuyton,  J).  C: 

Dkar  Sir:  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the  14tli  inst> 
and  hasten  to  reply.  3Iy  letter  of  June  4,  1S7(>,  to  Prof.  Allen,  was  a 
private  letter  containin};'  siieh  ira^'iiieiitary  additional  information  as  1 
had  picked  U])  in  cimversation  with  various  pariies  whom  1  iiad  met 
dnriii}!:  my  stay  in  San  Francisco  while  waitinn'  for  the  icxeniie  cutter 
X/hco/h  to  1m' j^'ot  ready;  and  also  from  ('apt.  St-ainmon  of  tiie  Linvobi 
who  had  had  some  previous  experience  in  takiii!;-  hair  seals  for  their 
oil  on  the  coasts  and  islands  of  southern  California. 

In  my  search  for  information  I  found  small  parcels  of  dried  fur-seal 
skins  that  had  tound  their  way  down  from  the  coast  (»f  IJiilisii  Columbia,, 
thr«>u<ili  various  channels;  as  nearly  as  1  can  remember  I  estimated  them 
in  all  from  htteeii  hundred  to  two  thousand  skins;  they  were  mostly 
the  pups  of  the  year  befon^  (ISdit),  and  in  tlieir  present  conditi<ui  were 
hardly  w(U"th  shipping;  to  London.  1  was  told  by  these  parties  holdinj; 
them  that  more  than  the  usual  number  had  l»eeii  seen  and  tak«'ii 
that  season — the  word  ''seastui"  in  this  instance  ret'erriiii;  to  the  ])re- 
vituis  winter  and  spriiijr,  that  of  iSii'.t- 70 — alter  the  seals  had  left  the 
islands  in  1S()J>. 

In  making  these  in(piiries  I  was  told  by  these  parties  who  had  pur- 
chased these  skins  that  more  than  the  usual  niiinbcr  had  been  taken 
there  that  season.  In  referring  to  this  statement,  it  was  int«'iidcd  to 
mean  more  seals, comparatively,  had  been  seen  than  in  tu'dinary  years. 
I  doubt  not  that  the  |>opnlar  demand  had  stimulated  the  .search  nune 
than  usual,  which  would  account  for  the  greater  number  observed. 

1  have  uo  doubt,  however,  that  the  numbers  of  seals  seen  there  vury 


I 


11 

\\ 

'  i 

1 

1 

;lij 


I        5 


i^l     t 


:y^ 


414 


MISCELLAfn^OUS. 


from  year  to  jear  with  the  movements  of  the  migratory  flshes,  which 
tlicy  follow  to  feed  i\\)nu. 

Ill  l.S(iO  about  «.">,(>()(►  young  seals  were  taken  by  the  natives.  I  never 
stated  that  any  sucli  number  were  taken  in  1870.  Tiie  full  number  taken 
in  1870  was  less  than  25,000. 

I  remain  yours  to  command, 

CnABLEs  Bryant. 


[!» 


'111     ii        ! 


ta : 


•I  il 


LETTER  FROM  JUDGE  JAMBS  G.  SWAN  CONCERNING  BERING  SEA 
COMMISSIONERS  AND  H.  W.  ELLIOTT. 

[Publiabed  by  permisHiDii  of  Jml^e  Swnii.] 

Poifi  To\v.NSi;\i>,  Wash.,  October  S3,  lS9t. 

Dkau  ^fiss  SriDMoitK:  *  *  •  I  rooeivod  a  tiilt'virain  IVoin  Dr.  DawHoii,  <>n(M)f 
tlip  Kc.Vii!  ('tiiimiissioiu'V!'  r.ii  ncriiifj  Sen,  to  go  to  \iftoriM  and  iiirct  liiiii  and  Sir 
(i('or)i<'  15:idvii-ro\vi'll.  tlio  otlitT  (•ommis.Hioncr,  and  talk  alioiit  seals,  and  a('»'or(lin]i;ly 
I  Went  (Ml  Moiidiiv,  tlu^  12Mi,  and  met  tint  gontliMut'ii  at  tlio  Diiard  llonsc,  and  Ir.id  a 
Vfiy  pleasant  intervirw.  Dr.  Dawson  said:  "  It  is  inniossildc  for  mm  liviny;  on  rook- 
eries to  tin<l  ont  anvtliing  altoiit  the  niij^ratory  haltits  <>!'  the  Heals,  and  we  have 
made  this  |Miint  onr  8|iecial  study.  Several  ho  )k8  have  heen  written  on  seal  life  from 
inforniatiiin  derived  solely  Iroin  men  on  the  ro.dceries  and  naturally  not  many  facts 
liave  heen  elicited.  We  \v,\\v  found  hahits  of  seals  that  are  not  even  mentioned 
in  these  works.  KUiott's  work  on  seals  is  aniiisin>;.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  the.'e  is  no  important  point  that  he  takes  up  in  his  hook  thiit  he  does  not  <'on- 
tra<li<t  so.uewhere  else  in  the  same  covers.  He  says  in  one  placi;  that  no  inntgina- 
tiim  conld  ')lctiire  more  crowded  islands  than  the  seal  rookeries,  and,  a  few  pa};es 
after,  state.-  that  the  decrease  of  seals  on  those  same  islands  was  ^rratlnally  getting; 
more  noticealdc.     His  work  is  superficial  in  the  extreme.'' 

■|'he  K'oyal  Counuissiouers  di<l  init  confine  tln^ir  ivestij;ationH  to  the  Prihilof  Gronj), 
as  lijther'.o  all  the  Ann'rican  sp(-cial  a<;('ntH  and  connuissioners  have  done,  hut  f<d- 
luv.iii  tlown  the  coast,  callini;  at  variims  places  to  interview  Indians,  and  even  went 
to  Neali  l>ay  and  conversed  with  the  old  chief,  who  knows  me  and  who  corroborated 
everything;  I  have  stated  in  my  rejiort  to  Professor  Haird  which  Klliott  denonnce<l  as 
nureliahle.  They  louinl  that  all  I  have  stated  aliout  the  hahits  of  the  fur-seal  at 
(-'ape  Klaltcry  is  strictly  trim.  Dr.  Dawson  said  that  now  an  opposit  ion  company 
has  the  lease  of  the  I'riltihd'  Islands,  and  the  .Vlaska  I'onimcrcial  ('omp;iuy  are  will- 
ing to  t(dl  of  thiuijs  which  hitherto  they  have  kept  to  thiMuselves  ami  they  obtained 
Boiue  Viiluablc  information  from  them  ■  Inch  they  will  embody  in  their  rejiort.  There 
are  ditVerent  classes  of  seals  in  llerini;  .'^ea  easily  distiiiKuished.  The  Royal  Coinmis- 
siiuicrs  also  have  found  that  the  seals  of  Cape  Flatter.v  do  not  go  t"  Hcrin;;  Sea  at 
all,  hut  j;o  to  Cook's  Inlet,  Cross  .Sound,  ami  other  of  the  Fiords  anil  inlets  of  South- 
eastern Alaska,  where  they  are  found  ami  killed  by  Indians  dnrinj.;  the  same  nmnths 
i',(  the  hrecdin;;  si'ason  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands.  In  short,  he  knocks  Klliott's  muu- 
chausonisms  into  smithereens  and  vindicates  me  in  my  statement,. 

My  Iriend,  Ca]>t.  Hooper,  of  the  I'nited  States  reveniu^-enlter  Conrhi,  told  menu 
his  retuiii  recently  that  all  tlirouKh  this  c(mtro\ersy  about  seals  and  their  habits 
not  one  of  the  cutter  oltlcers  had  been  re(|uired  to  report  abimt  seals  until  this  sea- 
son. "  Vi'e  did  not  attenij)!  to  make  any  volunteer  slatcnu-nt,"  said  he,  "but  now 
we  are  ri'ipiired  to  report,  and  nu'an  to  tell  all  I  km)w."  "  Vou  have  seen  the  seal 
]nips  Hwimiuinir  around  , it  \eah  liay,  as  I  have  svated,"  said  I.  "  ^'es,  repeatedly, 
and  'iow  that  1  have  an  opportunity  I  intend  saying  so.  Vcm  have  knocked  Klliott 
Iii<;her  than  a  kite,  an<l  1  am  ;;'lad  of  it,  Itccause  you  ha\e  had  truth  on  your  side, 
and  llUiott  had  licticui  and  romanc*- on  his  side."  The  old  sayiiiij  conn's  true,  said 
1,  that  when  thieves  fall  out  honest  men  net  their  diu-s.  Now.  that  these  twomonop- 
oli/in;;  corjiorations  have  fallen  out,  truth  will  prevail.  1  have  lbu<;ht  Klliott  for 
more  Ihan  ten  years,  and  now  I  have  come  ont  victor  and  I  am  glad  of  it.  If  luir 
Hjiecial  aj^ents  to  the  ro<d<erics  had  been  as  earefnl  to  arrive  at  e.xact  facts  about  file 
luibits  of  fur-seals  as  this  Koyal  Commissiun  has,  I  would  have  been  viudicated 
long  ago. 

I  intend  writing  nn  article  on  the  present  status  of  this  seal  question  for  the  Seattle 
Post  Intelligeueer.  and  when  ])nbli8hed  1  will  send  you  a  copy,  .Say  to  inquiring 
friends  that  my  flag  is  still  at  the  masthead  and  n<-ver  has  bieu  lowered  in  this 
controversy  with  Elliott.  When  I  know  1  am  right  I  will  stick  to  the  truth  before 
auy  one.  AH  your  Port  Towuseud  friends  are  welL 
Very  cordially, 

James  G.  Swam. 

Miss  E.  R.  SCIDMORK, 

ISOe  Twenty-firat  Street,  Waehington,  D.  O. 


STATEMENTS    AS   TO   SEALSKINS. 


415 


STATEMENT  OF  C.  M.  LAMPSON  &  CO. 

64  Qi'KKN  Sthkkt,  Ti,  C, 

l.i»i(lo)i,stlt  Dm:,  11^93. 

We  hereby  certify  tliat  no  bundle  of  fur  sral  skins  sliipjitMl  to  us  by 
the  Ahiska  Oomniercial  Conipany  ever  contaiiird  nior«'  than  two  skins. 

We  further  certify  that,  to  the  best  of  our  infcrnnitinii  and  belief,  all 
sealskins  taken  by  the  Alaska  Coininercial  Comiiaiiy  iVdUi  tiie  Pribilof 
Inlands,  throughout  the  term  of  their  lease,  were  eonsi;;ned  to  and  sold 
by  us. 

C.  M.  LAiirsuN  &  Co. 


STATEMENTS  OF  ALFRED  ERASER. 

a. — concerning  the  numbeu  of  skins  in  a  hindle. 

50  Wall  St.,  New  York  City, 

IhiTiiihir  r,  1S9S. 

I  hereby  certify  that  durinp:  the  years  from  1S70  to  IS7«>  I  ]>ersonally 
supervised  the  un|)ackin}<^  and  counting  of  all  sealskins  rcicivcd  by 
Messrs.  C.  M.  Laniitson  &  Company  in  London  tVom  the  Alaska  Corn- 
men  ial  Company.  I  have  in  this  way  seen  many  tiionsands  of  bundles 
opened,  but  never  saw  or  heard  of  cue  that  contained  more  tiian  two 
skins. 

Alfued  Fuaseu. 

City  and  County  of  New  York,  ss: 

On  this  28th  day  of  December,  1892,  personally  ai)peared  before  me 
Alfred  Fraser,  the  person  whose  name  is  signed  to  tin*  foregoing,  and 
acknowledged  to  me  that  he  executed  the  same. 

[SEAL.]  Edwin  15.  Woods, 

Xotary  Public,  Kitujs  Co.;  Ccrtijicate  filed  in  N.  Y.  Co. 


ii 


B. — CONCERNING  THE  NUMBER  OF  SKINS  SOLD  RY  C.  IM.  LA^NIPSON  & 
CO.   FOR   ACCOUNT   OF   THE   ALASKA   COMMKHCIAL  (MtMrANY. 

Exhibit  A,  attached  to  my  afVubivit  verified  April  1,  18!l2.  contains  a 
statement  of  thesaltcd  fur-seal  skins  sold  in  London  between  the  years 
1870  ami  1S!>1.  In  order  to  deduce  from  this  statement  liie  niimiier  of 
fur-seal  skins  taken  by  the  Alaska  ( 'onnnereial  C.iiijjany  ninh  r  its  lease 
of  the  Tribilof  Islands,  this  statenn>nt  should  be  nioditied  as  t'nilows: 

(a)  From  the  nund)erof  skins  therein  stated  t(»  liave  been  sold  in  tlie 
year  i870  there  should  be  deducted  about  ■>,!»(•(»  skins  whidi  were  taken 
from  the  Pribilof  Islands  jirior  to  the  time  when  tlie  said  lease  took 
ertect  uj)on  the  islands. 

{b)  The  number  of  skins  therein  stated  to  have  been  sold  in  1874 
should  1m'  1){>,150.  Thnuigh  a  clerical  error  I  originaliv  gave  this  num- 
ber as  JK),1.'.0. 

(c)  The  skins  therein  stated  to  have  been  sold  in  I8!t(»  and  1S!M  were 
not  taken  from  the  Pribilof  Islands  by  the  Alaska  Commercial  Com- 
pany. 

I  annex  hereto  press  copy  of  8tat«'ment  of  skins  sold  by  C.  .M.  Lamp- 
son  &  Co.  for  account  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Conii)any  from  1871 
to  1884,  which  statement  was  prepared  at  Loudon  in  the  year  1S.S4. 

Alfred  Fraseb. 


#1 


1  m 


I    k 


*fi 


n 


! 


I^i 


riV 


I  ! 


!il 


n 


m 


V  i 

!         if 


t' 


t 


'/ 


I 


I  ■ ' 


il  !i 


W  Ml  -'H 


416 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


New  York,  December  6, 1893. 
State  of  New  Toi?k,  -•     . 

City  and  County  of  New  York,  .is: 

On  this  (Jth  day  of  DecemlxT,  O/ic  tlinusiuul  eiplit  hundred  and 
nint'ty-two,  before  nie  personally  aitpeared  Alfied  Kraser,  to  nie  known 
and  known  to  be  the,  individual  deserilx'd  in  and  who  executed  the 
foH'yoing  instrument,  and  ho  aeknowledj-ed  to  nie  that  he  executed  the 
same. 

[SEAL.]  Edwln  15.  Woods, 

Notary  Public,  Kings  Co.,  Certijicate  filed  in  K.  Y.  Co. 

AUinka  fur-Hcal  skins  sold  for  acroiiiit  <>/'  lliv  .lliinka  Cummerviul  Coiinmny.' 


1871 10l.8!t!» 

1872 <.lt;.  L'H3 

1873 KKi,  721 

1871 !l!».  IM) 

187r. it!l.  (il! I 

187(5 !l(),  2(17 

1877 75,  no 


1 878 !tO,  nil 

lH7!t 1(H>,  (»3t) 

1880 1(10.  KU 

1X81 !t!l.  !»2l 

ISS2 KM),  1(H) 

1883 75,U14 


c— concerning  the  wekjiits  of  skins. 

50  Wall  Stuicei',  New  York, 

December,  JS93. 
Lookinfj  over  the  invoices  of  sealskins  sliii)|»cd  by  the  Alaska  Com- 
mercial (,'oiii|»any  from  l.S72-'7r»,  1  find  the  smallest  number  of  skins 
in  any  one  cask  in  each  of  these  years  of — 

1872,  ■ICi  skins,  weifiliiiit;  MX  poiimls,  or  12.<  iioniiils  jmt  Hkin. 

1873,  :«l     "  "          r.(!7        "        "  ll.(        "        "       " 

1874,  Hi     "  "          tilo        "        "  iT         "        "       " 

1875,  5t    "  "         077        "       "  12A        "        "      " 

The  {jross  weij;hts  above  {jiven  include  cask,  skins,  salt,  and  string. 

The  annexed  iiicinoraiidimi  shows  the  avcrajic  wcij^ht  of  all  skins 
8hi])ped  by  the  Alaska  ("oMimcrcial  Comjiaiiy. 

There  may  have  been,  especially  in  the  early  years  of  the  lease,  a  few 
bundles  of  skins  from  the  I'rihilof  Islands  weigliinj;'  as  much  as  (JO  lbs., 
although  1  never  remember  seeing  any  of  this  weiglit. 

Alfred  Fraser. 

Average  weight  of  Alaska  salted  fur-neal  skins  shipped  to  London. 


Tear. 

prr  skill, 

Hil.V  — 

Year. 

Avorngo 

ptT  Hkin, 

say— 

1871 

Lit.  oz.    1 
11       0     1 

8    11)    : 

10       5 

10     14 

il       "i 

8     14 

ITiikiKiwii. 

1)      1     1 

8    ir. 

8      UJ 

1881 

Lbt.  01. 
9      3 

1872 

IKS'J 

9      0 

iK7;t 

I88:i 

q       1 

1H74     

1881      

9      0 

1875  

12      2 

187fl 

IKSli 

10    V.\ 

1877  

1887    . 

U    11 

1878 

1888 

0      9 

1879 

1S8U 

8    13 

1880 

New  York,  15th  December,  IfOi. 


>  ThiH  is  compiled  Irom  the  prosa  copy  leferred  to  in  the  foregoing  stutemeut  of 
Alfred  Fruaer. 


cr  6, 1892. 


n  11(1  red  and 
to  me  known 
exeented  the 
executed  the 

'OODS, 

It  .V.  Y.  Co. 

...     Ofl. 911 

..    1(H),  («»> 
...    100,  1(U 

..   KM),  KM) 
■■■ 75,914 


YonK, 
emhct;  Jt^02. 
■  Alaska  Cora- 
inber  of  skins 


It,  and  strinff. 
it  of  all  skins 


he  lease,  a  few 
uch  as  (50  lbs., 

5D  Fbaseb. 

iHffon. 

Avprnce 

])<'r  Hkiii, 

»»>■ — 

Lb».  oz. 
0     3 
9      9 
9       1 
9      0 
12      2 
10    13 
9    11 
9      9 
8    13 

Dg  Sti 

ktemeut  of 

COMPOSITION   OP   PELAGIC   CATCH. 


417 


City  and  CotrNTY  of  New  York,  sa: 

On  this  28th  day  of  December,  18  t2,  personally  appeared  before  me 
Alfred  Fraser,  the  person  whoso  name  is  signed  to  the  forejjfoing,  and 
acknowletlged  to  me  that  he  executed  the  same. 

[SEAL.]  Edwin  B.  Woods, 

Notary  Public,  Kings  Co.;  Certificate  filed  in  N.  Y.  Co. 


STATEMENT  OF  C.  W.  MARTIN  &  SONS,  LONDON,  ON  THE  COMPOSI- 
TION  OF  A  CERTAIN  PELAGIC  CATCH  OF  SEALSKINS. 

[C.  W.  Martin  &.  Sodh;  telegraphic  address,  Tliimar,  London.] 

4  Lambeth  IIill,  Queen  Victoria  St.,  E.  C, 

London,  December,  1802. 

We  have  made  a  careful  examination  of  the  sex  of  each  one  of  the 
fur-seal  skins  designated  in  the  annexed  report  and  hereby  certify  the 
correctness  of  the  results  given  tlierein.  We  arc  of  [the]  opinion,  based 
upon  the  numerous  hoh^s  found  in  them,  tiiat  almost  all,  if  not  all,  of 
these  skins  were  taken  from  seals  which  were  killed  in  the  sea  by  shot  or 
spear.  We  are  informed  by  Messrs.  C.  M.  Lampson  &  Company  t  hat  these 
skins  were  received  by  tliem  for  acc<mnt  of  the  Russian  (lovernmcnt 
through  their  Mr.  Fraser,  to  whom  they  were  consigned,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer  of  18!>2,  at  San  Francisco,  fiom  Petropavh»vsk  by 
the  Russian  Sealskin  Company.  The  casks  in  which  they  were  re- 
ceived, were  numbered  one  to  tweuty-oue,  and  were  marked  as  fol- 
lows: "R.S.  S.  Co.  d>» 

0.  W.  Martin  &  Sons. 


Report   on  1,0S8  tailed  fur-teal  thint  ai  io  nex,  examined  November  16th,  SSd,  and 

23d,  1S02. 


Assortment. 

aniiuud. 

Donbtfiil. 

Male. 

Female. 

B.  S.  S.  Co. 

2  wics 

2 

10 
60 

207 

ir.7 

35 

1 

2 

3 

17 

71 

48 

37 

5 

1 

2 
10 

10  Hildas 

i;i 
;i« 

35 

30 

8 

1 

37 

'Xl'l   HlllltllH ..............•>. 

286 

% 

232 

If)?  mid.  '*         

127 

35  am.    " 

27 

Anranla, 

2 
3 

3  niitU.        '*    

17  mid  uiid  fima.  cut .... 

8 

4 

6 

12 

2 

14 

71  sniB    "       "        "  

87 

Alaska, 

42 

87  mill.   "   

25 

6  gm.     "   

3 

1  faulty 

X 

ok.  1-21. 

1,028 

160 

17 

661 

,  Ptr  cent. 

Doubtful 14.68 

Male 1.66 

Female 83.76 


London,  November  26th,  1S02, 
12364 21 


100 


0.  W.  Mabtin  &  Sons. 


f. 


< ; 


(li 


t 

V 


i'l 


r 


ii 


in^ 


u 


!      \ 


■      i 

,      j 

r 

{ 

1 

filil 


1  i, 


418 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


REPORT  OF   SPEECH    MADE    BY   ONE   OP    THE 

SEA  COMMISSIONERS.' 


BRITISH   BERING 


SIB  GEORGE  BADEN-POWKLL   AND   TOE   BUHRINO   SEA   QUESTION. 

SpPiikiiig  liist  nifrht  at  a  mcotiiis:  of  liis  constitneiits  in  tlio  Kiikdale 
Division  of  Liverpool,  Sir  (icorp^  r.adcn-l'oweil  jjavo  an  account  of 
liis  mission  to  tlic  IWiliiin};  Sea.  Ih'  said  that  L(»rd  Salisbury  told  liini 
it  was  a  very  (lillicult,  coinjtlex,  and  delicate  (piestion;  that,  above  all 
tliinjxs,  lie  wanted  to  avoid  war  witli  the  United  Slates,  but  that  at  the 
same  time  he  wanted  to  be  stronj:,  to  show  no  feai'  in  his  i)oli(\y,  but  to 
show  that  he  was  not  ^i'oinfj  to  yield  one  jot  or  tittle  of  Hritisli  lijihts. 
[Loud  (Oieers.j  IJut  Lord  Salisbury  had  an  additional  purpose  in  ^enl- 
inj>-  him  there.  Three  or  four  years  a{;'o  the  Americans  seized  some 
JJritish  vessels,  im|)risoiH>d  the  ca|>tains  and  crews,  and  tiiied  them  for 
taking  fur-seals  out  of  tlu^  hijih  seas.  This  country,  of  <'ourse, 
promptly  denied  that  tiiese  vessels  were  acting  illegally,  and  last  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  by  tlieii'  work  in  the  Hehring  Sea,  he  thought  they 
had  timdly  brought  that  awkward  dispute,  which  ntight  have  resulted 
iu  war,  to  arbitration,  and  it  was  iiis  conviction  that  this  country 
would  win  in  that  arbitration.     [Cheers.] 

He  spent  three  months  in  the  Behring  Sea  investigating  the  full 
facts.  When  he  arrived  there  he  found  three  IWitish  nien-of war  and 
seven  Anu'rican  (lovernment  ships,  the'  latter  with  instructions  to  seize 
the  British  sealers  if  they  attemjtted  to  seal;  but  the  British  C'ommis- 
sioners  were  able,  without  any  breach  of  the  peace,  to  maki^  satisfac- 
tory arrangements  wlii<'li  enabled  the  Hiitish  sailors  thereto  tak(^  home 
what  seals  tiiey  had  got.  [Cheers.]  He  had  s<une  ditliculty  in  getting 
at  the  full  facts  of  seal  life  on  the  American  islands,  but  he  managed 
to  become  go(»d  friends  with  the  Ami'ri<'ans,  and  parted  with  them 
affectionately  aftei' tinding  out  all  the  facts.  lie  dis(!overed  that  no 
one  knew  where  the  seals  went  to  after  leaving  th'se  American  islands, 
and  he  a<'c(U'dingIy  arranged  that  the  three  men  »f  war  i)laced  at  his 
service  and  the  transport  steamer  which  carried  himself  slumld  exjdoro 
all  these  seas.  Jle  tluuight  they  ac(|uired.  as  a  result  of  that  explora- 
tion, all  the  facts  as  to  the  migration  of  the  seals — facts  never  before 
known.  T»)  do  this  they  had  to  go  thrcmgh  a  great  deal  of  r<»ugh  wcu'k; 
the  weather  was  cold  and  there  was  usually  fog,  excejjt  when  there  was 
a  gale,  but  somehow  or  other  he  found  his  bo(Iy  thoroughly  suited  to 
these  elements,  perhaps  more  so  than  to  the  House  of  Comnu)ns. 
[Laughter.] 

Lord  Salisbury  had  been  good  enough  to  say  more  than  once  that 
what  was  done  in  the  JU'hring  Sea  greatly  exceeded  his  ex])ectations  and 
those  of  her  IVIaJesty's  Government.  [Cheers.]  The  investigations 
they  had  made  were  important,  but  the  friendliness  they  had  estab- 
lished with  the  Americans  and  the  Russians  had  yet  to  bear  fruit,  and 
Lord  Salisbury  was  now  very  anxious  tliat  he  shouhl  go  back  at  once 
to  Washington,  there  to  (ionsort  with  otMcials  of  the  American  (Joveru- 
ment,  and  to  come  to  a  joint  agreement  with  them  in  view  of  the  ap- 
proaching arbitration.  He  was  to  leave  on  Saturday  next,  but  he 
Loped  to  go  back  after  two  or  three  weeks'  work  in  Washington,  and 
to  be  able  to  I'eport  that  the  negotiations  were  as  successful  as  the 
investigatious.    He  was  happy  to  say  that  both  sides  had  not  only 

*  Extract  from  the  London  Times  of  January  6, 1892. 


}H   BERINQ 


DECLARATION   OP   SEIZURE   OF   MOUNTAIN    CHIEP. 


419 


ajn-eod  to  leave  Mie  (nu-stinn  to  arbitration,  but  had  iifjrecd  on  tlio 
details  of  the  arbitration,  and  ho  was  convinred  that  all  rifjlit  thinkinj; 
public  men,  both  in  AnuTJca  and  this  country,  were  delijrhtcd  to  find 
that  this  seri(uis  bone  of  contention  was  to  be  i)ut  out  of  siylit  in  bUcU 
a  happy  and  peaceful  uiauner. 


DECLARATION  OF  SEIZURE  OF  THE  BRITISH    SCHOONER    MOUN- 
TAIN CHIEF. 

Uy  Thomas  Nki,son,  Commaiider,  U.  f  Xavy. 

I,  Thoina  Nelson,  coininaiuhir,  U.  S.  Xavy,  coMiniandin<;  IT.  S.  S. 
Adams,  3rd  rate,  «h»  liereby  declare  that,  ou  the  twenty-ninth  day  of 
July,  eifjhteen  huiulred  iincl  ninety-two,  in  latitude  .'»i-r»7-(Mt  N.,  loujii- 
tude  170-18-30  VV.,  1  seized  ami  took  possession  of  the  schooner  nnujcd 
MoKntain  ChUf\oi  Victoria,  B.  (1.,  whereof  ilulius  Molnliousc  is  master, 
and  James  Newasscninis,  the  ie;;isterin};  mana;;in}f  owner,  with  all  her 
crew,  e(piipnient,  stores,  and  every  article  of  wliiit.M.cvtU'  nature  on 
board  of  her;  tlit;  said  s«;hoonci-  and  her  crew  being  then  and  there 
emph)yed  in  takinji'  seals  in  Herinfj  Sea. 

On  the  arrival  of  tlu^  boarding  (ttlicer,  Licutenani  I)  W.  Cofi'man,  U. 
S.  N.,  on  board  the  schooner,  he  found  seven  seals  on  her  deck,  which 
had  not  yet  been  skinned,  and  six  of  which  were  females,  a  number  of 
skins  in  the  schooner's  hold,  and  implements  for  taking  seals,  includ- 
ing two  Indinn  boats  or  canoes;  and  furthei',  that  at  the  time  of  board- 
ing the  said  schooner  Mountain  Chic/una  of  her  boats,  with  two  Iiulians, 
was  out  and  did  not  return  to  the  schooner  until  after  the  seizure  had 
been  decided. 

(Signed)  Thos.  Nelson, 

Commander,  U.  S.  Kavy,  Comm/tndiny  IL  S.  S.  Adams. 

True  copy  from  the  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  De- 
partment, Dec.  27,  l^dli. 

F.  M.  Kamsav, 
Chief  of  Bureau. 


wlj 


1 


i,' 


51 


^1 


I 


1^ 

1 

1 

i 

{ 

ni 

TTM 


ffl      I' 


i^,^ 


II'' 

\ 

1-:     : 

!..V               ' 

la            I 

i 

I 

f:^?l 

,      »         ! 

i  ■!  i    ">         '  ' ' 

fj'  ''■*'  i 

If,     \ 

1. 

'     li-           '      '  ' 

itt     i            , 

liW 


iiH 


r    ', 


Jj„tHHL 


OBUTIFICATES  AS  TO   SALE  OF  6CUUONEH8  SEIZED.        421 


CERTIFICATES  AS  TO  SALE  OP  SCHOONERS  SEIZED. 


In  TnB  DiSTBIGT  GOUBT  OF  SiTEA,  ALASKA. 

No.  79. 


United  States 

vs. 

Steam  Schooner  DoLPniN, 

ilKB  TACKLE,  ETC. 


In  admiralty.    Writ  of  venditioni  ex- 
ponas of  the  date  Feby.  10,  18S8. 


FOB  UNJ.^.WFUL  SEAL  FISHINO  IN  THE  WATERS  OF  ALASKA. 

1888. 

Sept.     7.  Transferred  to  TJ.  8.  Marshal  T.  J.  Hamilton  by  Barton 
Atkins,  U.  S.  marshal  of  Alaska,  by  order  Department 
Justice.    Steamer  at  Port  Townsend,  W.  T. 
1889. 

March  26.  Sold  steam  schooner  Dolphin,  tackle,  etc.,  to  Will- 
iam Olseu  for  $1,225;  com.  on  sale  2  percent 
first  $50(),  1  per  cent  on  balance |17. 25 

March  28.  Towage,  dockage,  and  moorage  paid,  voucher  1, 

8.  B.  Hastings,  owner  steamer  Enterprise 40. 00 

April     6.  Amount  returned  clerk  court,  Sitka,  Ala 1, 107.  75 


Total  proceeds  of  sale 1, 225. 00 

April    6.  Sent  Barton  Atkins,  U.  S.  M.,  Sitka,  Alaska,  ^ 

of  commission  on  sale 4. 31 

United  States  of  America,  ) 
District  of  Washington.  )  * 
I,  Thomas  R.  Brown,  United  States  marshal  for  the  district  of 
Washington,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  is  a  ti'ue  and  correct 
transcript  of  the  record  in  the  above  entitled  case  as  the  same  appears 
in  my  office,  in  the  docket  of  T.  J.  Hamilton,  United  States  marshal 
for  the  Territory  of  Washington,  at  page  No.  09. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  at  Tacoma,  Wash., 
Dec.  29th,  1892. 

Thos.  E.  Brown, 

U.  8.  Marshal, 


':  If  i 


■^«S4M 


*■:'■ 


N  {     ! 

t 

1     ■ 

i  ■  1 


iii 


t\ 


422 


rasOELI.AJSTEOUS. 

In  the  DisTuiJT  Coxmr  ch?  Sitka.  Alaska. 
No.  «. 


United  States 
r.v. 

STBAM  ScnoONER  GllACE,  lIEll  TACKEE,  ETC. 


In  admiralty.  Writ  of 
vtfttiiitioni  ej-pouds  of 
LiM-  date  Fel«y.  10, 188«. 


FOE  UNLAWFUL   I'lSIIINCi   IN  THE   WATEUS  Ol-'  ALASKA. 

1S8S. 

Sept.      7.  Transferml  to  IT.  S.  Marshal  T.  J.  ITaiiiiiton  by  Uiirton  At- 
kins, U.  y.  niai'sluil  of  Alaska,  by  order  of  Department  of 
.lustice.     SteaiiKM'  at  I'ort  Tovviisend,  VV,  T. 
ISSl). 

Mantli  20.  Sold  stciiiii  scjiooin-r  irnice,  her  tackle,  etc.,  to 

(Janij-aii  »!s:  Lowe  for  ijfl.SLT);  com.  on  sale..    .         $20.25 

March  28,  Towaye,  dockajic  and  nioorayc,  L.  15,  Ilasting.s, 

owner  I'Jiifnitrisr.  ]>aid  voiielier  1 40,  00 

Man-h  27,  Wharfajie  from  Se|»t.  7  to  21,  18SH,  )is20.00  for  four, 

vouelier  2,  .1,  A.  Ividiu 20,  «K) 

Ai»ril     0.  xVmount  returned  into  cMurt,  Sitka,  Alaska 1,444,75 


Total  i»roeee<ls  of  sii.Je 1, 52,'..  00 

Ai)ril     0.  Sent  Uarlou  Atkins,  U.  S,  M,,  Sitka,  Ala.,  |  com. 

on  sale 5, 00 


United  Si      i;s  op  Amkuioa, 


\ 


s»i 


k 


U'J- 


i 


p  'ii 


Ill 


li( 


%    i|f: 

I 
i 

:\    'HI 


'hutrict  of  WasltiiiffUm.  ) 

1,  Tlios    i;      Mown.  I'nited  Stait-s  marshal  for  the  •"•"♦^i-iet  ()f  Wash- 

iiaeSlMW.  d '\  ceitily  that  tiie  lore;:oiiii;  is  a  true  and  eorreet  tian- 

♦maipi  of  f  Mil  in  the  ahove  eiititlf^i  rjis(>  as  tlie  same  appears  in 

HIT'  (fldiee  ii  ir-  loiket  of  T.  J,  llamilnion.  Hnited  States  marshal  for 
Cite*  T<*rri Ion-   •)   VVasliiuyton,  at  pa^c  No.  100, 

Ln  \ritiw-w*  \viiureof  1  liavo  hereuutc  set  my  hand  at  Ta<'oma,  Wash., 

Tnos.  Jl.  Hkown, 

U.  iS.  Marshal. 


la  Trne  insTllICT  Ct^TTRT  AT  SETKA,  ALASKA. 
.»o.  82. 
tJKIT!'  T)  ^ T  * "^HB^ 

(  IiuMlniiralty.    Writ  of  vendifiofii  ex- 
ANNA  Beck,  heu  r     kle,  etc,  ^     ^"""«  "^  ^''^  ^^'^*"  ***"  !'«'>•  1"'  ^«««- 

FOB  UNLAWFil.  FIHUINO  IN  THE  WATKBS  OF  ALABKA. 

1888. 
Sept.      7.  Transferre<l  to  U.  S.   Marshal  T.   J.  Hamilton  by  Bartoji 
Atkiiis,  r.  S.  marshal  of  .Alaska,  by  order  of  Department 
ol"  Justice.    Steamer  at  I't.  Townsend,  VV.  T, 


■RP 


^■■m'^^!* 


p^puffwfiwillf  iilp^U 


SCHOONER   ADA,    HER   TACKLE,    ETC. 

1880. 
March  -0.  Sold  stoain  scliooiicr  Anna  Bcclc,  licr  tackle,  etc., 
to  Clie.st(»kii  IVterson,  for  .*!K»7;  com.  on  siile.. 

"     28.  Towaji*',  1111(1  (lockajic,  and  moorage,  paid  voiiclier  I 
April     G.  Amount  turned  into  court  Sitka,  Alaska 


423 


$11.  07 
40.  00 

Soli.  93 


Total  pnx'eeds  of  sale 907.  00 

«  Sen"-,  Barton  Atkins,  U.  S.  M.,  Sitka,  Alaska,  i 

coi '.  on  sale 3.  5LJ 


20. 

(H) 

1, 

411, 

75 

1, 

52.".. 

00 

5 

0(5 

riNiTEn  States  ok  Ameui<!A,  ^ 
hlstrict  of  Wttxhinijton.  ) 

1,  Tlios.  R.  Hrown,  United  States  niarslial  for  the  district  of  Wasli- 
inu'fon.  do  licichy  certify  that  the  foreyoin;;  is  a  true  and  coirect  tran- 
script of  tlie  recoid  in  the  above  entitled  case  as  tiie  same  appears  in 
my  oOice  in  the  docket  of  T.  .1,  Hamilton,  Hinted  States  marshal  for 
the  Terntory  of  VVashinjiton.  at  l)aye  No   101. 

in  witness  wheieof  1  liavc  hcrciuito  is*.*  my  hand  at  Tacoma,  Wash., 
Dec.  29,  A.  I>.  1892. 

Tuos.  K.  |{1U)WN, 

U.  a.  Marshal. 


In  Tins  U.  S.  District  Court  at  Sitka,  Alaska. 

No.  83. 

United  States  Wnadnnralty.    Writ  of  rnulifinni 

rs.  >      exponas  of  the  date  of  Feb.  10, 

Schooner  Ada,  her  tackle,  etc,  )     1888, 

for  unlawful  fishing  in  tiie  waters  of  alaska. 

1888. 
Sept.      7.  Transferred  to  IT.  S.  Marshal  T.  J.  Tlamilton  by  Barton  At- 
kins,  I'.  S.  Marshal  of  Alaska  by  order  of  the   Depart- 
ment of  .histice.     Schoon('r  at  IVut  Townseiid,  \V.  T. 
Dec.     20.  rnlilisiiiny  notice  of  sale,  ^l.l.OO  for  four,  voucher 

1SS9.  1,  I\  T.  Call,  Flower  and  \Vilioujihi»y .f  lo.tM) 

March  20.  S<»ld  schooner  .l</(>,  her  tackle,  etc.,  to.I.  ('.  Nix(;ii, 

for  Giotto;  c.im.  on  sale 24.00 

"      28.  Towa^ic  an(l  dockaj^e  and  mo(»ra}j;e  i)aid,  v<»ucher 

2.  L.  I».  Hastings  owner,  \ir;iinia 40,00 

"      28.  To  coal  oil  and  lantern  j;lobe.  Nov.,. Ian.,  and  Mar., 

voucher  .'5,  .1.  S.  LatinuM-  dv  (Jo 9.  00 

April     0.  Anuuint  turiu'd  into  court  Sitka,  Ala l,812.tK> 

Total  proceeds  of  sale 1, 90(>.  00 

April     0.  Sent  Barton  Atkins,  U.  S.  M,  i^itka,  Alaska,  J 

cum.  uu  tialu G.  00 


til 


!    k 


424 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


88: 


United  States  o?  AArRuioA. 
Dintrivt  of  Washhigton. 
I,  Tlios.  H,  lirown,  I'liitotl  Statos  marslial  for  tlie  district  of  Wash- 
in<;ton,  do  licrchy  ccitlf'y  tliat  the  foivfjitig  iss  a  triu'  and  correct  traiiH- 
erij  '  of  tlie  record  in  tlie  above-entitled  ease  as  the  sania  aopears  in 
m;  '  ilice  in  the  docket  of  T.  J.  IJaniilton,  ITnited  states  uiarslial  for 
the  'J'erritory  of  Washinj^ton,  at  paj^e  102. 

In  witness  wlu^reof  1  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  at  Tacoma,  Wash., 
Dec  29,  A.  D.  iii\)X 

Tno.',  R.  Brown, 

U,  &  Mankal. 


j;  •\ 


i? 


IHBIMM 


TABLES  OF  ANNUAL   KILLINGS,  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS,  1871-1889.      425 


ill 


TABLES  OP  ANNUAL  KILLINGS,  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS,  1871-1889. 


Table  Sitswinc  Iho  Total  Number  of  Fnr.Scala  Killed  •■  th«  Islaad  of  St.  Paal 
f*r  all  Parpoiira,  fron  IMYOt*  18MO,  b«lfa  iacluaire. 

[Compiled  ttom  tables  on  fll«  in  tii«  Toimutj  Departmeiit.] 


Seals  killed  for  nativee'  foo**. 

Seals  killed  for  sktus  for 

U-SBOCS. 

Totals  cf  Imcliilorn  killed, 
accepted,  and  rj\)ecte<l. 

Grand 
("tal  of 

Reals 
kill.  <l  fur 
nil  pur- 
pose]. 

Ywa. 

Pnps. 

Bach- 
elors. 

Skins 

ac- 
cejiti-d. 

C>kins 

ro- 
jeuted. 

Bvdie- 
lors. 

IJnclio- 
lora. 

Skins    jSkif- 
«'•""»'""'  Jecte<l. 

1870.... 
1871.... 
1872.... 
1873.... 
1874.... 
1875... 
187fi. . . . 
1877.... 
1878.... 
1870.... 
1880.... 
1881.... 
:882 

2,800 
3,877 
6,121 
5,480 
4,897 
3,748 
3,958 
8,007 
6,200 
8,071 
4,413 

6,449 
2.341 
6,916 
2,090 
4,874 
6,282 
6,0«1 
4,011 
4,718 
5,970 
4,400 
7  527 
d,  175 
3,168 
8.907 
3,184 
3,0f.l 
4, 207 
3,702 
3,400 

2.2a. 
5,368 
1,108 
4,225 
5,784 
3,004 
2,853 
3,<32 
3, 898 
3,048 
0,057 
3,362 
2,104 
2,882 
2,508 
2,480 
3,975 
3,700 
2,570 

6,449 

61 

1,651 

802 

049 

498 

1,997 

1,188 

1,086 

2,072 

1,418 

1.470 

1,813 

974 

1, 325 

070 

601 

232 

62 

830 

6,065 
75.685 
60,782 
74,408 
88,308 
84,933 
74, 138 
58,782 
78, 505 
77,280 
75,900 
76,236 
74,050 
57,146 
82, 213 
82, 008 
82. 180 
82, 708 
80, 330 
81,712 

6,017 

74, 628 
69, 576 
73,884 
88,258 
84,860 
74, 137 
58,732 
78, 570 
77,280 
75, 872 
76, 169 
74. 581 
5".  070 
82, 086 
82,866 
82. 150 
82, 070 
hO,3U 
81, 008 

43 
957 
200 
824 
110 

73 
1 

30 

26 

va 

67 

78 
78 
127 
42 
30 
29 
10 
11 

12,  614 
'7,  026 
76, 688 
70, 498 
93, 242 
91,216 
79,199 
C2, 803 
83,313 
83,260 
80,366 
83, 763 
70, 8.'U 
60, 313 
86,120 
86,092 
85,201 
80, 915 
84, 002 
85.1)2 

6,017 
7b,  918 
74, 941 
75,  082 
02  483 
90,044 
77,201 
61,885 
82,202 
81, 178 
78, 920 
82, 226 
77, 943 
59,204 
84,608 
85, 374 
84, 030 
80,  OM 
84, 014 
84,208 

6,497 

1.008 

1,767 

1,416 

750 

671 

1,958 

1,213 

1,111 

2,072 

1,440 

1,5'J7 

1,891 

1,049 

1, 452 

718 

031 

201 

78 

844 

16.314 
81,803 
81,819 
81,987 
98. 139 
94,960 
83. 157 
67, 810 
88,  619 
88, 821 
84,77* 
83,774 
79,834 
03, 295 
88,801 
88,880 
88, 085 
89, 09?' 
80,2'(0 
87, 392 

1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1886..., 
1887.... 
1888.... 
1889. . . . 

2,082 
2,74! 
2,788 
2,824 
2,17? 
2,178 
2,280 

TotelH  . 

07,554 

00,019 

64, 785  25, 834 

1,403.007 

1,401,427 

2,480 

1.654,520  jl,  820, 212 

1 

28, 314 

1,622,091 

NoTB.-Tlie above  table  incliiili-s  all  senU killml  from  u''i  cause.', either  inteutioual  or  accidental.  In- 
cident to  the  taking  of  aoulskins  on  tlie  island  of  St.  I'aiil. 

OBKTIFIOATB  of  iLUTIIENTIOATION. 


1.1 


i 


'.!    „ 


UNIXKD  STATES  OP  AMERIOA. 

T/ ,  ASURY  Department, 

Jamiary  5,  18U3. 

PnranaTit to  Section  8S2  of  the  Revi.scd  SrutntoH,  I  Iiornby  c<Mtify 
that  all  the  items  iipiH^ariiig  in  the  annexed  i>aj)or  are  true  cctpies  from 
olllcial  tables  on  file  in  this  Dcpartiiiei-.t. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  st  t  my  hand,  and  caused  the 
seal  of  the  Treasury  Depurtmeut  to  be  allixed,  on  the  day  and  year 
first  above  written. 

[SEAL.]  CnARLES   FOSTER, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 


m  1 1- 


4 1;.  ^ 


U'  ',l\ 


i  i 


420 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Table  Mhowing  the  Total  Numi^er  of  Fnr-NraU  Killed  •n    the  lelanti   af  81. 
Ocorge,  for  nil  Purpoam,  froiu  IM70  t*  INNO,  both  inclaairc. 

[Compiled  from  Ublci  on  Die  In  the  Trektury  Department.] 


a«>aU  killert  for nntlvee'  food. 

SeaU  killed  for  Kkinn  for 
leHHOva. 

TotiilH  of  linoliclors  killed, 
acioiiti'd,  and  rcji't'twl. 

Orand 
tcitdHof 

Tear. 

Pups. 

Bad.,  ^j;!"" 

«'»"•  ;r,.pt.Hl. 

Skins 

rti- 
j<'itrrt. 

]la<'he. 
lore. 

Skins    ,«'!'■"' 

Rache- 

luri). 

Skin* 
accepted. 

Skins 

re. 
Ject<Ml. 

316 
302 
214 
389 
167 

71 
230 

74 
159 
116 
163 
233 

killed  for 
.ill  pur 
poses. 

1870 

1,200 
2,090 
2,000 
2,190 
2,446 
1.500 
1, 600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,500 
1,330 
1,031 

7, 259 
18,830 
25,000 
25, 000 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 
14,744 
17,  -72 
19,811 
18,907 
19,4  « 
19, 495 
U.  739 
14, 728 
14,745 
14.600 
14, 727 
14,047 
13,642 

7, 259 
18.  830 
25.  000 
25,000 
10, 000 
10.  OOC 

7,259 
19, 067 
25,  WW 
25. 000 
lO.OOO 
10, 000 
10,000 
1,5, 000 
19, 304 
20,684 
19.609 
20, 2,->8 

.9, 978 
15,  214 
i6, 073 
16,064 
19,150 
15,312 
m,  050 
14. 154 

7,259 
10.067 
25, 000 
25,000 
10.000 
10,000 
10,000 
15,(K>0 
18, 988 
20,  322 
10.  305 
19,809 
19.811 
15, 143 
14,843 
14,  990 
14,991 
15, 196 
15, 903 
13, 021 

8,459 
21,157 
27,  000 
27, 190 

1871.... 
1972 

237 

237 

1873 

1874 

12,440 

1H75 

11  500 

1879 

10,  000  1 

11  500 

1877.... 
1878.... 
1879.... 
1880.... 
1881.... 
1882 

250 

1,532 
843 
702 
812 
483 
473 
.345 
319 
544 
685 

1,409 
512 

250 
1, 210 
504 
505 
,509 
371 
468 
223 
304 
413 
471 
l,.i21 
280 

310 
279 
137 
303 
112 
7 
122 

15 
131 
114 

88 
232 

14,  744 
17, 772 
19,758 
18, 830 
10,360 
19,440 
14,675 
14, 020 
14,  fiXO 
14, 678 
14,725 
14, 682 
13,041 



83 
77 
80 
65 
64 
108 
59 
28 

2 
66 

1 

10,500 
20. 804 
22  190 
20, 939 
21,280 
19, 978 

1883.... 
18ai.... 
1885.... 
1880.... 
1887.... 
1888.... 
1889.... 

1,000 
1,600 
1,080 
1, 286 
1,356 
078 
1,071 

10.214 
10, 573 
16, 144 
10, 436 
10. 008 
17, 034 
15,  225 

Totals  2.x  004  1  9, 054 

1              ' 

7,108 

1,8,50 

318, 128 

317,500 

028 

327, 182 

324, 098  ;  2, 484  1    355, 240 

KoTB.— The  alMive  tjihlu  Incliiilcs  all  seals  killed  from  all  causes,  either  iutenliouol  or  aocidoatal, 
incident  to  the  taking  of  sealskins  on  tlio  island  of  St.  Ueorge. 


• ,  '  >  ( 


\ 

V 

r|l 

it 


I   I 


Cebtificate  of  Authentication. 
united  states  of  america. 

Treasury  Department, 

January  5,  JS93. 
Pnrsnant  to  section  88:i  of  tlie  Revi.sed  Statutes,  I  liorel)y  certify  tliat 
all  till.'  items  ai)jK'ariiij>-  in   the  annexed  pajiers  are  true  copies  froia 
ollicial  tables  on  llle  in  tiiis  Depiirtnieiit. 

In  witness  wherenf  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the 
•seal  (»f  the  Treasury  Depaitmeut  to  be  atlixed  on  the  day  ami  year  lirst 
abov<^  written. 
[SKAL,J  Charles  Foster, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


•P<"PPI^!PWT 


■WWWPifPPJWP" 


[•!■■ 
live. 


killiMl, 

HI'llU 

Skiii8  killi'ilfor 


Ornnd 

I  tllt'llHOf 


jl'CU'll. 


316 
302 
214 
389 
167 

71 
230 

74 
150 
116 
153 
233 


.;ll  pur- 
pogeH, 


8,459 
21,157 
27,000 
27,190 
12,446 
11.500 
11,500 
16,500 
20.  S04 
22  190 
20, 039 
21,289 
19.978 
16,214 
16, 573 
16, 144 
16, 436 
16.608 
17,  034 
15,  225 


2,484  I  355,246 


I 


ml  or  oceidusUl, 


[ENT, 
y  5,  J893. 
ceitify  that 
L'opies  froiii 

CiUlS(Ml   tlio 

1(1  year  first 

;tku, 
Treasury. 


TABLES  OP  ANNITAL  KILLINGS,  PRIBILOP  ISLANDS,  1871-1889,     427 

Caaaolidatril  Table  Mhowinc  lb«  Total  IVamifcttr  •€  Far-*fala  Killvil  om  lbs 
■alaada  or  St.  Paul  and  SI.  Hfrge  for  all  ParpoM*  from  I(»70  to  1H8V,  botb 
lacluaire. 

[Complied  from  th«  two  foregolnf  Ubiei.] 


Year. 

Number. 

Year. 

Nnnibor. 

1870 

23, 773 
102. 960 
108.819 

109.  177 

110,  ,585 
106.  m) 

94.  0,^i7 
84.310 
i09. 323 
110.511 
105, 718 

1881 

105.063 

1871 

1X82 

99  812 

1872 

1883 

79,509 
105  434 

1873 

1  !J84 

1K74 

.  1885 

105,  024 

1875 

1886 

104, 621 

1876 

1887 

105, 760 

1877 

1888 

103,  304 

1878 

1889 

102,  617 

187D 

1,977.337 

1S80     

AvoraKf  anniml  killiiiK  from  1870  to  1889,  both  iiicliisivi".  20  yecrs,  98,867. 
Average  uouual  kilUug  from  1871  to  1889,  both  iucliiHive,  19  years,  104,070. 


Table  Mbowiag  Annual  Killiaga  at  Norihenat  Point,  St.  Puul  laluad,  1S71-1880.* 

IThiN  UbiR,  rompiitd  fVom  the  tablei  of  kllllnir  found  in  ihe  Appendix  to  thp  Cane  of  the  I'nited 
Statm,  Vol.  II,  p.  117,  et  leq, ,  dhonn  the  number  of  fur  seaU  killed  annuall)' at  >'ortKeafil  I'oint 
liookery ;  the  number  >nnuall]r  killed  on  St.  Paul  InUik',  and  the  perr>;ntai;eit  of  the  former  to  the 
latter.] 


Year, 

SenUkilU'd 
at  North 
eaatTuiut. 

.Snlrtkillfd 

OP  St.  I'aiil 

Island. 

riTceiilajfe 

orNortlifunt 

I'oiiit  (|iiota 

to  total. 

1871 

18,621 
25,147 
26, 309 
u;  526 
35, 117 
26,014 
20. 266 
23,011 
29,174 

25,  862 
17,  952 
23,  303 
13,  370 
23.  099 
19,818 

26,  92 1 
28.  565 
3;i,  383 
28, 794 

77, 620 
75, 3,''>2 
75, 437 
92, 221 
90, 036 
77,900 
61,, 584 
82, 152 
81,004 
78,  923 
82.  380 
77,  708 
59,  2.-,8 

84,  733 

85.  395 

84,  890 

85,  996 
84,116 
84,  937 

23.9 

1872 

83.3 

1873  

34  9 

1874 

37.6 

1875  

39.0 

1876 

33.3 

1877 

32.0 

1878 

28.0 

1879 

36.0 

1 880 

32.  7 

1881   

21.7 

1882 

29.9 

1883 

22.5 

1884 

27.3 

1885 

24.3 

1886 

31.7 

1 887  

33.  2 

IHNH 

39.7 

ItMHI 

33.1 

TntAl  in  19  Teara. 

4»7, 317 

1,621,738 

SL4 

,'<  f 


'Jil 


'^.-.vmw^v^^  iiwHiummnww 


9BB 


f  f ! 


il^ 


l( 


\ 


'I 

1!'. 

'.    ' 

i 

y 


i 


RUSSIAN  DOCUMENTS. 


PAC-SIMILES  e^r  DOCUMENTS  ON  FILE  IN  THE  DEPARTMENT  OP 

STATE. 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 
Department  of  State. 
To  all  to  whom  fl«ae  preaetit9  shall  come,  Greeting  : 

I  CERTIFY  that  the  documents,  of  which  lithographic  reproductions  are 
hereto  annexed,  are  official  papers  of  the  Russian  American  Company  relat- 
ing to  Alaska,  now  on  file  in  the  archives  of  this  Department.  They  came, 
into  the  possession  of  the  United  States  by  virtiwe  of  article  second  of  the 
treaty  of  1867  be'ween  the  United  States  and  Russia;  and  the  annexed  re- 
productions are,  except  as  to  size,  facsimiles  of  the  original  documents,  having 
been  obtained  by  photo-lithography. 

In  TESTIMONY  WHERi  OF,  I,  John  W  Foster,  Secretary  of  State  of 
the  United  States,  have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and 
caused  the  seal  of  the  Department  of  State  to  be  affixed. 
(SEAL.)  Done  at  the  City  of  Washington,  this  30th  day  of  December, 
A.  D.  1892,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States 
of  America  the  one  hundred  and  seventeenth. 

JOHN  W.  FOSTER 
429 


-^-^'*^'-^— iTfhflfatii  lite 


iHmi 


!i  ;: 


jt 


I'l 


! 


■>  ,1 


I 


^llil'i 


ii 


Lt.t 


ll 


lill 


:  i? 


l^i 


nllS4),AIA^a*tVHA4yKAyt44A»      *Ma344a4AA,       .*f^ e4AM^*^*<y    '^t^a/    Cf9UAMM*y   'tC  e4XU.  - 


'J^^ 


eAAjuA^aun), 


/ 


^■«yuA^*i 


'I 

■  ? 

■till 


\\ 


i'( 


I 


•';    i 


I         li 


it  i|! '  i 


mm 


»*t 


**t*i/     MM/  -M*** 


teM*>    /ttJ>vetA4jtviy    tjtu^vtM*o**jo ,    ^^vo**'tAOUAM    't,»*u?    ^ftustt^ttu/  -^cuou**^  ^^f4^j*y*y. 


c/m 


^  ^^^J/VliUAA/      -^j^e* 


.^4€»€AAAOC^<'f<-*<*A/ 


i4f 


itUA^CU 


*JLKff-*UM> 


/»  '^^^tX^Wt 


««e4»«</ 


taJet*4A4/  'tuxy  ^iCevatnAyff^^  ■  - 

*HAJtJin/U/^      tAAStf*^^    >ryvt^*AjiA.     -^UX/ft^     yte4'VU/voa4r»^**,KM«y   ey^*<^    ■4'*tt*yu2£*tAJUH%. . 

nMkJtAJ^HAJt^       >PLOl/     eA4j*iti^MO<4^AAA/     /U*HCe/    «^»y/€r.    - 

/flci^ftAMfPttU^K'rXt^t/l/tAAMy     -^43'ttA4-OLi^<Joc>Ay     M41U0C0U4/U.     <^'^taUt4JUU*«       -O 

Vh  '*yton.4^x)a**tAA/.  - 


t4:    42aJ*a)l/'  AAy    tJi 


9^ 


■^*}*<jUi,**tU/ 


f 


\ 


,l!  \ 


'•'J 
41 


^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1^  IM    112  2 
•^   1^     lb 

?  ■-  IIIIIM 

*-    I- 

Uuu 

III  1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


P> 


^^ 


% 


/ 


Hiolographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


2:1  WL3T  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y    14580 

(716)  e  2-4503 


s:^ 


o^ 


I 


m\.  m. 


M  i 


I  \l  s\. 


1^' 


,H  i 


'H! 


r< 


ii.'i  \' 


.^Z^aaji/  /u»*AMtJt*fAAjt/    efvCi»t*tJ^    <^^Wyft4>/«/  ..^^*^*u*<ynjgiyu3  'r>tJ*<»*4y   j^t^ftioJi. 


't*£**€*i/ 


^l*tyt.i»i*ia**tto 


eXXfUBt^ay 


•«f 


»4M44/U.U6**K/ 


MilteutM*.  CO 


,*<e*t4xdicl*fr^t 


e4^r*n/**^rtiO**tSv  . 


vei/**vb 


A'^t^tAAA/     ■i'VatAHAM/tt/KHAA/^      .fUffi/tJUUiU      'TIMj. 


Q**'**^A<J«t/K?  ■*'yuii/b 


tl>JU     e/to    •4A4/t^0*^yt'hC»**A4/tAi'    4^VM>^^ff^A'*rtMvLt>e*n.^'< 


*ufe4^'p**tn^tiJ4 


«^*ip,t»*^4 


4t**t6 


'««««««* 


,*^ 


i3»»uput\ 


ftMA^OlMHA^. 


<yyUAA^*t^       e/b     ^  A/X/U4A*ve*x4)Cf 


•Ctft^t^Mi 


yf3if'U4A,a/HAP' 


u</x,,  ,*na*i^  .^eoiyn/tt 


M"2«*#«e'  yti/^^et***^   yfWtm^ 


yCft*t'nM'0iJi 


..a/ffuUt44Ai<0      A/^t 


'ttiUM/^AA^trtAfOOt/ 


r 


J^IW^ 


-«***»*J^»*. 


'UAAnJt^  ^tcOf 


.njtXAv^iifUf^*^ 


(lOUy^ 


y^f/t^tA^tnfU^iUA'n*' 


y&oe/  eMr^ 


/^ 


,*'l^*i7tO»t/U/ 


(U-yvOLfx^tiLKt^ 


^1 


■tuft^^i*,  .^Y*^* 


yft*>     -^U**!^ 


/vntu4/y 


^tU/Ki*A/ 


yS*<itU)  .^  ynAfau/niit*ujt/  yu/i)*t/ 


/Ua^tftttlt/K-lKd*^ 


^xfnjtrtAjtjr>^*/yy^< 


'*aA/,   -  Jl^W  -^oiztot. 


M/   «y«a5^»*«i/"*> 


i?»» 


tcay  ^^ryv 


'ru}t4^/r/t/ct4^t.c>  ■•<a>'  t^eeao  - 


'7 


>M/i*%f, 


yH'tjSfXr 


/t*M.y»xA/l*4A4M.vlJtAMA/ 


/^e4^t*■t.^rn    totwu^i**^  -t^ty*^  «^%>5^ 


r 


I' 


f\ 


M,:..P' 


If  r 


I   i' 


m^ 


>m4. 


'  i 

^fa^u^     ^   .,«,**,,  .^.^  .^..r.^^    ^^^e*...*,^  .t^^iU*.    ^e.^*^  ^^.W^.,  -.?" 
*m^,     ^UA^.^U^  *^   ^i<^**«*    UM.^^^     ,*»^    ^^  ,^^     ..^*,.*M^ 


I 


ill  ' 


I 


i 


!'.i    -I, 


'i     ti 


•1, 

f 

El,  . 

■J 

! 

1 

:f 


>to .  -/,  7pt.€tytcJ^/j:/J^(^/. 


fc  r 


^-tUrtAUt^^   ^A^M/   ^l-<.^£^   vZJZJU/^^    ^^KH    t-C4>-^^*>ii^  4^  /<*^r«^*/>»-/-<^*»i^  <**-<^  <:!^»/*  - 

*^    1^  ^^4»^!a^  vz^^iH-^^^?^-*^^^ -;^>-i^^^  .^!^^!-«^4t^  /4*.ct.*^^SZ4>  y^^i^j.u*'^^  »j*-uit.tt4} — 
Ca^-t-u/l,'  ^;f-i»-'«^*l«^  ,fix^A.t4f.iU>  >t^MM-^^4f4-a..jjj/ ^£/ji  ^<^,H^tiJUt4eut^,^^vt.tA4^f^^x.^ .ojiU'- 


•^4-Q.t 


«>*A*^-t^    ,/il. 


?yW-«*it^  £«j>M#»l-^     ,/t/>    'f't.th^^UJ^^ 


/V«-^/-<»^ 


y 


<<^  -«i^*yyyy 


4ej>i>^.t>-6*4.i 


4frv*j^4x. 


•^m^tJt''.. 


*?i^  A^'Ct-i.t.tJXtMU^    CA.ijptA'^-A^iL/Ui  /HJ^.€L£l^,*^-J. 


<j^ 


Z-l-UlV^ 


V4»^yU».t/-^ 


,*^^et.u.*4.^ie*.t/i>   .4^  ■M-M^'^v^JuM^x^^^^S^i^tM^fl/  .4^j^%i)LM*.*t^i 


»e^  — 


dl^.-^Xy 


.^».<^r»' 


e^ 


^ 


•-4U-***/  g.<gx^«  «  ^<»  ^y. 


■.«e^«. 


^^^y^ 


*A,*.tJtAji*C 


.^fLtx^^yftX.ttA.^M^'^M.Mt^  ''^  >«^^«.^,,4*,*♦*lA»*4^^^*<^<**-.,«JlL**/  <tfc«^^-t«t/  - 


/e*<^*4t€^ 


'  a.^^/t'^n'jp 


tf/^ifi^ 


a**4i^^iyt^' 


s 


III 


r 


T!  3 


'     i^ 


(I 


ir         I 


:t   ! 


I        M 


'i'i 


I 

1      : 

' 

1 

^  J 

I 

s 

', 

i 

i 

i 

. 

1 

!^  f 

i' 

> 

H  ' 

■" 

\i-M 


.   I 


■PBP 


^^r^  — 


Jf 


T/" 


'^fy^ 


'^'-^«x*«^ 


te 


y\ 


I' 


:j      h 


%l 


f       I    !    .  f 


If 


I   it 


m''''  1  ■■' 

ft  1 , 

ill ' .  '■ 

Bi^l 

y/^/>tJ.rt  i4i^^   ^^yyt^  ^*t\.^t/ ^ 


''/^f^<f*€l^^t^JtM.^tvatt-^^*^^/'P**-€* 


iP  ^Sut*-^ 


/tl  /l4a«^<^<t-M**-«.i«Vi^ 


^.M^.tji-4, 


S 


Vitt/^.a^t>  ,M*^4y 


7 


H*4u^y  .<.^*y/vTt 


^-t't^tt. 


^. 


-^U 


'>ljl 


^^^A^.^^«^^4/^  x2^i 


T/ 


Un> 


i^/»y — / 


■nrri-t^^<yt  -^t-r 


4}i. 


--/>  r^«-tt^  ^Ke*.*. 


Of/»«-*  -y^ 


*/- 


S-'-^ 


i^ht^/f 


xyvz<j/?, 


'V/<^-ae^*^j^  //M^«t*/y  ^. 


•*»'*^.4*'    lyt^.S^y   ^t^ 


At^MtUt,  jft» 


*^u»f*tyH^ 


^^*.*jt/i> .  — 


/-t^  tJt^CM. 


^-.^ 


iry-*ji.tj,jLJLV  -tuiuM^ — 


^^ 


,^tJ^4d^^*rt^^ 


./i^i^**^-*^*^ 


^'""'^ 


«M««^t^' 


^4ir 


L4A444<«<. 


'MUf-^*^'. 


'/i/t*^ 


f^t-t.4*^,j^*4.i^  ,e*^i4^4^v»tfyf~u>^  .4in^y^^M^  ^  ^c^yt^^  4UMy*^icM4Aft/^  A-*4a/ ,H^xit**^- 


■£^a-/<4^y  -^^   '^^Ji^^^-*■^'^^^ 


,U4^<^*tt. 


4^4*^ 


■t/if  4;A-^*^*^  ^Jty»<^>»y, 


Y^t^^^t^^^ 


1^ 


«^*?y  oKau.iM/— 


OXa.**^      ,1^ 


/♦e^ 


^3 


,A^K«-<^*«^  ,ie4i^4XyU4iy  .^^M/  t^C^V^cdi^^'**^^ 


'yt^ity'trUfAJt-H^LCfi-^ 


J^ 


..t-£^»y»«-#*^^^ 


^44-f>X«A^4f-S^^    ./*^  ^-t-^l^U^Vf 


/«^^'/ 


^^i#^^ 


/^^  /'Jfs»*t 


.<»-,f^ 


.^/^^  ^t4).^^*^.tf^t4^^^^*^M^^   .^*€^,^i^  <  lyUw  ^.d^tuj/^ 


^4~*-t 


i«»i>-^ 


^ 


^».*y4,*««-«*<'«-^^< 


x«^ 


U*.i4--f^*-*'^'e^*4y  e/^  4<4.c4,4-<.t^  >^A4i-»t4^^  ,,4.tAUl4^  :^i^.^^t-*>-^44^/-'}f^ 4ia^.^^^/a^ — 


^j^  -e*  - 


^^u^  y^n-eJr 


)r*>      l^n^*<f^  'fl-€-e4f4^^^      y^1^^>^^^^r.C^4^.uX^^t^ 


l-gf-a/i/  M^  'ftJi'U.'  'fg4)uaeyyt>iMy'(>    ,e^Y'^-^- 


1^ 


^€ 


'f-c4t/)^nu}.*y^*4mJ> J  /ui^ 


V 


€jMy.4l4t^- 


'^  */t^^ 


*t-*4>^ 


'-y^.  .44-  .^.,4yr>m4)tJl.i/ii 


'^ 


■S^-tJi■t^■/^^^^^^^!4^^^-»^ ^^l,*t.<4..^y^     ^^^4^^  ^U.^1»YA■^y4;4f^4!A4*.€.4.^*y~c4pS^^^■^4h«/' 


f^^^<*^/.  


C4U.4^*4/   'ja-nvdl     4,.44*^4[^  ,^.*^    jLM*.4^4^4i^/i    /<4l/ '^2M/*4..yh    V^ 


'fttU 


,^^f^  Jl^^-^^* 


V^<«^^t>^  ■^tJx^iUA.rrtJ^ 


u^LijeM/ . 


'C^ii. 


'X/M.44^    4!'€*^-*^' 


'ie44'9t4^-€4^    />'yi<.*-'JCt<y^X»      t>'<e<*.<.«»^#/»i>Qf   »^*^f^*-^4»^*x4>^   ^Jt/ >t.^lt/^<^  ^^  4f^4 

yri-^t^4<jl,4.n'i4t/.tA4.^'*^.JttJt*/^^-^ 


v<«»^- 


tt4i^'^t^£^^''/fy^.4X.fe^'4^4^^. 


_  ^i'ie  '/^t-«M**<***-^ 


./ 


r 


MNi 


ill 

1m 

iM| 

iM 

|H  p 

Iffl 

'Im 

IW     I; 

:'■' 

1  '' 

mim 

f  V<  s  ' 


>  1^1 


!J; 


!i  I 


iV 


m 


1 .1 


^ 


/ 


4^/f^M.i^  .n-i)t^^Max^  '/i»''^***-***^'t*'.^r  r-A.*r'^fy*^**f**'t-*^  ■*-»-fy 


^***^i#' 


i'*t*vt>  ,^^  ,^»*#T**<*^  ■t^'.iu^A. 


y*^  .^^^^M^t^Ltd^, 


'jt/  /t-*y* 


tMe4.4^La^-i-*4/ 


4^  ^^iJ^lM^ 


4.y9i*^4/ 


4»:rff'4'eAjfy  xla^ 


^*yi^ 


t*-fi!t*«-4'f-i4>^ 


^^if4Ufc^  Siff^yi' .^vthi^'*^ — ^■t^t^^^^'ftt^^.,^^'* 


<e«^^  *'<M.y  /^-ct^t^y*-^ 


-nU^^^e^A^t^t^t^^^dUMJ  at/  ^y\^.<..Ayrt4it*^*p*^  uU^^t^^^'^^y**  -/i^«^r^ 


^^ht>  ■■P^^>pU'*'fl^^€^^1^*Ai.UL'    ^5^^i 


4.4^*At^ -ji-. 


^^ 


di*J.*-1^^ 


yfL^-Of/iU 


r.Av^yx*'*^ 


</^^ 


^  n^t-Hyi     .44^    ^'/r*4<^     *a^ ^4ln^4*^.t0^,  ^  ^/^■4jf^t.4A^t**^^ll^,f^%^J:*%   ^f-4^--f^'~ 


XX 


■**-a,4* 


^^yyv^iwi^  ,iUt^t.t^ie^A/  -■f**^4>'C^^tAjt4jy 


/!#«.« 


'/ 


'^^Ljtfl^ 


t^f-4>^f*f>*.€^--- 


y 


tUA..44y  -^^  4Mi^,^/t^,4.M%Mu*ju^  '^a'^yif  ^>*t^  ^ryt^-t-t* 


d^*fi*<^ 


^^>/^M.st44.^<*4^t«4yt> , 


^^y*''- 


,.*/)(>    J^/H-^*^^*dJ  ."^^^Jt^i^^-tJt/^-^ 


f/m  />  A*-**t*>iy 


^/yiyt'^i^.4-*y^-<^4^^yt^ aM*^  ,A<-ae.#««^> 


^/ 


^M)U<*jW  4^*^ 


^OKU-djA^ 


■tA*tJ^^l-f'» 


■4^^^y^ 


./%^.4>t^-4yiJS 


^-t«»-^»«<w^ 


■*t^*^**^t/i 


>A/<^t,^ 


/ 


:^ 


^i/*r»i-*AJt/  /^*A4^n.Aa>i^4~4^ 


r^,*^*/*-**^  4iy^/-iM^''^   Ji.-a.Ar\.  %  ■  '-^-y  ^<4M^jf/i  ^i!^tryi4^^*4*^ 


y7t0*.44-^^.^^ 


/^<^M^ 


Ot**»»*«<^<A,»/r. 


fJl^.f-C4<U4yt-        ■>^.4^Tt^'t'4^^ 


•^4juy^-^ 


r»4UJL.^€U!^P*.4-Mf^ , 


-/M>^ 


^'-i-ar-^^. 


■^ 


^Ma^i^ 


'  ./-^^«^^^-^7-1^^- 


^j^l^ 


■lly 


.^-^^•^'Wt^^ 


fJp-'^lJ  ^H€^ 


li**vS-tJt/  .4^^44>f>t.e^,4.eM' 


y 


^/n-ya^  €*^u^n^ 


',^MJlP 


/>fU)A^c4 


^' 


e,^KJ-c*^  /UftM-.r'*^ 


Uttff  //t 


/i.4^^^4y^.^ty  ay  ^dC^, 


n 


l^L^  -0**!/^ 


</rt^  ^41iyyfLaJ^4,t/^ 


Q^iiK 


^ 


V  'pu^t*.* 


o/xs^^-ci^ 


^. 


1/M.M/i.a^^  .m^Jh^  A/it^»-tjt^>~^^L^4<y  f^  .rv^it^ty/^^^i 


n-i»- 


^-lO^  ,«.-«-<6^*#»"<»-«-/-^  rt-*>r^  .^>^t/ur^^^^^«4* 


if^ 


jr 


/X^*.u-^t-a^<-t't^ ,  /;it<i^?>7./» 


/^J^f^l/p' 


T 


.^-cot/'Tt^-tjtJi'- 


'  i'tyt/ica-ci.Au^^ 


/>^-^i'ai^^'^c^'iM/iLy..S-^>^r-<.i»^\.^i.4XM/u.^^^         ^_,i»^i^n.*^.u<^<y^ 


J^^.   m^. 


'.^-tVy     /i 


tAA/ 


'*yh^»^4-*4-*y^ 


r/A**^.^-«y  ■ 


-ci^yi-'  ott.*^. 


'fTL^-e-u-ujyp 


•tni.cK.^  /ft«-t>i^ 


/rt.«-^4'(j'-*^Li^*Y* 


<Jly  ^-uny  y^l^y — 


8' 


■*^cni»^i4-' ^4^  u^v4U*-€^ 


^^u«-t*/ .-t*^  XJ.*^M/ fi^^^ffj,^^ 


./X-^**-*/^ 


I 


i! 


iM 


^S    li 


'lil 


Ii    ' 


I    M.J 


J 

1/'      ■  ■• 

'  T 

i'     : 

'    '  i 

'U.^-t.tf^^ ^'2  ^^tJt4^t^^M,t«t.^4/i   i^-t^^f^  ^f-t-^a/^  -w^- /t<r^Tf  »-ft 


C^U-rf^^^ 


S>frt^tf>t^ 


r.eHyC 


a^'tx-^-^ 


A^X^'^-tiAM  y^l^  .4^^«^4«<«>t«^>9M«e/ 


'v^j£i/.4e4y 


416-^^/^ 


^y*M.^rn>t**i'My 


'C'Tf^^a^ut^^^t^  /)e/1  Ai»^^yt.r*^-€Aj^AXJtY^ii^Ut^<t>-~ 


i^^^^'t^^*-****^*^**/  >pr^ 


'.#»*.^>tA.*«^<A€-«r^t^  ^n.a-ti*^ 


0 


/?^4-<v*i«-o«-o«.^<-^5^  t^^st-pY  ,jfyie^<^  .Gj>-^4.t-^^-c^  .^^  .^t^/»».#u^A^  ^-<uK-^(^*M^<i^>', 


h 


't**t^ 


-^tJ^ 


■o/.tt4.c»  £y 


^««,**««a««.«/  /<^^V^ 


^  *^*^r* 


gt^ity'*^.-      .^^.^»y4*^ 


^^AJi.^^f<AJt-**y  /cn-^-ij^^ii^. 


/fUa^t^t.^^A'^^**-^-**/^'*'^^ 


/U/-  '>-ua.^4i.t)t'iA4»-i^  'ft^fv£^eft.t.ie,f*i/%   ye^A'Wv*^^;^—  44^'*'yt-4fv^>yay  <i«»^M»p^^^»^>«<#-<-<*V— 


/^^v^...    ^ 


Cnt^^Jl^yt^.iu^f-i'rnA'iitAj.t/t-^  ../^^^!^^       ''A«<.<^^t»cz^^  /ft^-u>^ju^  Jfi^^'Xj^  ^»ri.€L/i-*iL^y-M^ 


>^^  ^^Yt^^i-*-<^'t^iu.ty*>  '^^'^^Y  ^^^^*^'*'*y*-***/^^  '^>i^l^t■e^^^f^^^^   ^^^^K*^A^e^*^-^ 


«^/iAj>«*t**^-'  /j^t.^-T'.^-ie^  ,^ii 


'  ^/t-d^Y'^rt.^  '^■^'^■''*^^''^>^ 


^^H^^^^t^nJ'ilJ^,  ./'^t'JUd.i^^fy/fL^  cy^^^^^-^t-ty^tj^^^^  rc*yt.»-^iY9^.^ru'i-''.^^*.^-^»y-- 


'i*t.l4.4u^a^>c<Y  ,'/*^^4i~jt^/%44^uu4^^  xuo/.^^ZL^^it^^iS'  J^frx.^^^i.^*y  «^<^^^»«^E^»^ 


iCt^td/AAi-^fy   ^ii^iu)  /n-tf-^u^-^*^  '^^-^ 


^. 


'f-X^- 


!l 


11, 


'■''•"^'"^■■•■■■■Il 


I  I 


t   :i 


I 


■I         i 


fil 

1: 

U 1 

i  -If 

i    ■  1  ■ 

1 

!  I 


ill'  < ;     i 


'Hi  f 

i 

il  jl 


ti'  i 


Wi    ( 


i 


MMini 


-M^ 


^M/C/     'C<«'»«»v««^     MhHAe 


eW< 


(y't/««>C/C4..«/C/t« 


■fXAA^aJi 


atf*yt*/    *vtf 


■^aif^tUji/u    '<<*#«4^««''e#e<«u/«4/»' 


■<ev 


-'  /<«,e*««*«<7't«««J(/     't-Vt^ieiA/l-t,*Sl/*4?     *tf^^vU,,»*.'eAJUO\y' 
KiG«^t.«t)'f*«<',       /^T^A/rV^^ry^/M/l^     ytXt/^'r^OiA9H,«J.t»AAAA/     ^e/r»^^l/tt       ■VtO%4jt*C     <«t7<.cWV<<.      C<W«)4i^9« 


iHt/UA^l^t- 


^ 


•*yv,v^tA} 


/yif^A>*'IA'*^y*'tA'*/<f 


♦t«/ 


t.4Lc*ji/tt«i*4*<, 


'94U>4AA/U 


>♦*«,«♦♦»<?€ 


^tttft**^' 


y*'l4'lJO't'%<.»A/t/%^ 


^-t-^tei). 


i.*tx.<H«^t«/'  *AAyr%e/f-yx.ot,t**MLi'  .  — 


■4%UfvtA.*-tjO«*AAt        tAyt4f^t,e'ft/UA;K/t,     ^'v4**4rSx.       -M/Cl^   ^e*f1f%4t-f*'i 


^. 


^tAOtiKjm/tyvcttir*-- 


♦f  ♦«*'  ^( 


'c««MiWr»    3f»4/t»y   ^ 


-*>!**«/»■***«/       ft«tCP      *-t*»*»t*»X       -^K/OT: 


H.X^IA^Ot'Oty' 


-t^-t^O^/fc 


*^^ 


t«/t«/C«M/l« 


't^x/v    .■yvtfvtcuvo    *AJiyifbt/yyx<^    -o^irnyOUl^ty^t-t/O    v'u'S'   •*-  .-m^  ^**tA^> 


«n%* 


/  0 


i 


III 


11       II 


1 


it 


1 


fi 


I    ;    ■?: 


\m 


\t     ' ' 


:|    \ 


1  :J 


S-Vf.^:     ^   ^^.^^.^  M~.^   ^^^^^^     ^^^^    ^   ^^^    .^^^ 


M 


:|«|! 


r  1 


i  t 


I 


gl  1 

ii^  1 

,(!' 


*i 


n 

1         V 

:     \     4 

i     1     '5 

i            v.; 

i  , 

t\ 

■  ! 

f     : 

V 

?    ■  ^     '] 

i 

il 

1  ■ 

':,!/ 

h 

.1.' 

i-    ,1    . 

If 

! 
1 


^  € 


t^.6.    .^V*'**,*.^^//'/^. 


Zy<,€-a-' 


/#«♦*' 


<^^UtS^u»^*M^ 


Ui^nM^ 


'**^w/«*', 


V^/^ 


^'^ 


^L^^ 


/^<»'3a#?»**^«^«W 


^ 


Vti 


.^f*r^*t*rt  ^  .a^^fvu4^<'i^**^ 


'.^<.»»<«t/. 


■y^yiOA*^  ^HtAf 


-^4f*4*£Uj 


dMM/lt** 


"i/tr*^ 


/XjtMitX  M^HJtyA 


•>*ruc/ 


r^^^t^l^U^  ^iMiy^'tj^Ji.ij£gi.^t4,ex^^  ^^./.^^^^aJt'  .».r.,^^^^^/^*t*Y''Ay  c.^^4t*^u^ 


^^M/  ^«*»*^i^^!^y^^**tf^  ^.fyx^uiA^^  .cJ^fH^^  .^.4A^.^u**<*-' ,    -^X*w-**ay  /^^4U^Myi^ 


/r^^rtn^e**4/t 


f«^^ 


'^«w-^ 


^-i^ytAJUy.  /^y!f-utAM,m-4^€4f£^ 


M-¥'/r-\.p/rKft%Ajl.»i    /u^, 


^^    6 


'-A^'t^tKr^t.t^o^*^  ,fV4M»vuJ  t^^^^-^o^ i^ffi-^iff^u^ 


/.fmf^^ 


^C^tfJ^iMSO'- 


-^ 


•■injAjy^y^, 


rMcu' 


V-<-*-^ 


'^./VJ! 


/?t4>-dA*^^y  4^  J^l/i/I^ax^ 


M  ^.ef^^^iii^  , 


'^y»-*«u 


.<Ay  'TtA?. 


'A^/tM. 


AA/i 


ItA.O/^O't^-*'- 


fAAy/%f-*j(K 


^f. 


',,^«.«JtJ, 


^- 


J2A>Uk*AA^^<A^.<AA,  ><<«*^*4*;/M^-^<«<A«e^.#>»MyMt<i<^'».^,<A^<»^  ^*:^umtAjjLAy4sJ 


/  z 


t 


■    1* 

1       '.  1 
f       i! 

i 

■(    ^' 

i  ' 

I ; 


!!    ,•(  i 


'I  i  :  ft    i 


liL 


4(t  ^-^^^  4e/i  MuU^4u*»filt>    ,rrV4f^vU>-iH.0yk  It^U*^/^^^,  4<^  ,1t/l/UAAf/Vt*4A**i**   ut*  - 


T 


AiH4f**L*u^it^c*M4*Y4M/  tf  Z  i^V  /pi^ifi-ty*^^4*^a^  /vuytt^A^  .d^ut/^y/tn^  /r\Jx-*JC*^AlU^  4»4fc*«'' 


>  4UkA4A>  


,     ^JU,^  J 


(J.,. 


(j»»»w^ 


/ho 


■nn*-*A*^/ 


rpvvyj»  />\M 


^^---^// 


f.,OAjUtt*^  y^^-^j^Vit/^*^. 


/"pyh^  Anc4^,^*^^U^c/ 


jS^t^AX^H^-^^^i/i^  M^  .a/ty^om^^ 


ieitAAM.*-tAMy 


J*  *xt^,  /yt4Ki**^*^<»*^»^*^  /luA^i*-^^  irr\.aAlu*e  /  -  (SgL^4r>-».49^  yA.AAjtJ /ry^i»A.»» yA^ 


/3 


i 


m 


il!  I 


I 


Ifl      > 


I 


:;:! 


it 


!/ 


»'!■  ! 


'Iti 


I.    '  i 


%m 


li 


i.7f.h-iX.n,u»i-ta/Ht^->tf^^  ^li/  u^itif^.-tril't   (tu.>L^4t^it>  .£4.U40*<4jU  .^my  J^V'H/i**<H**'i*'>^  " 


Jl4X-fyt-ft4p  /-etc   iMtJUA-ty-e  44^  a*yto  /i«  «-«^*«^^ -»^ /i^t<*?^<^  ^*t«^^i<i</;i?/a^/*<<(^^  ^j^^-wi^- — 


hmJ  c^TU^*^^  £.cuf*\4  ^-uf^mrt  M-tiy  ijLi.'-u^^  —  /'Ayt  /iii^^**^^**^  <^*>  - 


tci/>xu4>a./4>. 


^4. 


r 


'^'/<l  tt^4>H/<, 


<«Z-^^; 


fui^txy 


y/^A 


4tA0./if>Kt   //    nJtUfiaf4ie4-'tAf^^y'r>4J>-«t    i^A^^^/nuiiAcn/ /^^yn^.Su^^iAM44^i/l/ ,/^tziy  ')7\MJ-^ 


^1<^  ttiA^'    4>flC</'44:-U/i>      flO^    /u4M/,4    <Ay*^CCt44fyl4AJ(yt>     4^/'^rv^lV-^<^^■     

-yj^i  i'OfU^fO/teAtijtj  44iA44f»fO  ,Xl/.ri\j(i    4/»fie//tyUAy,  n/ynj)Sf> /^4^<y^  4ff4M4f7nJyrh^**t4cl/l aaj*4»i'0 


?ftM4>'mJr 
J.  - 


r 


0^€l/ 


z 


■no-onnjteHH^'ii^  /♦t' 


'iC. 


'auu-i. 


*^i4^e 


'^M 


'o^. 


CO  <j^.ft/i/^^tttt.y . 


uiu<^uy/f24ytJ  nA-44AtyAttM/ry^Ji-^^  //r^  -K^i)^»^fMy 


</rr^t^/fU)  ^ot^isf/u^r  a</«*<^«/**-^ 


-^ 


o 


'¥ 


I 


'ill     I 


% 


;  c 


/ 


^ 


.%^, 


/• 


f.y^e. 


C-*t.*>  I 


^t-aC'^t* 


t't-^f  tJtU^*^^ 


/.^^^e*^/^€Z^^ 


t/^^^i^^ 


"IC^UY^iiy 


*^^ 


'^^     ^^^5^^^^^.^^ 


^^CtV  «-«*^*^*<-<-^<5l 


€^-*»t^ 


«^ 


^^'*^<<-^^,  ^**.«.,«^-     ^^s^w?^    .^^    ^%?^*^  ii^*,*^,^ 


fr^/S6««V«<^ 


•^v-t/. 


^^^^^'^^c^'  .^€e^  ^£?=^^c«.^ 


V^*^- 


^ 


'-t^t-^  ^**^e*^ 


/J" 


^pPT — 

PI 

■ 

fiil^ 

' 

1  ■ 

i 

i 

' 

'  > '  h '  iMijiw  rii  ■  V  f  b'aJMw . 


!i(M 


**r.,\l 


X>  d/ 


'uy 


'fyn^  t.,.nc'Ac4t. 


^lO-t-uC  lA^/C'^t^P 


■*:fm^,-ve.Jyyi./^t    '<>»^t«<yu:<«^t^     ^^y^t^^^-^^^tA'-^  -i^yt^^^X/* 


'c*<7 


^ 


^■CO^Hf  t/Cf^^ti,C/      ^Lo,, 


i*t^ 


#«^ 


•Z-^V*/"/      rt'^  >^ 'iX<£Jut,A^tAf 


v'»L.#»tA«*«,U)t.t^ 


^ 


y-4C^i£^- 


C>^ 


/ 


Gy/.<»/^4L>rJt.O*-Mi,   i     f^fi^J-rn^uc/^  .'        y/yO^^UA^c^-fi^!      (J^'J^ji^.nJ    ifc^j. 


•  <■*»  r7 


t  y  t>4'>>ijn't4>  n/ni.  Vrp-t-ti^.^^ 


-'A-tt. 


'#/     ri^^lf~a^. 


-^Irf'jW*****.', 


-/,        />  -^  •i>*^-Xi  1K7 


V 


»/'<w'  ■9Tjt4:>a^ccjwy/et^i    ^-^ /  ^ii^  fJitt^ii**f~ 


M-ci.'     eyi^'    .^/  •:*'*^.^r-t-yt  £-ct^''  1-^^  Ot^ixed- 


ffn^%^ 


•e^^    i,yfrtyiiLtf,,n^Uica-t^ yf}f^y^,„^y    A.<,-k,^yf.      /vX-^j^v^t^S^   •#</.-»*j/»  C/7fy,^^ /n^J*^-*,.,    y^^- 


fl€lXK*J.'      ■*>'*^     ^?,/' 


■n-ti  (4.''-ff^it 


.*.      .', 


t. 


'r^ 


.0^ 


^. 


/' 


1/  //  ^ZJe^cixJ^?^^  y^S/^'Zc^    <3ciuWiyy^D^  e^  ///^ 


y^/  /  ^?p<^t^  yg^ 


yai?fi6f 


-^^^^^ 


Cek^.^^t^€.c^4 


>U.uu»-e^n4  Ajtcr?t4> 


/2<MW^ 


e^l^. 


'c^eiXtX/g 


^/?y>t/yif^ 


t/^U^-/.M£^ 


a. 


6i!:C4 


^yi^ 


n 


!!    ) 


ilV 


'J  a; 


1 


V 


'&^&c^a^yiS 


e-l^^ 


CA!^l4Xyi>     /C/TTTte^^    '^tCf  /^SS 


J^S^  Zi^^    c^  S3^^fi  ^  i^^y^  '^tioz/jf  ^ 


^3/>^D 


y 


z^  ^  ^  3l>^^^  ci>u£/t.^i4Z^   ^r  /y^?'  /^Sy  €/  /^SS  eip^ 


\i£Ui4>t^iyf?t^     yic/CUD 


2/. 


c^tz^^lZ4  41^^^^^^ 


^^^^^  y^^x^  J^^^^ct 


d^  ce^l^^   ^2^ui44jecy7^at^    ^* 


.^SS^r  ^Jltn^ff^^ 


a. 


V^/>/^ 


Bp. 


^C>fC/>^Ct^ 


-J^//m>    Z^:ua^r^^^^^^/^€ty^^^t/>^c 


{u^i^  ^c^/Q'^  ^  ti^(!uyi^  ^G^/^*3^    ac>ut/>i^^Yzy  ^^i^^a^ 


Hi^ie^^^^i 


i-c-^  ^t.ij^/^^i,czS    -ey  CQAt/^^ 


^   //^tt^     CPUe^t'&t^otyg 


'  CQ^tiz^ /^^2Ai^^^4^   c^£t^^l:j!y^ 


CUnney 


J/X'A^irH.^'ytJtCty(lf?^.^^i 


"t^t^t^t^i^ 


J. 


'^^^£^^A-^^^ 


^u^ 


^. 


^cfU<4       ^    /l/l/O^U^^GAi^^ 


fC/iU>t^ 


/mf72/u~^i 


^^rpt/g   iS'^tt>  —  ^^^ 


^^fU4^ 


Ot^^ 


/ 


ill  % 


lllh 


:ll 


:,*-**^ii««i«»i«««ii*a«i^^  , 


.1   •    ' 

m 

1  ■ 

1 

$  / , 

• ''t " 

1 

IS'' 

'     , 

:vf ': 

fl 

P'  r;  >; 


\       -  ' 


^^nctM^e^U     tMjg^  -^^&u^l^^^^t^^     AUZA^   ^  Qutl^ 


Aot/^^Ti^ 


iW< 


tU(tl/«     ^^cZ^      ^Ce^  ^t£  ^i^Ul^>    ^P^Z<^/Ae^ 


^^ 


/f. 


^e^^^^  H^> 


y7i/?   ^i^r^U     eMXXcU/Mi 


c^g^t^^j^ 


ncc/)^ 


/TyiO/e^m/^t 


^CUt^tMj^    ^ti} 


^«r/w> 


fU/J   ^^oitx^ 


yU 


^^>^^ 


'^ie/-e^t^^^ 


^ 


c^yii^^ 


Acix^ 


o^^iZ? . 


a^^^^-€€> 


tjhn^ui4 


y^tie<tJtz/>, 


'^>o/U*4 


fU> 


/? 


'       !f 


i^     H' 


I 


m   ,f(| 

I       <i 


t'  li  ' 


\h 


V    '■  ' 


% 


'■I 

5l  \ 


/^^ 


yt4f4/>    /tC>t 


A 


€/  ^ous^^ice   t:z^>l.lcl<:^n€£^ 


/ii)c^uM>y  -^i^f^9t^£^  y^L^  ^c^l.^^^,^^.^c^-'■J^^^A2ye~^^^l^et 


'i.Zr^t<2€^. 


^.  Cl^^^^'U/uL^i-u^l^y^    '/2^^AJS    ^>t^  ^^c/^t^. 


\Ui^ 


<3(Z^ 


i^^ctcz^     cyy^ 


linCty^U/£^  /a    CeP2U6X ^yy£yt^^£   <2y^    /O^iUy,  .  l/m?All4Ayt^^H^ 


tyyt^/  l^^^l^.    tM£ 


/ 


i^^ 


^c 


yt^/^ 


av-^^^o/Qc 


/ 


'*^ 


/^ 


i^^i^mrZ^ 


T 


'^T^^tz-t-^-ce 


cy^fc^. 


/%?  /-Le 


(^^ty^ 


jtPg, 


^fyi^y  ryt^H/^uuey^tyy^ 


fji^ 


/)tfk 


^!cU4> 


&/7tc>eSly>t£A^4(2y7^^^e:^^ 


'2  0 


11 


m 


1- 


n 


f 

'il        il 

h<      LI      ' 

m   !l 

jni .   1  'i 

'<r    (If 

:lhl! 

,  ri ! 


iL    ■  ! 


<^^?^ij^t^ 


/<7^ 


^  O^tA^ifi^s^^p^  ^ 


/n^  /t^/^)6^u^^? 


^6^ 


^gtlOL^^tS^^ 


/ 


^'i^tiz^t 


^t.^l/-i^^. 


fii>^^^t£^ 


t( 


^ouy-i^ 


^l 


/ 


cct4.i.<^/-trru^   -^^^  ^uiii^   suctA^t^L^:^ 


^ 


^^4^i^ia.ct'i>-f. 


i^M^^t^  ^/i 


*gu/^^^'ts 


/^^^ft^^^iJk^€^H^4.^^ 


€l,^€^^^. 


y    ^rUtu  ^/uu^^^€A^a^t^^^  g^i 


I 


l^A^ 


^a-^  'l^u^y^^¥4t:6 


^  ^^SiXijeJuJi£/7zCL^  CJ^Y^/:^*^z^?  , 


d'^-cce-. 


^ 


ryl4X.^A^4^-l.^^ 


if 


11   ii 


'  I 


\  V 


II' 


'^^/ 


yeg>i4/ 


yU3ue4  ^^/l£ute/tyU^  '^2uctS/-f./y^   ^yia^u£^^^   au2^/a£^^*^  n^uy 


^  fitcoz^^  e^^ii/u-^t^  -eoui^  a  t^/^uint^y  /Tivst^u^  ^l^h/^/>^/l^ 
li/a^m^    /-tau.l^4     2^7//?^     - 


a  ^. 


■«iiii«! 


H    .- 


!■  ^< 


1 

!        i 

{ 

'!. 

1  , 

', 

'       j 

(I 

11 1 


M 


f- 

*,rr    i    '    '    1 

1     ■ 

.1 

QOCt/lrriC/Ui^ 


-iVZt/0 


^iz>c/^e^e^ .  — 


(1:-    i 


U 


.  I 


.9?: 


1 


<ije^x^rtjuc6 


tH^t. 


-^^<«/S?<t^^ 


2,5 


1      « 


t 


'10       i! 


u  mmijmmmsmm 


;'i; 


Mil 


^.  /O.    ^tca^  6,  /J"^^. 


/f/l^<vl'VV}\A>*AAMJl«%*>ytAA/'AJj  iY    ^  (IsASfHA^Ck?,  ,'b*MiLivy>o&vl/- 


i^ 


y^yt/f^ 


I  1 


■t 


^    fl 


^:;(! 


.it 


[ 

If 

U'  1  i| 

1 

•i 

1: 

.ni 


fflt 


I.,- 


I'll ' '    ,i 


Jj  f 


t 


! 


\\v 


^   ^(HaAAA/    .t^t-aXM/h    AA^tyOvvUhl/'.  /tA'PtAP  /X»AA4A4/  HAAj^   /t'UAiftl^X/I^Cyn^t^ty 
$^   4iAyiA<yio'Kyt'Z>     Id/  'KjiAOWCVio  'HtA»^^    4f&<A4>4<yi><tM//XSi^^t^Vt^AOt-t?     Cu  OVtMSUi^e^ 


.IV 


t*a/6  'i^itpA/ii>^<(U4Ayh  /l-iA^iy^yH£<s^y^^ci-.*u/z, - 


^ 


iPl6i^4AA/l^'0    >€fh^iA>ie'      ytA9^1^XAyL/^  /n4yK4AAA^a^XgMt'l4J'/'</<AeHJ-t?  /'tom^  /VV<X.4> 
yHAA-A/t-lA^  fltAyJl^ViJ,'    /l<4:K'(4n.iA!MHXi^0f4<J(Ao    4C40'VyVC'S^    AAAAMt^iCiAAX/h  .  

\^  ffWO   AjXi^jXt^  M^  ^/6'i^   ^Ue^i'Vfytj'tJiij   rtliA><^'%<A^  fl4AA<^U/CiA>, 


«./ 


dl 


i 


1 


•  i! 


Ml 


hiir 


1 


(ii.      (I 


I 


f/VUAAy. 


\  I 


2.6 


': 


•'"mmimmmm 


'  *  .,     ; 

' 

:.| 

n| 

- 

,!■  |iHli 


)(.■  j 


\ 


I 


•  r 


m\  i 


m 


1 


XLn*A/OHAAA.^<X^ipt^  ^04AAAa/. 

4i«*/*4^^/  4tv  ^-iXAAAAAA-M-UA/O  /»  l-OX^IfWMM*^  ijiMAJMA/*AAAAM4'iAAAH)%  UBJUt^O* 

VUOUA*^.^  yOtAMA-t>^UX4ttJU,/t4*tV  A^^/MAD  ^<H<Jt^tA<U)J  fA^tU(<MU)dkvU4<lt-->' 
ItAMt/A^UtUA^f  ^tltAAMJU  i»UWKjb<^,  thAyOjutAXb  <i'i/IM^^tAA^^AS4JiAO  ^UA'PrAf^n 

«f  tUHtO^W  /lMj6oiAMA3*UU<AO ,  tnvOMJh  <KAXH/b>  (yiUOUM/l  iVW^UHVb  /HA^y'*HH*^ar~> 
'W4>H^  AHUAiA)  A)vfUH/^,A!fi^'1t'<0^^Ui>UUi'  4^*<<AytJU/$^ao  /tntJt'b'KOftAfl^if  <!U^ 
/(yUOh    lUfb  AmJblAAJbVO  /f(jtA<AyvU^AC<UA/  Ap^^^*V^'Utf^,  4i4MAAAU3*A'(JUi^UJt> ^ 

'K.'t^MXAO'f'UAAMAA/  jMi>~d4UAAJJ0  aAAUA/h^yO-CcOHt^<$ 

/^%  lAiiUAAOlAAAMJ^^UA/^  ^ut*yl1M/b  <lU<UaiUA^'K.6^X4-V  tnH4tt^^Scf'tAJl/t>  MUX 
(iiWl-U)  4Pniaaft£>t^<A^t€ti4JUJ^^UK><7tAUHkk4U<A^  ^U4UiA'Uh<*1/^y^C<JUA,(t^°-' 
-f  iAAXliA}/f-tAfAAX''b  <PUU/l/Vttl^/r/'^  Oc  4p*lAP^<AiVU<ArapcUlA/i,  MtAJjJtM/,  **<y' 


':>  1 


,li 


V  I 


If 


!     i.         .™i 


J.F 


ii 


11' 

.  ,  |-i 

1    ■   : 

i'h 

%  ^  \ 

ij  9j 

I: 

1  1 

|y 

I'hiL  : 

',yr»  -,  ;^  .-^^.^-..-v-...^.^^..^^.. — im^-^-,  „   ..        , 


/ljit.2niAAXA,iJ,Co,-o  fn^ft.  tiACk^  itu2ttUA^  Mv^iJiih  uitMA}iM^  tAAAAAyiTvS  *f  ^rvltyut/iAyt-yoO 


l/Vty^ 


ir 


•f,   ■>iAypv^j(3-tyi> 


A 


tA/LO^'t 


OV(AA/\)(Ao      C/IMA^-Ot'i^  iAA/b 


I,  ,,  .-,,  <lAJ,XAAytA/u    — 


1  rj-tA^^.  fUAM/b    ntjnAMAjeOVi^a'VtAylftA-a^l'VtVtAi    C^VIAAyVVlJi,    ^O^AaHjUT-UO    'V^^aUaJ,Ha3    VtVOUAA,^AXAM  .»u>- 


/Jt^ 


(UAfVl^^  (4M/MAAn/X/l^   jJhAJL,   9'l^<rX/tAAAAyU'VCtJtA:,^/l/iS<yl-t^-tAD     ■V*yO*-Jl>'XA4jrAAX^.  — 
<k^j)t%JL^tM)U>^3'y»AA:Ahj,(t.'yiAOlM/^/tyUIAyO  ^n-tA'b'HA>A.'yiA>pAA-xKAo  .AM^ciiviMUi.^ 

C%  O^^?^ lOejx^AA  -KnoG^Oi^^  auytyuvt^voiyOc  ff^uyt^/wtyi/-  £<aX'  a^vOCA^vxAMyvoi/vyxi  fit.  i^^ot^  MaSlo  - 


2,8 


1 


K  U' 


I  il 


■^ 


I  '■ 


11 


'■*PUi       I' 


\%  I 


/€    /S'oOkAHA     ^^/l.     ^X»j<\A3vU/   *f'MA4%*%A^  ,» t.**^ COt/tO"  f-^J-t-CiV  'dtA^fU  (AfUytMA/P- ^t4f  ■ 
.HytlMAAV  OfMX/txJi'L-'  VO^'Cyt^ylJ'UtjVijiii/  /ftAX</i^<j€<3</CO    AM*AA.Jtiytyiy^(yUU:Ay^y*jlAP\.X/l'V\^<^t^   tPXAJ.'Oau 

tUnmo  rif^AAJjO  i\ukyi)i-t<3  n/u-Qouyi  cywoi'r'VZ/tn/- /t/v  SiAaKi  i<AOtAA%A,vtA\AAy'. 

U/^.y  -iPr'AiuMAAAy  t-  i^i^-L6lAA4-U/,  io  6<JM.iAA,  (o^Jl*^ -H^tAXiy  C4WHy<*/0*yUlnX^. 

OtiO  —    ^if1tA}y^>AA>A^AA<.*Ay  O/ty  4ijaA)iifiAiCCX'ia»y'l'Vfil^  CUy 

""    "<m^(AO</t/t/6.  A.'»/»-o3e«*' «</ «/ rr  o —   _    ^.1.. .     ... —  ^ 


'ifVOl«CiVUA/l/i,  ^>iffU)Oi^  *AAAa  ^"A-oSt/U/  <IA/  V  /yyiVO^t^  AJCu) t/it'X/b     '^■Oi^KA^yuOiA^^V&XA  -C<7 . 


♦-t/**/ 


XJf*AXAJUVVVb  (aaAuoIa)^  tHltlll'VOUlitAJU-C/b  <>Vtva/vutA-iX>  if'CO^&*^<f1e».6tUAi,^CO*4AyOU/yi^  VU)  rUxUAOCh'^t  (-V 
J'v«<AAAA;'j(hA-0  QAAAAAt^-U)  £uOtAAxAJb\AAl^V^A30  6^  'KoAA^f-OUX.U^   £ttttJtAtAJUjllOt^ iftHAAt^- 

'  »*t.    i.      KAAAjtsnniMAA^  ^/•••'MM^    kMAXmo   i^^^^'V. 

3.9 


' 


^  V 


I 


J 


VHl\..' 


t^ii-^r    i 


uni 


lii. 


^n 


1 1 


m 

t'  1  j*  L'll   .: 


i 

;:l 

1 

« 

's 

i 

'' 

iCM 

B 

.,4 

^%^.  //,  J^^  -9S,/f'U. 


2 


.A,t.it.cc/JL, 


t.XXyU 


^/^^^  (P^^^  6^c£^^yr-^ 


^^riL.'t-i^    .<«-c<2-7^ 


'^.^-^^uJt^^tJ'    ,9>v^K^'^  ^^riyuJyn^c/t^.£^t4a 


■^-coot^    .r?^^- 


(2  4U^ .^tJui^vf^fJ  pj^ 


'^/^-'KyCOytA? 


X^t^^ 


A.tyU^    ^■^T' 


'  y/  -nj-^uJoAi-ct^L-oy  ty^tyfya.Ay^' 


fA^xy  t^^^4,'^<>t'^t^-^t^tJiy~'-^^^ 


^/ci^     /T-lJu^^COt^ 


/  V"'^'"* 


af^-f:ft.a^'*o*-' 


ijlJ/i,k^.40t-/J.^^.^. 


tyi 


'2 


r-^  / 


■<iL/..<Xf/.^'*'^l^. 


'A.h4Lt.Ji^^J  ^h^-^^tet^. 


'  ^.AfLuC^t./^^ 


«~*ux^i..ccj  '   yyiy 


*u-<3ty 


%J,'afy,oiM>jt^  '^^^utU'cJ. 


<?>, 


^/. 


v^, 


n  ty  ■A^cciiy' 


y^<5^J^«..<^^<y  /ujt-'  i-iU^^u*.     -i^  '^>Ji^fyi/fM^^a-tui\>    .-■'nLfy'jtu^^.. 


^t-^O^UMJi'UA^A^.y  ^'<^'CLy  f..'e^e7 


tZ        &/c  <«-/•>  •<Vl<V/9K'V>   . 


■^t^ft^  ■^L/Cc/^ 


/tol/  A^^     ^tJ.^J>fSj/.^^     tf^MC'/.eZJyt^AA^y^^  '?.^^4^.A^.a^yMjcai.Aa.^ 


Atfty  -?, 


'^^yt^    <riJz.t^.A.eu^A/  ^J^/ 


-//, 


My^-6/<.^^e^ 


/  <uzy  f^/OtMM 


^r,a    /n/7fiM« 


•jX     tM<j'.     a^/0A(^ty  ■'■^    r^ycit^jt/y) 


-M      --ytAt^t^cA^Ax/Xy  ^'^*7't^tJUxfii^ 


^t 


iiin.  /^/«--' 


■rt 


^hfC^^^***'^'      c^      (?> 


Z^/-  O/  -^^ 


:-.f^a•.x^.^»vrv• 


fCflX^  ,^. 


t^^-/^ 


Ux^.cf-<^ 


'^n^. 


■X. 


■'=y 


(.f*^ .C^Lj.4-t^    f.^y/iMtf''   /t,.  /Jt-t-te^ij.^^^ 


'M 


^  ac^.     ^/fy't.'e^^i.^      <t<yjr^cy^      ^V-J^^i^/y^^? 


/»    ■'/>»««^0'. 


ii 


<<<//i4  (^^i^ctrt- 


./' 


J) 


I 


i: 


'1 


,fi'l0lt^^Kl^ll^imiimmgmmmmm^ 


ifi 


t 

i 

f  ;:1 

;  ;  jl 

li|'        1"' 

\ 

t 
t 
1 

u 


i  11 


|! 


i  I 


<D 


■ii-iyy 


¥ 


%/.  /^.  Cucot^  /a,  //^i4. 


'U^<JkJ  ..c^'j^t^  ^^^^y^CtUy  /t^'^^^tj^t^Vl-e^^ 


<etf 


,fri4Ji/  ^n^i^^i*^'*^J     ^z<(M.W^   s.>tA^>^T  -^t/O-cA.A^ 


^r^t^    •'-^    *T-*/ 


■COjCC^JI 


3Z 


1      y 


\\ 


*      I: 


t; 


1 


fe  i 


r  1 


fiiiitl : 


!i 


J     1 


M 


\WM 


II 1 


h'l       ,t 


W 


(■' 

i;|^P 

1    ■' 

if  1' 

h    1 ,  - 

■  ii 

B- 

'.'  ■1         -i    ' 

i:|r 

/%j<k'i^iAOiJcf{U0t/VC 


^.  /s.  Cak^xH^,  /J>^^. 


.  ^Qj€j)JL<k/^KM'iAAAA}4uiirM. 


33 


v 


^i 


I' 


{■ 


1 

I'  . 

i 

i 

.  t 

|> 

■ 

' 

* 

.; 

■ 

s 

7 

' 

Iff 

*    i! 

1' 

'  f 

1 

i 

t  : 

k 

i 

4. 

^lUjutAXA.  4^  mSn  £iaA4}    f^^.L  ^d/n  OC.  dA  <!J^   (%  /^SS^.     ^S'lH'A  M%K. 

//Zo  KjOdiMti/mJK)  /uouuApb  toyiAAJo4\) ^1/uyvMjo aMj  /U  iMJUuJo  Wi/yntiU}^  t^^tAuai^ 
1  iAMX)  VliiAJiMxAj^  14^  (tnn.j'UAfutV'i/yuCAk^ ■wAAA'b^^yi'vCyp/^jUAAi^ .  - 

111  a«<JUjUMiV4ijOUUAyviAAAAA)ft  XUX/b  tfViJl'd/  ^VttittAAH/ /fiyOt/UAfuAvSty-^^ 

vZiibtwinjofiAnjt/  lUfitAuXy^tMiMJi/uto  i^oi<tJ^<AASy<(/bMimAjifb  tit/  lirtMidvujt't'tymh 
yAAAA/JAJi4^is^fZAAHf<S<XAA:)  SoiA/i^S  o^MAyinaJkA^an'ULAAJb'i'C/i'^-^yri — 

3^ 


i 


,  I 
i 


3S 


I' 


1 


if 


li  t 


/c.^llfUA/HA/wi^tAia^M/jyt)*  Ah*/iAJWlrtMi/6-t/  viriMtouyUhn/yih  rvfu-^AAji'D^wut^  '#-to 


$<£/^<nA4'iiPy  H'UilV  /"VmAyAMO^^i 


/■    I 


i{( 


\ 


^0.  /t 


4^^N^  eyCeAX-^^^^^^yU^  cy/f^^t,  d^^^^^i/u^f^ 


y      ^        ^  ^ 


^ 

c?-?^ 


■^i!^^^'P^J^^-rf^ 


^3»5>^ 


B 

1 

, 

1! 

i 

i 
■1 

!!i 


I    J 


■M: 


1^ 


i"  i 


'h. 


I 


T^ 


1 


^:^^^^c:^c^4> 


'uny:^  j*6^c^d^^^ia^S(S«»^«^>e;^^^^>%»i:i^^^e^^s^^*^^ 


,3r-  ^ 


c.^77:  <^ 


'<a^1^ai^yiy2  suJ^ 


■^~^^ 


/^e-^l^^iJ»^^^•y^>^\!/v^^^-t-<^ V 


! 


f 


!fl 


ll 


iui 


^^7  #*^»*»  »-  .  «  ••-a.     /V*^,*^,^^ 


*^r^^f^ 


7 


\\ 


Il 


!  r  l; 


!/ 


1'^ 

liL 

JYcq, 


y^^^ey 


y 


/^^^f^yx^^c^^:::^  ,r>^^<^*>>fy:. 


i^^ia^/^ 


^^i 


s 


i" 


<■   -  '-■^  'tr.  '^/r,  /!^^  f.^^i 


r) 


^  '^ 


•  ^^  ^i.,-^    ". 


'■■■    *   >^ 


■^  <     ---^ 


19 


^^       --. 


«> 


yy^yy^^or/y^Aip^. 


r-..^  r^ 


>C^/f- 


^S^^.i 


'--.  yyo-^y^yi !^M^yy /^y^^y, 


I  :, 


1 

1 

A 

j 

1 

1. 

■^ 

!i 

;;!i, 


m    M' 


f 

*    I 


■1 


\ 


111  I 


fi:!'^  \m 


m\ 


feiii 


T 


/^i^ ^/y^'^^y9^^jff<^^^^yy!!'/^  ^!j^  /^^^^^^^,y/!^  y;£/!^ 


I^flife!- 


/9ry^^y:^y^yC/^^  <'^5>;J^v'.<!^>^,'/?>i;r3<^^^^- 


/<5?^?^^>^    ^/'yf^T'^y'/:^/^^^^,  ^ 


y 


yr.^:^^f^^^  y^^^  ^ 


^■in^ 


y/</:?^/>^^y^p-py^^  y^<<p/'^^/?iK^''^;i^.vrz.i^^  y{>ii'^^':f'2^/>C/^^S^         j 


^ 


^'^^'ry. 


A^^/^v7>c/'yi^'?A'  yC'x^^^v^  -y^zpy.  y^/^iTy^y:^)^  /:;yyy~ 

^-J^^f^y^^    yy/9/^y^/^^y'^9'y  /^^^-^  /r/:^/'^^y.yCy>if>!^yi  y^yZ/y^/^O- 

/fyy^yy)^  ^yyuyy/'Jsf^i^'i^fi^-fy^/:?^  /If/y^y^yy^yy^  fj>.^f^^  ^^y. 


^yzy- 


•^y^^t^y^r^ //y^'^^y^'^yy^- 


i  : 


I 


i 


pi" 


a  I 


11^ 


i 


■ifl 


I  !p  I' 


{I 


. 


i^^. 


11  i 


a 


.,,1 


II 


'(!i 


.   ; 


.     :     ! 


I 


li'f 


ii; 


T 


SUBJECT-INDEX  OF  COUNTER  CASE. 


Acts  committed  on  high  seas,  not  always  jiistiflablo 35 

AtliiiisDJon  IIS  to  (lecn-ase  after  1880 6H 

Aftection  of  cows  for  ])U|)8 53 

A);6iits  of  Goveminont  as  employe's  of  lessees 120 

Aluliaiiia  claims,  decision  of  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  on 133 

Alaskan  fur-seals.     (See  Fur-seals) 
"        seal  herd: 
Decrease  of    (See  Decrease) 

Intemiinjjlinn  with  Russian  herd 48 

One  home  of 110 

Alfred  Jdamg: 

American  ownership  of 130 

Name  of,  chanji;e<l  to  Lily 132 

Alternative  regulutions  proposed  in  l{ei)ort 128 

American  ownership  of  sealing  vessels  seized 130 

Anna  Heck,  American  ownership  of 130 

Apology  for  pelagic  sealing.     (See  Pelagic  sealing). 

Aquatic  coition : 

Bryant's  opinion  as  to 62 

Dall's  opinion  as  to 62 

Evidence  in  favor  of 61 

Frecpiency  of,  affirmed  by  British  Commissioners 61 

Inconsistent  with  statements  in  tlie  Report 63 

Insufficiency  of  evidence  in  Report  favoring 63 

Necessitates  later  arrival  of  cows  eaeli  year 64 

No  instance  of,  seen  by  British  Commissioners 62 

Possibility  of.  affirmed  by  British  Commissioners 60 

Arbitration.     (See  Treaty  of  Arbitration.) 

Argument 2 

Arrival  of  cows.     (.*><•«  Cows.) 

Article.     (See  Treaty  of  Arbitration.) 

Ardill,  Mounted  tJonstalilo 56 

Asiatic  rookeries,  new.     (.See  Change  of  rookeries.) 

Authorities  in  the  Report: 

Charles  Bryant 53 

Henry  VV.  Elliott 53 

Average  catch  per  boat: 

In  1886 107 

Spring  catch,  1886-1891 108 

(See  Table.) 

Average  catch  per  man  in  1885  and  1886 107 

Barren  female  seals.     (See  Cowa.) 

Beachmastera.    (See  Balls.) 

481 


I 


f    ) 


432 


IJUDUX   OF    COUNTER    CASE. 


.  ?. 


£•! 


m 


w 


Pagoi 

Bochtel,  A.  J.,  a  citizen  of  United  States 132 

Bering  Sea: 

Alleged  to  bo  summer  habitat  of  fur-senla 100 

Bancroft's  vio ws  as  to  ]>rotection  of,  from  whnlors IT* 

Captain  Hooper's  investigations  in,  in  \H{)2 Ki 

Catch  in,  not  included  in  proposed  close  season 127 

Control  exercised  over 18,  lit,  L'ti,  lifl,  ;tO 

Cruisers  in,  in  1892 51 

Distinction  between,  and  Pacitic  Ocean 17 

Distribution  of  fur-seals  in 18 

Indei)endent  seal  herds  in,  alle}i;ed 109 

Interniingliug  of  Russian  and  Alaskan  seal  herds  in 48 

Jurisdiction  over.     (See,  (i?8o  Control  exercised  over.) 7 

No  Territorial  rights  clainuid  over 19 

Not  included  in  term  Pacitic  Ocean 20 

Pelagic  catch  in.     {See  Pelagic  sealing). 

"        sealing  in,  couii)ared  with  that  in  North  Pacific 84 

Percentage  of  cows  taken  In 8.5 

Prohibition  of  sealing  in,  by  United  States 129 

Right  to  llsh  in,  does  not  incliule  right  to  t:ike  seals  in 25 

Russian  cruisers  in 27-;{0 

RusFtia's  title  to  shore-i  of,  uudis]>nted 17 

Time  of  entrance  of,  prop<i8ed  to  be  limited 127 

Visits  of  whah^rs  to 24,  2ti-2« 

"                   "          not  inconsistent  with  position  of  United  States 28 

Warning  of  vessels  out  of 129 

Whalers  visiting,  closely  watched 2(5 

Bering  Sea  ("oniniissiou 43 

Organization  of 44 

{See  British  Conxniissioners.) 

Birth  rate,  etl'ect  of  pelagic  sealing  on 6<> 

lilavk  Diamond,  American  ownership  of 130 

Boscowit/,,  .Jo8e])h: 

A  citi/en  of  United  States 13^ 

Ownership  of,  in  vessels  seized 131 

Relations  of  Warren,  Cooper,  and 131 

British  case: 

As  originally  presented 2 

Chapter  I  of 16 

Chaitter  IV  of 23 

Consists  now  of  original  Case  and  Report 2,3 

Deals,  With  what  matter 7 

Diplomatic  correspondence  resulting  frtun,  aa  originally  presented 2 

Fails  to  distinguish  between  Bering  Sea  and  Pacitic  Ocean 17 

Incompleteness  of 2 

Misconceives  character  of  control  claimed  over  Beriuf;  Sea 18 

Reply  of  United  States  to 7 

Supplement  thereto 2 

British  claims  for  damages,  reply  of  United  States  to 129 

British  Commissioners 43 

Concede  nothing  by  proposed  time  to  enter  Bering  Sea 127 

Cnrtailment  of  Elliott's  statement  as  to  size  of  bareiua  by 74 

Did  not  iirst  see  dead  pups  on  the  rookeries 87 

**      Tiait  alleged  new  Asiatic  rookeries 110 


T 


INDEX    OP   COUNTER    CASE. 


433 


British  Coiniiii»Ni(>iierH — Continued.  r«t;''' 

I)iBi|uiililto<l  for  iiii]iurtial  invuNti;;iitioii 4H 

I)istorli(>ii  of  gtnteiiMMit  of  Klliott  liy 115 

Errt>iicoimH(iit«iiM<nt  MM  to  opiniou  of  ciiiist*  of  deiid  ]iups H~ 

I)j;iior«)  Ht'iiltt  loHt  by  woiiniling 08 

Iimtnictod  to  coiipitralt*  with  AiiHTicmi  CoiniiiiHHioiit'i'H 41 

MiiniuM'  of  coiKliii'tiiif;  iiivfliHti|;atioiis 45 

Objt'ct  of,  ill  iidviiiiriii^  wiiiti^-  liiiliitiit  tlicory 101 

h'cport  of.     (iSco  Uupoi't  of  Hriti.ih  CoiiiiniHsioniTH.) 

Sticn'tary  ltlaiii«'ii  note  concfrniMg 45 

Uufairiit'Hs  of,  as  to  avi>raKe  (^atrli  p«r  boat  and  per  man 107 

I       "             in  close  Hcnson  iMojxmod 127 

"             in  diHciiHttiii!;  (|Uota 72 

"            rogulatioMs  jtropoHed  by I'_'2 

Rryant,  diaries: 

Ah  au  authority  in  the  Hcjjort .IS 

Error  in  piibliHJicd  8t»tciiu>nt  of,  UNed  in  Ucport Ill 

On  u<|iialiL'  coition 62 

"  exccHsive  killing till 

"  when  cowH  eiitiT  water 58 

Hcjiort  of,  ill  1875,  and  rcaHoiiM  for 0!) 

KiilIctH  found  in  scalu  killed  on  the  Inlands 98 

Hulls: 

Do  not  resort  to  alleged  winter  habitat 101 

Range  of,  in  winter 101 

BiindlcH  of  sealskins: 

Containing  inure  than  two  skins  would  bo  obsers'ed 117 

Counting  of 1 UJ 

Investigated  by  MaJ.  Williams 117 

Two  skins  only  in  each  of 117 

Weight  of 118 

"          explniiied 118 

Canadian  sealers.     (Sir  I'cliigic  sealers.) 

Carolina,  American  ownership  of 130 

Case  of  the : 

Harriet 38 

Lnriot 22 

Pearl 20 

Case  of  the  I'nitcd  .'^tatcs: 

Deals  cbielly,  the  matter  with  which 7 

Positions  taken  in,  reasserted 135 

Catch,  average.     (5«f  Average  catch) 

Catch  of  sealing  vessels.     {See  Pelagic  scaling.) 

Change  of  habits: 

Alleged  in  report lOt) 

Cluinge  of  rookeries.     (See  Change  of  rookeries.) 

Increased  pelagic  nature  alleged 10*5 

"                           "       anassnniption 109 

"                           "       partly  based  on  error Ill 

Independent  herds  in  Bering  Sea  iinpro vcn 109 

Change  of  nnikeries: 

Based  on  hearsay 109 

Disproved Ill 

On  Asiatic  coast  not  visited  by  British  Commissioners 110 

"              Muproveti 110 

BobVien  Island  experience  disproves Ill 

12364 ^28 


!  r 


\\ 


]' 


434 


INDEX    OF   COUNTER   CASE. 


CharK<>8  of  fVaud.     {See  Frauda  ullcgod.) 
Charts : 

Chart  No.  II  of  H.-port 102 

"            III  of  K.port lOL' 

"             IV  of  K.>|)nrt 102 

In  Keport  of    Uritish  C'omiiiissioiicrs.     (See  Koport  of  Uritiak  Coinmis- 

HioiltTH.) 

Ni'w  ini^nition  chart 105 

Of  <iiiisr8  ill  ISltJ 51 

Sealing  ohait,  IWtl 52 

18!t2 51 

Chiiiim  for  (laniaf^oH — 

Kxc.ssivi^ i;U 

Kcpl.v  of  United  States  to  Hriti.sh 129 

Close  HcaHoii — 

Hauls  for,  pro|)osed,  l>ane(l  on  alleged  errors  in  niaiiagetnent 126 

F.xtenileil  ;i  wcclt  to  ei|iiiil  l(),(HMt  decreaNc  in  i|iiotu 127 

Proposed.  iloi'H  not  iiieliide  Sand  Point  and  Hering  Sea  eatelies 127 

rniposed  in  K'l'jtort  for  pela;;i('  sealing 12(> 

Proposed,  woilM  have  lit  lie  effect 12U 

Close  lime.     {Sir  Close  season.) 

Coast  eateli.     {Sir  Pelajjie  sealing.) 
{See  Sprinjj  eateh.) 

Coition.     {Sfc  .\i|iiatie  coition.) 

Colonial  system : 

Ij'iissia's 15,21,23 

rkase  of  1S21,  a  renewed  <Ielaratioii  of 18 

Coiniiiander  Islands,  Sealing  vessels  around,  in  18!t2 29 

Commissioners  of  Ureal  Britain.     (Sir  Urilisli  ('oniiiiissioners.) 

"Compensator.v  adjust iiienis"  rtiij;};ested  in  Keport 127 

Conclusion  of  Counter  Case 135 

Coojier,  Tliomas  II. : 

Not  injured  liy  seizures 131 

Relations  of  Hocowit/,  Warren  and 131 

Copulation.     (Nee  Acjiiatic  coition.) 

Corresi)ondeiice.     {See  Diplomatic  eorrespondonco.)  ' 

Counter  Case: 

Conclusion  of 135 

Object  of 1 

Coniitiii);  of  skins: 

At  London 117 

"  Prihilof  Islands 115 

"  San  Frain'isc<i 116 

Difference  in,  at  islands  and  at  London 119 

Manner  of 1 15 

Statenient  of  Elliott  as  to,  distorted  by  Report 115 

Various,  compared 118 

Cows: 

AtTeetion  of,  for  pupa 53 

Arrival  of,  in  1891 64 

"              1892 64 

Barron,  in  Berinji  Sea  eateh  basis  for  close  season 126 

"       2.')0,000,  allejredin  18!K) 76 

Enter  water,  When 57 

"      Bryant's  8tat«uient«  as  to  when 68 


INDEX    OF    ("OUNTKU    CASE. 


435 


ni8- 


102 
102 
10-' 


105 
51 

5'J 
51 

\M 
129 

128 
127 
127 
120 
12G 


15,21,23 

1« 
29 

..   127 

...      i:ti 

...   131 

...  135 
1 

...   117 

...   115 

11(5 

lilt 

115 

...   115 

...   118 

53 
04 
64 

...  120 
76 
57 

....   68 


CowB— Continiipd.  ''"K" 

Enter  water,  R«port'«  teHtiiiionj  on  wlitii,  iii»ufll<it«i»t 5!t 

"         "        within  fdurtvi-n  or  HovcntiTii  (liivH  uftiT  liirth  of  i>np 00 

Fi'i'iiiiilatioii  of.  iillcm'd  to  tako  pliifo  in  wiitt-r tiO 

Foi'iliii}{  of 57 

"         position  taken  hy  K't-port  on .57 

"         TowiiHcinl  on  .59 

"         wliJli'Hncklin);  ilt'nioil  l>y  Krilinli  Minintcr  at  Tokio .57 

Later  airival  of,  at  islands  disproved t>l 

Nnrain^.  examined  hy  C.  II,  'I'ownsend Hit 

"       few  taken  by  pi>Ia)ii<'  sealerH,  iMi|died  l».v  l{««port *<5 

"        ofpnpsli\.     (.s'(c  Nnrslnj{  td'  pnpH.) 

"        taken  ill  Iterin^  Sea  l>y  ('ajil.  Hooper . .  Kt 

Peret-nlane  in  |)elaKie  eat  eh HO 

I'eriod  of  ;;estation  of,  nearly  twelve  months K> 

Prennaid,  assumed  not  to  he  taken  in  Herinj;  .*<t>a  by  Ifeport 81 

"         at  all  times  when  in  the  w  ater 85 

Crnisers,  Russian : 

Directed  to  patrol  eidouial  seas 20-28 

In  Ihrinfi  Sea  27-30 

Dali,  W.  II..  Opinion  of,  m  to  atinatie  coition 62 

Dama>;es : 

Aun-rican  ownership  of  vessels  for  wliich.  are  claimed 130 

Article  VIII  of  Treaty  as  to,  inter|>reled 13 1 

Britisli  ( 'hiims  tor,  replied  to 12^t 

Claims  for,  excessive 134 

"           in  nanu'  of  Cooper 131 

No,  can  be  awaril'  d  for  pmspeetivo  protils i;;;i 

Speculative,  decision  of  (ieiu'va  Arbitration i;f;{ 

"             (ireat  Britain  est(>])pe(l  from  claiming; 133 

iSuHtained  by  warniu);  out  of  Bcriujj  Sea  not  admitted 129 

Data : 

For  diarts  in  Report  of  Itritish  ConnnissionerH |9 

Insullicient  to  esialiiish  winter  habitat  theory 102 

Dendjuiiis: 

All.  wen-  emaciated !»! 

Cause  of,  not  novel  when  t(dd  British  CoiUMiissioners 87 

"          decrease  (d",  in  1N02 93 

Caused  by  killing  nuithers  denied  by  Report 89 

Causes  advanced  by  Rejiort 89 

Death  of,  not  caused  by  !>  '  enidemie  disease 89 

"                      "              driving  and  killing  mothers 89 

"                     "              raids 90 

"                     "              stamjtedes !K) 

Increaa«>  on  Russian  islands  coincident  with  increiusod  sealiu);  in  Asiatic 

waters 93 

Not  tirst  observed  by  ISritish  Connnissioners 87 

Number  of,  in  1892  much  less  than  in  1891  91 

Observed  prior  to  1891 87 

On  Polovnia  Rookery  iu  1892 92 

On  the  rookeries 8t5 

Presence  and  cause  noted  in  diplomatic  corrcspoudeme  in  18!K) 88 

Prinni  facie  cause  of 86 

Decrease : 

Adiuisaioa  as  to  period  after,  decided 66 


^     t!l 


; 


'    f 


r 


U' 


v« 


• 


436 


INDEX   OF   CUUNl'KU   QMti. 


l)uiT«»iim>— f'ontlnnml. 

All) ';{i'il  riM  t>);iiiti<in  ot,  by  report  to  new  itrew 


7H 


I 


1/ 


f! 


I 

I 
I  i- 


■  hi' 


;i  , 


>  1  ■ 


I 


'  '1 

I 'ill 


"        to  lio  <'UUMfit  liy  iiiitiiikKt'iiirnt tki 

«        to  lie  creator  mi  land  tliiiii  at  Ht-a KHi 

CoinpiiriHoii  of  liaroiim,  1H7(I  aiitl  IHiHi,  irri^vvUnt  to  hIiow 7;< 

SurpliiH  of  virilu  iiialcH,  imtwitlmtaniliiiK 7i 

Kvitli'ni«a<lvaii<  I'll  to  mIikw,  prior  to  \>*tH) 7:i 

No  ti-aort  to  rcNi-rvcil  aruaH  in  lN7ii  Mhowiiiff 7!) 

Noteil  ill  yoiiiiK  iiiitloH  ill  liMU IMi 

Of  1«'JJ  over  l«!M <i7 

I'tflaKic   Hi-aliii;;  ailiiiitltiil  iM  to  tt'iidiiiK  toward tMi 

Trior  to  im)  driiiod 7!t 

"           iiroot'advaiit'ttd  to  show 71 

KtM'oKiiition  ol",  li.v  It'ssi-eH  alU'H«'<l 76 

ITiidcr  UuHHiaii  iiiaiiJiKiMiiunt  taiibed  l>y  ituliHcriniiiiato  killing 72 

UirtVn>i»r«  of  views  as  loolijuct  of  Treaty 7 

Di)iloiiiitti(!  lornspouiliiui" : 

Conreriiiiin  tlir  Uritinli  Case 2 

Shows  that  I'liitt'tl  Statis  always  claimed  |iropi-rty  interest  in  seals 8 

DJHtrihntioii  of  fur-seals  in  North  I'antic 104 

Dolphin,  Aimriean  ownership  of 1;M) 

Elliott,  Henry  W.: 

Aliened  report  of,  ill  1«!H) 75 

As  an  authority  in  the  Report 511 

On  ai/.o  of  harems  in  1874 74 

Statement  of,  as  to  eountiiiK  skins  distorted  hy  Report 11"« 

Kniployes  of  lessees  lut  (jovurninent  ageiita f_>o 

Erroneous  translatimia IH 

Evermann,  I'rof.  H.  W. : 

On  size  of  harems  in  lS!t2 75 

Stutement  us  to  dead  jiiips  in   ISSt'J j»2 

EvidiMiee,  nnt  rust  worthiness  of,  in  Heport 81' 

Exeessive  killing: 

Hryaiit  on,  in  1875 69 

Foundation  of  eharge  of 6S) 

{Set  Mananeinent.) 

Exeliisive  jnrisdictiou.     {See  .Inrisdiction.) 

Feeuiidation.     (.SV*  Aiinatie  eoition.) 

Feedinn  exenrsions.     {See  Cows.) 

Feediiif?.     (»« Cows.) 

Feeding  nronnds  diiriiiff  migration 105 

Female  seals.     {See  Cows.) 

FireariuH.     (See  Hilleauii  Sluttjjun.) 

Frank,  A.,  a  eiti/.eiiof  United  States 132 

Fraudulent  praeticos.     {See  Frauds.) 

Frauds — 

As  alleged  in  the  Heport 1  n 

Uoliof  that  Great  Britain  inadvertantly  adoiited  charges  of 1  i:i 

Charged  in  Keport 112 

Charges  of,  unwarranted 120 

In  ouuntiiig  I'ribilof  sealskins.     {See  Counting  of  skins.) 

In  nianageineiit  nientioneii Qg 

In  weight  of  bundles  iiiplied.     (See  Mundles  of  .lealskins.) 

Investigation  of  Moore  in  1875  as  to ng 

No  authority  for  report  charging , 115 


nn)RX   OP   COUNTER   CASK. 


4a7 


Prands— rontiniieti.  VtgK. 

I'nrticH  rliiirK<'il  witli,  in  tli<>  l{t<pi>rt 112 

Hi>ll»>i'ti<>ii  on  (),  M.  I.Miii|mon  Ar  l'iini|iiiny  an  to 113 

Wliy  I ' II i ted  Stntt-H  niimiiltTN  rliar^cH  «>f 113 

I'lir  NntU: 

Alinii<liini!»t  of,  i»Ilf);<>il  for  isttit,  lint  foniiiltxl  on  ornir 112 

AiiMtriiliHii,  ImliitH  of,  in  nnrHiiiff M 

Hr»-ftliiiM  mult*,  (»<'  IIiiIIn.  ) 

CliiirtH  in  Iti<|»irt  HlmwiiiK  <li!4tril)iition  of,  in  lli<rinK  Son 1!) 

l)«'fn'iw«  of  AIiihI«iiii,  (Se»>  Dimti'iiho.) 

DiilrllMiiiiin  4>f,  ivwiiiiiimI  Ity  Ki>|iiirt  init<M>iiritti< 52 

"              in  Hi  rinj»  Son 4« 

"             in  I'uiitto  0»!»<ttu 101 

Femiilr,  (See  Cow*.) 

Ilaliits  of,  (See  Mitliits.) 

Iloini' of.  (.s'cf  \Vintrrli;iliitnt  theory.) 

Inti-riiiinuliiiK  of  ('oinniiiiiil<>r  ikiiil  Kolilien,  niwuniod  in  Roport 53 

Miur:ilioii  of,  {.sVc  Migration.) 

Must  rtiHoi't  t<i  liiiiil  for  tk  tiiiit*  ilnriiiK  linir  nliiMliling 107 

NnniUrr  of.  to  Im  tukni.  niivck''**'*)''  I'v  Hi'port 125 

Only  portion  of,  n-sort  to  till(>;;i><l  winter  iiitliitut 102 

Pclajjic  iiuturB  of.     (.SV*  (.'Iiuiiku  of  hiiliits.) 

I'ropiTly  intiToHt  in 121 

"              "        of  IniliaiiH  in,  udvani'i'il  Ity  lii^port 101 

Kiglit  to  protiM-t.  ilocM  not  involve  oiccliiHivo  JiiriHiliction  ovor  HrriiiK  Heit.  7 

".Stagey."    (.S>«!  "  .Staguy"  hoaIh.) 

\VuHt«<  of  lift'  among,  from  prlagic  Healing 01 

Oeni'va  Arliitration.     (See  Triliiinal  of  Arliitration  on  Alaliaina  Claims.) 

(iMttation.  period  of (};{ 

(loveriuncnt  agnntit  im  employt^H  of  the  IcSHeen 120 

(iravid  eoWH.     (.S'w  Cows.) 

Great  Hritain  and  frundti  alleged 113 

Grelinit/.ki,  N.  A. : 

Ah  an  authority  in  the  Report  (footnote) r>'2 

Kxaininalion  of  pelagie  catehes  liy 83 

Grace,  American  owiier>iliip  of  the 130 

GiiiiH.     (See  Rille  (i/i((  Shotgun.) 
Habitat.     (See  Winter  habitat.) 

UahitH 48 

Aipiatie  coition GO 

Arrival  of  cowh  on  the  rookeries  in  18!U 6-1 

Change  of,  alleged 106 

('hantce  of.     (.SVc  Change  of  liahits.) 

Harems,  Hi/e  of 73 

Of  Australian  fur  seals  given  hy  Sir  V.  McCoy 5tJ 

Winter  liahitat  theory.     (See  Winter  lialiitat  theory.) 

Harems,  size  of 73 

In  1871,  according  to  Klliott 74 

In  IS'.tl 71 

In  18!»2 75 

Harriet.     (See  Case  of  the.) 

Hauling  grounds,  no,  ever  reserved 79 

Home  of  AhiHkan  Heal  herd.     (See  Winter  habitat) 110 

Hooper,  Capt.  V.  L. : 

luveBtigations  of,  in  1802 83 

"                         us  to  migration  of  acaLs lOt 


!      V 


>• 


(-,     ' 


!.      : 


438 


INDEX    OF    caHNTEK    CASE. 


Hunters.     {See  Vohxgu'  soalinj;- ) 

Iiu'oiisisti'iiiicH  ill  l{i')iort - 

Iiidiiiii  liiiiilcrs.     [See  i'cliinic  snaliiiK.) 

Iniliiiii  trilittH,  |ii'opci-t,v  iiitcrmts  of,  in  ntiaikai  miTiMiced  liy  Mt^mrt. 

Iii(li'|i)>ii<lt'ii(  pcla;;!)'  scmI  herds 

liili'iiiiiiigliiii;  III'  si'iil  lienlH  in  |{t'riii}»  8e:i .... 


Inti'rrliaiiKt'  hI'mhuIs  bctwci'ii  I'l'iliiliit'  ami  Ciiiiiin.iiKler  IbIiiikIh. 
liitei'iiatioiial  ('i)ii)H>rati(iii : 

Aii|iari'iilly  asscnlcd  to  liy  l.iinl  SaliHlmry. 


Pag* 
G3 

101 

■\» 
48 


9 

Iiivitfd  liy  Mr.  Hayard !»,  10 

UiiiU'd  Statt'H  soiinht ^ 13 

IiiteniatioiiMl  law,  ^rowtli  of .^.. 35 

Tiis))t'ft">r's  ciiiiiit.     (.S'cc  (Jiiiiiitiiiji  ol'skiiiH.'! 

liiM'Ntiualiiiii>  liy  Itritisli  CtiiiiiiiiHHiiiuui-H 45 

liii]ir(ivi'iiifiii  ~  ill  iiK'tliiidt): 

At  M-a  sii.ii:.'8tfd 12:1 

IncrcaHcil  In-fiiBt's  for  Htoain  venst-ls  of  no  avail 124 

Licenses  inr  limit  els  |ir(i|Mis<'d 123 

On  !'ril)ili>i   l-lands  siijrgesfed  in  Keimrt 122 

I'lohibitiuff  imo  "f  ritlo — 123 

Island  eoiint.     i  Sei-  Counting  of  skins.) 

Issues: 

ThPtnie 7,33 

8tat«M»i«Mit  of.  liy  Mr.  HIaine 10, 11 

Unite)*  stales'  views  of 12,33 

JncksoD,  C  II. 

A  i|iio"it<iiiai>4e  uiitliority BS 

On  (iroiDiMiiiiiMiM  niii'siiii;  of  |iii))8 55 

.jIiHHt;  <  oinniwsiint     (Nw  Borinjir  .Son  CoinMiMiiaa.) 

.tlniinHdiKtion : 

jiitKinctifMi  •«fta«i«'ii  oxciiisive.  and  rijclit  Im    ii'.M't  souls 7,19 

.1^       .■Tvwr:  ^H'a,  eontrol  uxcrcised  over. , 

'•                Hftals  ean  be  |irotecfed  wntliout 10,19 


Otf^ 'I'riiUMUM'-M  Arliitratioii  as  to  r<i<riilutiir 

A    T  i-3«HaMaliMMll  til  otlier  issues 

. ... .  flitaMnoHta 
N..    II 


u(Mia 


hv  ^United  HtaUm. . 


121 

8 
30 
33 

8 
13 


lii. 


I  <>l.     (I'^uf'ttjUHaBMuen  t. ) 
;.alliiu«-il _ 65 

"  V...   !ii..i  ^      :    ;iLjenienr.) 

IndiHrnniin.iie,  |)ri.ir  i.     ^t?  cause  of  asrly  dvurensn 72 

Lainimoii  i&.  Co.     (S«e  Frnlil  ) 
Lessees  of  I'riliilof  IhIhiiiIs 

Allejjo'l  reeojjiHi  ion  of  timiroaHe  by 70 

Licenses  apply  to  on'y  half  uuinber  of  linnt«rs 123 

For  bunlers 123 

"    steam  vessels  proposed 124 

Liability.     {See  Diiniagt'S.) 


INDEX   OP   COUNTER   CASE. 


439 


Liht:  rase. 

AiiicHcsm  ownersliip  of I'M 

Forincrly  A  If  red  Ailams 132 

LnjrH  111"  Aniericiin  aii<l  Hritish  crniHcrH.     (See  Sea'ing  logs.) 

LoikIdii  I'oiii  t.     (See  Count  iiig  i>t'  .skins  ) 

Loriol.     (See  Vavbg  at' th<>.) 

I.nkiinnon  Ri  okery.     (Sec  Kookcry.) 

McCoy,  Sir  F. 

Anthoiify  ot, :'  r  statenu-nts  on  hidiits  of  fiir-HPnIa CO 

Knowluil;;!'  of,  us  U)  proiniscflioiis  nursing  of  imi)s,  insnfli('i*Mit 55 

On  iill'«Mti(iii  of  cows  for  pups T>'.\ 

"   |irouiisi'iioUH  nursing  of  ]iups ,55 

Maladniiiiistration.     (See  I'raud.s  alleged.) 

Male  Heals.  surpluH  of 74 

M  a  lo\vanski,.lulin,  examination  of  pelagic  catclie.s  hy 83 

Maiiageniunt : 

Alleged  orrofH  in,  basis  for  clo.se  HeaHon      lUf? 

"  '•  Hi'port's  aj)ol(i;;y  for  jtelagic  sealing 1L'(5 

As  an  alleged  cause  of  decrease  in  seal  lieril 65 

DisiMissioii  ot',  after  IHSO,  irrelevant (i>< 

Evidence  used  to  charge,  with  dtx-reasc 71 

Excessive  killing  under,  alleged (>5 

Failure  in,  to  note  decrease  cauHod  l>y  pelagic  sealing  irrelevant (i7 

l-'ailure  of  Report  to  show  cliangf^  of,  .a Iter  IHSd GS 

I'rauils  in.     (.sVr  Fniuds.) 

hfethods  eni|)loy(Ml  admitted  to  he  almost  perfect 65 

I'root  must  l.e  limited  to  period  jinor  to  18H0 65 

iJUHsiiiM,  discuH.sed 71 

Size  of  ((uota  irrelevant  unless  decrease  shotvn 71 

Management  of  the  I'rihilof  Islands.     (See,  Management.) 

Maps.     (.sVr  Charts.) 

Methods.     {See  Managoni(<nt.) 

Migration: 

Captain  IIooj)er's  investigiitions  of  I8fl2,  as  to 104 

direction  seals  travel  during 1(U 

Distriltution  of  seals  during. lO-t 

l''eedii)g  grounds  during lOfi 

Increased  k.io--. ledge  of  sealers  as  to  route  of. 1()8 

New  chait  of 105 

Where  seals  appear  ttff  coast  during 11)4 

Mismani>!'ement.     (^Vr  Frauds.  1 

MotiuH  liniidi  of  18iM,  signing  of 44 

"Monogiaph  (d'  North  American  I'iunipeds,"  error  in,  used  iu  Ke|Mirt Ill 

Moore.  .1.  S. : 

Investigation  of,  iu  1S75 110 

Wej»ort  of,  on  quest  ion  of  frauds 119 

Mortality  among  ))ups.     (See  Dead  pup.s.) 

North  I'acilic: 

Distriliution  of  seals  in 104 

Pelagic  catch  in.     (See  Pelagic  sealing.) 

Pelagic  sealing  in,  compared  with  that  in  Dcting  Sea 84 

Northwest  catch.     (.Sec  Pelagic  st  aliiig.) 

North w<'st  Coast: 

Rookeries  on.     (.Scr  l{<iokerieH.) 

Ten  years'  trading  pri\  i leges  on 22 

Vittlted  by  vessels  cd'  all  nations 17 


'  4 


440 


INDEX    OP    COUNTKR   CASE. 


I  !      ■  I 


v\    1 


t     I      i 


I, 


U 

ii\i 


NiinilifT  of  seals  killed  on  the  Pribilof  Islaiuls.     (See  Quota.^ 

"  to  he  taktn,  restriction  as  to,  proiiostul  in  Kcport 

Nursinjj  cows.     (See  Cows.) 
Ni. 'H  iijj;  of  jiujih: 

Analogy  with  otlier  atiiinals  opposed  to  proniisnioiis.  ailinitted 

AntlinritirH  iciiod  upon  in  Heport  to  jnovc  proniisriioiis 

Bryan  1  on  tlio 

KUiott  on  tlu! 

I'roiniscnons.  alleijed  in  Report 

"  denied 

"  not  pro\en 

"  Sir  v.  MeCoy  on 

"  stated  by  ('.  H.  .liickson 

Open-sea  sraliti^j.     (.SVc  IVlaffie  sealing-) 
Open  season.     {Srr  (  lose  si-ason.) 

Griffin  of  Jurisdictional  controversy   

Overdriving  snlise(|nent  to  1880  irrelevant 

OwiierHliiji  of  seized  vessels.     (See  N'essels  seized. ) 

rackint;  loiinl.     (Srf  Coiintinjir  (,f  okitis.) 

Pacilic.     (.VcNorOi  Pacific.) 

Parliality  of  Hiitisli  ronntiissioners.     (See  Hritisli  ConnniHsioners.) 

Pathfniih-r,  American  ownership  of 

Pearl.     (See  ('as<'  of  the.) 
Pela}{i<'  catch.     (See  Pela;jic  sealing.) 
"       ecdtiou.     (.See  Aijinitic  coition.) 
"       liniiters.     (.S'(c  INdagie  sealinjj;.) 
"       naf  me.     i  See  Chanj^e  of  llaliits.) 
"       seal  hi^ds 

Pelajrie  Hcalinii 

Admitted  to  teinl  towards  decrease 

Alleged  nnnibor  of  seals  lost  by  Indinns 

"  "         by  white  iinnters 

Apoloj?y  for,  in  the  K'eport 

in  tlm  l{e)  ■•rt  based  on  alleged  limits  in  management 

in  l{e))ort  insiillieient 

Begins  below  alleged  winter  habitat 

Cat  h  in  lieriiig  Sea  three  times  as  niiu'li  as  in  North  Paeilic 

'         Hiil>posod  to  ei|nal  lO.(HM)  seals  a  week 

Cateb  of,  jiroposed  to  lie  four  times  (|nota 

Catchi'H  in  lb-ring  Sea  and  North  I'acitic  compared 

Close  time  for.     (See  Close  tinu'.) 

Effects  of,  on  1)1  rth  rate 

General  ns<-  nf  slnitgiin  in 

Innirovements  in,  siiggi  sted.     (Sir  Improvements  in  methods.) 

In  Asiiitie  water  coincident  with  increase  of  dead  piip.s  on  Kussian  islands. 

In  IJering  Sea  com]>ared  with  that  in  North  l'aciti(^ 

Inconsistencies  of  slatenn'nts  by  Indians  and  whites 

Interested  witnesses  are  those  engaged  in 

Percentagvi  of  cows  admitted  to  be  taken 

"  in  catches  of  vessels  seized  by  liiissia  in  18!)2 

<«  ii\  cat<li 

**  taken  by,  prior  to  1870 

**  taken  in,  i irding  to  Indians 

"  "  Itering  Sea  by 

"  "         Btutetuent^  iiboiit,  inconsistent  with  lioport. 


Page. 
125 


54 
53 
5H 
5;? 
53 
56 
55 
55 


8 
7» 


130 


« 


100 
80 

95 
05 

80 

120 

!«» 

lo:? 

!tl 
12H 
128 

93 

66 
123 

'Xi 
84 
00 
81 
81 
83 
80 
84 
80 
83,85 
81 


INDEX    OF   COUNTER   CASE. 


441 


Page. 


125 


51 

5+ 
58 

5;J 

5:) 

5(5 
53 
55 


8 
7U 


130 


...     ion 

80 

()«> 

05 

95 

80 

ll'O 

!»!» 

. . .       lOI) 

f»l 

. . .        128 

...       128 

93 

...        66 
. .       123 

Ih.        93 
84 

96 
81 
81 
83 

80 

84 
80 

..  83.85 
t.        81 


Pelapjo  seiiling — Contiuu#tl.  Vhgvi. 

^'J•<lb^!^itionof,  in  Bering  Sea  by  Uintod  Ptutes 129 

Seals  lost  by  woundiug  in 98 

•'  '■'  not  considerf'd  in  Roport 07 

"Stagey"  .seals  taken  in 107 

Ste;tin  vessels  used  in 124 

Tabula  ted  stiitemcnt  of  white  hunters  as  to  niiinbor  lout S)6 

llntruHtwovtliiness  of  witnesne.s  as  to 82 

Use  of  rifle  in,  oimolete 123 

Was  te  o f  1  i  fe  by 94 

"      •'        insignifleant  in,  ovidenee  advanced  by  Report 9."> 

While  Iianters  iipiiear  to  lose  40  per  esjnt  of  sealB 96 

"  Whi t(»  hunters,"  tabltt 97 

Pregnancy,  jioriod  of 63 

Pregnant  cows.     (.See  Cows.) 

Prib!!.)f  Islands: 

Improvement  in  methods  oti.     (See  Improvement  in  niethoda.) 

Inhabited  by  eiaii  for  a  eenturv,  ami  seals  have  remained Ill 

Lessees  of.     (iVee  Jjessee.^  of  Pribiii.f  Irdands. ) 

Hegiilaticnis  as  to  (juola  on,  projiosed  by 125 

ProtUs,  prospective.     {iHcc  Damages.) 

Proliil>ition  of  sealing  in  Hering  Sea  by  United  Stati'S 129 

PromiseuouH  nursing  of  pnps.     (See  Nursing  of  pups.) 

Propel! y  in  .xenl.s 121 

Suggested  by  Mr.  Bayard 9, 10 

[Sit  Right  of  protection  and  of  property  in  seals.) 

Property  interest  of  Indians  in  ^eal-herd  alleged 101 

Property  right.     (.SVe  Right  of  protection  and  property  in  seals.) 

I'rospi-etive  prolits.     (See  IJaumges.) 

Protection  aud  proiHirty  rights  in  senls.    (See  Right  of  protection  and  of  prop- 
erty.) 

I'rotection  «>f  seals: 

Always  the  nuiin  question 8 

By  Russia  in  1H92 29 

Independent  of  jurisdiction  over  Hering  Sea 19 

Justilialtie  inih-pendeutly  of  jurisdictional  right.s 10 

Main  ol>Je<'t  of  arbitration 7 

Protection,  right  of.     (See  Right  of  protection  and  property  in  seals.) 

Protective  /.one.     (Sea  Regulations.) 

I'rovisions  of  treaty,     (.s'ec  Treaty  oi'  Arbitration.) 

Pups: 

Affection  of  cows  for 53 

Dead.     (Sec  I>ea<l  pups.) 

Nursing  of.     (Sir  Nursing  of  pups.) 

Quest iouB  submitted  under  Article  VID.    ;' Treaty  of  Arbitration 134 

Quota  i 

Bryant's  reasons  for  imI vising  reduction  of,  in  IK75 69 

JJecreaseof,  by  l().(KM)e(|nals  exiensioii  of  close  season  by  one  week 127 

Liuiit.4i.tiou  of.  pro|M>sed  in  Report 125 

Portiuu  of,  from  Northeast  I'^iint 77 

Pro)M>.sei!  in  Report  to  lie  one-lourth  of  ]ielagic  catch 128 

Reduction  of,  in  1«X0 67 

H'uo  of,  from  1800  to  18tK) 73 

"      irrelevint  unless  decr«'as(>  shown 71 

I.  "       under  b'ussian  management  niifairlv  stated  71 

10,000  decrease  of,  ei^uuls  10  miles  increase  (d'  /.one 127 


■s   ]t-. 


;l 


'\W\\ 


'fl! 


442  INDEX   OF    COUNTER    CASE. 

Page. 

Kai'Is  not  a  cannc  of  deafh  of  pnpi 90 

Ucilrivi)ijj  Hultscqnciit  to  1880  irrclovimt 79 

KcfliHtry,  ISritisli,  mAv  jJiirpoHo  of  coiivcvaiice  of  vtrssols  to  (.'oopor 131 

Kfprotliirtion,  act  of.    (Sit  AiguHtit'  <'oili(>H.) 

Kei»ly  of  UiiiU'tl  States  to  liiitisli  ('as« 7 

"                         "           clniiiiH  for  tlainnjr<-H 129 

ReHcrvetl  ureas,  iilloged  roHort  to 78 

Kill.': 

Prohibitioi)  of,  8ii;;}»ostP(l  i»  report 123 

I 'He  of,  in  Healing  obsolete 123 

ivi');ulatioiiH: 

Alteiuutive  iiicthoils  of,  jiroposed  by  Report   128 

•'             ]>ropose(l  iiiailiiiiNsible 128 

As  to  nietlioils  of  taking;  seals.     {Sev  liiipi'oveineiit  in  nietlioils.) 

As  to  niiiuberH  to  bo  taken,  i)n)pose(l  125 

Close  season.     (Sec  Close  season.) 

"Compensatory  adjustments,"  proposed  in  Report 127 

For  proteetive  zoiio  diilienlt  to  enforce 12(5 

' '                    proposed 125 

Jnrisdictlon  of  Tribunal  of  .\riiit ration  as  to 121 

I^imitations  as  to  <|Uota  (Ui  I'ribilnf  Islands,  propi.-^ed 125 

Proposed,  as  to  entrance  of  Hurin);  Sea 127 

"          by  British  Commissioners 121 

"          for  l'ril>ili>f  Islands  irrelevant 122 

"         show  partisan  spirit  of  Itritisli  I 'omniiNsi<.ners 128 

Specific  selienie  of,  j)ri(|)osed , 125 

Ten-mile  increase  of /one  for  10,tXK)  reduction  of  qiiotti 127 

The  only,  sulllcient 121 

I'n fairness  of  proposed 122 

Report 

Ali'jrcd,  of  Kiliott  in  1890 75 

Of  IJryaut  in  1875,  and  reasons  for 69 

"  (apt.  Hooper 83 

"  Moore  in  1875 119 

Rejiort  of  llritish  t'oniniissioin>rs 43 

Advances  property  interest  of  Iixlians  in  seal-herd 101 

Allcf^es  few  cows  in  iielafjic  catch 80 

•'        wast  I'  of  life  in  jieiajjic  sealing  iuslgnilicaiit S»4 

Alternative  rejjnlations  pro])osed 128 

Apolojiv  for  |)elii}^ic  stMilin^  in,  insiitlU'ient 99 

Ap'iloj^izes  for  pclan'ic  seHlinj; 80 

Assumes  intcniiinfrlinf;  of  Coninumder  and  Robben  seals 52 

Causes  of  dead  ]iu)is  suj;;{estcd  by 89 

Chart  No.  It  of,  disi-nssod 49 

"             III  of,  discussed 49 

"             n   of,  discussed 49 

Charts  in,  <lata  for  eoui))ilationof 49 

"              insufllcicncy  of  data  for  compilation  of 50 

'*             principal  data  lor  ciinipihitiiiii  nf ,.  50 

"             showing  distril)\ition  of  seals,  inaccurate ,52 

Contents  of 46 

Dead  pujts  (ui  the  rookeries  considered  in 8H 

Delivery  of,  to  ajient  of  I 'nit  c(  I  States 2 

Error  relied  ui»on  in,  to  show  increased  iielagic  nature HI 


lA 


Page. 

90 

79 

131 

7 
I'JH 

78 

123 
123 

128 
128 

125 

127 
12(> 
125 
121 
125 
127 
121 
122 
128 
125 
127 
121 
122 

75 

6!) 

83 
119 

43 
101 

80 

!t4 
128 

99 

80 

52 

89 

49 

49 

4'J 

49 

50 

50 

52 

46 

m 
•> 

ui 


INDEX    OP   COUNTER   CASE.  443 

Report  of  British  CoinmiscionerH — Coiitiiiiiod.  'r«go. 

FuiIh  to  'hIiow  cliaii);*!  of  iiiiiauKt'iiit^iit  aftur  1880 68 

FraiitlH  allfjtod  in.     {See  Friiuils.) 

IiicoiiHiHtoncios  of 81 

"                   as  to  aquatic  coitiim 63 

InciiiisistiMit  statcnientH  of  Hualt-rs  in J(6 

InMullirifncy  of  evidence  in,  to  e.stal)lis)i  at^natic  coition 03 

Part  of  Hriti.sli  Case 2,3 

Position  of,  on  ai|autir  coition  (U) 

Position  tal<t'ii  liy,  as  to  fct-dinK  of  co\v.^ 57 

He^ulat  ions  proposed  in 121 

I{<?ply  of  I'nitcd  Sl.itis  to 41 

Seals  lost  liy  woundinj;  not  considered  in , .  97 

State  sealin;;  in  Herinj;  Sea  not  as  destructive  as  in  Nortli  Paeilie 8t 

Taliulated  statenients  of  white  iiunters  in Wi 

Wliy  delivered 2 

Rig';  t  of  protection  and  projiertv  in  s(iil8 32-10 

Assert Kiu  tiiat  it  is  new. . .     ,'{2 

Kritisli  views  of  claims  U) 32 

Claim  of,  not  new 38 

Claimed  l>y  Mr.  Itayard 32 

"  Mr.  niaino 30,3:t,:UJ 

"           Mr.  I'hclps 34 

Di ,  Dawson  discusses  , . 37 

Facts  I  elating  to,  fully  discussed 37 

History  ,»f  claim  of 32 

Roldieii  lolaiid:   Kookoriert  (ui,  cleared  of  seals  but  tu)t  deserted Ill 

Rookery : 

l.ukannon,  harems  01) , 75 

Northeast  Point,  nntnher  of  seals  taken  fnuu 77 

"                pen-en tMffe  of  ((uota  from 78 

Polivina,  not  a  reserved  urea 79 

"         only  2,"i0  (lead  \>nu»  uii,  in  lMi)2 92 

Reef,  alleged  Htampede  on 90 

Tolstoi,  dead  i>ups(Ui 89 

7apadnic,  not  a  reserved  area 79 

Ro(d;cries: 

Change  of.     (.S'cc  Chanj{e  of  Rookeries.) 109 

Dead  pups  on  the 86 

Formerly  on  Northwest  coast  unproven 109 

Loeati(Mi  of,  dependent  on  isolat  ion 109 

New  .\siatic.     (.SVi  Chunjje  of  rookeries.) 

Rohben  Island Ill 

Russian  Mana;;ciiicut.     (Sir  Manajremcnt.) 

Russian  seal  herd,  intermingling  (d'.  with  Alaskan  herd 48 

RusKia's  action  in  1892 29 

"       colonial  system.     ( .sVc  Coloniitl  system.) 

"        title  to  shores  of  Merin^  •'<ea  undisputed 17 

San  Frtineisco.  count  of  skins  at 116 

^«and  I'oint  eutch  not  int'iuded  in  proposed  close  season 127 

Sat/warri,  American  ownership  of ISO 

Sehednh^  of  claims  for  damages.     {Sv»  nanniges.) 

Scheme  of  regulations  pro|iosed 125 

liichooiicrH.     (•Sec  \'c,>sels.) 

tiea,  Ueriug.     (>S«ti  llering  8ca.) 


'     '1 
I     1 


}      1 
1 


-I 


h  t 


'^■\ 


\ : 


444  INDEX    OF   COUNTER   CAfiB. 

Hen  Honling.    (.Sec  Pelagic  sealing.) 

Soiicatcliio.     (Sir  HhIIh.) 

Mcul  \wTi\a,    (•Sec  AlaHknn  nval  herd,  KiiBsian  seal  herd,  Fur-Boals.) 

^leiiliin;.     (Sft!  IVI;i){ir  Healinjj.) 

Sealliij;  «liart.     (.SVi.' Chiirtrt.) 

8e:iliiiy;  Hoot.     (See  Victoria  lleet.) 

8onliii);,  I<i};h  of — 

mn 49 

"       Priinii)al  data  for  oliarts  in  Report TK) 

1K!)2 51 

8t'alin);  vesMolM  about  Commander  Islautb  in  1802 29 

Seals.     (.S«'c  Fur-Heals.) 

8»>alH  loHt.     (See  I'elajtic  sealing.) 

8i<alH  lost  by  sinking 97 

8eal«kins — 

Hundlingof.     (.<<ef  Hnndles  of  sealskins.) 

Coiniting  of.     (.Se<'  Counting  of  skins.) 

Paekiiigof 116 

Seeretarv  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauneefote 45 

Seizures: 

Certain,  of  wealing  vessels  admitted 129 

Cooper  not  injured  by 131 

Place  of 129 

Rea.son,  were  made 130 

(.*•>(!  Vessels  seized.) 

Slieddiii^'  of  liair.     (Str  "8tj»eey  "  seals.) 

Shotgun,  general  use  of,  in  parlagie  «ealiug 123 

Sinking,  sejils  lost  by 97 

Spring  eat  ell.  average  oateh  per  boat  in 108 

".•^tajjey"  period 106 

"Stagey"  sea Ir-; 

Alli'ged,  not  fouml  in  water 106 

Art'  taken  at  sea 107 

8tam)>«*deH : 

No  evidence  of  i«y „ 90 

Not  a  cause  of  drath  of  p«ps 90 

Standard  of  weights; 

Average,  siuie  lH"rt 77 

Fell  lielow  average  in  !«!>!)  for  first  time 67 

Redurwl  in  1««9 77 

Stanley-lbown,  .1.,  on  when  cows  i>nter  water GO 

Steam- vessels,  lieeuses  proposed  for 124 

Suekliug.     (Sir  Nursing.) 

Summer  luibitat.     (See  Winter  habitat.) 

Surveillanee.     (.SVv  Bering  .Sea, control  exercised  over.) 

Surplus  of  virile  male  seals 74 

Table— 

Of  avorage  catch  per  boat  and  per  man  ]ires«uted  by  report lOT 

"  in  spring  catch UW 

Of  catch  |ier  boat  and  per  man  omtts  years  '88,')  and  1886 107 

Table  enlith-d  "  White  lluufeis"— 

Only  givcA  seals  lust  by  Biiiking 97 

.Sources  of 97 

TkotHloH,  Autoriuau  ownership  of 130 


INDEX   OF   COUNTEU   CASE. 


445 


Townsonil,  C.  IT.—  rag*. 

Kxainiiiiitioii  of  hoiiIh  l>y H6 

Kx))i'ririif«'  of,  as  to  cowm  fiuMliii); fiO 

Oil  scuIh  loitt  l>\  woiiudiut; , 96 

TriinslatioiiB — 

{Ste  KrroiK'oiiit  traiiHlatioiiH.) 

Treaty  of  IXiM  li«-t\v<fii  tlm  Hiiitoil  StatnH  ami  WnsHin 10.21,'-"-', 24 

*«          IXl'.".  1>.  tw.oii  (iivat  IJiitaiii  ami  Kiisnia Ut,  21 

"  arliit  ration — 

Hritisli  rluiiiiH  for  <laiiia^<>ji  iimlur  Articht  N'lll  of 129 

Characti'r  of  case  callfd  for  liy 2 

C'oiit<-iii|i]ati'H  only  i'a»«'  anil  couuter  raHo .1 

Coiintci  I'aNo  uihUt 1 

I  •i(l'er«iioe  of  viowit  an  to  oliject  of 7 

How  ronlroverBy  rcNiiltinj;  in  the,  arose 8 

Main  iincHtton  iiivolvt'd  in  tin;  proti'ction  uf  Ncals 7 

(jiu'stioiis  Hiiluiiitli'tl  iiuilt*r  Artirlo  Vlll  of 131 

Triliiinal  of  arliitrutioii — 

.liii'iHilii'tioii  of,  iiM  to  n'>;ulationH 121 

Triliunal  of  arliitratioii  on  Alalmina  claiiiin,  ileinHion  of,  as  to  8|i(u-nlattvu  daiii- 

a^en 133 

Ukase  of  17!tit— 

Din-cti'd  a(;aiimt  (ori-ifjnt'rs 16 

Objcft  of,  to  niaiMtaiii  colonial  Hystein 1.5 

Ukas.'  of  1H2I It!,  ;t;{ 

Const nirfiou  of,  liy  llritinli  )rnv(>ruiui'nt lit 

First  rc'ferivil  to  by  Lord  .Salisbury 8, 12 

I'rott'Hls  af;ain!*t 19 

liem-wt'd  drr iaiat ion  of  colonial  Hystein 18 

Unfairm'H.s  of  Kritisii  Coininissioncrs.     (Hit  llritiHli  I'oinniiNsionurs.) 

Use  of  ritio  ill  s(<alii<.}{  olisidclo 133 

Uuiti'd  Staff's— 

Citizens  of,iiit«'n>8t<'d  in  vessels  seized.  {Sir  Mosfowitz.lti'clitel.aml  Frank.) 

Early  claim  of  property  in  seals  by 8 

Imposition  prucliced  u]ioii 11 

K.'ply  of,  to  Mrltish  oaso 7 

Kestateiiient  of  their  case  necessary 11 

(See  Issiu'S.) 

(See  .liiriwlictloiial  controversy,) 

(See  Ki^lit  of  ]iroic(;tioii  and  property  in  seals,) 

Views  of.  as  to  true  issues 35 

Vessels  seized : 

Auiericun  owiiersliij)  of 130 

IJy  Russia  in  lStl2 ;!(» 

Ownership  of  .ill'inl  Adamii VM) 

'*            Jiina  Itiek- VM) 

**            lUnvk  hiitmond i;W 

•*           lioneowU:  an  American,  in 131 

*  Carolina 130 

«            7>.»//-/iiM 130 

**            Orate 130 

«            /,i7i/ 130 

*  ra(hji ndvr 130 

*  Sai/wa  rd 130 

*  TlwiHton 130 


( 


li 


-imm 


WPf 


u\ 


446 


INDEX    OF   COUNTEU   CASE. 


\';r 


■|Mj 


VcNHcIs ;  P«g«. 
Seizure  of  HoaliiiK-     (See  Seizures.) 

VeHseU,  8t(>uiii,  number  of,  iu  Victoria  fleet 11.'4 

Victoriti  fleet,  Hteani  veHselit  iu Il.'4 

ff.  I'.  Sajucant.     (See  Sayward.) 

Wariiiii;i  of  xealerH  out  of  lierin^  Sen 129 

Wiirren,  .lanifH  Ui>U);likH,  reliitious  of  lioHi'uwit/,  CDupor,  iiuil 131 

WaHte  <>r  life.     (-See  I'elanic  Healinjj.) 

Weapons  (See  Hille  mid  SiiotKiiii.) 

Wci^lit  of  iMiiiilIes.     (iStr  Kiindles  of  HealNkiim.) 

WiM^lit  of  McalNkinH,     (See  tttandard  of  wui);li(8.) 

Wliaieis: 

Closely  watehod  by  cruisers 12fi 

i'rolectloii  of  KeriiiK  Sea  against 24 

Aisils  of,  to  Herinj;  Sea 'J4,'.'(i-28 

"        not  ineousisteut  with  iiositioii  of  United  States.. .  25 

Willie  liniiters: 

Licenses  |iro|io8ed  for 123 

(Stv  l'olai;ic  Hoalinjr.) 

Talilf  bused  on  statements  of 97 

Wilson,  Sir  Samuel,  on  luiraiiiK  of  lambs M 

Williams,  MaJ.  W.  II.,  investigation  of,  as  to  number  of  skins  in  u  bundle 117 

Winter  liabilat : 

Ad vanred  by  t  he  Hejiort 1(K> 

Hulls  do  not  resort  to 101 

Data  insiillicieiit  to  establish 102 

Location  of,  allcK'i'd 100 

Object  of  ad  vanciufj,  by  the  Mritish  Conunissituieis 101 

Only  resort  to,  by  ixu'tion  of  seal  heril 102 

Sea  I  in  j;  begins  bc'ow  lOH 

Seals  followed  llinmiih 104 

Used  to  establish  property  interest  of  iiicilaiis  In  seal  herd 101 

Winter  res(M-t  of  bull-seals 101 

Witnesses: 

l'ela;;i<'  sealers,  interested 81 

WouiidiiiK: 

Seals  lost  by 98 

Seals  lost  by,  not  <  .iiisiilered  liy  Report 97 

Zajiadnie  Kookery.     (Sve  Uookeries.) 

Zone,  proteetive — 

Increase  of,  by  ID  miles  for  10,000  deerease  of  i|uota 127 

i'lupustid  by  Uoport 125 


i't 


SUBJECT  INDliX  OF  AITHNDIX. 


u< 


Paffn. 

AMipy,  Capt.  C.  A.,  dcpoHition  of,  as  to  moiioy  tiiktu  from  the  Caiolciia 'Ml 

Jdu: 

84'iziir('  of  tlio 423 

Valiio  of  the 31  j 

Aft'«(!(ii'ii  lii>lw(H>ii  iiiothiT  1111(1  jmp ;{>jS 

Ap',  killiilile 278 

AKfiitH  of  Alimka  ("oiniimrciiil  Compiin.v  who  were  uIho  (io\ t)iniii('i)t  iij;ciit8  ...  ;W3 
Ahmkii  ('oiiinicri'ial  Coiiipaiiy: 

Ajjt'iits  who  wtni  (iIho  (iovornincnt  agents 3J<3 

Ntivor  i"iinii>;r(l  in  pehij;if  Hiiiliiijj 3g|  3^2 

Nuiiilicr  of  imp  Mkiiis  ]>iircha.serl  by 3><1 

Soul-Nkiii8  Hohl  for  iHToiint  of,  Ity  C.  M.  I.aiiipNoii  *  Co .\u] 

Alaskan  fin-stal,  winter  resort  of ;yj| 

Heal  herd  and  HiiNNian  do  not  niinglo 303,370  375 

Alasltan  s<^al  herd,  HryantH  report  on: 
(Sev  also  Seals,  Alaskan  fur.) 

Arrival  of  liiills 27fi 

feinalen 27(i 

yearlinn» 278 

IJachelors  inleriiiinKlinK  with  females 278 

Ma  tiles  on  rookeries 27(i 

Ki rill  of  pups 277 

Hull  leliiniH  to  same  spot  every  year 27(! 

Coition 277 

Color  of  mature  female 070 

Color  of  mat  II re  male 27,'i 

Color  of  pup  at  liiith 277 

Color  of  yearling 275 

Cows  hear  lirst  pup,  when 27.5 

CowM  lei'diii^ 278 

Dojiartiire  of  Imlls  from  islmidH 278 

tenia li'H  from  islands , 278 

pups  from  ishinds 278 

Exereinent  on  rookeries 277 

Fastiuf;  of  bulls  on  rookeries 277 

Female,  of  full  size,  when 27.'> 

Harem  life 277 

llarenm,  formation  of 277 

Male  allowed  on  hreedingKrounds,  when 27l> 

full  size  of 275 

447 


■^1 


I 


It 


448 


KUIUIX T    INDKX    OK    AIM'KNIUX. 


I      I 


AliiHkiiii  Bfiil  herd,  Itr.vaiit'H  rcjiort  ou— Cotitiiiiiotl.  V^gn. 

Numliur  of  hciiIn 279 

bruodinj^  cowh  oh  St.  raul  Ulnnd '2T,i 

Inills  on  St.  I'liiil  Isliind If7!l 

rowH  on  St.  (N-ni-jji'  iNliknd 27H 

bulls  ou  St.  (iuorgc  iNliind 27H 

NiirHin);  of  piipH 277 

I'liHRiiKCH  o"  rookrry 27(1 

I'lijiH  It'iirnlnjr  to  Hwini 27M 

I'lii'itoHo  in  r«<Hortin};  to  I'liliilof  Isliindit 27r> 

I{<-|ii'oilii<'tivc  or^anH  of  iniili',  tlrvt'loped  wlit'n 27ti 

IJrtniii  of  liiill  to  Hiinui  Mpot  cveiy  year 27(1 

Kookorirs,  location  of 27tl 

8i/c  of  mat  nri!  fi-nialo 275 

niatnrn  nuile 275 

BiininKT  rcHort  of 275 

Wuight  of  Mialnre  fxnialo  275 

inatnri'  nialt< 275 

pup  at  Uirth 277 

y«arlinj; 275 

Wliy  spmIk  resort  to  the  iNlandn 279 

Alaskan  seal  lu>rd: 

("apt.  lloo|ier  on  migration  of 229-233 

Indian  linn ttirs damage  Imt  littlu 3!I2 

AlfxaiidtT,  .\.  U.     Statfnii'iit  of 212 

Alfred  .l<lam» : 

Inltrt'Ht  of  A.  Frank  in  the 352 

OwnorHhiji  of  lht> ;r>2 

Allfn..l.A.     Com'tTniii);  nnnibcrof  seals  8fon  oft'ronat  of  Washington  in  I8()9.  413 

Annnnnition: 

Amount  used  in  peluKic  sealing 3!M> 

Co«t  of 262 

Anna  Unk: 

8«i/.nr«  of  the 422 

VaIiH»  of  the 'Mi 

Aniak  Islaixls  not  breed iiif;  ground  of  Heals 230 

Anniuil  killings,  I'ribilof  Islands,  lH71-'S!t 425-427 

Ap\praisenient  of  seiding  vessels 329-33X 

Ai|Matie  birth,  Swnn  on 891,392 

Arbitration.     (See  Treaty  of  arbitration,  ete.) 

Aritl.  Kussian  seizure  of.  in  18H2 201-203 

Arrival  at  I'ribilof  Islands: 

Of  bachelors 378 

Of  bulls 27(5 

Of  cows 27() 

Of  yearlings 27S 

Arrival  of— 

Cows  on  Coniniander  Islands 373 

Seals  on  Coininander  Islands 3()3,  373 

Asiatic  |ielagie  catch,  9(>  per  cent  fenniles 3(>5 

IJachelors  intermingling  with  feninles 27S 

Hndi'ii-rowell,  Sir  Cieorge,  speech  of 4 IS 

Daniard,  Moses  S.,  dejiosition  of, 353 

Warren  cows.     (See  Cows.) 

Battles  on  rookeries 27fi 

Bechtol,  A.  J.,  citiisennhip  of 861 


.  279 

.  27!» 

.  */7{> 

.  '-'7» 
IT?!) 

.  277 

.  27t; 

.  27« 

27r» 

, .  27« 
..  27« 
. .  27fi 
. .  275 
. .  275 
..  275 
..  275 
..       275 

277 
. .       275 

279 

229-233 

. .       392 

2V2 


mo. 


352 
Xi'2 
413 

39fi 
262 


422 

. .       -Mi 

..       23G 

425-427 

329-3:w 

391, 392 

201-203 

..       378 

27<i 

..       270 

..       27S 

..  373 
303,  373 
3(i5 
,..  27H 
...  418 
...       353 

...       27fi 
...       351 


SUnJECT   INDEX   OF  APrENDIX.  440 

lirhlow.  Charlm  .I.,<lpi><)!tifi<niH  (»f 353  :158 

Ilrriiif;  Sea: 

KiiH.Hian  iloi'iinii-iitM  n-latiii);  to  (tirci^ii  wlialcr**  in 1!I9-2<N) 

.Si'aliii;;  Ht'aNon  in Ill'i,  :tlll 

lUrt li  of  |iu|>H 277.  :MKI 

On  ( 'omnia niliT  lalaMilH 373 

/i7«((il-  Itiiimimil.  inttTcNt  of  A.  !''ranl<  in  lln> 352 

lloaf M,  cost  of 21(i,  217,  2fil ,  318,  1 1 1 

HoatH  of  Victoria  licet,  1881-1892 '.W.  •.'(;o 

ItoMcowit/ ami  Cooper  m.  W'arrnn,  extract  I'roni  noton  made  at  ♦rial  of 30l,3(»-l 

lloMcowilz  A   Warren,  relation  of :«)l-320 

n«i«cowitz  rl  <il.  VM,  Warren  el  ill.  , 

KxtractH  from  ense  on  a|n>eal '. '. 313-32(1 

ExtraitH  from  evidein-e  in  ca«e  of 3(11-313 

KtiHcowil/,  .loN<'|ili : 

Citi/cnMlii)!  of 2.V>.  351 

'I'eHlimony  of,  a»  to  oNvnerxliip  of  vchscIn  Nci/.cil 3(HS -,'1(18,  313 

KoHcowit/.  !•«,  Wiirren  vt  al.,  oxtractH  from  t'\  iilence  in  caMo  of 3('l  -313 

Itrecilin);  KnnimlH ;W5 

I  ti>turi>ance  of 27(i 

In  18!t2  UK  comi;arc(l  witli  1891 ;t79 

UritiHli  ('olnmliia,  I'nr  scjiIm  oil ;U(0 

Hritixli  ("onnniHhioncn; ; 

Arrival  of,  on  islandH 3SK) 

Kxamination  of  reronlH  of  St.  Paul  iHlanil  liy 379 

FaciliticH  extended  to,  for  invcxtiKalKMiH 379,  3!I7 

Nundieiof  driven  Hcen  l).v  ;(!•« 

Iiuport  of.     (>'cr  Report  of  MritiNli  (.'oniniiHftioners.) 

Saw  only  one  killing 398 

Viwit  of,  to  Priltilof  IslandH :t!m 

Uritluli  (tntijet  tH.  clainiM  anainst  I'nilcd  StatcM: 

Tallies  relatin«  to 339,31(1 

TcMtimonv  relatinji  to 341-3."i2 

Hrown,  .lames  H.,  deposition  of ,i,",M 

Hryant,  Charles; 

(.'oncerninn  nninl»ei  of  seals  Been  otl'  const  of  Washington  in  18(l!t .||;t 

taken  on  I'riliilof  l.slands  in  18(i9  and  1870...       411 

OlTirial  report  of 275 

Testimony  of,  before  CongrcHsional  coinniitteo  on  inereiuiu  of  seals 28() 

Itnlls: 

Arrival  of,  at  islands 27(! 

Dejiartiire  of,  fr<.m  islamls 27s 

Fast  inn  of,  on  rookeries 277 

Hetnrn  to  same  spot  t<very  year i;7(i 

Seldom  seen  at  Neah  Hay 391 

Southern  liudt  of  old 230 

Idle,  vijjorons 379,  'Mi 

Time  of  jiasHap'  of  mij;ral  ing 230 

Virility  of 3!H) 

230 

230 


Winter  movements  of  half-j;i»wn 
Winter  resort  of  old 


Hnndles: 

Only  two  skins  in 282,  3.59,31! I,  381,  381,  399 

W.n\rht  of 282,373,381,399 

Canoos  of  Victoria  licet,  1881-1892 258-262 

12364 29 


11 


ji 


I  I 


I  i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V. 


<t^ 


/. 


^^ 


Vj 


1.0 


I.I 


2.2 


3.2 

Ui    III  2.0 


IL25  i  1.4 


—    6" 


1.6 


'*> 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  VV:S7  MAIN  STReKT 

WmFTER.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


«V 


iV 


'^ 


•1>' 


'^ 


;\ 


r^^ 


<^ 


» 


r^^ 


.^^ 

h. 


Va 


,*i 


450 


SUBJECT  INDEX  OF  APPENDIX. 


i, 


i   '' 


fil 


S'   !!■ 


(  ; 


:     li 


f    r.i 


Cape  Flattery  and  vicinity  :  Pajte. 

Fur-seal  industry  of,  Swan  on 284 

Fur-seals  off 390 

Carmelite,  Russian  seizure  of  the,  in  1892 202 

Carolena,  no  money  taken  from,  when  seized 341 

Case  of  the — 

Harriet 184-101 

Loriot IHO-lKt 

Pearl 175-180 

Casks,  packing  of  skins  in 358 

CatcL,  average,  per  scliooner  of  Victoria  fleet,  1881-1892 258-200 

from  Priliilof  Islands,  ti-icred  at  San  Francisco,  1872-1889 409 

in  IJering  Sea,  percentage  of  females  in 370 

Indian  canoe  coast 256 

in  1892 346 

of  sealing  vessels.     (See  Pelagic  catch.) 

the  Czarina,  conipositicm  of 3.57 

Favorite,  couii)osition  of 354,356 

Henrietta,  eoniposition  of .3.54,369 

Ivanhoe,  composition  of ;i58 

Kate,  composition  of 3.54 

Kate  and  Ann,  composition  of 358 

La  Ninfa,  compositi(m  of 3,55 

Louis  Ohen,  composition  of 3.58 

Mary  Brown,  composition  of 3.53 

Mary  If.  Thomas,  composition  of 3.58 

Boae  Sparks,  <'omi>osition  of 3.56 

San  Diego,  compositi(m  of 3,58 

Sophie  Sutherland,  composition  of 358 

Thistle,  conij)osition  of 3,55 

Winifred,  composition  of 3,54 

Victoria  fleet,  1881-1892 258-260 

Victoria  fleet,  divisions  of 'Jti'i 

pelagic  composition  of,  Martin  &  Sons  on 417 

96  per  cent  females 366 

of  1892 407-408 

tables  concerning 411 

Certificate  of  sale  of  seized  schooners 421 

Chartering  of  vessels,  cost  of 343-348 

C,  H.  H'/ti<e,  Itnssian  seizure  of  the,  in  1892 201-203 

sworn  statement  of  Capt.  Furman  concerning  seizure  of,  by  Rus- 
sia in  1892 20,3-205 

Citizenship  of  A.  J.  Bechtel 351 

Joseph  Boscowitz 351 

A.  Frank .351,352 

Claims  against  United  States: 

A.  Frank  has  none 352 

Special  proceedings  instituted  in  regard  to 320-326 

Tables  relating  to 339.  340 

Testimony  relating  to 341-3.52 

Classification  of  seals  liy  natives 229 

Coast  catch.    (See  Catch,  etc.) 

Coast  trading  unpiofltable  for  sealing  schooners 246,247 

Codtish,  distribution  of,  in  Bering  Sea 235 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


451 


Page. 
....       284 

....  390 
....  202 
....       341 

...  184-1  iU 
...1H0-1H4 
...175-180 

858 

....258-2()0 

40!) 

370 

256 

346 

357 

....354,356 
....354.369 

358 

3.54 

358 

355 

358 

353 

3.58 

356 

, 358 

358 

....  3.55 
....  3.54 
..  258-260 
....  262 
....  417 
....  366 
..  407-408 
....  411 
....  421 
..  343-348 
..  201-203 
I  Riis- 

.  203-205 
...  351 
...  351 
.  351,352 

. . .  352 
.  320-326 
.  339.340 
.  341-3.52 
....       229 

,.  246,247 
....      235 


Coition  on  land 277 

pflayic .359.  373 

impoasililc 364 

Color  of  bull 275 

cow 275 

pii])  at  liirtli 277 

yt'arliiij; 275 

Commander  Lslands: 

Dead  ])iips  on 374 

Dc'crcasi'  a.s  seen  on 375 

Extension  of  liillinfj;  time  on 373 

Time  of  arrival  of  seals  on 373 

Far-seal,     (tice  Hnssian  seal  lierd.) 
Seal  herd.     (See  Russian  seal  herd.) 

Skins  handled  e.irefnlly 376 

Conniuniieations  concerning  erroneons  translations  Foster   (Mr.)  to  Tiii)iter 

(Mr.) 151-1.52 

Conijxisition  of  pelagic  catch 417 

Condition,  relative,  of  lireeding  grounds,  in  1891  anil  18!t2 379 

Centred  and  domestication  of  sc-als 364 

of  seals  possible  only  on  land 365 

Cooper,  Thomas  H.,  testimony  of: 

As  to  ownership  of  vcs.scIm  seized 321-325 

1)1  regard  to  certain  claims  against  United  States 321-325 

Co])ulation.     (■Sec  Coition.) 

Corresi)ondence  relating  to  affairs  of  Russian  American  Co.  [amended  transla- 

tiims] 154-175 

(Sec  Russian  Documents  for  list.) 
Conviti : 

Cruise  of,  in  1892 393 

Pelagic  sealing  investigations  of 207-233,  395 

Cost  of  ammunition 262 

sealing  In.at  and  outfit 216,217,261,318,411 

shotguns.     (.SVr  Shotguns,  cost  of.) 
outfit  of  vessels.     (See  Outfit,  cost  of.) 
Bubsistcnee.     (.See  Subsistence,  cost  of.) 
vessels.     (See  Vessels,  cost  of.) 

Conlson.  Capt.  Wash.  C,  r«-port  of 234-244 

(Sec  also  Reports,  official.) 

Counting  of  sc^alskins  on  tiie  islands 282 

Counts  of  skins.     Comparative  siatement  of,  from  1870  to  1889 .367 

Cows,  aft'ection  of,  for  imps 393,  398 

arrival  of,  on  Commander  Islands 373 

I'ribilot  Islands 276 

barren 366,370,373,377,394 

bear  first  pup,  when 275 

begin  bearing,  when 295 

coliu'  of,  when  mature 275 

departure  of,  from  islands 278 

feeding  of 278,370,393 

excursions  of 370,  375,387,  394 

food  of 394 

full  size  of,  when  attained 275 

harem  life  of 386 

iaturuiiugiiug  with  baelielors 278 


:f 


I.  n 


:f.r 


mA  I 


452 


SUBJECT  INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


Page. 

Cows,  movements  of,  about  islanils 267,  Ii86 

ninety  J)or  cent  ami  over  in  jteliigio  catch  are 374 

aot  killed  on  lliissian  islands 365 

nursing 394 

destruction  of,  by  pelagic  sealing 375 

protection  of 3!)7 

select  harem  to  which  they  belong 385 

size  of,  when  mature 275 

weight  of,  when  mature    275 

Crews,  white  and  Indian,  of  Victoria  fleet,  1881-1892 258-260 

Curing  of  sealskins,  manner  of 279 

Czarina,  composition  of  the  catch  of  the 357 

Dall,  William  H.,  deposition  of 359 

Dangers  reported  in  North  Pacitic  Ocean,  extract  from  list  of 288 

Dead  pups.     (See  Pups,  dead.) 

Death  of  mother  causes  death  of  pups ?}66 

Declaration  of  seizure  of  the  ^VoHn(ain  Chic/ 419 

Decrease,  Everniann  on 26G,  2G8,  2G9, 270, 272,  273 

in  North  Pacific  and  Hcring  Sea 346,  317 

in  waters  around  islands 370 

of  females  by  pelagic  killing  and  raids 365 

ou  Commander  Islands 375 

caused  by  pelagic  sealing 375 

on  Pribilof  Islands 385 

Swan  on 392 

Departure  i'roni  islands  of  seals: 

Cause  of 3G4 

Of  bulls 278 

Of  females 278 

Of  pups 278 

Deposition  of — 

Abbey,  C.  A 341 

Barnard,  Moses  S 353 

Behlow,  Charles  J , 353-358 

Brown,  James  B 358 

Dall,  William  Healy 359 

Erskine,  M.  C 360 

Fergnson,  Walter  H 361 

Fowler,  W.  H.  C 341 

Grebnit/.ki,  Nicholas  A 362 

Heilbronnor,  Max 367-369 

Hodgson,  N 369 

Hooper,  C.  L 369 

James,  N.  T 342 

Lorentzen,  A.  P 343 

Lntjens,  Charles 344 

Mclntyre,  H.  H 371 

McLean,  Alexander 315 

McLean,  Daniel 316 

Magee,  John  A.  jr 347 

Malowansky,  John 373-376 

Martin,  Walter  E 376 

Morgan,  Thomas  F 376 

Murray,  Joseph 378 

Myer,  Martin , 380 


SUBJECT  INDEX   OP   APPENDIX. 


453 


267,  :m 

..  374 

..  365 

..  394 

..  375 

..  3!t7 

,..  385 

...  275 

...  275 
,  258-260 

...  279 

...  357 

...  359 

...  288 

866 

...  419 

0, 272,  273 
.  3^6,317 

...  370 

...  365 

...  375 

...  375 

...  385 
...   392 

...   364 

...  278 
..  278 
..   278 

..      3-11 
. .      353 
.353-358 
..      358 
..       359 
..      360 
..       361 
..       341 
..      362 
.367-369 
..      369 
..      369 
..       342 
..       343 
..       314 
..      371 
..       315 
. .       316 
..       347 
373-376 
..      376 
..      376 
...      378 
,..      380 


Deposilion  of — Continned.  Tugti. 

Ncuiiifinn,  Uu(l()li)li 380 

Niebiium,  Gustave 381-383 

Perkins,  Geoi<j;e  C 3^19 

PioiBS,  C.  W 383 

SlosH,  L(»iii8,  jr 384 

Suiifh,  Harry  S ,  --..  349 

Stanii^y  IJrown,  .Joseph 385 

Swan,  James  G 390 

iOwnsend,  C.  H 392 

Tumor,  Matthew 350 

Williams,  Theo.  T 351 

Williams,  William  H 352.396-100 

Di|)lomatic  cctrrrsponiUince  relating  to  interpretation  of  treaty  of  arbitration. 
List  of  notes: 

Ulaine  (Mr. )  to  Foster  (Mr. ) 150 

roster  (Mr.)  to  HerDert  (Mr.) 139 

Foster  (Mr.)to  llerlert  (Mr.) 147 

Roscl)oriy  (Lord)  to  Herbert  (M  ■.) 144 

Disorganixation  of  the  rookeries 378 

Disturbance  (\f  breeding  grounds 276 

Division  of  sealskiu  eatclies  by  Hritisb  Colutubia  sealers 262 

Documents,  Kussian.     (<S<t  a/«u  Russian  documents.) 

faesinnles  of follow . .  429 

withdrawal  of 153 

Dolphin : 

Seizure  of  the 421 

Value  of  the 344 

1  )om<  Mtieution  and  control  of  the  seals 364 

Drives,  from  Tolst<»i  in  1891,  no 399 

number  of,  seen  by  liritish  Comnii.ssioners 398 

Driving: 

Care  in 278 

Extension  of  areas  of 372 

Males  not  inj  ured  by 390 

Manner  of 281 

Mortality  cansed  by 389 

Not  injurious  to  seals 36*5 

Over  putrid  bodies 377 

Efteets  of  pelagic  killing ^ 366 

Employes  of  Alaska  Comnierei.'il  Co.  who  were  also  Government  agents 383 

K(|uipnient  of  vessels.     (•Sw  Outlit  of  vessels.) 

Erskine,  M.  C,  deposition  of 360 

Evermann,  B.  W.,  notes  on  rookeries,  Pribilof  Islands  264-273 

Examination  of  eatcli  of  1892  on  vessels  seized 374 

Excrement  on  rookeries 277, 360,  377, 387, 393 

Fxhibits  to  Henry  Report 249-254 

Extrusion  of  driving  arenas 372 

Extinction  of  herd  threntened  by  |)eliigie  killing 366 

Fanning,  Edmund,  extract  from  letter  of  ISenJamin  Pendleton  to 293 

Fasting  of  bulls  on  rookeries 277 

Fate  of  fur  seal  in  America,  Pahner  on 289 

Farorite.  .  Composition  of  catch  of  the 354,356 

Feeding.     (AYe  cows.) 
Females.     (See  also  cuws.) 


y 


454 


SUBJECT    INDEX    OF    APPENDIX. 


i) 


mi 


\m 


'%ii 


s 


I  -i 


rage. 

Females  (liiiiiiilsl)f'(l  by  pelaj^ic  killing  aiitl  raids 365 

96  per  cent  takt;n  iu  Asiatic  pplagic  catcli 365 

pelagir  catfli H(!(i 

Percentage  of,  in  IJcring  Sea,  hoyond  narrow  7a)iw  around  islandn H70 

catch  in  Berinij  Sea 370 

pelagic  scaling  {xce  also  Pelagic  Sealing) 218 

Ferguson,  Walter  H.     Deposition  of 3(il 

Firearms  used  liy  pelagic  hunters,    (sec  rt/«o  Hillcs and  Shotguns) -'61 

Fish,  distriliution  of  cod  in  Bering  Sea -35 

Fisheries  and  lishcry  indiist ries  of  United  States.     Extract  from 284 

Kleet  and  catch  of  18!)2,  .sealing 407,  408 

l''ood  of  <'o\vs 394 

Seals,  killed  for 278 

Fowler,  \V.  11.  C.    Deposition  of,  as  to  insurance  rates 341 

Frank,  A.,  citizenship  of 351,352 

has  no  claim  iigainst  Fnited  S;  .ites 3.52 

interest  of,  in  the  Alfred  Adams  and  lilack  Diamond 352 

Fraser.  Alfred,  statcTuents  of 415-417 

A,  concerning  tiio  numlxT  of  skins  in  a  bundle 415 

B,  coneeriiing  tlie  iiumlier  of  skins  sold  by  C.  M.  Lampson  &•  Co.,  per  ac- 
count Alaska  Conunercial  Co 415 

C,  coiu;erning  the  \veigl;t  of  skins 416 

Furnian,  L.  M.,  sworn  .statenumt  of 203-205 

Fur-seals,  Alaskan,  winter  resort  of 361 

Bryant  on 275 

characteristics  of,  off  Cape  Flattery 390 

fate  of,  in  Amerii'a,  Palmer  on 289 

industry  of  Cape  Flattery  and  vicinity.  Swan  on 284 

not  wild  animals 364 

number  killed  (m  Pribilof  Islands  annually,  1860-1866 93-199 

(m  Pribilof  Islands 279 

polygamous 364 

Scammon  on 293 

sleeping,  principally  taken  by  sealers 395 

stampedes  of      (Nee  Stampedes.) 

Government  agents  who  were  also  agents  of  Alaska  Commerci.al  Co 383 

Grave  • 

Seizure  of  the 422 

Value  of  the 344 

Grebnitzki,  Ni(diolas  A.,  de])osition  of 362 

Habitat,  winter,  of  Alaskan  herd 371 

(See  Resort.) 
Habits   of  Alaskan    fur-seal.     (•S'ee  Alaskan  seal  herd;   pups;   bulls;   cows; 
bachelors;  migration.) 

irregularity  in 378 

Russian  fur-seal 363,364 

not  affi'cted  by  methods  of  taking  on   Connnandcr 

Islanils 3t)5 

Handling  of  Commander  Islands's  skins  376 

Harems : 

Formation  of 277 

Life  of  cows  in 277, 386 

Selection  of,  by  cows 385 

Size  of 264,265,269,377,879,385 

Harrm,  case  of  the 184-191 


SUBJECT  INDEX  OF  APPENDIX. 


455 


Pace. 

Hoilbionnor,  Max,  depositions  of 8(57,  3(59 

Ifciir'uttd,  composition  of  cutchoa  of  the 3") I,  l?(i!) 

lltMiry,  speciiil  agtMit,  Itejiort  of  («<,'«  Reports,  ofUcial) 2M)-'2'>1 

ll<iil;;4on,  X..  deposition  of 3(iJ) 

lloint)  of  tlie  Russian  fur-seal 3(53 

Hooi»er,  Capt.  C.  L. : 

Deposition  of SfiO 

Orders  to l'()7 

Reports  of  (we  Reports,  otlicial) 207-233 

Hunters,  Indians  (see  aUo  I'olaj^ic  seal(^rs) 2,')5,  3i6,  317,  3 IS 

Ini])rovud  methods  of  inanagemeut  on  Uussiau  islands 3G1 

Increase: 

'^ryaut  on 280 

now  to  s(!cnro,  Venianiinotf  on 2tli> 

Or,  Commander  Islands 361 

On  St.  Paul  Island  for  tiftoen  years 2!»8 

Requirements  for 279 

Testimony  of  Charles  Bryant  before  Conj^ressional  committee  on 280 

Of  seal  herd.     {See  Increase.) 

Indian  hnntors  {see  a/»o  Pelagic  sealers) 34(5,317,318 

Indians,  interest  of,  to  be  considered 392 

Insurances  rates 218,311,312,349 

Irregularity  in  habits 378 

Islands  of  the  Unalaska  district,  Veniamiuott's  notes  on,  extract  from 294 

Intermingling  of  bachelors  with  females 278 

Iraiilioc,  composition  of  catch  of  the 3i/8 

James,  N.  T,,  deposition  of,  as  to  insurance  rates 342 

Kate,  compositicm  of  catch  of  the ,. 354 

Kate  and  Ann,  composition  of  catch  of  the 358 

Kenching 282 

Killable  age 278 

Killing  excess  of  males ; 

Advantageous  .   364,  365 

Increases  herd ..       279 

Killing  for  food , 278 

manner  of,  on  islands 278,  281 

one,  seen  by  British  Commissioners 398 

on  islands  from  1817  to  1838,  number  in 297 

on  islaixls  from  18/0  to  1874,  inclusive,  number  in 282 

on  islands,  Veniaminotf  on 294 

threatens  extinction  of  herd 306 

wasteful 366 

Record  of,  examined  by  British  ConuuLssioncrs 379 

should  be  confined  to  males 2/9 

time  on  Commander  Islan<ls,  extended 373 

Lampsou,  C  M.  »&  Co. : 

Catalogue  showing  "stagy"  skins 412 

On  number  of  sealskins  in  a  bundle 415 

La  Niiifa,  composition  of  catch  of  the 355 

Lavender,  A.  W.,  oflicial  report  of 2(53 

'Lay"  of  pelagic  sealers 248 

Lennan,  J.  E.,  certilicate  of,  concerning  seals  taken  by  Capt.  Coulsou  in  Bering 

Sea 243 

Libels  tiled  against  sealing  vessels 327,328 

Loreutzeu,  A.  P.,  deposition  of,  as  to  cost  of  vessels  and  outtit 343 


n 


k 


?i 


is! 


Hi 


:'''hf! 


■'II 


I  i 


'l-lui^ 


456  SUBJECT  INDEX  OP  APPENDIX. 

Tngo. 

Loriot,  cn.so  of  tlio 180-184 

LoiiiH  (ilnvn  romjKtsition  of  catcli  of  the 358 

LutjiMis,  C'h;i»    '.s: 

Tt'sliii.  ..J  of,  iiH  to  cost  of  outfit  of  vesspla 344 

Tcs     aoiiy  of,  as  to  value  of  the  Ada,  Anna  llcvk,  Dolphin,  Umce,  and   IV. 

J'.  Hdtiward 344 

McCoy,  Sir  Frederick,  extract  from  his  I'rodroiuns  of  ZoiUogy  of  Victoria -!>2 

Mcliityre,  II.  II.,  dc|ioHiti()ii  of 371 

McLean,  Alexander,  deiK)sition  of 345 

Me  Lean,  Danitd,  de]io.sitlon  of 316 

Ma>;ee.  John  A,,  jr.,  dopositiou  of 347 

Males: 

Afje  of,  wlKtn  allowed  on  hreediug  <;rounda 270 

Color  of  mature 275 

Full  f;ro\vtli  of,  wln-n  reached 275 

Killin<7  excess  of,  advanta}j;eous 364,  305 

Only  should  lie  ki lied 279 

Proporticui  of,  horn  each  year 2}t6 

Size  of  mil  tare 275 

Surfdus,  killiufj  of,  increases  herd 279 

Virile,  sullicicncy  ol',  on  Connnander  Islands 305,  375 

Virility  of,  not  ini]>aired  hy  driving 390 

Weight  of  niature 275 

Winter  resort  of  adult 230 

(See  aho  Hulls;  Hachelors.) 

Midowansky,  .lohn,  depositions  of 373,  374 

Management  of  seal  herd  on  Priliilof  Island.     Bryant  on: 

Distnrhauce  of  breeding  grounds 276 

Driving,  care  in  278 

Increase  of  herd,  reiiuireinents  for 279 

Killaldeage 278 

Killing,  manner  of 278 

of  seals  for  food 278 

of  suriilus  males  increases  herd 279 

should  he  coulintid  to  males 279 

Manner  oJ' curing  the  skins 279 

Oil  y i(dded  by  a  seal 279 

Preservation  of  herd,  re<inirement8  for 279 

Prime  sealskins,  i)crcentage  of 278 

Quota,  annual,  of  sealskins  that  may  bo  taken  on  ishmds 879 

VenianiinctVon 294-299 

Management  of  Russian  herd: 

Jlarren  cows,  few  killed 366 

Cows  not  killed  on  islands 305 

Driving 366 

Habits  of  seals  not  atlected  by  methods  of  taki^ig 365 

Improved  methods  of 364 

Increase  of  seals 364 

Killing  excess  of  males  advantageous 364,  363 

Males,  killing  excess  of,  advantageous 364,365 

virile,  abundant 365 

Methods  now  employed  perfect , . .  305 

Palagic  sealing  compels  reduction  in  land  catch 364 

Protection  of  females 365 

Quota  talcen  on  islands,  decrease  iu    364 

Virile  uialea  abuudaut S85 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OP   APPENDIX. 


467 


I'agc 

.Uai-in,  RiisHinn  seizure  of  the,  in  1892    202 

Miirtlii,  C.  W.  Si.  S(iii8,  statciiicnt  of,  us  to  coinposition  of  polugic  catcli 417 

Man-ill,  /■,'.  /{.,  aiii'tioii  sale  of  the  '2\H 

Mnrij  Itroicn,  i'oini)osition  of  tlio  riitch  of  tlie 3i"i3 

Mnrij  II.  Tlioinan,  coinposition  of  catch  of  the 358 

Martin,  Walter  10..  dciioHition  of liTfi 

Marvin,  E.  li.,  cost  of  stfani  for 24S 

Mayiianl,  Li«uit.  Washburn,  report  of,  to  Si'crctary  of  Treasury  280 

Metiiixls  of  management  now  employed  on  Uiissian  islands,  ]ierfeet 305 

Migration: 

Alaskan  and  Knasian  lierda  resort  eaehto  its  own  !>ree<ling  grounds 363 

Arrival  of  herd  oti' coast  coincident  with  arrival  of  certain  classes  of  fish.       232 

Cause  of 361,370 

Course  of 370, 371 

Destination  of  Alaskan  herd 233 

Manner  of  traveling  during 232,  370,  371 

Of  Alaskan  fur-seals,  Henry  on 218 

seal  lierd,  Capt.  Hooper  on 220-233 

passes  used  in 22!) 

time  of  passage  of  bulls 230 

Routes  of 232 

Swan  on 3!)l 

Time  of 370, 1571 

I'assa^ji!  of  Alaskan  herd 230 

When  a  herd  is  out  of  Bering  Sea 231 

roaches  coast  of  I'nited  States 231 

Mingling  of  Alaskan  and  Russian  herds  does  not  occur .363,  375 

herds  of  Conunauder  Islands  and  Robben  Islaml  does  not  take 

]dace 363 

Mfuiey  taken  from  the  CaroJena,  no 31 1 

Moore,  .1 .  S.,  report  of,  to  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 282 

Morgan,  Thomas  V..  dejiositiou  of 376 

Mortgages  on  sealing  schooners 410 

seized  schooners 261 

Mother  and  pup,  affection  between 388 

Movements  of  cows  abr)ut  islands 386 

Mdiiiitain  Chief,  declaration  of  seizure  of  the 419 

Munro,  George  K.,  testimony  of,  as  to  ownership  of  vessels  seized 301-;i06 

Murray,  .losejjh.  deposition  of 378 

Myer.  Martin,  deposition  of .380 

Myers,  consul,  Levi  W.,  official  report  of  (see  alio  Re])orts  offered) 255-2t)3 

Neuiiumn,  Rudolpli,  de|)osition  of 380 

Newcomb,  Lieut.,  examiiuMl  Aniak  Island 236 

Niebaum,  Oustave,  dejiositions  of 381,  382 

Northeast  Point,  St.  Paul,  annual  killing  at.  1871-1889 427 

Number  of  fur-seals  annually  killed  on  Pribilof  Islands: 

1817  to  1838 297 

18(50  to  1866  (aho  see  Quota) 193-199 

1870  to  1874 283 

Number  of  seal  skins: 

Bnnightaway  from  islands,  1870-1889 361 

In  abumUe 282,359.361,380,381 

Nursiug  cows : 

(See  also  Cows,  and  Alaskan  seal  herd.) 

destruction  of,  by  pelagic  sealing S7^ 


I,      ;':  *i 


\ . 


i  I 


I  if,        '  : 


'I  iii 


'i 


Nursing  cows— Continued.  P»(?e. 

of  pup 277 

01m«rvati()im(>f  Aliisltim  fnr-Hciils  at  8«a 21!)-1.'27,  237-211,  401-405 

Ofllcial  rcportH.     (.SVc  KcportM,  otlicial.) 

Oil  .vit.I<li..l  l)y  aNciil 279 

Oiilers  to  Capt.  VV.  C.  Coulnou '2'M 

C.  I..  Hooper 207 

Ontlit  of  sealing  v.-sHt'ls,  cost  of 2 1(5,  2(51, ;{ Hi,  'Mi 

OnltittiiiKO»'vi'sscl.s,  date  of :tl(>,  SI",  348 

OwncfNliip  of  vessels  seized  by  United  States 301-325,  351,  352 

registered 256 

Pacific  (North)  Ocean,  list  of  reported  dangers  iu,extraet  from 288 

Paeiiing.     (Stv  niindles.) 

of  skins  in  casks 358 

Palmer,  William,  extract  from  paper  prepared  by 289 

Passages  on  rookery 276 

I'assenger  rat(!8  on  Pacific  const 349 

Passes,  observations  near,  impracticable  in  winter 232 

Pearl,  case  of  the 175-180 

Pelagic  catch  (»<r  aho  Catch) : 

Coniixisitiou  of,  statement  of  C.  W.  Martin  &  Sons  as  to 417 

Nursing  cows  in 375 

Ninety-six  per  cent  females 3(56 

in  Asiatic 365 

Of  1892,  examination  of,  on  vessels  seized 374 

Over  90  per  cent  female  seals 374 

Shipment  of,  to  London 375 

Pelagic  coition  impossible 361,  373 

Pelagic  sealers: 

Division  of  catches,  by  British  Columbia 262 

Firearms  used  by 261 

Indian 392 

"Lay"  of 248 

Wages  of 248 

Pelagic  sealing: 

Absolute  prohibition  of,  necessary 366,375 

Ammunition  used  in 396 

Cause  of  decrease  in  Comnmnder  Islands 375 

Cause  of  great  mortality  of  pups  in  1891 389 

Compels  reduction  of  catch  on  Russian  islands 364 

Cost  of  anununition  used  in 262 

Decrease  of  females  by 365 

Effects  of 366 

Fenuiles  t.aken  in,  Henry  on 249 

Injurious  effect  of,  Capt.  Coulson  on 236 

Capt.  Hooper  on 218 

Investigations  of  Corwin 395 

Never  engaged  in  by  Alaska  Commercial  Co 381,382 

Nursing  cows  easily  taken  in 217 

Seals  killed  in 395 

Sinking  of  seals  in 217 

Swan  advises  check  of , 392 

on  restrictions  of,  necessary 392 

Threatens  extinction  of  herd 366 

Waste  of  life  by 366.396 

Pendleton,  Benjamin;  extract  from  his  letter  to  Edmund  Fanning 329 


SUBJECT   INDEX    OF    APPENDIX. 


459 


...  279 
...  2:m 
...   207 

1,  -MX  -.m 

t!,  ai7,  H48 
5,  :t5l,  352 
...   256 

...   288 

...  358 
...  28'J 
...  276 
...  349 
...  232 
.  175-180 

...  417 

....  375 

...  3(56 

....  365 

....  374 

....  374 

....  375 
..  36»,373 

....  262 

....  261 

..  392 

..  248 

..  248 

366, 375 
..  396 
..  375 
..  389 
..  364 
..  262 
..  365 
..  366 
..  249 
..  236 
..  218 
..   395 

381, 382 
217 

. « ■    OoO 

...  217 
...  392 
...  392 
...  366 
...366.396 
.      329 


Vuge. 

Percentage  of  females  in  catdi  in  Hcring  Sea 370 

taken  t)y  iieiiigic  seiilei'H 374 

prime  sltins 278 

Perkin.M,  Oeorjje  ('.,  deposition  of  349 

I'etioll',  Ivan,  letter  of,  confessing  mi.seimdiict  in  tiMiislating 153 

I'olygamonH  ni'tiire  of  seals 361 

I'reisH,  C.  \V.,  deposition  of 383 

Prescu'vation  of  herd,  reiinirements  for 279 

Prilillof  Islands: 

Annuiil  killing  (m,  1871-1889 425-127 

Kverniann's  notes  on  rookeries  of 26-1-273 

JonrnalB,  examined  l»y  Hrillsh  (.'ominissiouers 397 

No  seiils  in  Bering  iSea  nnattaeluHl  to 370 

Bealskiiit)  from,  entered  at  Sun  Franeiseo,  1872-lMSSI 4(K> 

taken  on,  in  1860-1866 193-199 

1869  and  1870 413,414 

Visit  of  British  Commi8.sioner8  to 398 

Price  of  i)ni>  skins 381 

I'riees  of  .Uaskan  st^al.skins,  statement  of,  from  1874  to  1889 369 

Prime  sealskins,  i)ercentage  of 278 

Prodromns  of  Zoiilogy  of  Victoria,  extract  from 292 

Prohibition  of  |iulagi(^  sealing,  alisolute,  necessary 366,  375 

I'rotection  liy  /.ones  impracticahlo ,    218,  370 

in  North  Pacitic  aud  Bering  Sea  iioceHsary 218.  371 

of  CO W8 36.">,  377 

Provisi<m8  for  sealing  vessels,  co.st  of 246, 247 

Pups : 

Affection  of  cows  for 388,393,398 

Birth  of 277,363,391,393 

on  Cominandor  Inlands 373 

Color  of,  at  birth 277 

Dead,  from  starvation 366 

not  caused  by  epidemic 366,  385 

great  nnmbor  of,  in  1891,  caused  by  p'.lagic  sealing 389 

in  1892.  cause  of 389 

on  Commander  Islands 366,  .^74 

on  Pribilof  Islands 263,  267,  269,  271, 370,  378 

Death  of  mot  hers  causes  death  of 366 

Departure  of,  from  islands 278 

Learning  to  swim 278 

Nursing  of 277 

Skius  of  killed  for  food 368 

price  of 381 

purchased  by  Alaska  Commercial  Company,  number  of 381 

Swinnning  of 267, 268,  363 

Weight  of.  at  birth 277 

Quota,  annual,  of  seals  taken  on  Russian  islands,  decrease  of 364 

on  Pribilof  Island.s,  1860-18()6 193-199 

St.  Paul  Island,  1860-1866 193-199 

Raids : 

Col.  Murray  denies  statements  as  to,  attributed  to  him  by  British  Commis- 
sioners        379 

Decrease  of  females  by 365 

No,  while  British  Commissioners  were  at  islands 399 

Becord  of  seals  killed  on  Pribilof  Islands  examined  by  British  Commissioners.      379 


it 


4G0 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF  APPENDIX. 


i  u 


l-'i 


Page. 

Uoconls  of  Pribilnf  Itdiiiida  examined  by  RritiMh  CoinininHionors 379,  .'iU7 

]{idativo('uii(litioii  of  breeding  ^roiuiilH  ill  IKDl  luid  1S!)2 'Mii 

ItniKirt  of  HritiHli  (^'oiiiiDiMsioiierH,  suction  751)  of 3!li) 

I{c]i(irtH,  olHi'ial: 

CoiilHon,  Ciipt.  Wash.  C 2:M-2U 

Arci*  covcnid  by 2!-{5 

Iiiclosi-H  stattMiKMit  of  A.  It.  Ab>xaiidi'r 242 

IiicloHiiD'H,  HccoiiiiiaiiyiiiK  roitort  of 2U5,  2;i7-2tl 

Mili'8  oriiiBcd  liy 2H5 

On  distribution  of  <!odliHli  in  liorinj;  Kua 235 

On  injurious  ellVct  of  |it'laj.;ic  Healing; 2H0 

Orders  to Zi\ 

Knii^u  of  avals  observed  l>y 2:t5 

Seal  loKof 2:}7-2»l 

Si'ftls  takiiii  in  Hcriii;^  Sea  by '2'M>,  211 

Stall's  Ainak  iNlaiid  not  n  briM^ding  ground  ol'simls 2H6 

Evermnnn,  1$.  W 2G4-273 

Arrival  at  I'ribilof  iHlands 2t)4 

Departnro  from  I'ribilof  iHlands 2(!4 

Notua  ou  cLaruuter  of  Kast  Kooki'ry,  8t.  Goorge 272 

Ketavio  Kookrry,  St.  ratil 2(i« 

Little  Kiist  Hookory,  St.  (Icor.",.: 273 

Little  rolavina  Rookery,  St.  Paul 270 

Lnkannon  Rookery,  St.  I'aiil 2C5,  2(!<i 

Nortlit-ast  Point  Rookery,  St.  I'aul 270 

North  Rookery.  St.  George 271 

Polaviiia  Rooki'ry,  St.  Pan? 271 

Reef  Rookei y,  St.  Paul 2(;!» 

Starry  Arreel,  St.  George 272 

Tidstoi.St.  Paul 2()!» 

'iapadnie  Rookery,  St.  George 272 

COWS,  coming  and  going  of,  Lukiinnon  Ro'.ki'ry,  St.  Paul 207 

dead  pups  ou  Ketavie  Rookery,  St.  Paul 2(>!t 

Lnkannon  Rookery,  St.  Paul 207 

Polavina  Rookery,  St.  Paul 271 

dead  seals  on  Reef  Rookery,  St.  Paul 209 

docieasu  of  seals  on  Za])adiiie  Rookery,  St.  George 273 

Ketavie  Rookery,  St.  Paul 268 

Lukannon  Rookery,  St.  Paul 200 

Northeast  Point  Rookery,  St.  Paul 270 

Starry  Arteel,  St.  George 272 

Reef  Rookery  ,  St.  Paul 269 

North  Rookery,  St.  George 272 

Tolstoi  Rookery,  St.  Paul 209 

East  Rookery,  St.  George 272 

harems  on  Ketavie  Rookery,  St.  Paul 209 

Lukannon  Rookery 264,205 

Reef  Rookery,  St.  Paul 209 

size  of,  affected  by  absence  of  cows  feeding 264,  205, 209 

pups  swimming,  Lnkannon  Rookery,  St. Paul 267,268 

rookeries  on  Pribloff  Islands 264-273 

■eal  life  in  general  on  Lukannon  Rookery,  St.  Paul 266,267 

Little  Polavina  Rookery,  St.  Paul....      270 

Little  East  Rookery,  St.  George 273 

Ketavie,  St.  Paul 268 


)  i 


SUBJECT   INDEX    OP   APFENDIX. 


4G1 


-7- 
!.'()!) 
272 
270 
270 


RcportH,  odlrial— Continiii'il. 

Kvcriiiaiiii,  H.  \V, — ('oiitinned.  Pngn. 

Notes  on  Bcul  life  iu  general  on  IjihI  Hookrry,  8t.  fJnor'to 272 

Za])u<liiii-  INidkcry,  Ht.  (it'orne 272.  27H 

Tolslni    K'iKikrry,  St.  1*11111 

Hliirr.v  .^rti't'l,  st.(i'<MirKB 

Kfi'f  Hiiokriv.  St.  r.iiil 

Noi'tli  K'nolvfiv ,  St.  (ioor^e    

NortlieuHt  I'oint  Kookfr.s,  St.  I'linl  .. 

virilfi  ninle  life  on  NinilifiiHl  I'diiit  h'ookriy,  St.  I'mil 

Kc.r  Kookt  ry,  St.  I'liiil 2ti!» 

Ilonry, Hpntial  u^ent 2l.")-2r)l 

Exliit)itH: 

A.  In.snrun('o  rates 2t!t 

M.  Advcrliscnirnt  ofsiilc  ot'  Iu  II.  Munin 2l'.t 

C.  Hid  lor  t'uniiic  and  Imilcr  I'or  A'.  //.  Marvin 2.">0 

D.  Siit'cilication.s  for  ImildinK  !'f>-ton  Hoalinj;  Hcliooner -•"'" 

E.  SjiociticationM  I'or  l)iiildinK  HO- 1  on  Kcalin^j  hcIiooikt 2r)l 

F.  Hid  Cor  linildioK  Ii.")-ti)ii  Hcalin;;  m  Iumiiut 2."»2 

G.  Hid  Cor  liiiilding  SO-ton  and  35-ton  Hoalinji  HchoontTs,  with  .iiix- 

iliary  Ntcani  imwcr 2."i;{ 

IL  Hid  for  fnrnlHliinj;  niarinr  t'n<;inti8 251! 

I.     Hid  fur  fnrnishiiij;  en>;ineH  for  30  and  3.5  ton  ■■iliooncr 251 

On  auct ion  sale  of  E.  li.  Martin 218 

On  bids  for  fonmlry  steam 21!* 

cost  of  boats 247 

and  snbsist<^n('o 2U5 

Porn  Sivward 212 

onjjine  and  boiler  for  A'.  B.  Marrin 2 IH 

0(ini]>!iient 2  It! 

provinions 2lt>,  2l7 

Bcbooner  now  bnildinj; 218 

steam  for  scliooner 2(7 

disadvanta^eH  of  steam  in  sealing  scbooner 217 


fcmaleN  in  eatches. 
insurance  rates  . . . 


2l!t 

218 

lay  and  wajjes 218 

migration  of  seals 218 

relative  expensiven»'ss  of  wliite  and  Indian  sealers 21(i 

specilicatious  and  bids  for  scbooner 2l!t 

Orders  of 215 

liejiorts  coast  trading  by  sealing  scbooners  nnprufitable 246, 2-17 

Sources  of  information  employed  by 245 

Hooper,  Capt.  C.  L 207-233,275-279 

Ailidavits  taken  by 228 

Decrease  in  seals  in  1892  at  Nortlieast  Point,  St.  Paul  Island,  re]>ortedby.  213 

on  rookeries  of  St.  George,  reported  by 200 

gives  Aleut  classification  of  seals 229 

Method  of  conducting  inquiries  among  Aleuts  concerning  migration 

of  seals 229 

No  barren  cows  found  by 217 

connningling  of  Alaskan  and  Connnander  Island  seals  found  by. ..  216 

on  absence  of  gravid  cows  in  Bering  Sea 218 

area  covered  in  cruises  of  Corwin 216,218 


fJ   1 


a^ 


462 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


tin:  \ 


fi  f      i; 


'■I 


<  » 


Keports,  official — Continued. 

Iloopor,  Ciipt.  C.  L.— Continued.  Page. 

on  cruises  of  Connn 207-216,228-229 

distribution  of  seals  in  Bering  Sea 217 

food  of  fur  seals 217 

found  in  <tomacb8  of  seals 217 

inefliciency  ol'  zonal  protection 218 

migration  of  seals 229-2.33 

necessity  of  prolecting  seals  in  Pacific 218 

pelagic  birth 218 

sealing  and  its  injurious  consecinences 218 

perccntag<!  of  nursing  cows  found  by 217 

sinking  of  seals 217 

■western  limit  of  Alaskan  fur  seals 216 

Orders  to 207 

Report  of  investigations  in  Bering  Sea  dated  August  17,  1892 207-213 

September  6,  1892 214-227 

and  North  Pacilic,  November  21, 

1892 228-233 

Seal  log  of 219-227 

Seals  caught  and  examined  bv 210, 212,  21.5, 216 

Settlements  of  natives,  visited  by 228 

"Statement  of  seals  taken,"  etc faces      219 

states  nursing  cows  are  easily  killed 217 

Lavender,  Treasury  agent 263 

Moore,  J.  8 282 

Myers.  Consul  L.  W 255, 202 

on  Boscowitz,  .loseph,  citizenship  of 255 

catch,  Indian  canoe  coast 256 

per  schooner,  average 260 

cost  of  annnnnition 262 

sealing  boat  and  outfit 261 

division  of  the  seal-skin  catches  by  British  Columbia  scalers 262 

firearms  used  by  seal  hunters 261 


Indian  hunters. 


mortgages  on  seized  schooners 261 

registered  owners 256 

tonnage  record 258 

schooner,  value  of  sealing 2!57 

statistics,  general 2.58-260 

transmits  documents  setting  forth  relation  of  Boscowitz  and  Warren  301-320 

Washburn,  Lieut 280 

Reproductive  organs  of  male  are  developed,  when 276 

Reserve  of  seals 373 

Reshipment  of  spring  catch 346, 317 

Resort  of  adult  males  in  winter 2.30 

half-grown  nnilesin  winter 230 

old  bulls  in  winter 230 

soul  liern  limit  of 230 

Return  of  bull  to  same  spot  every  year , 276 

Robben  Island  and  Commander  Islands  herds  do  not  mingle 363 

Rookeries:  Management  of.     (>See  Management.) 

of  Pribilof  Islands ;  Decrease  of  seal  life  on 266,  268-270, 272,  273 

Disorganization  of 378 

Excrement  on 360,373,377,387 


SUBJECT   I>fDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


463 


Page. 

Rookeries  of  Pribilof  Islands :  Everman's  notes  on 264-273 

Location  of 276 

Relative  condition  of,  in  18i)l  an<l  189-' 379 

Tolstoi,  no  dri viiijir,  from,  in  IMttl 399 

When  in  prime  contlitiun 397 

Other,  search  for 376 

Hose  tiparls,  Composition  of  the  catch  of  the 356 

Bosie  OUen,  Russian  seizure  of  the,  in  1892 201-203 

Routes  of  mi  juration  of  sealh 232 

I{iish,  See  Reports,  ofiicial,  Capt.  Wash.  C.  Coulson 

RuHsian  and  Alaskan  herds  do  not  minf{le 303,  370 

Russian  documents,  amended  translations 154-174 

Russian  documents  (amended  translations),  list  of — 

No.  11.  Letter  from  the  Minister  of  Finance  fDeparttniMit  of  Manufactures 
and  Internal  Trade)  to  theboardof  administration  of  the  Russian  Amer- 
ican Company.     Written  from  St.  Petersburj;  April  2,  1824 154 

No.  13.  Letter  from  the  Minister  of  Finance  to  the  board  of  administration 
of  the  Russian  American  Company.  Written  from  St.  I'etersbnrj;  Sep- 
tember 4,  1824 155 

No.  14.  Abstract  of  coininunication  from  Count  Nesselrode,  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  to  the  Minister  of  Finance.  Written  from  St.  Peters- 
burg August  18,  1824  155 

No.  16.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 
Comi)any  to  Captain  of  the  Imperial  Navy  of  the  Second  Rank  Alexan- 
der Hitch  Rudakof,  acting  chief  manager.     Written  from  St.  Petersburg 

March  20, 1853 159 

No.  17.  Letter  from  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  and  Knight  Ivan  Vassilie- 
vitch  Fnruhelm,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies,  to 
Master  Benzeman,  of  the  Imperial  Navy.     Written  from  the  colonies 

June  20, 1861 162 

No.  18.  Letter  from  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Manufa.tures  to  the 
board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company.     Written 

from  St.  Petersburg  June  19,  1865 103 

No.  19.  Concerning  the  granting  of  a  fourth  charter  to  the  Russian  Amer- 
ican Company 164 

No.  20.  Proclamation 104 

No.  21.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 
Comi)any  to  Alexander  Andreiovitcli  Haranof,  chief  manager  of  the  Rus- 
sian American  colonies.     Written  from  St.  Petersburg  April  (!,  1817 165 

Ni  '?2.  Letter  from  the  board  of  adminisiration  of  the  Russian  .\mericiin 
Comjiany  to  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  and  Knight  Adolf  Carlovitch 
Etholin,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies.     Written  from 

St.  Petersburg  March  8,  1843 166 

No.  23.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administrati(m  of  the  Russian  American 
Comi>any  to  Captain  of  the  Imperial  Navy  of  the  Second  Rank  Alexander 

Hitch  Rudakof.     Written  from  St.  Petersburg  April  22, 1853 166 

No.  24.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 
Company  to  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  and  Knight  Stepan  Vassillie- 
vitcb   Voyevodsky,   chief  •Manager  of  the  Russian  American  cohuues. 

Writ  ten  from  St.  Petersburg  April  24, 1854 167 

No.  25.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Hussian  American 
Compaiiy  to  Captain  of  the  Second  Kank  Prince  Maksutof,  chief  mana- 
ger of  the  Russian  American  colonies.  Written  from  St.  Petersburg  No- 
vember 8, 1854  167 


i 


i 


.^"^^SS 


464 


SUBJECT   INDEX    OF   APPENDIX. 


n 


i     :      i 


:i     .. 


Ruswiaii  documents  (amended  translations),  list  of^Continned.  FagD 

No.  26.  Lt'tter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  tlie  Knssinn  American 
Company  to  Captain  of  the  First  Kaiik  and  Knight  Stepan  N'assilievitch 
Voyevodsky,  diiof  manager  of  the  Russian  Amcriran  colonies.    Written 

from  St.  Petersburg  June  o,  1857 168 

No,  27.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies  to 
the  board  of  administration  of  the  liussian  American  Company.  Writ- 
ten from  the  colonics  October  7, 18.57 169 

No.  28.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  Amcriciio  colonies  to 
the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Con^iany.  Writ- 
ton  from  the  colonies  January  13,  1859 171 

No.  29.  Letter  from  Captain  of  the  First  Rank  and  Knight  Ivan  Vassilie- 
vitcli  Furuhelm,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies,  to  the 
board  of  administration  of  tlie  Russian  Ami-rican  C'omjiany.    Written 

from  the  colonies  May  13,  1860 171 

No.  30.  Letter  from  Captain  of  the  First  Class  and  Knight  Ivan  Vassilie- 
viti'li  Furuhelm,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  Ameri(^an  colonies,  to  the 
board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American  Company.    Written 

from  the  colonies  July  16, 1863 172 

No.  31.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Knssian  American  colonies  to 
the  manager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from  Sitka  May  1, 186-t.       174 

Russian  documents,  facsimiles  of follow  page      429 

Russian  documents.     (Translations  now  material.) 

A.— Relating  to  the  number  of  seals  killed  on  St.  Paul  Island,  1860-1866. 
No.  1.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Hiissiau  American  colonies 
to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Hussian  American  Com])any. 

Writt<Mi  from  the  colonies  March  29,  1H(!0 193 

No.  2.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies 
to  the  manager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from  Sitka  May 

5,1860 193 

No.  3.  liCtter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonics 

to  Lieut.  Wehrmann.     Written  from  Sitka  May  ?.,  1860 193 

No.  4.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Hussian  American  colonies 
to  the  manager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  Milovidof.     Written  from 

Sitka  March  15,  1861 194 

No.  5.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies, 
Furuhelm,  to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 

Company.     W^rittcn  from  the  colonies  October  14, 1861 195 

No.  6.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies, 
Furuhelm,  to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 

Company.    Written  from  the  colonies  November  17, 1862 195 

No.  7.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  liussian  Ameri- 
can Cmnpany  to  Captain  of  the  First  Class  and  Knight  Ivan  Vassi- 
lievitch  Furuiielm,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies. 

W' ritten  from  St.  Petersburg  February  II,  1863 195 

No.  8.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies, 
Furuhelm,  to  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  American 

Conii)any.     Written  from  the  colonies  October  8,  18<>3 196 

No.  Sfc.  Letter  from  the  chief  numager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies 
to  the  Hianager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from  Sitka  May 

1,1864 196 

No.  9.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  Ameri- 
can Company  to  the  acting  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American 

colonies.    Written  from  St.  Petersburg  March  8,  1865 197 

•   No.  10.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies 

to  the  manager  of  St.  George.    Written  from  Sitka  May  6, 1866 198 


»'f 


'!U; 


i,< 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


465 


Vug* 


168 


169 


171 


171 


172 

174 
429 


193 

193 
193 

194 

195 

195 

195 
lollies, 
erican 

196 

>lonieB 
a  May 

196 

meri- 
rican 

197 
ouies 

198 


Enssian  documoiits — Coutinued. 

A. — Relating  to  the  uuuibor  of  seals  Icllled,  etc. — Continued,  Page. 

No.  11.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Rnssian  American  colonies 

to  the  manager  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from  Sitka  May  6,  186.^ 198 

No.  12.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  tlio  Russian  American  colonies 
to  the  maiiager  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from  Sitka  April 

•      4,1866 198 

No.  13.  Letter  from  the  cliief  manager  of  t  lie  Russian  American  colonies 
to  the  .   anager  of  the  island  of  St.  George.    Written  from  Sitka  July 

23,1866.. 198 

No.  14.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  col- 
onies to  the  manager  of  tlie  island  of  St.   Paul.      Written   from 

Sitka  August  10, 1866 199 

No.  15.  Letter  from  the  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  Amerii'an  col- 
onies to  the  manager  of    the  island  of  St.  Paul.     Written  from 

Sitka  April  9, 1867 199 

B, — Kolating  to  the  visits  of  foreign  whalers  to  Hering  Sea. 

No.  16.  Letter  from  the  board  of  administration  of  the  Russian  Amer- 
ican (Jompauy  to  Captain  of  the  Socond  Rank  Nicholas  Yakovolvitch 

Rosenberg,  chief  manager  of  the  Itnssian  American  Colonies 199 

No.  17.  Letter  from  the  board  of  managers  of  tlie  Russian  American 
Company  to  Captain  of  the  Second  Rank  Nicholas  Yakovlovitch 

Rosenberg,  chief  manager  of  the  Russian  American  colonies 200 

Russian  documents,  withdrawal  of 153 

Russian  fur-seal : 

Hiibits  of  (see  also  Russian  seal  herd) 363,364 

Home  of 363 

Russian  islands,  management  of 363-366 

Eussiau  seal  herd : 

Alaskan  and  Russian  herds  do  not  mingle 363 

Arrival,  annual,  of  seals 363 

Birth  of  ptips 363 

Cause  of  departure  of  seals  from  islands 364 

Coition,  pelagic,  impossible 364 

Commander  Islands  and  Robben  Island  herds  do  not  mingle 363 

Control  and  domestication 364 

Control  possible  only  on  land 3(!5 

Death  of  mother  causes  death  of  pup 366 

Departure  of  seals  from  islands 364 

Domestication  and  control 361 

Fur-seals  are  polygamous 364 

Habits  of  seals  not  affected  by  methods  of  taking ,365 

Herd,  each,  resorts  exclusively  to  its  own  breeding  grounds  363 

Home  of  Russian  fur-seal 363 

Migration 364 

Pelagic  coition  impossible 364 

Polygamous  nature  of  seals 364 

Pup,  birth  of 363 

death  of  mother  causes  death  of 366 

swimming  of 363 

Seals  not  wild  animals 364 

Swimming  of  pups 363 

RuKian  seal  islands.  (See  Conmiandcr  Isiacda.) 

sealskins,  only  two  in  a  bundle ; 359 

.    Mizure  in  1892 201-205 

12364 30 


:'*^7^ 


I. 

■I 


466 


SUBJECT  INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


m 


I ' 


nn 


■if 


Sales  of  pelagio  stagy  skins  in  London 412 

sealing  Rchooners 410 

San  Diego,  composition  of  catch  of  the 358 

Scanimons's  Marine  Mainiuals  of  the  NorthweHtern  Coast,  extract  from 293 

Schooner,  average  catch  per 411 

Victorian  fleet,  1881-1892 260 

bids  for  furnishing  steam  for 249 

OOBt  of  sealing 247,248 

equipping 243 

provisioning 246,247 

steam  for... 247,248 

Dora  Sieward,  cost  of  the 246 

Mountain  Chief,  declaration  of  seizure  of  the 419 

Specifications  and  bids  for  building 249 

Steam  power  not  advantageous  to 247 

Value  of 257 

Schooners :  (For  all  items  of  cost  and  equipment,  see  Keports,  official,  Henry's 
and  Myer's  report.) 

Mortgages  on 410 

Sales  of 410 

seized,  certificate  of  sale  of 421 

Ada 423 

AnnaBeck 422 

Dolphin 421 

Grace 422 

mortgages  on 261 

registered  owners  of,  inVictoria 256 

registered  tonnage  of 258 

Snidmore,  Miss  E.  R.,  letter  of  James  G.  Swan  to 414 

Sealeis.     {See  Pelagic  sealers.) 

Sealing:  a  venture 345 

fleet  and  pelagic  catch  of  1.^  >2 407,408 

schooners.     (See  Schooners.) 

season  in  Bering  Sea 345,346 

Seal  life  at  sea,  Capt.  C.  L.  Hooper  on 693 

Seals,  Alaska  fur : 

Aleut,  classification  of 229 

Abimdance  of  virile  males  among 269,270 

(See  aho  Habits,  Bulls,  Cows,  Males,  Bachelors,  Pups,  Migration,  and 
Pelagic  sealing.) 

Caught  and  examined  by  Capt.  Hooper 210,212,215,216 

Decrease  of,  in  1892  reported  by  Capt.  Hooper 209 

In  1892  at  Northeast  Point,  St.  Paul  Island  reported  by  Capt. 

Hooper 213 

Destination  of  herd  of 233 

Distribution  of,  in  Bering  Sea 217 

Does  not  travel  in  bands 232 

Evermann's  notes  on 26-1-273 

Food  found  in  stomachs  of 217 

Food  of 217 

Gravid  cows  among,  in  Bering  Sea 218 

Migration  of 229-233,248 

Mode  of  traveling  of 232,233 

No  barren  oows  among 217 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF   APPENDIX. 


467 


Seals,  Alaska  fur — Continued.  Page. 

No  mingling  with  commander  Islands  seals 216 

Number  annually  killed  on  Pribilof  Islands,  1871-1889 425-427 

Number  of,  seen  off  coast  of  Washington  in  1809 413 

Nursing  cows  easily  captured 217 

Observations  of,  at  sea 219-227,237-241,401-405 

in  passes  in  winter  impracticable 232 

Pelagic  birth  am(mg 218 

Percentage  of  nursing  cows  among 217 

Protection  of,  in  Paciiic  necessary 218 

Range  of,  in  Bering  Sea 235 

Tables  concerning  pelagic  catch  of 410 

Takeu  by  Capt.  Coulson  iu  Bering  Sea 235 

Western  limit  of 216 

Seals  killed  for  food 278 

on  Pribilof  islands  from  1870  to  1874  inclusive,  numbt>r  of 282 

record  of  examined  by  IJiitisl"  Commissioners.       379 

None  iu  Boring  Sea  unattached  to  the  Pribilof  islands 370 

"Reserves  of" 373 

Stampsdesof 371,377,388 

Sealskin  industries,  testimony  relating  to 353 

Sealskins : 

Alaskan,  statement  of  assortment,  weights,  and  prices  of,  from  1874  to 

1889 369 

Brought  away  from  islands,  number  of 361 

Comparative  statement  of  counts  of,  from  1870  to  1889 367 

Counting  of,  on  the  islands 282 

In  a  bundle,  number  of 361, 380,381,  3»t,  415 

Manner  of  curing 279 

Number  of,  from  Pribilof  Islands,  entered  at  San  Francisco,  1872-1889 409 

Packing  of,  in  casks 358 

Price  of  pup 381 

Prime,  percentage  of 278 

Pup,  number  of,  purchased  by  Alaska  Commercial  Company 381 

Shipment  of,  from  islands 360 

Sau  Francisco  to  London 380,  382,  384 

Sold  for  account  of  Alaska  Commercial  Company  by  C.  M.  Lampson  &,  Co.      416 

"Stagy,"  at  sea 357,376,384,412 

Taking  of,  on  the  Pribilof  Islands 280 

Transfer  of,  from  lessees'  steamer  361 

Transshipment  of,  to  Loudon  from  San  Francisco 353 

Weight  of 416 

bundle  of 384 

Sealers,  white  and  Indian,  relative  expensiveness  of 246 

Sealing  boats.     {See  Bouts.) 

Sealing  Fleet  of  Victoria  1881-1892,  inclusive 258-260 

Boats  of 2.58-260 

Canoes  of 258-260 

Catch  of 258-260 

average,  per  schooner 260 

Crews  of 258-260 

Sealing  in  the  water.     (See  Pelagic  sealing.) 

Sealing  schooners.     (See  Schooner.) 

appraisement  of 329-338 

coast  trading  b  •.  unprofitable 246,247 

libels  nied  agaiust 327,328 


H 


468 


SUBJECT   INDEX    OF   APPENDIX. 


;':fiil  ill 


|i  > 


Search  for  other  roolteries 376 

.Season,  tieiilin;;,  in  Heriufj  Sea 345, 3-4() 

Seized  scliooners,  cortilicatc  of  sale  of 421 

niorlgaj;o  on 2(51 

Seizure  of  the  Mountain  CAi</,  dei'laratiou  of 419 

Seizures.     ("SVe  a/«o  Schooners.) 

by  KuBsia  in  1892:  Diwtiinee  from  land 201-204 

Treatment  of  seized  vessels  and  crews 201-205 

Seizure  of  American  aud  Uritish  vesiiclB  by  iiussia  iu  1892 201-205 

Schoouers  seized: 

Ariel.  

Carmelite.  ... 

C.  //.  IVhiie.  .   .       . 

Maria.  ....  ... 

Hosic  Olsen. 
Vancouver  Belle. 
Willie  MvHowan. 

Seizures  of  vessels  by  United  States 301-338 

Api)raisement  of  ves-els 329-338 

Ownerslilp  of  vessels 351,352 

Testimony  us  to  ownership  of  vessels  ..  .301-325 

Shipment  of  pelagic  catch  to  London 375 

seal-skins  from  islands 360 

San  Francisco  to  Londim 380, 382, 384 

Shot-Runs,  cost  of 348 

Sinking  of  seals 366,396 

{See  aluo  Pelagic  sealing.) 

Size  of  harems 372,377,379,385 

mature  female 275 

male 275 

Skinning  of  seals 281 

Skins  of  pups  killed  for  food 368 

Sloss,  fiCon.Jr.,  deposition  of 384 

Smith,  Harry  S.  deposition  of 349 

Sophie  Snllierland,  composition  of  catch  of  the 3,58 

Speculative  character  of  sealing 34.5,346 

Speech  of  Sir  George  Badeu-Powell 418 

"Stagy"-skinsatsea 357,376,384,412 

Stampedes,  di ttieult  to  create 371, 377, 388, 398 

Staidey-Brown,  Joseph,  deposition  of 385 

Statements  of  Alfred  Fraser 415-417 

Steam  schooner     (See  Schooner.) 
Sterile  cows.     {See  Cows,  barren.) 

St.  Paul  Island,  seal-skins  taken  im,  1800-1866 193-199 

Subsistence,  cost  of,  on  schooners 348 

Summer  resort  of  seals 275 

Surplus  mab'S,  killing  of,  increases  herd 279 

Bwan,  James  G.,  deposition  of 390 

Letter  of  concerning  Pcriug  Sea  Comniissicmers  and  H.  H.  Klliott 414 

On  aquatic  birth 391 

On  decrease 392 

On  fur-seal  industry  of  Cape  Flattery  and  vicinity 284 

On  Indian  hunters 392 

On  iutercat  pf  Indians 392 


SUBJECT  INDEX  OF  APPENDIX. 


469 


...  376 
..345, 34(! 
...  421 
...  2til 
...      419 


..301-338 

..329-338 

..a')l,352 

. .301-325 

...   375 

...   3(50 

0,  382. 384 

. . .   348 

..366,390 

n,  379, 385 

...   275 

...   275 

...   281 

...   368 

...   384 

...   349 

...   358 

.  345,346 

...   418 

6,384,412 

7,  :^8,  398 

...   385 

.  415-417 

.  193-199 

...   348 

...   275 

...   279 

...   390 

...   414 

...   391 

...   392 

...   284 

...   392 

...   392 

Swan,  James  G,,  deposition  of— Contimiod.  Page. 

On  migration 391 

Oit  polugic  scaling 392 

Piiblii^ations  by 390 

Testimony  of,  before  Senate  eoniiiiittee 286 

Swiminiug  of  pn[i8 267,  268,  278,  363 

Tables  relating  to  claims  of  Uritisli  Hubjfcts  against  United  States 339,  340 

Taking  of  sealskins  <m  the  islands 280 

Testimony 341-400 

Testimony  as  to  ownership  of  vessels  seized  by  I'nited  States 301-325 

of  Charles  Bryant  before  C'ongrfssional  (.'onnnittee  on  increase  of 

seals..." 280 

Thomas  H.Cooper  as  to  ownership  of  vessels  seized 321-325 

in   regard  to  certain  claims  against  United 

.     ..  States 321-325 

George  E,  Mnnro  as  to  ownershij*  of  vessels  seized 301-306 

.     James  G,  Swan  before  Senate  enmniittee- 286 

relating  to  fur-sj^als  and  to  sealskin  industries 353-i(K) 

Thintle,  composition  of  eateh  of  the 355 

Time  of  passage  of  migrating  herd 230 

when  Alaskan  seal  herd  lirst  reaches  Pacific  coast 231 

is  out  of  Bering  Sea 231 

Tolstoi  Rookery,  no  driving  from,  in  1891 399 

Tonnage.     (See  Schooners.) 

Townsend,  Charles  II,,  deposition  of 392 

TranHacti(m,  Warron-Boseowitz 351 

Tran.sfur  of  skins  from  lessees'  steamer 361 

Translations,  amended,  of  Russian  documents.     (See  I'etrott',  Ivan) 154-175 

erroneous,  communications  concerning 151-152 

Transshipment  of  sealskins  at  San  Francisco 353 

Treaty  of  arbitration,  correspondence  relating  to  interpretation  of 139-150 

Turner,  Matthew,  dejiosition  of 350 

United  States,  claims  against: 

Special  proceedings  instituted  in  regard  to 320-326 

Testimony  relating  to 341-352 

Vancouver  Belle,  Russian  seizure  of  the,  in  1892 202 

Veniaminoff : 

Notes  on  the  islands  of  the  Unalaska  district,  extract  from 294 

On  the  management  of  the  islands 294-299 

Vessels.     {See  schooner,) 

cost  of 35o 

chartering 343,348 

deposition  of  A.  P.  Loreutzen  as  to 343 

outfit  of 348 

seized  by  United  States 301-338 

appraiseiMcnt  of 329-338 

ownership  of 351,352 

Victoria,  prodromus  of  zoology  of,  extract  from 292 

Virile  males : 

Sufficiency  of,  on  Commander  Islands 365-375 

Sufficiency  of,  on  Pribilof  Islands 269,270 

Virilty  of  males  not  impaired  by  driving 390 

Visits  of  foreign  whalers  to  Bering  Sea,  Russian  documents  relating  to  . . 199,  200 

Wages  of  pelagic  sealers,  Henry  on 248 

Warren,  James  D.,  testimony  of,  as  to  ownership  of  vessels  seized 308-313 


^jfKtM^viiitiimmm"  'mu.: 


u 


470 


SUBJECT   INDEX   OF  APPENDIX. 


IB 


if 


Warren  &  Boscowitz,  relations  of 301-320 

Warreu-UoHcowitz  transaction 351 

Warren  vm.  lloscowitz  and  Cooper,  extract  from  notes  made  at  trial  of 301-304 

Warren  rs.  lioHcowitz  et  al.,  extracts  from  evidence  in  tlif  case  of 301-313 

Warren  <•/ «/.,  Hoseowitz  »■».,  extracts  from  evidence  in  case  of 304-313 

Warren  ct  <il.,  vs.  Boscowitz  it  ah,  extracts  from  case  on  appeal 313-320 

Waste  of  life  by  pelagic  sealing 300, 370, 300 

Weajions.     (.See  Firearms,  also  Kifles  and  Shotguns.) 

Weight  of  Alaskan  sealskins,  statement  of,  from  1S74  to  1889 369 

a  bundle  of  sealskins 282,373,384 

mature  female 275 

male 275 

yearling 275 

Whalers  in  Bering  .Soa,  Russian  documents  relating  to 199-200 

Williams,  Theodore  T. : 

Deposition  of 351 

On  sales  of  sealing  schooners 410 

Williams,  William  IL,  depositions  of 352,  396, 397 

U'ilUe  Mcdowan,  Russian  seizure  of  the,  in  1892 201-203 

IVinifrcd,  composition  of  catch  of  the 354 

Winter  habitat  of  Alaskan  herd 361,371 

Withdrawal  of  Russian  documents 153 

Wounding 395 

W.  P.  tiayward,  value  of  the 344 

Yearlings,  arrival  of 278 

color  of 275 

weight  of 275 

Zouea,  protection  within,  inadequate 218,370 


W 


Pas*. 
301-320 
.       351 

301-304 
30i-313 
304-313 
313-320 
im,  370, 3% 

369 

182,  373,  384 
.  275 
.  275 
.  275 
199-200 

.  351 
.  410 
152,  396, 397 
201-203 
.  354 
361, 371 
.  153 
.  395 
.  344 
.  278 
.  275 
.  275 
218, 370 


